Healthcare supply chains face increasing challenges related to counterfeit products, fragmented information flows, limited traceability, and insufficient coordination among distributed stakeholders. Existing centralized and partially decentralized approaches still encounter difficulties in maintaining immutable records, real-time verification, and trusted operational transparency across the pharmaceutical distribution process. This study investigates a distributed medical supply chain framework that improves traceability, compliance control, and operational reliability in healthcare logistics. A blockchain-enabled architecture was developed by integrating dynamic quick response (QR)-based identification, customizable smart contracts, and a hybrid consensus mechanism combining Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS). The framework assigned a unique cryptographic identity to each medicine unit and supported end-to-end verification through blockchain-linked QR validation. Smart contracts were designed to automate ownership transfer, compliance checking, and counterfeit detection throughout the supply chain workflow. The framework was implemented and evaluated in a simulated distributed environment using pharmaceutical transaction scenarios. The experimental results showed that the proposed approach achieved average validation accuracy of approximately 98.1%, maintained transaction throughput between 150 and 320 transactions per second (TPS), and reduced consensus delay through adaptive PoW–PoS coordination. The system also demonstrated strong resistance to forgery attempts and stable operational performance across repeated validation experiments. The results indicate that integrating blockchain governance mechanisms with QR-enabled authentication can improve transparency, trust, and traceability in distributed healthcare supply chains. The proposed framework provides a scalable systems engineering solution for pharmaceutical logistics management and offers a practical foundation for compliance-oriented digital transformation in healthcare supply networks.

Building occupancy certification is a key mechanism for managing post-construction compliance, covering building safety, functional readiness, and legal operability. In Indonesia, this function is carried by the SLF (Sertifikat Laik Fungsi, Certificate of Functional Worthiness), yet fewer than 10% of buildings nationwide hold one. This study asks what drives participation in SLF certification, looking at both behavioural and system-level factors within the country’s digital building certification system. Using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, we analysed 270 valid survey responses from Semarang, Sidoarjo, and Bandung with partial least squares–structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), then drew on focus group discussions (FGDs) with government officials, consultants, technical experts, and business associations to interpret the results. The quantitative results show that intention to obtain an SLF is the strongest predictor of participation, supported by knowledge and perceived ease of use of the SIMBG (Sistem Informasi Manajemen Bangunan Gedung, Building Management Information System) platform. Technical and bureaucratic barriers did not show a statistically significant negative effect in the expected direction. However, the qualitative findings reveal that high consultant costs, weak document validation, inconsistent local requirements, limited technical staff capacity, and unclear institutional coordination remain important obstacles in the certification workflow. The study contributes to engineering management by repositioning SLF participation as part of a digital building compliance management process rather than merely an administrative or public service issue. The findings indicate that improving SLF participation requires not only awareness campaigns, but also workflow-level interventions, including document pre-checking, standardised technical submission templates, cost estimation tools, application tracking, and clearer coordination between central platform managers and local technical agencies.

The research analyzes whether monitoring system design, calibration management, timestamp consistency, data traceability, and verification procedures relate to the risk control of the financial aspects of methane-abatement engineering projects. An analytical case study based on a single project and involving a before-and-after comparison of the implementation of an monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) regime was conducted under fixed engineering and accounting conditions. This design allows the comparison to focus on differences in MRV evidence management conditions rather than on changes in physical mitigation technology. Conservative issuability was estimated using the low-confidence adjustment metric (LCAM). This analytical metric scales engineering emission reductions by evidence-related factors without supplanting registry rules or verifier judgment. With the enhanced MRV regime, the conservatively supportable fraction was 77.0% to 91.3%, while the realized price wedge declined from 0.30 to 0.12. The monitoring-to-issuance period was also shortened by 50 days.

Construction projects frequently encounter field constraints that affect cost, schedule, and quality performance. When delays arise, contractors often adopt overtime work as an acceleration strategy using the existing workforce. However, such practices may lead to concerns regarding productivity decline. This study investigates the impact of overtime work on construction labor productivity based on the Five-Minute Rating method, focusing on plastering and skim coating activities in a residential project in Palangka Raya, Indonesia. A systematic work sampling approach was employed, comprising 1,296 observations collected over six days, with comparisons made between regular working hours and overtime periods. The results indicate distinct productivity responses across work types. Plastering exhibited only a marginal reduction in Labor Utilization Rate (LUR) of approximately 1%, whereas skim coating showed a more pronounced decline of about 6.5% during overtime. Effective activities decreased by approximately 6% under overtime conditions. In contrast, volume-based analysis suggests that output increased during overtime, with gains of 28% for plastering and 49% for skim coating. Statistical analysis suggested a significant difference in productivity for skim coating (p = 0.031), while no statistically meaningful difference was observed for plastering (p = 0.109) at the 95% confidence level. Despite the observed increase in output, the achieved productivity levels remain below standard unit price analysis benchmarks.