Limited studies have assessed the specific health risks associated with ozone exposure among informal waste workers in landfill environments, particularly in developing countries. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the Risk Quotient (RQ) of ozone pollutants among scavengers at the Sarimukti Landfill, West Bandung Regency, Indonesia. Applying the Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach, ozone concentrations were measured over three periods across two sampling points. Data were collected from 101 scavengers, including variables such as exposure time, frequency, body weight, and inhalation rate. Intake values, RQ, safe concentration thresholds (Cnk), safe exposure duration (t$_\text{Enk(safe)}$), and safe exposure frequency (f$_\text{Enk(safe)}$) were calculated under both real-time and 30-year projection scenarios. The results showed that real-time RQ values substantially exceeded the safe threshold (mean RQ = 27.183), indicating substantial short-term health risks. Although the projected 30-year values were lower (mean RQ = 7.630), they remained above the acceptablelimit (RQ $>$ 1), reflecting potential chronic health risks. The average safe exposure time at maximum concentration was only 0.147 hours/day, while the safe frequency was limited to 5 days/year. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrating occupational health protections, air quality monitoring, and regulatory enforcement into landfill waste management systems.

The Kara University Hospital generates an average of 17133.1 m$^3$ of wastewater per year. These hospital effluents contain specific substances likely to disseminate pathogenic germs. The objective of the study is to assess the risks associated with the poor management of hospital effluents from the Kara University Hospital. The study involved the characterization of the effluents. The results obtained show that in addition to the temperature and the hydrogen potential (pH), the values of the other physico-chemical parameters in particular, suspended solids (SS) (58.07 mg/L) and nitrates (84.79 mg/L) exceed the discharge standards of World Health Organization (WHO). The values of the microbiological parameters sought, in particular total coliforms (1.106 CFU/100 mL), thermotolerant coliforms (4.105 CFU/100 mL), sulphite-reducing anaerobes (3.6103 CFU/100 mL) and faecal streptococci (5.103 CFU/100 mL) exceed the discharge standards accepted by the WHO. Exposed individuals were identified through an exposure level assessment matrix. The analysis shows that at the production stage, healthcare personnel are the most exposed with a critical rate of 64% (16/25); at the evacuation stage, the workers in charge of evacuation show a moderate exposure level of 48% (12/25). After disposal in nature, populations living near landfill areas are the most exposed with a rate of 48% (12/25). After disposal in nature, populations living near landfill areas are the most exposed with a rate of 48% (12/25). The wearing of personal protective equipment by staff and the establishment of a treatment plant will reduce the risks and ensure sustainable management of effluents from the Kara University Hospital.

Inclusive ecotourism promotes equal access, community participation, and environmental conservation, thereby generating both social and economic benefits. Although scholarly interest in inclusive ecotourism has increased, empirical research examining how specific policy frameworks address the needs of people with disabilities remains limited. This study presents a systematic review of the existing literature to evaluate the extent to which ecotourism policies enhance accessibility, foster community awareness, and support environmental sustainability. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted using the Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases. Of the 1,215 records identified, only seven studies met the inclusion criteria, indicating that research in this area is still at an early stage of development. The review highlights several key policy strategies, including the provision of accessible infrastructure, stakeholder engagement, and the integration of sustainability-oriented practices. However, the findings also reveal persistent challenges, such as weak policy enforcement, limited intersectoral collaboration, and gaps in physical infrastructure. By synthesizing insights related to accessibility, community awareness, and environmental policy, this study provides an integrated perspective to inform the development of more inclusive and sustainable ecotourism initiatives. It underscores the need for stronger cross-sector collaboration to address existing policy shortcomings and to promote tourism systems that equitably benefit all visitors, including individuals with disabilities.

Exposure to heavy metals during pregnancy poses significant health risks to both pregnant women and the developing fetus. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global research on heavy metal exposure during pregnancy and its impact on fetal development over the past five decades (1974−2024). Data were retrieved from the Scopus database, yielding 173 English-language publications for analysis. Bibliometric mapping was performed using VOSviewer, while trend visualization and geographical analysis were conducted using Tableau to identify publication trends, research hotspots, and knowledge gaps. The results revealed a marked increase in research output beginning in 2010, with lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) emerging as the most extensively investigated metals, followed by growing attention to arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn). Prominent research themes focused on associations between prenatal heavy metal exposure and adverse birth outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and impaired neurodevelopment. Geographically, research output was dominated by the United States, China, and European countries, whereas contributions from low-income and high-exposure regions remained limited. Frequently occurring author keywords included heavy metals, pregnancy, and fetal development. These findings highlight the need for more targeted research in underrepresented regions and on emerging heavy metals, in alignment with global public health priorities and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Overall, this analysis provides strategic insights to inform future research directions and policy initiatives aimed at reducing prenatal heavy metal exposure and improving maternal and fetal health outcomes.

Unplanned urban expansion poses significant challenges to sustainable territorial development in intermediate cities. This study analyzes the dynamics of urban expansion and land use change in the city of Cajamarca (Peru) during the period 1986−2040, integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques, Google Earth Engine (GEE) and CA-Markov prediction models. Landsat satellite images from 1986, 2004 and 2022, classified by Random Forest (RF), were used to generate thematic maps and evaluate their accuracy. Subsequently, a spatial simulation model was implemented to project urban expansion to 2040. The results indicate an increase in the urban area from 789.68 hectares to 5,768.19 hectares, while forests and crops also changed. The driving factors for this expansion include rural-urban migration, the availability of services, and real estate development. Projections highlight growth toward the east, southeast, and south of the city. This approach provides strategic inputs for sustainable urban planning and effective land management in transforming Andean cities.

This research examines the influence of religious participation (RP) on pro-environmental behavior (PEB) in Tidore Kepulauan City by investigating the mediating role of religious values related to the environment (RVRE) and environmental awareness (EA). It involved 200 respondents aged 18−65 years with diverse gender and educational backgrounds, ranging from elementary to tertiary education. Participants were employed in agriculture, fisheries, informal occupations, and formal sectors, and had resided in Tidore Kepulauan for at least one year, ensuring familiarity with local conditions. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) based on partial least squares (PLS) approach. The findings revealed that RP significantly influenced RVRE and EA, which ultimately affect PEB. These results indicate the critical role of religious dimension in fostering EA and nature conservation behavior within communities. Therefore, the involvement of institutions and religious leaders in environmental education activities can serve as an effective strategy to promote sustainable development, especially in small-island regions.

This study aims to examine students’ pro-environmental behavior and analyze the influence of outdoor learning experiences on pro-environmental behavior , as well as to identify differences in pro-environmental behavior across gender and home location. This study employed a mixed methods approach involving 206 undergraduate students from several universities in Indonesia. Data were collected through a questionnaire and an interview. The questionnaire assessed students’ perceived pro-environmental behavior, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test, and thematic analysis. The results indicated that students’ perceived pro-environmental behavior was at a moderate level. Outdoor learning has a significant influence on improving students’ pro-environmental behavior through mobility actions. Pro-environmental behavior does not show differences when viewed from gender differences. On the contrary, there is a difference in pro-environmental behavior when viewed from different home locations. Despite the benefit of outdoor learning, challenges remain, including teacher preparedness, time constraints, and inadequate facilities. Detailed findings are discussed in the main section of the article.

Mediterranean cities are increasingly affected by climate change, energy inequality and environmental pollution. Rising temperatures, the effects of the urban heat island (UHI) and growing energy demand exacerbate socio-economic inequalities and energy poverty. To address these challenges, integrated strategies are needed, that combine effective energy system management with robust urban planning adapted to local climatic conditions. This manuscript aims to present the pilot actions implemented in the EnerCmed Project, an EU-funded project that aims to promote the sustainability in port cities by taking action in urban areas near the port, with the aim of enhancing and supporting their development. The project adopt a combined approach in which a renewable energy community (REC) or a self-consumption scheme (SCS) will be implemented through the installation of renewable energy production using Photovoltaic plant (PV) systems, to collectively generate, manage and share the energy produced from renewable sources. The key paradigm of the project consists in the development of the REC/SCS coupled with a nature-based solution (NBS) tailored to the area concerned, that increase the social acceptability and reduce UHI. This approach is oriented towards the reduction of dependence on fossil fuels, acting as a catalyst for a society in which energy autonomy and socio-economic well-being become central, thanks to actions that mitigate energy poverty and support social inclusion. This manuscript highlights the preliminary results of the EnerCmed project, demonstrating how the simultaneous implementation of REC/SCS and NBS contributes to improving energy efficiency, climate adaptation, economic and social inclusion in line with the objectives of the EU Green Deal.

The carbon tax, one of Indonesia’s climate change mitigation instruments for achieving the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target, has been continuously delayed since 2022. A carbon tax is applied to carbon-based products, particularly those derived from the oil and gas sector. The oil and gas sector aims to achieve a targeted production increase of 1 million barrels of oil and 12 Billion Cubic Feet (BCF) of gas by 2030, as mandated by the Indonesian government. However, the rise of the production target may lead to a rise in carbon emissions, contradicting the country's emission reduction commitments. This study aims to explore the perspectives of the government and the oil and gas industry regarding the urgency and readiness of carbon tax implementation in Indonesia’s oil and gas sector, as well as assessing alternative policies for emission reduction. Using a qualitative methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain primary data. The result indicates the urgency of implementing a carbon tax in Indonesia’s oil and gas sector to reduce carbon emissions, support energy transition, and achieve Net Zero Emission (NZE), but it is outweighed by both government and industry unreadiness. The Regulatory Framework aspect primarily influences the government's unreadiness, as the absence of a carbon tax roadmap as a technical implementation guideline, combined with ongoing fuel subsidies, contributes to policy incoherence. On the other hand, the Production Sharing Contract (PSC), as the Regulatory Framework of the oil and gas sector, has the potential to be amended once the carbon tax is implemented. The findings provide an overview of the government’s considerations contributing to the years-long delay in implementation and enrich the government's viewpoint on developing a carbon tax policy, considering the industry's perspective and readiness factors.