This study reflects upon the transformability of the chosen principles of Energiewende (Germany’s energy transition) and policy instruments met in the Iraqi energy and urban scenario. The study does not take it for granted that the German model is directly applicable to other countries. Instead, using secondary sources such as policy documents, institutional reports, and academic literature, this study is comparative and context-sensitive. The analysis focuses on six dimensions: technical and network readiness, financial and investment capacity, institutional and regulatory quality, community acceptance and participation, equity in energy access, and renewable energy potential and energy efficiency. Finally, the Multi-Level Perspective is used to analyze and explain how emerging niche innovations, the prevailing socio-technical regime, and the landscape pressures are connected. Results show how elements of the Energiewende can be adapted and are divided into three types: elements which need little adaptation, elements which need significant adaptation, and elements which require more advanced institutional, technical, financial and/or market conditions. Energy efficiency and distributed solar energy, along with smart metering, reduction of transmission and distribution losses, institutional capacity building, and pilot energy storage and microgrids are the most viable components for the Iraqi environment. In contrast, electricity-market liberalization, sophisticated trading mechanisms, large-scale community ownership, and ambitious decarbonization objectives call for a certain amount of contextual provision and deeper readiness of the system. Based on these results, the study proposes three stages of an adaptive pathway: System Stabilization and Enabling Foundations, Expansion and Institutional Embedding, System Integration and Structural Transformation. Movement between stages is determined by observable improvements in readiness and not by pre-determined levels or timescales. The results also showcase how the framework can be implemented at the city, neighborhood, building and infrastructure level linked by smart urban planning, which offers a spatial and institutional context to operationalize the framework. The key enabling measures are: rooftop solar systems, microgrids, energy-efficient urban development, smart metering, demand management based on data analysis, local governance, and spatial-equity safeguards. The study presents an integrated analytical framework that integrates Energiewende principles, readiness assessment, Multi-Level Perspective, and smart urban planning for situations where the performance of the grid is weak, institutions and financial resources are limited, and access to energy service is unequal. Empirical validation of this framework will be needed by engaging the various stakeholders, spatial analysis, techno-economic analysis, pilot activities, and long-term monitoring.
Zero-day attacks–exploiting unknown vulnerabilities before patches exist–pose a critical threat to modern network infrastructure that signature-based intrusion detection systems cannot address. This paper proposes a hybrid computational framework combining a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)-Attention classifier with a skip-connection convolutional autoencoder (AE) for simultaneous known-attack classification and zero-day anomaly detection. The framework introduces three key computational contributions: (1) deterministic reshaping of 64 Random Forest-selected network flow features into 8 $\times$ 8 spatial images, enabling end-to-end CNN processing without feature engineering; (2) a strict Score-based Label Separation and Ordering (SLSO) data partition enforcing complete information isolation between training, validation, and zero-day evaluation sets; and (3) an OR-fusion hybrid decision rule combining anomaly score and reconstruction error signals. Experimental evaluation on Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity Intrusion Detection System (CICIDS)2017 demonstrates 97.48% zero-day detection rate (Z-DR) (95% confidence interval (CI) [97.1%, 97.9%]) at 4.2% false positive rate (FPR) and Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.956 across three held-out zero-day attack families–substantially outperforming all classical baselines (best: Stochastic Gradient Descent-optimized One-Class Support Vector Machine (SGD-OCSVM) at 85.45%). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) explainability analysis reveals mechanistic complementarity: the CNN captures temporal flow signatures while the AE contributes 1,012 exclusive detections via backward inter-arrival time anomalies. The system operates at 14,201 samples/second on Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), satisfying real-time deployment requirements. These results demonstrate that hybrid supervised-unsupervised fusion with rigorous experimental methodology substantially advances zero-day detection capability for computational network security systems.
The rapid expansion of corporate sustainability reporting has substantially increased the volume and complexity of information available to stakeholders, raising fundamental questions about whether additional disclosure continues to generate commensurate informational value. A conceptual framework, termed the Corporate Disclosure Saturation Theory (CDST), is developed to explain how the informational benefits of sustainability disclosure may change as disclosure volume, breadth, and complexity increase. Drawing on a theory-driven synthesis of research on sustainability reporting, integrated reporting (IR), stakeholder information needs, disclosure relevance, measurement, and reporting challenges, the framework proposes that the marginal value of additional disclosure may initially increase as information gaps are reduced but may subsequently diminish once a context-dependent saturation threshold is approached or exceeded. Beyond this threshold, excessive, repetitive, fragmented, or increasingly complex disclosure may impose greater cognitive and interpretive costs on stakeholders, potentially contributing to sustainability reporting fatigue and weakening the decision-usefulness of reported information. The proposed framework further integrates legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory to explain why disclosure may continue to expand even when its marginal informational value declines. From a legitimacy perspective, continued disclosure may be encouraged by institutional expectations, reputational considerations, and pressures to demonstrate organisational accountability, whereas stakeholder theory highlights the importance of aligning disclosure with the information needs, material interests, and decision contexts of diverse stakeholder groups. The framework therefore shifts attention from the quantity of sustainability disclosure towards its informational efficiency, relevance, and usability. The conceptual boundaries and limitations of disclosure saturation and reporting fatigue are also considered, particularly given the absence of a universally observable or measurable saturation point. The CDST provides a basis for future empirical investigation into the conditions under which additional sustainability disclosure ceases to enhance stakeholder decision-making and may instead generate diminishing or negative informational returns. Practical implications are identified for reporting professionals seeking to balance transparency with materiality, comprehensibility, and stakeholder usefulness.
The growing adoption of remote and hybrid work has transformed organizational leadership practices, creating new challenges for trust, communication, and employee engagement. Despite increasing scholarly attention, limited research has examined how employees in high power-distance cultural contexts perceive leadership in remote work environments or how these perceptions contribute to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth. This study explores how employees in Indonesian organizations interpret leadership behaviors in remote settings and how these interpretations influence psychological safety and employee voice. Using an interpretive qualitative approach grounded in constructivist epistemology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 48 employees from the technology, financial services, higher education, government, and professional services sectors across Indonesia. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis (RTA). Four empirical themes were developed: behavioral consistency as the foundation of remote trust; the relational weight of supervisory disclosure; the cultural renegotiation of hierarchy; and the communicative significance of digital micro-behaviors. These themes support three theoretical mechanisms within one integrated model. Digital micro-behaviors provide the signals employees interpret; trust develops through asymmetric accumulation; and cultural permission structures develop partly in parallel, with trust and permission jointly determining whether psychological safety and voice become available. By specifying the conditions under which remote employees can participate meaningfully in organizational decision-making and receive fair and dignified treatment, the findings demonstrate how remote leadership practices can advance SDG 8 through employee participation, psychological safety, inclusive leadership, fairness, and quality of working life. The study offers implications for leadership development, organizational communication design, and inclusive remote-work practices.
Engineering project credit-risk governance requires regulators and project participants to coordinate institutional controls with digital supervision capabilities. Yet decision-makers often lack a structured basis for identifying the factors that should receive priority and for judging how institutional and technological interventions may perform over time. This study investigates the causal structure of engineering project credit risk and examines the policy implications of alternative governance interventions. An online questionnaire collected 86 complete responses covering 33 predefined directional relationships among 13 factors organised under the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework. Full-precision mean scores were analysed using the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and Matrix of Cross-Impact Multiplications Applied to Classification (MICMAC). An exploratory system dynamics (SD) model was then used to compare the baseline, institutional-response, technology, and combined scenarios. Robustness was examined through alternative response coding, threshold sensitivity tests, and 1,000 bootstrap resamples. The results showed that insufficient credit verification by supervision units, environmental and resource compliance risk, and lagging credit-management methods were the three most prominent factors. The ISM analysis placed environmental and resource compliance risk at the root of the four-level hierarchy, while MICMAC classified four factors as independent drivers. All bootstrap samples retained the same three leading factors, and alternative coding preserved the complete prominence ranking (Spearman’s $\rho$ = 1.000). In the exploratory simulation, the technology intervention produced a credit index of 39.09 at time 20, compared with 4.06 under the baseline scenario. The institutional-response intervention showed no clear long-horizon advantage. At time 50, the combined scenario produced a value of 33.73, only slightly higher than the technology-only value of 33.42. These findings indicate that engineering project credit-risk governance should prioritise verifiable supervision, interoperable monitoring, and timely credit-management processes. The integrated framework provides a transparent basis for intervention prioritisation and lifecycle governance, while the simulation results should be interpreted as policy experiments rather than industry forecasts.
The increasing demand for electrical energy and the commitment to clean energy transition encourage the utilization of renewable energy at the community level through the development of solar photovoltaic (PV). This study aims to identify the potential of solar PV, design the generating system, and analyze the technical and economic feasibility of developing an energy-independent village based on microgrids in Kedungrong Hamlet, Yogyakarta Special Region. The study uses a descriptive quantitative approach with the research object being 53 houses’ rooftops identified as having the potential for installing rooftop solar power plants (PLTS). Primary data were obtained through field observations, inventory of roof area and household electricity needs, and technical documentation, while secondary data were obtained from Global Solar Atlas and relevant scientific literature. The analysis was carried out through identification of solar radiation potential, calculation of electricity consumption, design of solar panel capacity and its supporting components, and evaluation of economic feasibility based on initial investment and energy saving benefits. The results of the study indicate that the rooftops of 53 buildings in Kedungrong Hamlet have good potential to be developed as PLTS systems because they are supported by adequate solar radiation intensity throughout the year. Economic analysis shows that PV investments provide benefits in the form of electricity cost savings and have a viable long-term return on investment. The integration of rooftop PV through a microgrid system improves energy supply reliability, electricity distribution efficiency, and strengthens community energy security. This research produces an energy-independent village planning model based on the utilization of 53 rooftops as a source of renewable electricity generation that can be replicated in other rural areas with similar characteristics to support the achievement of the national energy mix and sustainable development.
Small-scale fisheries are vital for coastal livelihoods and food security but face persistent sustainability challenges driven by environmental degradation, climate variability, and structural economic vulnerability. Although sustainability assessments of small-scale fisheries are well established, financial aspects—particularly green finance—are often treated as secondary or mediating factors and remain weakly operationalized within integrated analytical frameworks. This study assesses the sustainability status of small-scale fisheries and identifies key leverage attributes by explicitly embedding green finance-related attributes as cross-cutting drivers within a multidimensional sustainability assessment. Using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) implemented through the Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries (RAPFISH) framework, sustainability was evaluated across six interrelated dimensions: economic, social, institutional, regulatory, environmental, and cultural. The analysis was applied to coastal small-scale fisheries systems in East Java Province, Indonesia, using ordinal scores derived from expert judgment and stakeholder input. Results show that the cultural dimension exhibits strong sustainability and the social dimension remains moderately stable, while economic and environmental dimensions remain highly vulnerable. Leverage analysis indicates that green finance-related attributes—particularly access to finance, financial intermediation capacity, and policy integration—emerged as high-leverage attributes the overall sustainability configuration despite their limited current implementation. These findings indicate that finance functions as a high-leverage, cross-cutting structural driver in small-scale fisheries sustainability rather than a peripheral factor, offering evidence-based insights for policy alignment, institutional coordination, and targeted financial interventions to strengthen the sustainability of small-scale fisheries.
An unsteady magnetohydrodynamic boundary-layer model was developed for a Sutterby penta-hybrid nanofluid flowing over an extending catalytic surface, with particular emphasis on transport mechanisms relevant to wastewater treatment. Water was employed as the base fluid, while polystyrene, poly (acrylic acid), poly (acrylic acid)-block-polystyrene (PAA-b-PS), cerium oxide, and copper oxide were incorporated to represent complementary functionalities associated with colloidal stabilization, contaminant adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and antimicrobial activity. The coupled conservation equations governing momentum, energy, and species concentration were formulated in Cartesian coordinates, together with a Poisson equation for the pressure field. Appropriate similarity transformations were subsequently introduced to reduce the governing partial differential equations to a coupled system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Surface-catalyzed contaminant degradation was represented through reaction boundary conditions parameterized by Damköhler numbers. The resulting boundary-value problem was solved numerically using the MATLAB bvp5c solver. The computed results demonstrated that the hydrodynamic, thermal, and concentration boundary layers were strongly governed by the combined effects of magnetic forcing, Sutterby rheological behavior, nanoparticle loading, unsteadiness, and reaction kinetics. The effects of the magnetic field, Sutterby rheological parameters, nanoparticle loading, reaction kinetics, and pressure variations on the velocity, temperature, and contaminant-concentration distributions were systematically evaluated. The numerical results demonstrated that the coupled effects of magnetohydrodynamic forcing, Sutterby rheology, and penta-hybrid composition substantially modified momentum, thermal, and mass transport within the boundary layer. In particular, appropriate combinations of the governing parameters were shown to intensify thermal and solutal transport and promote contaminant degradation at the catalytic surface. Pressure variations were additionally demonstrated to influence boundary-layer development and species transport, thereby affecting the predicted contaminant-removal characteristics. These findings establish a theoretical framework for understanding coupled magnetohydrodynamic, non-Newtonian, heat-transfer, and reactive mass-transfer phenomena in multifunctional nanofluid systems and provide potential guidance for the development and optimization of advanced wastewater-treatment processes.
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