Latest open access articles published in International Journal of Environmental Impacts at https://www.acadlore.com/journals/IJEI https://www.acadlore.com/journals/IJEI Acadlore en Creative Commons Attribution(CC - BY) IJEI support@acadlore.com https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_3/ijei090301 The threat posed by volcanic eruptions necessitates ongoing monitoring to assess their status. Mount Semeru is one of the active volcanoes located on the island of Java. Observations are made using remote sensing, utilizing data from the Copernicus satellite Sentinel-1 Single Look Complex (SLC) to track changes in Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) deformation, and Sentinel-3 satellite sea and land surface temperature radiometer (SLTR) to observe ground surface temperature variations due to the eruption of Mount Semeru that occurred in 2022, before, during, and after the event. The DInSAR deformation recorded before the eruption ranged from -0.025 cm to -0.054 cm on the scale bar, while the land surface temperature (LST) before the eruption was at a minimum of 18.6 ℃ and a maximum of 27.8 ℃. during the eruption, DInSAR deformation changes showed inflation, with values reaching from 0.015 cm to 0.3 cm on the scale bar, and the LST also rose, peaking at 36.3 ℃. after the eruption, DInSAR deformation changes indicated deflation, with measurements between 0.049 cm and 0.099 cm on the scale bar, and the temperature trend also fell, with the highest temperature observed being 33.6 ℃. 05-13-2026 <![CDATA[ The threat posed by volcanic eruptions necessitates ongoing monitoring to assess their status. Mount Semeru is one of the active volcanoes located on the island of Java. Observations are made using remote sensing, utilizing data from the Copernicus satellite Sentinel-1 Single Look Complex (SLC) to track changes in Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) deformation, and Sentinel-3 satellite sea and land surface temperature radiometer (SLTR) to observe ground surface temperature variations due to the eruption of Mount Semeru that occurred in 2022, before, during, and after the event. The DInSAR deformation recorded before the eruption ranged from -0.025 cm to -0.054 cm on the scale bar, while the land surface temperature (LST) before the eruption was at a minimum of 18.6 ℃ and a maximum of 27.8 ℃. during the eruption, DInSAR deformation changes showed inflation, with values reaching from 0.015 cm to 0.3 cm on the scale bar, and the LST also rose, peaking at 36.3 ℃. after the eruption, DInSAR deformation changes indicated deflation, with measurements between 0.049 cm and 0.099 cm on the scale bar, and the temperature trend also fell, with the highest temperature observed being 33.6 ℃. ]]> Analysis of DInSAR Deformation Changes to Land Surface Temperature Due to Mount Semeru Eruption in 2022 yuliana iik iswanti chandra sukir maryanto adi susilo herman tolle doi: 10.56578/ijei090301 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 05-13-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 05-13-2026 2026 9 3 Article 627 10.56578/ijei090301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_3/ijei090301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090223 This study aims to explore the utilization of waste glass (cullet) and bentonite clay as additives to improve the physical and mechanical properties of building bricks made from low-grade clay materials of West Kazakhstan. The research addresses both environmental challenges related to glass waste recycling and the efficient use of locally available raw materials in ceramic production. During the research, clay samples from the Rubezhinsk deposit and bentonite clay from the Pogodayev field were used. Two types of three-component mixtures were prepared: (1) loess clay-bentonite powder-waste glass, and (2) loess clay-bentonite suspension-waste glass. Additives were varied between 5%−25% for bentonite and 5%−15% for waste glass. Standard procedures, including semi-dry pressing, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, were employed to evaluate the chemical composition, microstructure, plasticity, drying sensitivity, compressive and flexural strength, frost resistance, and water absorption. The introduction of bentonite and cullet significantly enhanced the performance of the ceramic mass. Due to its colloidal properties, the bentonite suspension led to better compaction, lower porosity, and higher compressive strength (up to 13.2 MPa) compared to powder-based mixtures. Microstructural analysis revealed the formation of albite and anorthite crystalline phases that acted as reinforcing agents. The modified mixtures showed reduced drying sensitivity, improved frost resistance, and lower water absorption. The optimized composition of loess clay with bentonite suspension and cullet is a promising solution for producing high-quality, eco-friendly ceramic bricks. The use of waste glass enhances the bricks’ technical properties and contributes to sustainable waste management practices in Kazakhstan. 04-29-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>This study aims to explore the utilization of waste glass (cullet) and bentonite clay as additives to improve the physical and mechanical properties of building bricks made from low-grade clay materials of West Kazakhstan. The research addresses both environmental challenges related to glass waste recycling and the efficient use of locally available raw materials in ceramic production. During the research, clay samples from the Rubezhinsk deposit and bentonite clay from the Pogodayev field were used. Two types of three-component mixtures were prepared: (1) loess clay-bentonite powder-waste glass, and (2) loess clay-bentonite suspension-waste glass. Additives were varied between 5%−25% for bentonite and 5%−15% for waste glass. Standard procedures, including semi-dry pressing, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, were employed to evaluate the chemical composition, microstructure, plasticity, drying sensitivity, compressive and flexural strength, frost resistance, and water absorption. The introduction of bentonite and cullet significantly enhanced the performance of the ceramic mass. Due to its colloidal properties, the bentonite suspension led to better compaction, lower porosity, and higher compressive strength (up to 13.2 MPa) compared to powder-based mixtures. Microstructural analysis revealed the formation of albite and anorthite crystalline phases that acted as reinforcing agents. The modified mixtures showed reduced drying sensitivity, improved frost resistance, and lower water absorption. The optimized composition of loess clay with bentonite suspension and cullet is a promising solution for producing high-quality, eco-friendly ceramic bricks. The use of waste glass enhances the bricks’ technical properties and contributes to sustainable waste management practices in Kazakhstan.</p> ]]> Effects of Waste Glass as an Additive on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Building Bricks Made from Low-Grade Clay Material from West Kazakhstan sarsenbek montayev nurgul adilova agnieszka dąbska ainur montaeva arailym maksotova altynay shinguzhieva ascar bakushev karzhaubay dosov akmaral zhapakhova doi: 10.56578/ijei090223 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2026 2026 9 2 Article 610 10.56578/ijei090223 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090223 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090222 Wetlands are fundamental habitats for migratory birds and species habiting shallow waters. In this study, we quantitatively analyze the surface water area of fluctuations in the Al-Hawizeh Marshes, a transboundary wetland shared by Iraq and Iran. Following a severe drought in the past decade, these marshes have shown ecological recovery, positioning them today as a sustainable ecosystem. The study examines whether these marshes are once again facing the risk of drought or will continue along a trajectory of ecological conservation. This study employs Landsat satellite imagery spanning nearly a decade to monitor hydrologic dynamics for the 2015, 2018, 2021 and 2024 calendar years by relying on the computational capabilities of Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. In parallel, the normalised difference water index (NDWI) was applied to delineate water bodies and quantify the spatial extent of surface water. The year 2021 proved to be the most anomalous in terms of water area, presenting an average of 448.4 km$^2$, in sharp contrast with the severe desiccation monitored over the years, including 2018 (48.4 km$^2$) and 2024 (49.6 km$^2$). The results demonstrate the utility of remote sensing for monitoring these largely inaccessible wetlands and provide vital, data-driven evidence of the critically endangered status of Al-Hawizeh Marshes. This article attains particular importance not only through its spatial analysis and statistical evaluation, employing the correlation coefficient matrix (CCM) and heatmap analysis effectively illustrating the fluctuations revealed across monthly and annual classifications, but also through the results it presents, which indicate that the shallow water bodies are undergoing a gradual recession and are generally progressing toward desiccation. Accordingly, the findings call for rapid solutions in the form of watershed-based transboundary water management agreements, along with a deeper exploration of the drivers behind such extreme hydrological regime shifts, in order to support decision-maker planning in conserving this ecologically rich corner of the world. This approach aims to ensure the continuity of the ecological environment, safeguard the local community, and ultimately achieve sustainability. 04-29-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Wetlands are fundamental habitats for migratory birds and species habiting shallow waters. In this study, we quantitatively analyze the surface water area of fluctuations in the Al-Hawizeh Marshes, a transboundary wetland shared by Iraq and Iran. Following a severe drought in the past decade, these marshes have shown ecological recovery, positioning them today as a sustainable ecosystem. The study examines whether these marshes are once again facing the risk of drought or will continue along a trajectory of ecological conservation. This study employs Landsat satellite imagery spanning nearly a decade to monitor hydrologic dynamics for the 2015, 2018, 2021 and 2024 calendar years by relying on the computational capabilities of Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. In parallel, the normalised difference water index (NDWI) was applied to delineate water bodies and quantify the spatial extent of surface water. The year 2021 proved to be the most anomalous in terms of water area, presenting an average of 448.4 km$^2$, in sharp contrast with the severe desiccation monitored over the years, including 2018 (48.4 km$^2$) and 2024 (49.6 km$^2$). The results demonstrate the utility of remote sensing for monitoring these largely inaccessible wetlands and provide vital, data-driven evidence of the critically endangered status of Al-Hawizeh Marshes. This article attains particular importance not only through its spatial analysis and statistical evaluation, employing the correlation coefficient matrix (CCM) and heatmap analysis effectively illustrating the fluctuations revealed across monthly and annual classifications, but also through the results it presents, which indicate that the shallow water bodies are undergoing a gradual recession and are generally progressing toward desiccation. Accordingly, the findings call for rapid solutions in the form of watershed-based transboundary water management agreements, along with a deeper exploration of the drivers behind such extreme hydrological regime shifts, in order to support decision-maker planning in conserving this ecologically rich corner of the world. This approach aims to ensure the continuity of the ecological environment, safeguard the local community, and ultimately achieve sustainability.</p> ]]> Utilizing the NDWI and CCM with Heatmap Analysis Waterbody Fluctuations in Al-Hawizeh Transboundary Marshes: A Strategy for Supporting Decision-Makers Planning in Achieving Sustainability sophia rezaq ali al-timimy ammar salman dawood doi: 10.56578/ijei090222 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2026 2026 9 2 Article 598 10.56578/ijei090222 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090222 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090221 This study examines the potential waste generation from medium-scale fishing vessels (30–100 GT) operating at the Nizam Zachman Ocean Fishing Port (PPSNZ) in Jakarta Bay and analyzes existing practices and regulatory gaps in marine waste management. The results indicate that provisioning activities are the primary source of plastic-based waste, including wrappers, bottles, and containers. The findings revealed that most vessels lacked onboard waste-handling systems and failed to return waste to port facilities, thereby contributing to unmonitored marine debris in coastal waters. Moreover, the regulatory framework for vessel waste management in Indonesia was fragmented and did not adequately address the operations of medium-scale vessels. Inadequate infrastructure, limited enforcement capacity, and low environmental awareness among crew members further hindered compliance. This study highlights the urgent need for vessel-specific waste return policies, the adoption of digital reporting systems, and the provision of adequate port reception facilities. It also emphasizes the importance of incentive-based compliance mechanisms, such as reduced port fees for vessels that return waste, and underscores the broader need to strengthen port governance in order to support a more inclusive marine waste management system aligned with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 14). 04-29-2026 <![CDATA[ This study examines the potential waste generation from medium-scale fishing vessels (30–100 GT) operating at the Nizam Zachman Ocean Fishing Port (PPSNZ) in Jakarta Bay and analyzes existing practices and regulatory gaps in marine waste management. The results indicate that provisioning activities are the primary source of plastic-based waste, including wrappers, bottles, and containers. The findings revealed that most vessels lacked onboard waste-handling systems and failed to return waste to port facilities, thereby contributing to unmonitored marine debris in coastal waters. Moreover, the regulatory framework for vessel waste management in Indonesia was fragmented and did not adequately address the operations of medium-scale vessels. Inadequate infrastructure, limited enforcement capacity, and low environmental awareness among crew members further hindered compliance. This study highlights the urgent need for vessel-specific waste return policies, the adoption of digital reporting systems, and the provision of adequate port reception facilities. It also emphasizes the importance of incentive-based compliance mechanisms, such as reduced port fees for vessels that return waste, and underscores the broader need to strengthen port governance in order to support a more inclusive marine waste management system aligned with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 14). ]]> Marine Waste Supply Management in Fishing Vessel Activities: A Study at the Nizam Zachman Ocean Fishing Port, Jakarta, Indonesia winnie hertikawati suyud w. utomo tri edhi budhi soesilo evi frimawaty doi: 10.56578/ijei090221 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2026 2026 9 2 Article 587 10.56578/ijei090221 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090221 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090220 This study provides a comprehensive assessment of air pollution levels in the industrial areas of the Samarkand region, one of the most economically developed territories of Uzbekistan. Using regional industrial statistics, emission inventories, and enterprise-level environmental data, the research identifies the spatial distribution, composition, and intensity of atmospheric pollutants across major industrial zones. The analysis demonstrates that the Samarkand region hosts more than 5,400 environmentally significant facilities, including 171 high-hazard (Category I) enterprises, which collectively shape the regional air quality profile. Emission data from key industrial enterprises—such as “Azia Metall Prof,” Henguan Cement LLC, Jomboy Green Lights LLC, and Urgut Textile Shifer LLC—reveal substantial releases of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, cement and inorganic dust, hydrocarbons, and carcinogenic compounds such as benz(a)pyrene. Among these, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide dominate emissions from metallurgical production, while cement plants contribute significantly to dust, sulfur oxides, and carbon dioxide. Temporal analysis shows persistently high emissions in Samarkand city and Kattakurgan district, with slight reductions in recent years linked to industrial relocation and expansion of green zones. The findings highlight considerable environmental risks, including deteriorating air quality, increased respiratory hazards, and potential long-term ecological impacts. The study underscores the need for strengthened emission control technologies, expansion of monitoring networks, and improved regulatory enforcement. These results contribute new empirical evidence for environmental policy, urban planning, and public health management in rapidly industrializing regions of Central Asia. 04-29-2026 <![CDATA[ This study provides a comprehensive assessment of air pollution levels in the industrial areas of the Samarkand region, one of the most economically developed territories of Uzbekistan. Using regional industrial statistics, emission inventories, and enterprise-level environmental data, the research identifies the spatial distribution, composition, and intensity of atmospheric pollutants across major industrial zones. The analysis demonstrates that the Samarkand region hosts more than 5,400 environmentally significant facilities, including 171 high-hazard (Category I) enterprises, which collectively shape the regional air quality profile. Emission data from key industrial enterprises—such as “Azia Metall Prof,” Henguan Cement LLC, Jomboy Green Lights LLC, and Urgut Textile Shifer LLC—reveal substantial releases of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, cement and inorganic dust, hydrocarbons, and carcinogenic compounds such as benz(a)pyrene. Among these, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide dominate emissions from metallurgical production, while cement plants contribute significantly to dust, sulfur oxides, and carbon dioxide. Temporal analysis shows persistently high emissions in Samarkand city and Kattakurgan district, with slight reductions in recent years linked to industrial relocation and expansion of green zones. The findings highlight considerable environmental risks, including deteriorating air quality, increased respiratory hazards, and potential long-term ecological impacts. The study underscores the need for strengthened emission control technologies, expansion of monitoring networks, and improved regulatory enforcement. These results contribute new empirical evidence for environmental policy, urban planning, and public health management in rapidly industrializing regions of Central Asia. ]]> Atmospheric Air Pollution and Medical and Environmental Problems in the Industrialized Areas of the Samarkand Region mirjalol turdoliyev ergash kobilov egamberdiyevich tanzila madjidova raximovna fariza mardonova sanjarovna mustafo tuxtayev kurbonovich leylya belyalova enverovna dilbar yarmatova sarvar ashurmakhmatov damilya ryskalieva mansiya yessenamanova doi: 10.56578/ijei090220 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2026 2026 9 2 Article 572 10.56578/ijei090220 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090220 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090219 This study aims to design an evidence-based policy (EBP) model for household waste management at the village level, emphasizing the importance of a contextual and collaborative approach. The central research question is: How can a household waste management policy model be developed to effectively respond to local dynamics, citizen preferences, and institutional capacity? This research combines quantitative and qualitative approaches through surveys, observations, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) in eight sub-districts in Bandar Lampung City. The evaluation was conducted using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) framework and actor mapping with an influence-interest grid to identify the relationship structure and stakeholder contributions.The findings of this study indicate that a policy scenario combining regulations, incentives, and education (scenario C) is the most effective and sustainable alternative in aggregate. However, citizen preferences and institutional capacity across urban villages continue to vary, necessitating adaptive and contextual policy design. The city government (Environmental Agency) remains a key actor, while waste banks, local communities, and neighborhood associations play strategic roles in strengthening institutional social capacity. The proposed policy model emphasizes the integration of micro (citizens and communities) and macro (regulations and institutions) dimensions, and encourages inclusive, adaptive and evidence-based local socio-ecological transformation. This study emphasizes the importance of waste management policies that are evidence-based, collaborative among actors, and flexible to the socio-ecological context. The EBP model developed is relevant for replication in medium-sized cities in the Global South with similar challenges. However, effective replication requires a bottom-up learning approach, namely learning from residents’ narratives, micro-observations, and community-based experimentation, rather than simply copying policies. 04-28-2026 <![CDATA[ This study aims to design an evidence-based policy (EBP) model for household waste management at the village level, emphasizing the importance of a contextual and collaborative approach. The central research question is: How can a household waste management policy model be developed to effectively respond to local dynamics, citizen preferences, and institutional capacity? This research combines quantitative and qualitative approaches through surveys, observations, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) in eight sub-districts in Bandar Lampung City. The evaluation was conducted using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) framework and actor mapping with an influence-interest grid to identify the relationship structure and stakeholder contributions.The findings of this study indicate that a policy scenario combining regulations, incentives, and education (scenario C) is the most effective and sustainable alternative in aggregate. However, citizen preferences and institutional capacity across urban villages continue to vary, necessitating adaptive and contextual policy design. The city government (Environmental Agency) remains a key actor, while waste banks, local communities, and neighborhood associations play strategic roles in strengthening institutional social capacity. The proposed policy model emphasizes the integration of micro (citizens and communities) and macro (regulations and institutions) dimensions, and encourages inclusive, adaptive and evidence-based local socio-ecological transformation. This study emphasizes the importance of waste management policies that are evidence-based, collaborative among actors, and flexible to the socio-ecological context. The EBP model developed is relevant for replication in medium-sized cities in the Global South with similar challenges. However, effective replication requires a bottom-up learning approach, namely learning from residents’ narratives, micro-observations, and community-based experimentation, rather than simply copying policies. ]]> Evidence-Based Household Waste Management Policy in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia haryanto novita tresiana pitojo budiono ari darmastuti noverman duadji arif sugiono doi: 10.56578/ijei090219 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-28-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-28-2026 2026 9 2 Article 559 10.56578/ijei090219 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090219 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090218 Methane (CH$_4$) emissions from the oil and gas industry account for a significant portion of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and contribute to global warming. The objective of this research is to estimate and describe the size, pattern, and determinants of CH$_4$ emissions, with a focus on areas where gas flaring is prevalent. By merging satellite emission information with energy production levels and environmental policy makers, the study provides an empirical examination of the interaction between regulation of flaring, and CH$_4$ leakages. The study employs a panel data econometric model to identify the primary drivers of emissions in oil-producing basins. Results indicate that weak enforcement of regulations and the flaring ratio are strongly associated with high CH$_4$ emissions. The findings provide valuable insights for planning targeted mitigation an action, enhancing regulatory compliance, and supporting the transition to clean energy systems. 04-27-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Methane (CH$_4$) emissions from the oil and gas industry account for a significant portion of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and contribute to global warming. The objective of this research is to estimate and describe the size, pattern, and determinants of CH$_4$ emissions, with a focus on areas where gas flaring is prevalent. By merging satellite emission information with energy production levels and environmental policy makers, the study provides an empirical examination of the interaction between regulation of flaring, and CH$_4$ leakages. The study employs a panel data econometric model to identify the primary drivers of emissions in oil-producing basins. Results indicate that weak enforcement of regulations and the flaring ratio are strongly associated with high CH$_4$ emissions. The findings provide valuable insights for planning targeted mitigation an action, enhancing regulatory compliance, and supporting the transition to clean energy systems.</p> ]]> Environmental and Economic Impacts of Methane Emissions in the Petrochemical Industry: Empirical Analysis from Selected Countries tarek sadraoui samar a. alwehaibi muhamed niffati doi: 10.56578/ijei090218 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-27-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-27-2026 2026 9 2 Article 539 10.56578/ijei090218 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090218 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090217 This study provides a comprehensive assessment of long-term climate variability in Palembang, Indonesia, over the period 1992–2025, with particular emphasis on temperature-driven heat exposure and associated environmental health risks. Monthly observational data obtained from the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika, BMKG) were analyzed to evaluate trends in air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and wind speed. Linear regression and anomaly-based approaches were applied to quantify temporal changes relative to a 1992–2025 climatological baseline. The results reveal a pronounced and sustained warming trend, with mean air temperature increasing by approximately 1.3–1.5 ℃ and peak anomalies exceeding +2.0 ℃ in recent years. The frequency of extreme heat months ($\geq$90th percentile) has increased substantially since 2010. In contrast, relative humidity remains persistently high ($\geq$80%) with limited long-term variation, while rainfall and wind speed exhibit strong interannual variability associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics. These findings indicate intensifying thermal stress and increasing environmental health risks, underscoring the need for integrated climate–health adaptation strategies, including early warning systems and urban resilience planning in rapidly urbanizing tropical regions. 04-26-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>This study provides a comprehensive assessment of long-term climate variability in Palembang, Indonesia, over the period 1992–2025, with particular emphasis on temperature-driven heat exposure and associated environmental health risks. Monthly observational data obtained from the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika, BMKG) were analyzed to evaluate trends in air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and wind speed. Linear regression and anomaly-based approaches were applied to quantify temporal changes relative to a 1992–2025 climatological baseline. The results reveal a pronounced and sustained warming trend, with mean air temperature increasing by approximately 1.3–1.5 ℃ and peak anomalies exceeding +2.0 ℃ in recent years. The frequency of extreme heat months ($\geq$90th percentile) has increased substantially since 2010. In contrast, relative humidity remains persistently high ($\geq$80%) with limited long-term variation, while rainfall and wind speed exhibit strong interannual variability associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics. These findings indicate intensifying thermal stress and increasing environmental health risks, underscoring the need for integrated climate–health adaptation strategies, including early warning systems and urban resilience planning in rapidly urbanizing tropical regions.</p> ]]> Long-Term Climate Variability and Environmental Health Implications in Palembang, Indonesia (1992–2025) agita diora fitri novrikasari amin rejo tan malaka mariana doi: 10.56578/ijei090217 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-26-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-26-2026 2026 9 2 Article 530 10.56578/ijei090217 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090217 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090216 To determine the suitability of the soils of the Fallujah and Karma regions for agricultural purposes, a field study was conducted. Soil samples were taken to a depth of 30 cm from a number of pedunclear soils in the study area. They were characterized morphologically, physically, and chemically, and were then classified accordingly. Based on the 2015 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) classification system, spatial distribution maps of selected soil characteristics were generated using ArcGIS 10. The analysis relied on the SYS 1980 coordinate system to determine and visualize the spatial extent of soil suitability across the study area. The results showed that the soils of the study area are distributed between the group of advanced desert soils and desert sedimentary soils. The soil textures of the study area are distributed between medium to coarse textures within the alluvial, sandy, and sandy loam types. The study also showed that the salinity in the area is distributed into four class, and is divided into three class in the distribution of gypsum and lime ratios. The suitability results for the soils of the study area showed the presence of four types: (N) and (N1), which are unsuitable, type (S4) which is slightly suitable, and (S3) which is moderately suitable. The main determinants in the study area are soil salinity and the proportions of gypsum and lime. 04-23-2026 <![CDATA[ To determine the suitability of the soils of the Fallujah and Karma regions for agricultural purposes, a field study was conducted. Soil samples were taken to a depth of 30 cm from a number of pedunclear soils in the study area. They were characterized morphologically, physically, and chemically, and were then classified accordingly. Based on the 2015 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) classification system, spatial distribution maps of selected soil characteristics were generated using ArcGIS 10. The analysis relied on the SYS 1980 coordinate system to determine and visualize the spatial extent of soil suitability across the study area. The results showed that the soils of the study area are distributed between the group of advanced desert soils and desert sedimentary soils. The soil textures of the study area are distributed between medium to coarse textures within the alluvial, sandy, and sandy loam types. The study also showed that the salinity in the area is distributed into four class, and is divided into three class in the distribution of gypsum and lime ratios. The suitability results for the soils of the study area showed the presence of four types: (N) and (N1), which are unsuitable, type (S4) which is slightly suitable, and (S3) which is moderately suitable. The main determinants in the study area are soil salinity and the proportions of gypsum and lime. ]]> Spatial Distribution of Some Soil Characteristics in the Fallujah and Karma Regions and Evaluation of Their Suitability for Agricultural Production saara hameed mohammed ahmed flayyih fayyadh muthanna. k. al-rawi doi: 10.56578/ijei090216 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-23-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-23-2026 2026 9 2 Article 516 10.56578/ijei090216 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090216 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090215 This study explores the fluctuations in temperature and precipitation in Chandrapur, Maharashtra, over the last 30 years from 1991 to 2024. The recorded data suggest an increase in temperature, particularly in the summer months from March to May. In addition, winter nights are gradually warmer. Furthermore, the quantity of rainfall is also changing; less rain is observed in June and August, yet an increase is seen in July and September. Not only are these fluctuations evident, but they also showcase the true and escalating impacts of climate change in the area. The Chandrapur district is an industrial and agrarian hub. Therefore, there is an urgent need to devise and prioritize climate adaptation policies. 04-22-2026 <![CDATA[ This study explores the fluctuations in temperature and precipitation in Chandrapur, Maharashtra, over the last 30 years from 1991 to 2024. The recorded data suggest an increase in temperature, particularly in the summer months from March to May. In addition, winter nights are gradually warmer. Furthermore, the quantity of rainfall is also changing; less rain is observed in June and August, yet an increase is seen in July and September. Not only are these fluctuations evident, but they also showcase the true and escalating impacts of climate change in the area. The Chandrapur district is an industrial and agrarian hub. Therefore, there is an urgent need to devise and prioritize climate adaptation policies. ]]> Understanding Climate Change at the Local Scale: A Data-Driven Study of Chandrapur, Maharashtra latika pinjarkar gagandeep kaur poorva agrawal nitin rakesh sarika keswani mohit kumar doi: 10.56578/ijei090215 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-22-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-22-2026 2026 9 2 Article 506 10.56578/ijei090215 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090215 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090214 The study examined riverine urban areas and spaces as a strategic factor in the sustainable economic development of cities situated along the major rivers of Central Russia—the Oka and the Volga. The study focuses on empirical data from three Russian cities—Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, and Samara. The study’s purpose was to identify the most pressing problems of riverine urban areas and determine key criteria for their sustainable transformation. Through a comprehensive approach, combining literature review and an expert survey ($n$ = 44), the study identified six critical problems hindering the development of riverine areas and determined the priority criteria for sustainable restoration. The greatest significance was attributed to developing and improving the quality of life and attractiveness of the urban environment, green infrastructure, eco-friendly construction, and transport infrastructure. The findings suggest that a focus on these criteria will contribute to the revival of degraded embankment zones and catalyze socioeconomic development. The results demonstrate a high level of expert consistency ($W$ $>$ 0.6, $p$ $<$ 0.01) and can be used to develop sustainable development strategies for riverine urban areas in Russia and beyond. 04-21-2026 <![CDATA[ The study examined riverine urban areas and spaces as a strategic factor in the sustainable economic development of cities situated along the major rivers of Central Russia—the Oka and the Volga. The study focuses on empirical data from three Russian cities—Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, and Samara. The study’s purpose was to identify the most pressing problems of riverine urban areas and determine key criteria for their sustainable transformation. Through a comprehensive approach, combining literature review and an expert survey ($n$ = 44), the study identified six critical problems hindering the development of riverine areas and determined the priority criteria for sustainable restoration. The greatest significance was attributed to developing and improving the quality of life and attractiveness of the urban environment, green infrastructure, eco-friendly construction, and transport infrastructure. The findings suggest that a focus on these criteria will contribute to the revival of degraded embankment zones and catalyze socioeconomic development. The results demonstrate a high level of expert consistency ($W$ $>$ 0.6, $p$ $<$ 0.01) and can be used to develop sustainable development strategies for riverine urban areas in Russia and beyond. ]]> Determining Social and Environmental Criteria for the Restoration of Urban Embankments and Riverbank Areas to Achieve the Principles of Sustainable Development gulnora bekimbetova iuliia rudenko tatiana turutina ekaterina vetrova diana stepanova dmitriy semikin nailya khadasevich elena klochko doi: 10.56578/ijei090214 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-21-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-21-2026 2026 9 2 Article 498 10.56578/ijei090214 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090214 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090213 This research examines the preparedness of individuals in Indonesia’s green building sector to utilise digital construction technologies, including Internet of Things (IoT), building information modelling (BIM), and artificial intelligence (AI). The objective is to enhance energy conservation and efficiency. The research integrates Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) and Task-Technology Fit (TTF) to develop a model that assesses the readiness of green construction teams to implement digital tools to enhance energy performance. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) approach is employed to determine reliability, validity, and structural correlations. The final model accounts for 93.0% of the variance in behavioural intention (BI), 34.4% in use behaviour (UB), and 44.2% in performance expectancy (PE). BI is a robust predictor of actual usage ($\beta$ = 0.586, $p$ $ 04-21-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>This research examines the preparedness of individuals in Indonesia’s green building sector to utilise digital construction technologies, including Internet of Things (IoT), building information modelling (BIM), and artificial intelligence (AI). The objective is to enhance energy conservation and efficiency. The research integrates Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) and Task-Technology Fit (TTF) to develop a model that assesses the readiness of green construction teams to implement digital tools to enhance energy performance. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) approach is employed to determine reliability, validity, and structural correlations. The final model accounts for 93.0% of the variance in behavioural intention (BI), 34.4% in use behaviour (UB), and 44.2% in performance expectancy (PE). BI is a robust predictor of actual usage ($\beta$ = 0.586, $p$ $<$ 0.001). Social influence (SI) ($\beta$ = 1.037, $p$ $<$ 0.001), perceived value (PV) ($\beta$ = 1.300, $p$ $<$ 0.001), PE ($\beta$ = 0.181, $p$ = 0.0049), and habit (HB) ($\beta$ = 0.283, $p$ = 0.047) all positively affect BI. Conversely, facilitating situations exert a significant negative impact ($\beta$ = -1.584, $p$ $<$ 0.001). When individuals excessively rely on organisational assistance, they diminish their intrinsic motivation. TTF is a significant predictor of PE ($\beta$ = 0.665, $p$ $<$ 0.001); however, it does not directly influence BI. The integration of technology into tasks is primarily driven by individuals’ perceptions of its performance advantages rather than by direct adoption. This study focuses on the unique requirements of green-construction processes, in which digital technologies contribute to reducing energy consumption, an approach notably different from prior UTAUT2 + TTF studies. The research presents a model illustrating how task alignment, performance perceptions, and the evaluation of costs against benefits influence individuals’ readiness to adopt digital technology in green building project initiatives.</p> ]]> Digital Construction Adoption: Energy Conservation and Efficiency Readiness Model in Green Building Projects maranatha wijayaningtyas bayu teguh ujianto lies kurniawati wulandari lila ayu ratna winanda mohd syafiq syazwan mustafa doi: 10.56578/ijei090213 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-21-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-21-2026 2026 9 2 Article 478 10.56578/ijei090213 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090213 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090212 The plastic waste is the promising environmental pitfall faced across the globe, no matter what India is not exempted. Today we are having digital nativity among the Gen z or iGeneration leads to diverse environmental behavioral pattern. The study was focused area of Bangalore the reason which it is filled with the multi-cultural and diverse community. The study collects the structured questionnaire considering 942 samples. The novelty of the article through a light on identification of major information sources influencing behavioral change, gender-based differences in environmental concern, and limited awareness of health impacts. The methodology incorporated Cronbach Alpha, factor analysis, correlation, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to ensure empirical rigor and interpret complex relationships in behavior and awareness. The study also limelight to the policy makers to leveraging the educational institutions to mandate to conduct the sustainable drive practices among the growing iGeneration. 04-20-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>The plastic waste is the promising environmental pitfall faced across the globe, no matter what India is not exempted. Today we are having digital nativity among the Gen z or iGeneration leads to diverse environmental behavioral pattern. The study was focused area of Bangalore the reason which it is filled with the multi-cultural and diverse community. The study collects the structured questionnaire considering 942 samples. The novelty of the article through a light on identification of major information sources influencing behavioral change, gender-based differences in environmental concern, and limited awareness of health impacts. The methodology incorporated Cronbach Alpha, factor analysis, correlation, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to ensure empirical rigor and interpret complex relationships in behavior and awareness. The study also limelight to the policy makers to leveraging the educational institutions to mandate to conduct the sustainable drive practices among the growing iGeneration.</p> ]]> Intuitions of iGeneration—An Empirical Approach on Plastic Waste Management k. r. sowmya asokan vasudevan k. jagannathan koka opika r. rupashree doi: 10.56578/ijei090212 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-20-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-20-2026 2026 9 2 Article 467 10.56578/ijei090212 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090212 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090211 Urban waste management requires a data-driven approach to understand community characteristics as a basis for designing public service information systems. This study aims to analyze the social dimensions of household waste management in Gorontalo City as a basis for the pre-design stage of the waste management information system. The research design used a cross-sectional survey of 400 households selected through stratified random sampling in nine subdistricts. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, types of waste produced, and waste disposal behavior. The analysis was conducted descriptively and inferentially using the Chi-square and Cramer's V tests. The results show that household waste is dominated by organic waste (73%) and plastic (24%). The most common disposal behavior is through government transportation services (46.5%) and public trash bins (31.8%), while burning waste (15.0%) and disposal into rivers/open spaces (6.3%) are still found. Although there were minor variations in the contingency table between socio-demographic groups, the Chi-square test results showed that gender, age, and education were not significantly related to waste type and disposal behavior ($p$ $>$ 0.05). This indicates that waste management behavior is relatively homogeneous across all social groups. These findings reinforce the need for a universal service approach to waste management and provide an empirical basis for the development of the Gorontalo City SIMS, which focuses on improving service access, reporting disposal points, public education, and the integration of waste banks and city waste facilities. 04-19-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Urban waste management requires a data-driven approach to understand community characteristics as a basis for designing public service information systems. This study aims to analyze the social dimensions of household waste management in Gorontalo City as a basis for the pre-design stage of the waste management information system. The research design used a cross-sectional survey of 400 households selected through stratified random sampling in nine subdistricts. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, types of waste produced, and waste disposal behavior. The analysis was conducted descriptively and inferentially using the Chi-square and Cramer's V tests. The results show that household waste is dominated by organic waste (73%) and plastic (24%). The most common disposal behavior is through government transportation services (46.5%) and public trash bins (31.8%), while burning waste (15.0%) and disposal into rivers/open spaces (6.3%) are still found. Although there were minor variations in the contingency table between socio-demographic groups, the Chi-square test results showed that gender, age, and education were not significantly related to waste type and disposal behavior ($p$ $>$ 0.05). This indicates that waste management behavior is relatively homogeneous across all social groups. These findings reinforce the need for a universal service approach to waste management and provide an empirical basis for the development of the Gorontalo City SIMS, which focuses on improving service access, reporting disposal points, public education, and the integration of waste banks and city waste facilities.</p> ]]> Social Dimensions in Urban Waste Management: Preliminary Study for the Design of a Waste Information System in Gorontalo City hermila a. sri maryati budiyanto ahaliki rahmat taufik r.l bau adnan engelen gita juniarti doi: 10.56578/ijei090211 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-19-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-19-2026 2026 9 2 Article 456 10.56578/ijei090211 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090211 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090210 This study aimed to develop a predictive model of water availability using artificial neural networks (ANN) in the Chalcas River basin, located in the district of San Pedro de Palco, Ayacucho, Peru. A quantitative, predictive, and non-experimental longitudinal design was applied. Hydrological data were used, including monthly average precipitation (ranging from 3.44 mm in June to 123.49 mm in February), weighted crop coefficients (Kc), monthly evapotranspiration (ETo), and a drainage density of 5.81 km/km$^2$. A multilayer ANN was structured and trained over 2000 epochs, achieving an average accuracy of 90.62% and a normalized mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0528. The model determined the flow rate for the period 2003–2030 period, identifying critical seasonal patterns: a peak of 317.45 l/s in January 2028 and a minimum of 28.55 l/s in July 2026. These findings highlight the need to implement water storage strategies during wet seasons and optimize water use during dry periods. Ultimately, the ANN-based model enhances water resource management, reduces scarcity-related risks, and promotes the sustainability of the irrigation system. This methodology demonstrates broad applicability and can be replicated in other basins facing similar hydrological challenges, using the ANN model. 04-16-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>This study aimed to develop a predictive model of water availability using artificial neural networks (ANN) in the Chalcas River basin, located in the district of San Pedro de Palco, Ayacucho, Peru. A quantitative, predictive, and non-experimental longitudinal design was applied. Hydrological data were used, including monthly average precipitation (ranging from 3.44 mm in June to 123.49 mm in February), weighted crop coefficients (Kc), monthly evapotranspiration (ETo), and a drainage density of 5.81 km/km$^2$. A multilayer ANN was structured and trained over 2000 epochs, achieving an average accuracy of 90.62% and a normalized mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0528. The model determined the flow rate for the period 2003–2030 period, identifying critical seasonal patterns: a peak of 317.45 l/s in January 2028 and a minimum of 28.55 l/s in July 2026. These findings highlight the need to implement water storage strategies during wet seasons and optimize water use during dry periods. Ultimately, the ANN-based model enhances water resource management, reduces scarcity-related risks, and promotes the sustainability of the irrigation system. This methodology demonstrates broad applicability and can be replicated in other basins facing similar hydrological challenges, using the ANN model.</p> ]]> Predicting Water Availability in the Chalcas River Basin: Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Sustainable Resource Management hemerson lizarbe-alarcón jhac taboada-valenzuela edward león-palacios josé estrada-cardenas rocky ayala-bizarro main tenorio-palomino rualth bravo-anaya alex ircañaupa doi: 10.56578/ijei090210 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-16-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-16-2026 2026 9 2 Article 445 10.56578/ijei090210 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090210 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090209 Natural radioactive nuclides $^{238}$U, $^{232}$Th, and $^{40}$K present in brick manufacturing facilities pose potential environmental, health, and economic concerns. This study employed gamma-ray spectroscopy using a NaI(Tl) detector to accurately determine radionuclide activity concentrations in ten samples collected from brick factories, Iraq. The investigation evaluated several critical health risk parameters, including radium equivalent activity, excess lifetime cancer risk, absorbed dose rate, and gamma representative index. The measured specific activities for $^{238}$U, $^{232}$Th, and $^{40}$K ranged from 32.67 ± 1.22 to 34.87 ± 1.26 Bq/kg, 24.65 ± 0.92 to 38.84 ± 1.16 Bq/kg, and 405.76 ± 4.91 to 419.92 ± 5.01 Bq/kg, respectively. All calculated radiation hazard indices were found to be within the permissible limits established by international regulatory organizations as recommended by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), and International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The findings indicate that natural radioactivity levels in these facilities pose no significant health risks. Specifically, both occupational workers and the surrounding population remain protected under current operational conditions. These results provide important baseline data for radiation safety assessment in the brick manufacturing industry and demonstrate compliance with international safety standards. 04-15-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Natural radioactive nuclides $^{238}$U, $^{232}$Th, and $^{40}$K present in brick manufacturing facilities pose potential environmental, health, and economic concerns. This study employed gamma-ray spectroscopy using a NaI(Tl) detector to accurately determine radionuclide activity concentrations in ten samples collected from brick factories, Iraq. The investigation evaluated several critical health risk parameters, including radium equivalent activity, excess lifetime cancer risk, absorbed dose rate, and gamma representative index. The measured specific activities for $^{238}$U, $^{232}$Th, and $^{40}$K ranged from 32.67 ± 1.22 to 34.87 ± 1.26 Bq/kg, 24.65 ± 0.92 to 38.84 ± 1.16 Bq/kg, and 405.76 ± 4.91 to 419.92 ± 5.01 Bq/kg, respectively. All calculated radiation hazard indices were found to be within the permissible limits established by international regulatory organizations as recommended by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), and International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The findings indicate that natural radioactivity levels in these facilities pose no significant health risks. Specifically, both occupational workers and the surrounding population remain protected under current operational conditions. These results provide important baseline data for radiation safety assessment in the brick manufacturing industry and demonstrate compliance with international safety standards.</p> ]]> Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Levels in Brick Factories of Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq anwar ahmed fadhl abodood khalid h. h. alattiyah rawaa m. obaid ashoor doi: 10.56578/ijei090209 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-15-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-15-2026 2026 9 2 Article 435 10.56578/ijei090209 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090209 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090208 Landfill leachate poses a major challenge to urban waste management, particularly in tropical regions with high rainfall and heterogeneous waste composition. This study developed an artificial neural network (ANN) based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP) architecture to predict leachate volume at the Supit Urang landfill in Malang City, Indonesia. The dataset combined primary measurements of leachate discharge with secondary meteorological and environmental data, including rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind, and waste volume. Data preprocessing involved cleaning, imputation, transformation, and normalization to improve data quality and model readiness. The ANN model used two hidden layers with 64 neurons each and was optimized with the Adam algorithm, early stopping, and L2 regularization to balance predictive accuracy and generalization. The model achieved an R$^2$ of 0.61 and correlation coefficients above 0.82, indicating a good ability to capture nonlinear relationships and overall leachate trends. However, the relatively high root mean square error (RMSE) values showed that individual predictions still deviated substantially from observed values. Overall, the findings indicate that ANN models are promising decision-support tools for sustainable landfill management, although further improvements in data quality and model optimization are still required. The study also offers practical insight for estimating leachate generation and planning treatment strategies in urban landfills. 04-14-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Landfill leachate poses a major challenge to urban waste management, particularly in tropical regions with high rainfall and heterogeneous waste composition. This study developed an artificial neural network (ANN) based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP) architecture to predict leachate volume at the Supit Urang landfill in Malang City, Indonesia. The dataset combined primary measurements of leachate discharge with secondary meteorological and environmental data, including rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind, and waste volume. Data preprocessing involved cleaning, imputation, transformation, and normalization to improve data quality and model readiness. The ANN model used two hidden layers with 64 neurons each and was optimized with the Adam algorithm, early stopping, and L2 regularization to balance predictive accuracy and generalization. The model achieved an <em>R$^2$</em> of 0.61 and correlation coefficients above 0.82, indicating a good ability to capture nonlinear relationships and overall leachate trends. However, the relatively high root mean square error (RMSE) values showed that individual predictions still deviated substantially from observed values. Overall, the findings indicate that ANN models are promising decision-support tools for sustainable landfill management, although further improvements in data quality and model optimization are still required. The study also offers practical insight for estimating leachate generation and planning treatment strategies in urban landfills.</p> ]]> Deep Learning for Sustainable Waste Management Through Leachate Volume Prediction with Multilayer Perceptron samin samin ahmad mubin sunarto sunarto setio basuki doi: 10.56578/ijei090208 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-14-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-14-2026 2026 9 2 Article 424 10.56578/ijei090208 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090208 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090207 This study investigates the joint influence of climatic and economic determinants on agricultural productivity in the United States over the period 1961–2022. The analysis employs the Crop Production Index (CPI) as the dependent variable, alongside average annual temperature (AAT), GDP growth (GDPG), and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) as explanatory variables, to assess the interactions between environmental conditions, economic dynamics, and crop output. Preliminary descriptive statistics affirmed the suitability of the dataset for parametric modeling, while the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test confirmed the stationarity of all series at level (I(0)). Results from Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression indicate that AAT positively and significantly influences CPI, with a one-degree Celsius increase corresponding to a 7.70-unit rise ($p$ $<$ 0.01). In contrast, GDPG and GFCF exhibit negative impacts on CPI, decreasing it by 1.96 units ($p$ $<$ 0.05) and 2.93 units ($p$ $<$ 0.05), respectively. Granger causality tests reveal unidirectional causality from CPI to AAT ($F$ = 7.075, $p$ = 0.001), from AAT to GDPG ($F$ = 3.202, $p$ = 0.048), and from GDPG to GFCF ($F$ = 4.618, $p$ = 0.014), highlighting the temporal interdependencies among agricultural and economic indicators. Structural break analysis identifies four significant regime shifts during 1961–2022, reflecting the compounded effects of climatic fluctuations and economic transformations on agricultural output. These findings emphasize the pivotal role of temperature in shaping crop productivity, while also demonstrating that macroeconomic expansion can inadvertently constrain agricultural performance. The study offers empirical insights for designing integrated climate and economic policies aimed at sustaining agricultural productivity amid evolving environmental and economic conditions. 04-14-2026 <![CDATA[ This study investigates the joint influence of climatic and economic determinants on agricultural productivity in the United States over the period 1961–2022. The analysis employs the Crop Production Index (CPI) as the dependent variable, alongside average annual temperature (AAT), GDP growth (GDPG), and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) as explanatory variables, to assess the interactions between environmental conditions, economic dynamics, and crop output. Preliminary descriptive statistics affirmed the suitability of the dataset for parametric modeling, while the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test confirmed the stationarity of all series at level (I(0)). Results from Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression indicate that AAT positively and significantly influences CPI, with a one-degree Celsius increase corresponding to a 7.70-unit rise ($p$ $<$ 0.01). In contrast, GDPG and GFCF exhibit negative impacts on CPI, decreasing it by 1.96 units ($p$ $<$ 0.05) and 2.93 units ($p$ $<$ 0.05), respectively. Granger causality tests reveal unidirectional causality from CPI to AAT ($F$ = 7.075, $p$ = 0.001), from AAT to GDPG ($F$ = 3.202, $p$ = 0.048), and from GDPG to GFCF ($F$ = 4.618, $p$ = 0.014), highlighting the temporal interdependencies among agricultural and economic indicators. Structural break analysis identifies four significant regime shifts during 1961–2022, reflecting the compounded effects of climatic fluctuations and economic transformations on agricultural output. These findings emphasize the pivotal role of temperature in shaping crop productivity, while also demonstrating that macroeconomic expansion can inadvertently constrain agricultural performance. The study offers empirical insights for designing integrated climate and economic policies aimed at sustaining agricultural productivity amid evolving environmental and economic conditions. ]]> Analyzing the Impact of Climate and Economic Factors on Crop Production: Evidence from the U.S. zeynab giyasova ilhama mahmudova mustafa kemal oktem khatira maharramova tamilla abbasova doi: 10.56578/ijei090207 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-14-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-14-2026 2026 9 2 Article 416 10.56578/ijei090207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090206 Padang City faces serious waste problems, including a 500-ton increase in daily waste generation to 500 tons and an annual accumulation of 236,296 tons (2023). Waste from the Final Processing Site is predicted to exceed its maximum limit by 2026; waste composition mainly comprises organic materials (62.53%) and plastics (13.6%), which have not been sufficiently managed through the Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (3R) paradigm. This study analyzes the institutional, technical, regulatory, financial, and participatory barriers to waste management in Padang, as well as the policy implications from collaborative governance and circular economy perspectives. Using qualitative-descriptive methodology, with document analysis and policy evaluation, this study offers a unique contribution by combining polycentric governance defined as multi-level coordination and activity among government, private sector, and community actors with responsive regulation that situates punitive enforcement in the context of observed social behaviour and institutional capacity. The results indicate that institution fragmentation, under-enforcement of established laws, unsustainable funding mechanisms, and low community participation undermine the waste management practices in Padang. Integrated Waste Processing Place 3R and waste banks have, so far, not achieved optimal scale in terms of effectiveness. Contextualizing these outcomes through the lenses of polycentric governance, responsive regulation, circular economy, and community-based social marketing shows the role that cross-sectoral collaboration, participatory mechanisms, and adaptive regulatory tools played in building resilient urban waste systems. Theoretically, this study contributes to environmental governance scholarship by integrating governance design and regulatory innovation in the Global South context, while offering practical recommendations for performance contracts among stakeholders, as well as the adoption of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), decentralized technologies for organic waste, and digital-based incentives at the community level. Therefore, this study not only highlights the need for structural reforms but also contributes to establishing inclusive, adaptive, and sustainable waste management systems in Indonesia’s urban areas. 04-13-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Padang City faces serious waste problems, including a 500-ton increase in daily waste generation to 500 tons and an annual accumulation of 236,296 tons (2023). Waste from the Final Processing Site is predicted to exceed its maximum limit by 2026; waste composition mainly comprises organic materials (62.53%) and plastics (13.6%), which have not been sufficiently managed through the Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (3R) paradigm. This study analyzes the institutional, technical, regulatory, financial, and participatory barriers to waste management in Padang, as well as the policy implications from collaborative governance and circular economy perspectives. Using qualitative-descriptive methodology, with document analysis and policy evaluation, this study offers a unique contribution by combining polycentric governance defined as multi-level coordination and activity among government, private sector, and community actors with responsive regulation that situates punitive enforcement in the context of observed social behaviour and institutional capacity. The results indicate that institution fragmentation, under-enforcement of established laws, unsustainable funding mechanisms, and low community participation undermine the waste management practices in Padang. Integrated Waste Processing Place 3R and waste banks have, so far, not achieved optimal scale in terms of effectiveness. Contextualizing these outcomes through the lenses of polycentric governance, responsive regulation, circular economy, and community-based social marketing shows the role that cross-sectoral collaboration, participatory mechanisms, and adaptive regulatory tools played in building resilient urban waste systems. Theoretically, this study contributes to environmental governance scholarship by integrating governance design and regulatory innovation in the Global South context, while offering practical recommendations for performance contracts among stakeholders, as well as the adoption of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), decentralized technologies for organic waste, and digital-based incentives at the community level. Therefore, this study not only highlights the need for structural reforms but also contributes to establishing inclusive, adaptive, and sustainable waste management systems in Indonesia’s urban areas.</p> ]]> Law Enforcement and Governance Policy as an Implementation of Waste Management in Urban Areas of Padang City, Indonesia afriva khaidir zikri alhadi harvi dasnoer doi: 10.56578/ijei090206 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-13-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-13-2026 2026 9 2 Article 388 10.56578/ijei090206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090205 Kerosene pollution, stemming from its widespread use as a fuel and solvent, poses significant health and environmental risks. This study aimed to isolate biosurfactant-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae from petroleum-contaminated soil and apply the biosurfactant to enhance kerosene biodegradation. Among twelve isolates screened, seven produced biosurfactants, with K. pneumoniae S9 exhibiting the highest emulsification index (E24 = 45%). The biosurfactant was extracted, purified, and characterized as a lipopeptide via Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Supplementation with the biosurfactant significantly accelerated kerosene degradation, achieving 64% efficiency within an 11-day incubation period. These results demonstrate the potential of this biosurfactant as an effective agent for the bioremediation of kerosene-contaminated environments. 04-12-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Kerosene pollution, stemming from its widespread use as a fuel and solvent, poses significant health and environmental risks. This study aimed to isolate biosurfactant-producing <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> from petroleum-contaminated soil and apply the biosurfactant to enhance kerosene biodegradation. Among twelve isolates screened, seven produced biosurfactants, with <em>K. pneumoniae</em> S9 exhibiting the highest emulsification index (E24 = 45%). The biosurfactant was extracted, purified, and characterized as a lipopeptide via Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Supplementation with the biosurfactant significantly accelerated kerosene degradation, achieving 64% efficiency within an 11-day incubation period. These results demonstrate the potential of this biosurfactant as an effective agent for the bioremediation of kerosene-contaminated environments.</p> ]]> Enhancement of Kerosene Biodegradation by a Biosurfactant-Producing Strain of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> Isolated from Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil wafaa hassan muslem sahar ahmad taha sahira nsayef muslim hassan muslem abdulhussein doi: 10.56578/ijei090205 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-12-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-12-2026 2026 9 2 Article 380 10.56578/ijei090205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090204 Lakes in mining areas face serious ecological degradation due to complex interactions between human activities, land use change, and industrial pressures. Globally, approximately 46.7% of lakes have lost their ecosystem resilience, with impacts such as declining water quality, sedimentation, heavy metal pollution, and biodiversity loss. While previous studies have mostly focused on post-mining pit lakes, limited attention has been given to conservation in active mining areas, leaving a critical research gap. This study aims to identify the factors influencing lake water resource conservation in mining regions, analyze the interrelationships among these factors, develop a conceptual model, and propose contextual strategies for sustainable conservation. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 protocol, using searches on Scopus and Web of Science for English-language publications from 2015 to 2025. Inclusion criteria emphasized empirical studies addressing lake conservation in mining areas. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018, and data synthesis employed thematic analysis with NVivo 14 to identify key themes, factor relationships, and model design. From an initial 642 articles, 114 studies met the criteria. The analysis identified 13 key factors, with three dominant determinants: human–environment interaction, eco-friendly technology and innovation, and socio-economic pressures. Factor relationships included direct pathways such as institutional capacity and social capital, mediating roles such as environmental education and leadership, and negative moderation through economic pressures. The resulting conceptual model emphasizes integrating technological interventions, social capacity building, and environmental value internalization. Priority strategies include environmental education, institutional strengthening, community participation, and adoption of mitigation technologies. Overall, lake conservation in mining contexts requires an integrative social–ecological systems approach that balances technical innovation, social interventions, and mitigation of economic drivers. 04-12-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Lakes in mining areas face serious ecological degradation due to complex interactions between human activities, land use change, and industrial pressures. Globally, approximately 46.7% of lakes have lost their ecosystem resilience, with impacts such as declining water quality, sedimentation, heavy metal pollution, and biodiversity loss. While previous studies have mostly focused on post-mining pit lakes, limited attention has been given to conservation in active mining areas, leaving a critical research gap. This study aims to identify the factors influencing lake water resource conservation in mining regions, analyze the interrelationships among these factors, develop a conceptual model, and propose contextual strategies for sustainable conservation. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 protocol, using searches on Scopus and Web of Science for English-language publications from 2015 to 2025. Inclusion criteria emphasized empirical studies addressing lake conservation in mining areas. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018, and data synthesis employed thematic analysis with NVivo 14 to identify key themes, factor relationships, and model design. From an initial 642 articles, 114 studies met the criteria. The analysis identified 13 key factors, with three dominant determinants: human–environment interaction, eco-friendly technology and innovation, and socio-economic pressures. Factor relationships included direct pathways such as institutional capacity and social capital, mediating roles such as environmental education and leadership, and negative moderation through economic pressures. The resulting conceptual model emphasizes integrating technological interventions, social capacity building, and environmental value internalization. Priority strategies include environmental education, institutional strengthening, community participation, and adoption of mitigation technologies. Overall, lake conservation in mining contexts requires an integrative social–ecological systems approach that balances technical innovation, social interventions, and mitigation of economic drivers.</p> ]]> Sustainable Lake Water Conservation in Mining Areas: A Systematic Review of Influencing Factors and Strategic Frameworks ridwan syam darsono wisadirana edi susilo iwan nurhadi doi: 10.56578/ijei090204 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-12-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-12-2026 2026 9 2 Article 362 10.56578/ijei090204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090203 Remediating hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in rainforest ecosystems poses complex challenges, requiring strategies that balance ecological restoration with long-term sustainability. This study aimed to analyze stakeholder dynamics and identify collaborative approaches to support sustainable remediation in the Taman Hutan Raya Sultan Syarif Hasyim (TAHURA SSH) area in Sumatra. The Matrix of Alliances and Conflicts: Tactics, Objectives, and Recommendations (MACTOR) method was applied to examine interactions among eleven stakeholder groups. Data were collected through purposive interviews and focus group discussions to evaluate influence, dependence, and consensus across these groups. The findings revealed that Pertamina Hulu Rokan (PHR) and contractors function as central actors with the highest influence in advancing remediation practices. Conversely, local communities exhibited limited influence, suggesting their potential marginalization in decision-making processes. Although strong consensus was observed on ecological priorities—such as ecosystem restoration, long-term sustainability, and minimizing environmental impact—significant divergence regarding cost-effectiveness exposed underlying tensions between economic efficiency and environmental objectives. Sustainable remediation in rainforest ecosystems requires collaborative and inclusive strategies that foster partnerships among the private sector, government institutions, and local communities. These results provide practical implications for policymakers to develop environmentally responsible and socially equitable remediation frameworks in fragile ecosystems. 04-09-2026 <![CDATA[ Remediating hydrocarbon-contaminated soils in rainforest ecosystems poses complex challenges, requiring strategies that balance ecological restoration with long-term sustainability. This study aimed to analyze stakeholder dynamics and identify collaborative approaches to support sustainable remediation in the Taman Hutan Raya Sultan Syarif Hasyim (TAHURA SSH) area in Sumatra. The Matrix of Alliances and Conflicts: Tactics, Objectives, and Recommendations (MACTOR) method was applied to examine interactions among eleven stakeholder groups. Data were collected through purposive interviews and focus group discussions to evaluate influence, dependence, and consensus across these groups. The findings revealed that Pertamina Hulu Rokan (PHR) and contractors function as central actors with the highest influence in advancing remediation practices. Conversely, local communities exhibited limited influence, suggesting their potential marginalization in decision-making processes. Although strong consensus was observed on ecological priorities—such as ecosystem restoration, long-term sustainability, and minimizing environmental impact—significant divergence regarding cost-effectiveness exposed underlying tensions between economic efficiency and environmental objectives. Sustainable remediation in rainforest ecosystems requires collaborative and inclusive strategies that foster partnerships among the private sector, government institutions, and local communities. These results provide practical implications for policymakers to develop environmentally responsible and socially equitable remediation frameworks in fragile ecosystems. ]]> Collaborative Strategies for Sustainable Remediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils in Rainforest Areas abdillah lubis bahruddin suwondo efriyeldi doi: 10.56578/ijei090203 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-09-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-09-2026 2026 9 2 Article 350 10.56578/ijei090203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090202 This study aimed to demonstrate the application of environmental activity-based costing (EABC) and its impact on supporting environmental sustainability, in accordance with ISO 14001 and 14051 standards for material flow cost accounting (MFCA) and GRI 300 standards for materials, energy, water, compliance, waste, and environmental performance improvement. EABC is an environmental accounting tool that identifies activities and allocates environmental costs to those activities, then to products, thereby assigning each product its actual costs and providing more accurate data. The research was conducted at the General Company for Fertilizer Industries in the Southern Region of Basra, Iraq. The researcher employed a practical approach by comparing the system implemented in the company under study with EABC. The main reason for using this technique is the inefficient use of resources and the resulting environmental pollution and fines imposed for exceeding permissible pollution limits. These costs have come to constitute a large percentage of the company’s total costs, thus impacting its profitability. The research contributed to identifying areas of waste resulting from the inefficient use of available resources and assisted management in making sound and accurate decisions related to environmental and economic aspects. It also helped improve environmental performance and enable the allocation of environmental costs to products based on their resource consumption. This, in turn, leads to the sustainability of resources through optimal use, thus achieving environmental sustainability. The study concluded that adopting cash flow statements helps improve various administrative decision-making processes, including pricing decisions, by allocating environmental costs to products and the activities that generate them. Furthermore, some reasons for waste in raw materials are attributed to the poor quality of those materials and the manual addition of materials. Therefore, the model directs management’s attention and efforts towards purchasing less environmentally damaging materials and using a pump for material application. 04-07-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>This study aimed to demonstrate the application of environmental activity-based costing (EABC) and its impact on supporting environmental sustainability, in accordance with ISO 14001 and 14051 standards for material flow cost accounting (MFCA) and GRI 300 standards for materials, energy, water, compliance, waste, and environmental performance improvement. EABC is an environmental accounting tool that identifies activities and allocates environmental costs to those activities, then to products, thereby assigning each product its actual costs and providing more accurate data. The research was conducted at the General Company for Fertilizer Industries in the Southern Region of Basra, Iraq. The researcher employed a practical approach by comparing the system implemented in the company under study with EABC. The main reason for using this technique is the inefficient use of resources and the resulting environmental pollution and fines imposed for exceeding permissible pollution limits. These costs have come to constitute a large percentage of the company’s total costs, thus impacting its profitability. The research contributed to identifying areas of waste resulting from the inefficient use of available resources and assisted management in making sound and accurate decisions related to environmental and economic aspects. It also helped improve environmental performance and enable the allocation of environmental costs to products based on their resource consumption. This, in turn, leads to the sustainability of resources through optimal use, thus achieving environmental sustainability. The study concluded that adopting cash flow statements helps improve various administrative decision-making processes, including pricing decisions, by allocating environmental costs to products and the activities that generate them. Furthermore, some reasons for waste in raw materials are attributed to the poor quality of those materials and the manual addition of materials. Therefore, the model directs management’s attention and efforts towards purchasing less environmentally damaging materials and using a pump for material application.</p> ]]> Environmental Activity-Based Costing and Its Role in Supporting Environmental Sustainability: An Applied Study at the State Company for Fertilizer Industry in Southern Basrah alyaa a. a. m. al-timimee emad a. s. al-mashkoor doi: 10.56578/ijei090202 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-07-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-07-2026 2026 9 2 Article 336 10.56578/ijei090202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090201 Artificial light at night (ALAN) has become a problem for fireflies because it disrupts their natural processes and threatens the conservation of their populations. In this regard, the aim of the study was to determine the effects of ALAN on firefly species through a systematic review. The PRISMA 2020 statement was fundamental for the review of the databases, and the inclusion and exclusion criteria for specifying the subject of study. On the other hand, the annual growth of scientific production was determined using the digital tool (Calcuvio). The year and country with the highest scientific production were 2021 and the United States, respectively, and the annual growth (2005−2025) was 16%. The most studied species was Lampyris noctiluca, and the effect of ALAN on the most common fireflies was a change in the intensity and frequency of their flashes in females. It is concluded that investment should be made in research in countries with abundant and diverse populations of fireflies. Furthermore, studies should be conducted on trophic interactions or sublethal physiological effects of fireflies, as well as on diversifying the species under study. 03-26-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Artificial light at night (ALAN) has become a problem for fireflies because it disrupts their natural processes and threatens the conservation of their populations. In this regard, the aim of the study was to determine the effects of ALAN on firefly species through a systematic review. The PRISMA 2020 statement was fundamental for the review of the databases, and the inclusion and exclusion criteria for specifying the subject of study. On the other hand, the annual growth of scientific production was determined using the digital tool (Calcuvio). The year and country with the highest scientific production were 2021 and the United States, respectively, and the annual growth (2005−2025) was 16%. The most studied species was <em>Lampyris noctiluca</em>, and the effect of ALAN on the most common fireflies was a change in the intensity and frequency of their flashes in females. It is concluded that investment should be made in research in countries with abundant and diverse populations of fireflies. Furthermore, studies should be conducted on trophic interactions or sublethal physiological effects of fireflies, as well as on diversifying the species under study.</p> ]]> Effects of Artificial Night Lighting on Fireflies: Global Synthesis of Scientific Evidence manuel reategui-inga ronald panduro durand yovana quinto corilloclla cecilia antony ninahuanca tocas antonio arrostigue villanueva josé kalión guerra lu reiner reategui-inga zamyra rivera-velazco doi: 10.56578/ijei090201 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-26-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-26-2026 2026 9 2 Article 326 10.56578/ijei090201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_2/ijei090201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090123 Groundwater contamination, exacerbated by improper solid waste disposal, is a critical environmental problem, especially in regions such as the Toluca Valley, where water supply depends on aquifers. This study quantified leachate generation at the Metepec landfill in the State of Mexico using the Water Balance Model (WBM) and the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance model (HELP 3). Three hydrological years (dry, average, and wet) were analyzed to represent contrasting scenarios. The results showed that leachate generation is directly related to precipitation. In dry months, infiltration represented less than 17% of annual rainfall, while in some months evapotranspiration was higher. The HELP 3 model estimated higher volumes due to the moisture generated by waste decomposition. Comparative analysis revealed that, in the absence of barriers, percolation exceeded 12% of annual precipitation. When a clay layer was implemented, infiltration was practically eliminated, and with a geomembrane it was reduced to approximately 1% of total precipitation. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of structural configurations in reducing leachate generation. The study concludes that the implementation of impermeable barriers and post-closure monitoring programs is essential to mitigate environmental impacts and protect groundwater resources. 03-14-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Groundwater contamination, exacerbated by improper solid waste disposal, is a critical environmental problem, especially in regions such as the Toluca Valley, where water supply depends on aquifers. This study quantified leachate generation at the Metepec landfill in the State of Mexico using the Water Balance Model (WBM) and the Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance model (HELP 3). Three hydrological years (dry, average, and wet) were analyzed to represent contrasting scenarios. The results showed that leachate generation is directly related to precipitation. In dry months, infiltration represented less than 17% of annual rainfall, while in some months evapotranspiration was higher. The HELP 3 model estimated higher volumes due to the moisture generated by waste decomposition. Comparative analysis revealed that, in the absence of barriers, percolation exceeded 12% of annual precipitation. When a clay layer was implemented, infiltration was practically eliminated, and with a geomembrane it was reduced to approximately 1% of total precipitation. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of structural configurations in reducing leachate generation. The study concludes that the implementation of impermeable barriers and post-closure monitoring programs is essential to mitigate environmental impacts and protect groundwater resources.</p> ]]> Spatiotemporal Analysis of Leachate at the Metepec Landfill: Implications for Solid Waste Management adriana c. bernal jaime garfias héctor j. rendón horacio ramírez sergio pedroza doi: 10.56578/ijei090123 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 2026 9 1 Article 318 10.56578/ijei090123 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090123 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090122 The study goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of school eco-clubs and digital technologies as instruments for fostering environmental responsibility amid the environmental challenges in rural areas of Southeast Kazakhstan. A descriptive-analytical design with mixed methods was applied. The sample consisted of 186 “student–parent” pairs from 10 schools in the Almaty Region and 30 experts. Data was collected from September 2023 to April 2024 using validated questionnaires, focus groups, and expert interviews. A statistically significant relationship was identified between the duration of participation in eco-clubs and the level of students’ environmental knowledge ($p$ $ 03-14-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>The study goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of school eco-clubs and digital technologies as instruments for fostering environmental responsibility amid the environmental challenges in rural areas of Southeast Kazakhstan. A descriptive-analytical design with mixed methods was applied. The sample consisted of 186 “student–parent” pairs from 10 schools in the Almaty Region and 30 experts. Data was collected from September 2023 to April 2024 using validated questionnaires, focus groups, and expert interviews. A statistically significant relationship was identified between the duration of participation in eco-clubs and the level of students’ environmental knowledge ($p$ $<$ 0.01) and between the intensity of intergenerational communication and changes in family practices: safe handling of agrochemicals (62.2% of families), composting organic waste (55.1%), and the use of organic fertilizers (38.8%). Regression analysis showed that practical demonstrations ($\beta$ = 0.42, Cohen’s d = 0.89) and virtual reality (VR) technologies ($\beta$ = 0.35, Cohen’s d = 0.74) are the strongest predictors of changes in environmental behavior ($R^2$ = 0.51, $p$ $<$ 0.001). VR outperforms traditional methods: knowledge acquisition is 35% higher (4.6 versus 3.4 points), and practical application is twice as high (89.3% and 45.2%, respectively). The study confirms the effectiveness of school eco-clubs as a catalyst for environmental changes in rural families. The authors demonstrate the potential of virtual technologies in compensating for the limitations of environmental education in remote agricultural regions.</p> ]]> Impact of Educational Programs and VR Technologies on the Environmental Behavior of the Population in Areas with High Pollution Levels: Case Study of Kazakhstan klara buzaubakova assel bedelbayeva doi: 10.56578/ijei090122 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 2026 9 1 Article 305 10.56578/ijei090122 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090122 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090121 Landslide susceptibility modeling (LSM) in data scarce environments remains limited by weak interpretability and the absence of calibrated predictive uncertainty, reducing its reliability for operational decision making. This study introduces a cloud-native LSM framework that unifies SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) for transparent model interpretation with Conformal Prediction (CP) for statistically valid uncertainty quantification, implemented end-to-end within Google Earth Engine (GEE). Multi-sensor remote sensing datasets were processed in GEE, and four machine learning (ML) classifiers, Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosted Trees (GBT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Classification and Regression Trees (CART) were trained using a spatially stratified, balanced inventory of 238 landslide and 227 non-landslide locations in Pune District, India. CART achieved the highest predictive performance (Accuracy = 0.8655; Kappa = 0.6142; Precision = 0.8055), while RF was selected for SHAP and CP analyses due to its smoother probability outputs. SHAP identified rainfall, elevation, slope, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and topographical wetness index (TWI) as the dominant predictors. CP mapped high confidence ($$30%) in data sparse plains. The resulting explainable, uncertainty aware hazard maps, deployed via a public GEE application, provide policy ready insights and offer a transferable template for monsoon prone, low inventory regions. 03-14-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Landslide susceptibility modeling (LSM) in data scarce environments remains limited by weak interpretability and the absence of calibrated predictive uncertainty, reducing its reliability for operational decision making. This study introduces a cloud-native LSM framework that unifies SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) for transparent model interpretation with Conformal Prediction (CP) for statistically valid uncertainty quantification, implemented end-to-end within Google Earth Engine (GEE). Multi-sensor remote sensing datasets were processed in GEE, and four machine learning (ML) classifiers, Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosted Trees (GBT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Classification and Regression Trees (CART) were trained using a spatially stratified, balanced inventory of 238 landslide and 227 non-landslide locations in Pune District, India. CART achieved the highest predictive performance (Accuracy = 0.8655; Kappa = 0.6142; Precision = 0.8055), while RF was selected for SHAP and CP analyses due to its smoother probability outputs. SHAP identified rainfall, elevation, slope, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and topographical wetness index (TWI) as the dominant predictors. CP mapped high confidence ($<$5% uncertainty) susceptibility in steep, high rainfall escarpments and elevated uncertainty ($>$30%) in data sparse plains. The resulting explainable, uncertainty aware hazard maps, deployed via a public GEE application, provide policy ready insights and offer a transferable template for monsoon prone, low inventory regions.</p> ]]> A Cloud-Native Framework Integrating Explainable AI and Calibrated Uncertainty for Data Scarce Landslide Susceptibility Mapping anjali a. jagtap p. b. mane d. k. shedge doi: 10.56578/ijei090121 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 2026 9 1 Article 290 10.56578/ijei090121 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090121 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090120 This study examines the determinants of household circular economy behavior (CEB) by extending the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with environmental spirituality (ES). A quantitative approach was employed, with the research design based on an extended TPB model. The subjects of this study were households in Semarang City, selected through random sampling. The final sample comprised 270 families. The questionnaire consisted of nine sections: demographic or respondent characteristics and eight research variables. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), followed by multi-group analysis (MGA) to compare individuals with secondary and higher education levels. The results of this study indicate that ES significantly strengthens subjective norm (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC), but does not directly influence CEB. This finding suggests that spirituality exerts its impact primarily through psychological mechanisms rather than via immediate behavioral actions. The intention to engage in circular economy practices (circular economy intention, CEI) is the strongest predictor of CEB in urban households. MGA further reveals differences by education level: PBC has a stronger effect in the secondary-education group, whereas SN and situational factors (SFs) exert stronger effects among the higher-education group. Theoretically, this study highlights the urgency of integrating spiritual values into extended TPB models. It suggests that ES can serve as a predictor of culturally grounded pro-environmental cognition in highly religious societies. The findings offer novel insights relevant to the field of sustainability psychology, particularly in cultural contexts similar to those in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and the Middle East. 03-14-2026 <![CDATA[ This study examines the determinants of household circular economy behavior (CEB) by extending the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with environmental spirituality (ES). A quantitative approach was employed, with the research design based on an extended TPB model. The subjects of this study were households in Semarang City, selected through random sampling. The final sample comprised 270 families. The questionnaire consisted of nine sections: demographic or respondent characteristics and eight research variables. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), followed by multi-group analysis (MGA) to compare individuals with secondary and higher education levels. The results of this study indicate that ES significantly strengthens subjective norm (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC), but does not directly influence CEB. This finding suggests that spirituality exerts its impact primarily through psychological mechanisms rather than via immediate behavioral actions. The intention to engage in circular economy practices (circular economy intention, CEI) is the strongest predictor of CEB in urban households. MGA further reveals differences by education level: PBC has a stronger effect in the secondary-education group, whereas SN and situational factors (SFs) exert stronger effects among the higher-education group. Theoretically, this study highlights the urgency of integrating spiritual values into extended TPB models. It suggests that ES can serve as a predictor of culturally grounded pro-environmental cognition in highly religious societies. The findings offer novel insights relevant to the field of sustainability psychology, particularly in cultural contexts similar to those in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and the Middle East. ]]> An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior with Environmental Spirituality in Indonesia: Study Circular Economy Behavior in Urban Households edi kurniawan mohammad syifauddin erni suharini ardyanto tanjung tuti mutia novika adi wibowo hanifah mahat doi: 10.56578/ijei090120 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 2026 9 1 Article 269 10.56578/ijei090120 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090120 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090119 The present research endeavours to scrutinize the moderating influence of environmental commitment on the relationship between green packaging initiatives and the revenue growth of manufacturing firms. The research utilized a self-administered questionnaire methodology, accruing a total of 267 complete responses which were subsequently subjected to data analysis via Smart Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (version 4). The findings elucidated a salient positive relationship between innovation in green packaging and revenue growth. In addition, a significant negative influence was identified in relation to regulatory compliance and its relationship with revenue growth. Conversely, the link between perceived communication and revenue growth was found to be insignificant. Furthermore, environmental commitment was evidenced to have a notable moderating effect on the relationship between regulatory compliance and revenue growth. Nevertheless, it was observed that environmental commitment did not exhibit a significant moderating influence on the interaction between perceived communication and revenue growth, nor did it impact the relationship between innovation in green packaging and revenue growth. This scholarly inquiry contributes novel insights concerning the critical role of environmental commitment in fortifying the nexus between green packaging and revenue growth, thereby underscoring relevant implications for theoretical frameworks, managerial practices, and overall business prosperity. 03-14-2026 <![CDATA[ The present research endeavours to scrutinize the moderating influence of environmental commitment on the relationship between green packaging initiatives and the revenue growth of manufacturing firms. The research utilized a self-administered questionnaire methodology, accruing a total of 267 complete responses which were subsequently subjected to data analysis via Smart Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (version 4). The findings elucidated a salient positive relationship between innovation in green packaging and revenue growth. In addition, a significant negative influence was identified in relation to regulatory compliance and its relationship with revenue growth. Conversely, the link between perceived communication and revenue growth was found to be insignificant. Furthermore, environmental commitment was evidenced to have a notable moderating effect on the relationship between regulatory compliance and revenue growth. Nevertheless, it was observed that environmental commitment did not exhibit a significant moderating influence on the interaction between perceived communication and revenue growth, nor did it impact the relationship between innovation in green packaging and revenue growth. This scholarly inquiry contributes novel insights concerning the critical role of environmental commitment in fortifying the nexus between green packaging and revenue growth, thereby underscoring relevant implications for theoretical frameworks, managerial practices, and overall business prosperity. ]]> Green Packaging and Revenue Growth among Manufacturing Firms: The Moderating Role of Environmental Commitment derrick nukunu akude john kwame akuma emmanuel addai kwaning isaac kwame amoah-ahinful doi: 10.56578/ijei090119 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 2026 9 1 Article 253 10.56578/ijei090119 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090119 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090118 The purpose of this work was to study purolate (porous carbons from the Kuzbass deposits, Russia). Thermograms in the temperature range 150−700 ℃ showed an up to 8.7% mass loss in the purolate samples. It was proven that purolate has a large range of particle size (from 0.1 to 3 mm) and pH (8.0−9.0) and a low total pore volume in water (0.5 cm$^3$/g). It was found that in addition to C and O$_2$, Zn (5,346.8 mg/kg), Ba (256 mg/kg), Sr (304 mg/kg), Cu (541 mg/kg), and MnO (119 mg/kg) are present in significant amounts in purolate; it does not contain Al$_2$O$_3$, SiO$_2$, Rb, and Zr. It was established that the service life of the sorbent layer is 380 min at an adsorption temperature of 28−30 ℃ (analysis of the adsorption breakthrough curve). The final degree of purification from the model mixture ranged from 35.4% for manganese ions to 98.1% for iron ions. Analysis of the kinetic curves of ion extraction found that the highest adsorption (0.07 g/g) for 250 min was observed during the extraction of manganese ions, the lowest (0.045 g/g) for 300 min, during the extraction of nitrite ions. The development of a new technology using anthracite-based adsorbents for treating water from coal mining operations would help address environmental concerns in resource-dependent areas and contribute to the rehabilitation and revitalization of aquatic ecosystems. 03-14-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>The purpose of this work was to study purolate (porous carbons from the Kuzbass deposits, Russia). Thermograms in the temperature range 150−700 ℃ showed an up to 8.7% mass loss in the purolate samples. It was proven that purolate has a large range of particle size (from 0.1 to 3 mm) and pH (8.0−9.0) and a low total pore volume in water (0.5 cm$^3$/g). It was found that in addition to C and O$_2$, Zn (5,346.8 mg/kg), Ba (256 mg/kg), Sr (304 mg/kg), Cu (541 mg/kg), and MnO (119 mg/kg) are present in significant amounts in purolate; it does not contain Al$_2$O$_3$, SiO$_2$, Rb, and Zr. It was established that the service life of the sorbent layer is 380 min at an adsorption temperature of 28−30 ℃ (analysis of the adsorption breakthrough curve). The final degree of purification from the model mixture ranged from 35.4% for manganese ions to 98.1% for iron ions. Analysis of the kinetic curves of ion extraction found that the highest adsorption (0.07 g/g) for 250 min was observed during the extraction of manganese ions, the lowest (0.045 g/g) for 300 min, during the extraction of nitrite ions. The development of a new technology using anthracite-based adsorbents for treating water from coal mining operations would help address environmental concerns in resource-dependent areas and contribute to the rehabilitation and revitalization of aquatic ecosystems.</p> ]]> Study of the Efficacy of Porous Carbons Using Modern Methods elena ulrikh stanislav sukhikh svetlana ivanova ekaterina mikhaylova evgeny neverov doi: 10.56578/ijei090118 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 2026 9 1 Article 228 10.56578/ijei090118 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090118 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090117 Industrialization and population growth pose significant environmental issues, particularly in water quality, making many sources unsuitable for domestic use. Natural organic compounds and metal nanoparticles (NPs) are used as wastewater adsorbents. The current research investigated the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and reusability of the manganese oxide NPs synthesized from star anise (SA) (Illicium verum) extract (MnO@SE) to aid in the creation of environmentally friendly water purification solutions. MnO@SE was prepared with SA extract and manganese acetate (II) tetrahydrate solution. The green-synthesized biosorbent was characterized employing methods including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These evaluations offered good information on surface shape and surface-available functional groups. The influences of pH, adsorbent dosage, ion concentration, and contact time on metal ion adsorption were all examined. The results revealed that model solutions with a pH of 2.0, a biosorbent dosage of 0.8 g/L, an initial concentration of 25 mg/L, and a contact time of 50 minutes produced the best removal efficiency (96.34% for Cr(VI) and 87.01% for Pb(II)). The adsorption processes of both metal ions occurred in a multilayer fashion on the heterogeneous surface of the biosorbent through diffusion kinetics, according to the isotherm and kinetic findings. The adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous, according to thermodynamic analysis. The study revealed that the green-synthesized MnO@SE effectively removed 96.34% Cr(VI) and 87.01% Pb(II) under optimal conditions, promoting eco-friendly water purification through multilayer, endothermic, spontaneous, and diffusion-driven adsorption. 03-14-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Industrialization and population growth pose significant environmental issues, particularly in water quality, making many sources unsuitable for domestic use. Natural organic compounds and metal nanoparticles (NPs) are used as wastewater adsorbents. The current research investigated the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and reusability of the manganese oxide NPs synthesized from star anise (SA) (<em>Illicium verum</em>) extract (MnO@SE) to aid in the creation of environmentally friendly water purification solutions. MnO@SE was prepared with SA extract and manganese acetate (II) tetrahydrate solution. The green-synthesized biosorbent was characterized employing methods including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These evaluations offered good information on surface shape and surface-available functional groups. The influences of pH, adsorbent dosage, ion concentration, and contact time on metal ion adsorption were all examined. The results revealed that model solutions with a pH of 2.0, a biosorbent dosage of 0.8 g/L, an initial concentration of 25 mg/L, and a contact time of 50 minutes produced the best removal efficiency (96.34% for Cr(VI) and 87.01% for Pb(II)). The adsorption processes of both metal ions occurred in a multilayer fashion on the heterogeneous surface of the biosorbent through diffusion kinetics, according to the isotherm and kinetic findings. The adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous, according to thermodynamic analysis. The study revealed that the green-synthesized MnO@SE effectively removed 96.34% Cr(VI) and 87.01% Pb(II) under optimal conditions, promoting eco-friendly water purification through multilayer, endothermic, spontaneous, and diffusion-driven adsorption.</p> ]]> Eco-Friendly Materials for the Removal of Some Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water qater al-nada ali kanaem al-ibady ghanim hassan amaal mohammed alhelli doi: 10.56578/ijei090117 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-14-2026 2026 9 1 Article 216 10.56578/ijei090117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090116 Green growth has emerged as a crucial central policy objective for reconciling economic performance with environmental sustainability. This study investigates the determinants of green growth in OECD countries over the period 1990−2022. Specifically, it evaluates the roles of environmental policies (EPS), research and development (R&D), and institutional quality, particularly the Rule of Law (IQRL), in shaping economic green growth. To address cross-country interdependence and structural heterogeneity, we employ the Common Correlated Effects Estimator with a Cross-Sectionally Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) framework. The approach appropriates the dataset exhibiting unobserved common factors, cross-sectional dependence, and mixed order of integration. The model effectively manages cross-sectional dependence, accommodates heterogeneous dynamics, and addresses mixed stationarity. It therefore provides reliable estimates of both short-run and long-run effects and is well suited for modern applied panel data analysis. The empirical results show that an inclusive strategy promoting technological innovation, strong environmental governance, and following the Rule of Law is essential for advancing green growth in advanced economies. Trade openness, GDP per capita, and population growth are found to be significant positive drivers. In contrast, renewable energy consumption (REC) exerts a negative effect, suggesting the presence of short-term adjustment costs associated with the energy transition. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of coordinated environmental governance, sustained R&D support, and strong institutional frameworks in advancing green growth. Policymakers should prioritize targeted R&D investments, strengthen environmental policy design, and enhance the institutional frameworks that support the ecological transformation. 03-12-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Green growth has emerged as a crucial central policy objective for reconciling economic performance with environmental sustainability. This study investigates the determinants of green growth in OECD countries over the period 1990−2022. Specifically, it evaluates the roles of environmental policies (EPS), research and development (R&D), and institutional quality, particularly the Rule of Law (IQRL), in shaping economic green growth. To address cross-country interdependence and structural heterogeneity, we employ the Common Correlated Effects Estimator with a Cross-Sectionally Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) framework. The approach appropriates the dataset exhibiting unobserved common factors, cross-sectional dependence, and mixed order of integration. The model effectively manages cross-sectional dependence, accommodates heterogeneous dynamics, and addresses mixed stationarity. It therefore provides reliable estimates of both short-run and long-run effects and is well suited for modern applied panel data analysis. The empirical results show that an inclusive strategy promoting technological innovation, strong environmental governance, and following the Rule of Law is essential for advancing green growth in advanced economies. Trade openness, GDP per capita, and population growth are found to be significant positive drivers. In contrast, renewable energy consumption (REC) exerts a negative effect, suggesting the presence of short-term adjustment costs associated with the energy transition. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of coordinated environmental governance, sustained R&D support, and strong institutional frameworks in advancing green growth. Policymakers should prioritize targeted R&D investments, strengthen environmental policy design, and enhance the institutional frameworks that support the ecological transformation.</p> ]]> The Impact of Environmental Policies, Research and Development, and Legal Regulations on Promoting Economic Green Growth in OECD Countries mohamed neffati hayet kaddachi doi: 10.56578/ijei090116 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-12-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-12-2026 2026 9 1 Article 200 10.56578/ijei090116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090115 Heavy metals tracing and magnetic susceptibility are generally used as a proxy indicator of pollution in various depositional environments. This research focused on tracing the significant record of pollution of the Muntingia calabura tree to understand the sensitivity in recording pollution and mining production. The area of this research is a hydrocarbon mining site of Wonocolo Geopark in the Bojonegoro, East Java Indonesia. The samples were taken both polluted and non-polluted leaf and bark, from 20 sampling points. Polluted leaves then were characterized by the existence of elevated levels of Pb, Fe, Cu and Zn. The average magnetic susceptibility of leaves increases from 0.86 × 10$^{-8}$ m$^3$/kg in non-polluted samples to 13.55 × 10$^{-8}$ m$^3$/kg in polluted samples and in the same way, increasing of magnetic susceptibility was also seen in the barks, from an average of 0.21 × 10$^{-8}$ m$^3$/kg in non-polluted sample, to 2.55 × 10$^{-8}$ m$^3$/kg in polluted sample. The pattern of magnetic susceptibility on leaves and barks at each sampling point is also the same as the pattern of hydrocarbon production which is related to the level of pollution in the area. The increase of magnetic susceptibility in polluted leaves and barks is thought caused by input of magnetic minerals and heavy metals from the fly ash of diesel engines used for hydrocarbon mining process. The heavy metal concentration has the average of Pb (0.070 ppm), Fe (13.322 ppm), Cu (8.434 ppm), and Zn (11.668 ppm). This value has exceeded the threshold of heavy metals content and have a worst impact on health and the environment. Based on Pollution Load Index (PLI) calculations, the most of areas affected by heavy metal pollution in very high and extremly high levels with the highest pollutants input are Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb respectively. 03-10-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Heavy metals tracing and magnetic susceptibility are generally used as a proxy indicator of pollution in various depositional environments. This research focused on tracing the significant record of pollution of the <em>Muntingia calabura</em> tree to understand the sensitivity in recording pollution and mining production. The area of this research is a hydrocarbon mining site of Wonocolo Geopark in the Bojonegoro, East Java Indonesia. The samples were taken both polluted and non-polluted leaf and bark, from 20 sampling points. Polluted leaves then were characterized by the existence of elevated levels of Pb, Fe, Cu and Zn. The average magnetic susceptibility of leaves increases from 0.86 × 10$^{-8}$ m$^3$/kg in non-polluted samples to 13.55 × 10$^{-8}$ m$^3$/kg in polluted samples and in the same way, increasing of magnetic susceptibility was also seen in the barks, from an average of 0.21 × 10$^{-8}$ m$^3$/kg in non-polluted sample, to 2.55 × 10$^{-8}$ m$^3$/kg in polluted sample. The pattern of magnetic susceptibility on leaves and barks at each sampling point is also the same as the pattern of hydrocarbon production which is related to the level of pollution in the area. The increase of magnetic susceptibility in polluted leaves and barks is thought caused by input of magnetic minerals and heavy metals from the fly ash of diesel engines used for hydrocarbon mining process. The heavy metal concentration has the average of Pb (0.070 ppm), Fe (13.322 ppm), Cu (8.434 ppm), and Zn (11.668 ppm). This value has exceeded the threshold of heavy metals content and have a worst impact on health and the environment. Based on Pollution Load Index (PLI) calculations, the most of areas affected by heavy metal pollution in very high and extremly high levels with the highest pollutants input are Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb respectively.</p> ]]> Heavy Metals and Magnetic Susceptibility Signature in <i>Muntingia calabura</i> as Proxy Indicator of Mining Area Pollution Level siti zulaikah dewi nur alfiah asfiyanti latifah mochammad bagas setya rahman cahyo aji hapsoro ardyanto tanjung ann marie hirt hanif ‘izzuddin zakly muhammad fathur rouf hasan doi: 10.56578/ijei090115 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-10-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-10-2026 2026 9 1 Article 188 10.56578/ijei090115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090114 The Fallujah Cement Plant constitutes a cornerstone of reconstruction efforts in Al-Anbar Province, yet it simultaneously represents one of the largest stationary sources of air pollution in the region. This study presents the first integrated assessment of ambient air quality impacts from a major Iraqi cement facility by combining field measurements with the American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD). Concentrations of seven pollutants—sulfur dioxide (SO$_2$), nitrogen dioxide (NO$_2$), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO$_2$), total suspended particulates (TSP), particulate matter $\leq$ 10 $\mu$m (PM$_{10}$), and fine particulate matter $\leq$ 2.5 $\mu$m (PM$_{2.5}$)—were monitored at three receptor sites surrounding the plant. Results revealed that measured concentrations consistently exceeded model predictions, particularly for CO$_2$ (+221%) and CO (+441%). Field data indicated exceedances of Iraqi national standards and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines by up to 23-fold for SO$_2$ and 12-fold for PM$_{2.5}$. Spatial analysis confirmed that pollutant plumes predominantly extend southeastward under prevailing northwesterly winds, with the highest risks observed in nearby residential complexes located 2 km downwind. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the Fallujah Cement Plant poses significant public health risks, underscoring the urgent need for advanced emission-control technologies and the establishment of vegetative buffer zones to mitigate environmental and health impacts. 03-10-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>The Fallujah Cement Plant constitutes a cornerstone of reconstruction efforts in Al-Anbar Province, yet it simultaneously represents one of the largest stationary sources of air pollution in the region. This study presents the first integrated assessment of ambient air quality impacts from a major Iraqi cement facility by combining field measurements with the American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD). Concentrations of seven pollutants—sulfur dioxide (SO$_2$), nitrogen dioxide (NO$_2$), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO$_2$), total suspended particulates (TSP), particulate matter $\leq$ 10 $\mu$m (PM$_{10}$), and fine particulate matter $\leq$ 2.5 $\mu$m (PM$_{2.5}$)—were monitored at three receptor sites surrounding the plant. Results revealed that measured concentrations consistently exceeded model predictions, particularly for CO$_2$ (+221%) and CO (+441%). Field data indicated exceedances of Iraqi national standards and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines by up to 23-fold for SO$_2$ and 12-fold for PM$_{2.5}$. Spatial analysis confirmed that pollutant plumes predominantly extend southeastward under prevailing northwesterly winds, with the highest risks observed in nearby residential complexes located 2 km downwind. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the Fallujah Cement Plant poses significant public health risks, underscoring the urgent need for advanced emission-control technologies and the establishment of vegetative buffer zones to mitigate environmental and health impacts.</p> ]]> Comparative Evaluation of Measured and Predicted Air Pollutant Concentrations Using AERMOD Around the Fallujah Cement Plant abdulazeez mhmood oudah anmar dherar kosaj doi: 10.56578/ijei090114 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-10-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-10-2026 2026 9 1 Article 175 10.56578/ijei090114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090113 This study examines the relationship between seawater quality in the vicinity of the Labuan 2 Steam Power Plant (SPP) and the distribution of plankton and benthos communities. Seawater quality was assessed in accordance with the Minister of Environment Decree No. 115/2003, while biodiversity was evaluated using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index, the uniformity index, and the Simpson dominance index. Sampling was conducted at seven monitoring points during the dry season in July 2021. The results indicated that seawater quality at all sampling locations met the established quality standards. A total of 27 phytoplankton species were identified, with Skeletonema consistently observed as the dominant genus across all sites. The phytoplankton community exhibited high uniformity, moderate diversity, and moderate dominance. Zooplankton analysis identified 17 species, dominated by Temora (Copepoda), reflecting its role as a key primary consumer linking phytoplankton to higher trophic levels. Zooplankton communities showed high uniformity, low dominance, and moderate diversity. In addition, ten benthic species were recorded, with Arenicola sp. as the dominant taxon. The benthos community was characterized by moderate uniformity, low dominance, and relatively high diversity. Overall, the findings indicate that the waters surrounding the Labuan 2 SPP remain ecologically balanced, with plankton and benthos communities supporting stable marine food web structures. 03-08-2026 <![CDATA[ This study examines the relationship between seawater quality in the vicinity of the Labuan 2 Steam Power Plant (SPP) and the distribution of plankton and benthos communities. Seawater quality was assessed in accordance with the Minister of Environment Decree No. 115/2003, while biodiversity was evaluated using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index, the uniformity index, and the Simpson dominance index. Sampling was conducted at seven monitoring points during the dry season in July 2021. The results indicated that seawater quality at all sampling locations met the established quality standards. A total of 27 phytoplankton species were identified, with Skeletonema consistently observed as the dominant genus across all sites. The phytoplankton community exhibited high uniformity, moderate diversity, and moderate dominance. Zooplankton analysis identified 17 species, dominated by Temora (Copepoda), reflecting its role as a key primary consumer linking phytoplankton to higher trophic levels. Zooplankton communities showed high uniformity, low dominance, and moderate diversity. In addition, ten benthic species were recorded, with Arenicola sp. as the dominant taxon. The benthos community was characterized by moderate uniformity, low dominance, and relatively high diversity. Overall, the findings indicate that the waters surrounding the Labuan 2 SPP remain ecologically balanced, with plankton and benthos communities supporting stable marine food web structures. ]]> Evaluation of the Abundance of Plankton Benthos in Waters Around the Steam Power Plant eka wardhani athaya z. irmansyah dhea a. hanifa doi: 10.56578/ijei090113 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-08-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-08-2026 2026 9 1 Article 165 10.56578/ijei090113 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090113 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090112 The learning process plays a crucial role in developing character values, including environmental care value. Given the critical importance of the environment to human existence, addressing the increasing environmental challenges today requires the integration of environmental education into core learning processes. Developing learning that promote environmental values is essential for effective implementation. This study aims to: (1) develop a Green Education model through Eco-Clubs for students at Universitas Negeri Malang (UM), (2) evaluate the effectiveness of the Green Education model through Eco-Clubs for students, and (3) assess the wastepreneurship skills of students’ participation in the Green Education model through Eco-Clubs. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) methodology utilizing the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model. The research subjects were students of UM enrolled in the Entrepreneurship course. Data analysis employed a mixed-method approach. Results indicate that the Green Education model implemented through Eco-Clubs significantly enhances students’ wastepreneurship competencies. Achieving successful environmental projects requires high levels of cooperation, creativity, and a strong sense of environmental responsibility. These factors significantly influence students’ ability to address environmental issues, particularly waste management, both on campus and within the community. Furthermore, the implementation of the Green Education model using Eco-Clubs has enhanced student engagement in environmental initiatives, yielding beneficial outcomes for both the campus and broader community stakeholders. 03-05-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>The learning process plays a crucial role in developing character values, including environmental care value. Given the critical importance of the environment to human existence, addressing the increasing environmental challenges today requires the integration of environmental education into core learning processes. Developing learning that promote environmental values is essential for effective implementation. This study aims to: (1) develop a Green Education model through Eco-Clubs for students at Universitas Negeri Malang (UM), (2) evaluate the effectiveness of the Green Education model through Eco-Clubs for students, and (3) assess the wastepreneurship skills of students’ participation in the Green Education model through Eco-Clubs. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) methodology utilizing the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model. The research subjects were students of UM enrolled in the Entrepreneurship course. Data analysis employed a mixed-method approach. Results indicate that the Green Education model implemented through Eco-Clubs significantly enhances students’ wastepreneurship competencies. Achieving successful environmental projects requires high levels of cooperation, creativity, and a strong sense of environmental responsibility. These factors significantly influence students’ ability to address environmental issues, particularly waste management, both on campus and within the community. Furthermore, the implementation of the Green Education model using Eco-Clubs has enhanced student engagement in environmental initiatives, yielding beneficial outcomes for both the campus and broader community stakeholders.</p> ]]> Innovative Green Education Model Through Eco-Clubs: Enhancing Wastepreneurship Competencies in Higher Education for Sustainable Waste Management sumarmi alfyananda kurnia putra siti zulaikah evania yafie novika adi wibowo mohamad arif natasya shaherani umar haiyat abdul kohar doi: 10.56578/ijei090112 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-05-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-05-2026 2026 9 1 Article 148 10.56578/ijei090112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090111 This study investigates the dynamic impacts of renewable energy consumption, tourism, and foreign direct investment (FDI) on Tunisia's ecological footprint from 1994 to 2022. We apply the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to examine these relationships. The results confirm cointegration among the variables and reveal distinct short-run and long-run dynamics. The long-run results indicate that tourism significantly increases ecological footprint, whereas FDI decreases it. Most notably, renewable energy consumption exhibits no statistically significant long-run impact. However, renewable energy significantly moderates environmental degradation in the short term. Additionally, FDI and tourism demonstrate complex, lagged short-run effects. The findings underscore the critical importance of distinguishing between short-run and long-run environmental impacts. The study concludes by offering specific policy recommendations to enable Tunisia to balance economic development with environmental sustainability. 03-04-2026 <![CDATA[ This study investigates the dynamic impacts of renewable energy consumption, tourism, and foreign direct investment (FDI) on Tunisia's ecological footprint from 1994 to 2022. We apply the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to examine these relationships. The results confirm cointegration among the variables and reveal distinct short-run and long-run dynamics. The long-run results indicate that tourism significantly increases ecological footprint, whereas FDI decreases it. Most notably, renewable energy consumption exhibits no statistically significant long-run impact. However, renewable energy significantly moderates environmental degradation in the short term. Additionally, FDI and tourism demonstrate complex, lagged short-run effects. The findings underscore the critical importance of distinguishing between short-run and long-run environmental impacts. The study concludes by offering specific policy recommendations to enable Tunisia to balance economic development with environmental sustainability. ]]> Unraveling the Nexus: An ARDL Analysis of Renewable Energy Consumption, Tourism, and FDI on Tunisia's Ecological Footprint soumaya hechmi doi: 10.56578/ijei090111 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-04-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-04-2026 2026 9 1 Article 136 10.56578/ijei090111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090110 Determining strategic locations for the development of integrated agroindustry—encompassing aquaculture areas, industrial zones, and ecotourism sites within coastal regions—presents a complex challenge. Each sector carries distinct interests and characteristics, often leading to spatial conflicts. Moreover, ensuring coastal ecological sustainability must remain a top priority throughout the planning process. A comprehensive approach is required to identify locations that not only minimize environmental impacts but also maximize cross-sectoral economic value. This study aims to identify potential locations for the development of an integrated agroindustry in the aquaculture–ecotourism sector. The Analysis of Operational Area of Nature-Based Tourism Attractions (AOA-NBTA) was employed to assess ecotourism potential. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to assign weights to industrial development parameters, while Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used for spatial analysis of potential locations for integrated agroindustrial development. The AOA-NBTA analysis identified Tanjung Pakis Beach as the most promising ecotourism location, with a cumulative score of 3.175. Spatial overlay analysis in the Bekasi–Karawang coastal region revealed that highly suitable (S1) areas account for 20.27% (1,950.961 ha), suitable (S2) areas 18.10% (1,742.823 ha), and unsuitable areas 61.63% (5,933.175 ha). These findings provide a foundation for spatial decision-making in formulating sustainable development policies, particularly in coastal zones. 02-11-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Determining strategic locations for the development of integrated agroindustry—encompassing aquaculture areas, industrial zones, and ecotourism sites within coastal regions—presents a complex challenge. Each sector carries distinct interests and characteristics, often leading to spatial conflicts. Moreover, ensuring coastal ecological sustainability must remain a top priority throughout the planning process. A comprehensive approach is required to identify locations that not only minimize environmental impacts but also maximize cross-sectoral economic value. This study aims to identify potential locations for the development of an integrated agroindustry in the aquaculture–ecotourism sector. The Analysis of Operational Area of Nature-Based Tourism Attractions (AOA-NBTA) was employed to assess ecotourism potential. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to assign weights to industrial development parameters, while Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used for spatial analysis of potential locations for integrated agroindustrial development. The AOA-NBTA analysis identified Tanjung Pakis Beach as the most promising ecotourism location, with a cumulative score of 3.175. Spatial overlay analysis in the Bekasi–Karawang coastal region revealed that highly suitable (S1) areas account for 20.27% (1,950.961 ha), suitable (S2) areas 18.10% (1,742.823 ha), and unsuitable areas 61.63% (5,933.175 ha). These findings provide a foundation for spatial decision-making in formulating sustainable development policies, particularly in coastal zones.</p> ]]> Identification of Potential Sites for Integrated Agroindustry Development of Aquaculture and Ecotourism in Coastal Areas Using a Geographic Information System Approach sri kaidah tajuddin bantacut muslich khaswar syamsu doi: 10.56578/ijei090110 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-11-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-11-2026 2026 9 1 Article 113 10.56578/ijei090110 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090110 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090109 Universities such as higher education institutions and science and technology developers also have a responsibility in developing a sustainable campus environment. The implementation and provision of Eco-Friendly Transportation (EFT) is one way to achieve environmental sustainability in the campus environment. This study aims to decide student perceptions of climate change mitigation awareness on the use of EFT, decide the implementation of innovative strategies for providing EFT, and analyze the barriers and opportunities for EFT implementation on several campuses in Indonesia. This research is a type of mixed methods research with survey, direct systematic observation, walk-in audits, and descriptive qualitative. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics with the help of the SPSS version 22 application. The results show that student perceptions of climate change mitigation awareness at mean score 78.82, the indicator with the highest score is environmental attitudes at mean score 33.4. In addition, statistical analysis showed a good correlation between students' perceptions and field observations, which showed that many students use EFT on campus for their mobility. This study provides recommendations for practical steps that can be taken to overcome existing barriers, while creating a greener and more sustainable campus environment. 02-10-2026 <![CDATA[ Universities such as higher education institutions and science and technology developers also have a responsibility in developing a sustainable campus environment. The implementation and provision of Eco-Friendly Transportation (EFT) is one way to achieve environmental sustainability in the campus environment. This study aims to decide student perceptions of climate change mitigation awareness on the use of EFT, decide the implementation of innovative strategies for providing EFT, and analyze the barriers and opportunities for EFT implementation on several campuses in Indonesia. This research is a type of mixed methods research with survey, direct systematic observation, walk-in audits, and descriptive qualitative. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics with the help of the SPSS version 22 application. The results show that student perceptions of climate change mitigation awareness at mean score 78.82, the indicator with the highest score is environmental attitudes at mean score 33.4. In addition, statistical analysis showed a good correlation between students' perceptions and field observations, which showed that many students use EFT on campus for their mobility. This study provides recommendations for practical steps that can be taken to overcome existing barriers, while creating a greener and more sustainable campus environment. ]]> Climate Change Awareness for a Sustainable Future: Exploring the Using of Eco-Friendly Transportation among Indonesian Students and Campuses robby h. rachmadian sumarmi sugeng utaya doi: 10.56578/ijei090109 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-10-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-10-2026 2026 9 1 Article 95 10.56578/ijei090109 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090109 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090108 This study investigates the factors influencing environmental sustainability by examining the roles of environmental knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and awareness. Although these variables have been widely studied in global contexts, limited research addresses how they manifest among Indonesian students. This study fills that gap by focusing on 409 ninth-grade students from middle schools in Pekanbaru, Riau Province, and Solok City, West Sumatra, Indonesia. A quantitative approach using survey questionnaires was employed to measure students’ environmental knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and sustainability awareness. Results showed that environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors significantly influenced sustainability awareness, with standardized coefficients of 0.35, 0.42, and 0.28, respectively ($p < $ 0.001 for all). Among these, environmental attitude had the most substantial impact. These findings highlight the need for a multidimensional approach to environmental education that integrates cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components. By focusing on a regional context often underrepresented in sustainability research, this study contributes to a deeper, culturally grounded understanding of how young learners in Indonesia engage with environmental issues. It offers valuable insights for educators and policymakers in designing curricula and interventions that not only build knowledge but also nurture positive attitudes and sustainable behaviors among students. 02-10-2026 <![CDATA[ This study investigates the factors influencing environmental sustainability by examining the roles of environmental knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and awareness. Although these variables have been widely studied in global contexts, limited research addresses how they manifest among Indonesian students. This study fills that gap by focusing on 409 ninth-grade students from middle schools in Pekanbaru, Riau Province, and Solok City, West Sumatra, Indonesia. A quantitative approach using survey questionnaires was employed to measure students’ environmental knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and sustainability awareness. Results showed that environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors significantly influenced sustainability awareness, with standardized coefficients of 0.35, 0.42, and 0.28, respectively ($p < $ 0.001 for all). Among these, environmental attitude had the most substantial impact. These findings highlight the need for a multidimensional approach to environmental education that integrates cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components. By focusing on a regional context often underrepresented in sustainability research, this study contributes to a deeper, culturally grounded understanding of how young learners in Indonesia engage with environmental issues. It offers valuable insights for educators and policymakers in designing curricula and interventions that not only build knowledge but also nurture positive attitudes and sustainable behaviors among students. ]]> Environmental Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior: Drivers of Sustainability Awareness among School Students m. yogi riyantama isjoni daviq chairilsyah sukendi seno andri isjoni doi: 10.56578/ijei090108 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-10-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-10-2026 2026 9 1 Article 85 10.56578/ijei090108 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090108 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090107 Chemical dyes are routinely discharged into ecosystems via textile industry effluents and landfill leachates. Adsorption using engineered adsorbents presents a viable strategy for pollutant removal in water treatment. Activated carbon (AC) and carbon nanoparticles are composite materials that integrate nanomaterials, rendering them less susceptible to these processes. This study involved preparing and characterizing AC using UV-Vis, fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. We subsequently assessed its capacity to remove methylene blue (MB) under varying conditions of pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The dye is often utilized in the textile and chemical industries. The adsorbent achieved a removal efficacy of 99.9% under optimal conditions: a temperature of 25 ℃, a pH range of 7–9, and a contact time of 60–120 minutes. The removal process was characterized by pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich isotherm model. The results indicated that the adsorbent’s surface was heterogeneous, consisting of many layers. The calculated thermodynamic parameters were $\Delta G^{\circ}$ = -4.24 kJ/mol, $\Delta H^{\circ}$ = -0.0975 kJ/mol, and $\Delta S^{\circ}$ = -0.3125 kJ/kg/K. 02-09-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Chemical dyes are routinely discharged into ecosystems via textile industry effluents and landfill leachates. Adsorption using engineered adsorbents presents a viable strategy for pollutant removal in water treatment. Activated carbon (AC) and carbon nanoparticles are composite materials that integrate nanomaterials, rendering them less susceptible to these processes. This study involved preparing and characterizing AC using UV-Vis, fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. We subsequently assessed its capacity to remove methylene blue (MB) under varying conditions of pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The dye is often utilized in the textile and chemical industries. The adsorbent achieved a removal efficacy of 99.9% under optimal conditions: a temperature of 25 ℃, a pH range of 7–9, and a contact time of 60–120 minutes. The removal process was characterized by pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich isotherm model. The results indicated that the adsorbent’s surface was heterogeneous, consisting of many layers. The calculated thermodynamic parameters were $\Delta G^{\circ}$ = -4.24 kJ/mol, $\Delta H^{\circ}$ = -0.0975 kJ/mol, and $\Delta S^{\circ}$ = -0.3125 kJ/kg/K.</p> ]]> Eco-Friendly Activated Carbon Synthesized from Date Pits and Application in Water Treatment to Remove Organic Dyes may fahmi abdulrahman ibtihal a. mawlood nahla naji hilal wahran m. saod mohammad i. albiajawi doi: 10.56578/ijei090107 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-09-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-09-2026 2026 9 1 Article 74 10.56578/ijei090107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090106 The functional value of a watershed is often degraded by anthropogenic activities. Land cover changes, urban expansion, and industrial development can significantly affect river water quality. Consequently, rapid and comprehensive monitoring is required to represent conditions across the entire river system. Advances in Earth observation satellite technology provide efficient tools for monitoring natural resources and environmental quality. This study aims to estimate concentrations of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the Krueng Pase River Basin, North Aceh, Indonesia, using satellite imagery. The analysis employed Sentinel-2A data acquired during both dry and rainy seasons from 2020 to 2022, with a spatial resolution of 60 m. Concurrent field measurements collected by the Aceh Environmental Service were used for accuracy assessment. The results reveal seasonal variations in sediment levels within the Krueng Pase Watershed. Validation against in situ observations produced Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values of 0.949 (very good) for Period I and 0.645 (satisfactory) for Period II. Percent Bias (PBIAS) values were 15.668 (very good) and 21.0307 (very good), respectively. These findings are supported by the estimated DO concentrations, which consistently $>$5 mg/L. Such levels indicate good oxygen conditions, sufficient to sustain productive aquatic biota and showing no evidence of severe pollution. This study demonstrates that satellite imagery-based estimation of TSS and DO concentrations is a reliable approach for land and water management, particularly in evaluating water pollution. 02-08-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>The functional value of a watershed is often degraded by anthropogenic activities. Land cover changes, urban expansion, and industrial development can significantly affect river water quality. Consequently, rapid and comprehensive monitoring is required to represent conditions across the entire river system. Advances in Earth observation satellite technology provide efficient tools for monitoring natural resources and environmental quality. This study aims to estimate concentrations of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the Krueng Pase River Basin, North Aceh, Indonesia, using satellite imagery. The analysis employed Sentinel-2A data acquired during both dry and rainy seasons from 2020 to 2022, with a spatial resolution of 60 m. Concurrent field measurements collected by the Aceh Environmental Service were used for accuracy assessment. The results reveal seasonal variations in sediment levels within the Krueng Pase Watershed. Validation against in situ observations produced Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values of 0.949 (very good) for Period I and 0.645 (satisfactory) for Period II. Percent Bias (PBIAS) values were 15.668 (very good) and 21.0307 (very good), respectively. These findings are supported by the estimated DO concentrations, which consistently $>$5 mg/L. Such levels indicate good oxygen conditions, sufficient to sustain productive aquatic biota and showing no evidence of severe pollution. This study demonstrates that satellite imagery-based estimation of TSS and DO concentrations is a reliable approach for land and water management, particularly in evaluating water pollution.</p> ]]> Water Quality Estimation from Total Suspended Solid and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in Krueng Pase Watershed, North Aceh, Indonesia atika izzaty ichwana ramli bambang bakri doi: 10.56578/ijei090106 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-08-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-08-2026 2026 9 1 Article 62 10.56578/ijei090106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090105 Limited studies have assessed the specific health risks associated with ozone exposure among informal waste workers in landfill environments, particularly in developing countries. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the Risk Quotient (RQ) of ozone pollutants among scavengers at the Sarimukti Landfill, West Bandung Regency, Indonesia. Applying the Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach, ozone concentrations were measured over three periods across two sampling points. Data were collected from 101 scavengers, including variables such as exposure time, frequency, body weight, and inhalation rate. Intake values, RQ, safe concentration thresholds (Cnk), safe exposure duration (t$_\text{Enk(safe)}$), and safe exposure frequency (f$_\text{Enk(safe)}$) were calculated under both real-time and 30-year projection scenarios. The results showed that real-time RQ values substantially exceeded the safe threshold (mean RQ = 27.183), indicating substantial short-term health risks. Although the projected 30-year values were lower (mean RQ = 7.630), they remained above the acceptablelimit (RQ $>$ 1), reflecting potential chronic health risks. The average safe exposure time at maximum concentration was only 0.147 hours/day, while the safe frequency was limited to 5 days/year. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrating occupational health protections, air quality monitoring, and regulatory enforcement into landfill waste management systems. 02-05-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Limited studies have assessed the specific health risks associated with ozone exposure among informal waste workers in landfill environments, particularly in developing countries. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the Risk Quotient (RQ) of ozone pollutants among scavengers at the Sarimukti Landfill, West Bandung Regency, Indonesia. Applying the Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach, ozone concentrations were measured over three periods across two sampling points. Data were collected from 101 scavengers, including variables such as exposure time, frequency, body weight, and inhalation rate. Intake values, RQ, safe concentration thresholds (Cnk), safe exposure duration (t$_\text{Enk(safe)}$), and safe exposure frequency (f$_\text{Enk(safe)}$) were calculated under both real-time and 30-year projection scenarios. The results showed that real-time RQ values substantially exceeded the safe threshold (mean RQ = 27.183), indicating substantial short-term health risks. Although the projected 30-year values were lower (mean RQ = 7.630), they remained above the acceptablelimit (RQ $>$ 1), reflecting potential chronic health risks. The average safe exposure time at maximum concentration was only 0.147 hours/day, while the safe frequency was limited to 5 days/year. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrating occupational health protections, air quality monitoring, and regulatory enforcement into landfill waste management systems.</p> ]]> Risk Quotient Analysis of Ozone Pollutants on the Occupational Health of Scavengers at Sarimukti Landfill, West Bandung Regency, Indonesia darwel darwel sapta suhardono andri frediansyah yura witsqa firmansyah doi: 10.56578/ijei090105 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-05-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-05-2026 2026 9 1 Article 53 10.56578/ijei090105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090104 The Kara University Hospital generates an average of 17133.1 m$^3$ of wastewater per year. These hospital effluents contain specific substances likely to disseminate pathogenic germs. The objective of the study is to assess the risks associated with the poor management of hospital effluents from the Kara University Hospital. The study involved the characterization of the effluents. The results obtained show that in addition to the temperature and the hydrogen potential (pH), the values of the other physico-chemical parameters in particular, suspended solids (SS) (58.07 mg/L) and nitrates (84.79 mg/L) exceed the discharge standards of World Health Organization (WHO). The values of the microbiological parameters sought, in particular total coliforms (1.106 CFU/100 mL), thermotolerant coliforms (4.105 CFU/100 mL), sulphite-reducing anaerobes (3.6103 CFU/100 mL) and faecal streptococci (5.103 CFU/100 mL) exceed the discharge standards accepted by the WHO. Exposed individuals were identified through an exposure level assessment matrix. The analysis shows that at the production stage, healthcare personnel are the most exposed with a critical rate of 64% (16/25); at the evacuation stage, the workers in charge of evacuation show a moderate exposure level of 48% (12/25). After disposal in nature, populations living near landfill areas are the most exposed with a rate of 48% (12/25). After disposal in nature, populations living near landfill areas are the most exposed with a rate of 48% (12/25). The wearing of personal protective equipment by staff and the establishment of a treatment plant will reduce the risks and ensure sustainable management of effluents from the Kara University Hospital. 02-04-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>The Kara University Hospital generates an average of 17133.1 m$^3$ of wastewater per year. These hospital effluents contain specific substances likely to disseminate pathogenic germs. The objective of the study is to assess the risks associated with the poor management of hospital effluents from the Kara University Hospital. The study involved the characterization of the effluents. The results obtained show that in addition to the temperature and the hydrogen potential (pH), the values of the other physico-chemical parameters in particular, suspended solids (SS) (58.07 mg/L) and nitrates (84.79 mg/L) exceed the discharge standards of World Health Organization (WHO). The values of the microbiological parameters sought, in particular total coliforms (1.106 CFU/100 mL), thermotolerant coliforms (4.105 CFU/100 mL), sulphite-reducing anaerobes (3.6103 CFU/100 mL) and faecal streptococci (5.103 CFU/100 mL) exceed the discharge standards accepted by the WHO. Exposed individuals were identified through an exposure level assessment matrix. The analysis shows that at the production stage, healthcare personnel are the most exposed with a critical rate of 64% (16/25); at the evacuation stage, the workers in charge of evacuation show a moderate exposure level of 48% (12/25). After disposal in nature, populations living near landfill areas are the most exposed with a rate of 48% (12/25). After disposal in nature, populations living near landfill areas are the most exposed with a rate of 48% (12/25). The wearing of personal protective equipment by staff and the establishment of a treatment plant will reduce the risks and ensure sustainable management of effluents from the Kara University Hospital.</p> ]]> Assessment of Risks Associated with Hospital Effluent from Kara University Hospital (Kara U.H.) in Togo sarakawa niman edem komi koledzi ibrahim batcham nitale m'balikine krou doi: 10.56578/ijei090104 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-04-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-04-2026 2026 9 1 Article 37 10.56578/ijei090104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090103 Inclusive ecotourism promotes equal access, community participation, and environmental conservation, thereby generating both social and economic benefits. Although scholarly interest in inclusive ecotourism has increased, empirical research examining how specific policy frameworks address the needs of people with disabilities remains limited. This study presents a systematic review of the existing literature to evaluate the extent to which ecotourism policies enhance accessibility, foster community awareness, and support environmental sustainability. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted using the Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases. Of the 1,215 records identified, only seven studies met the inclusion criteria, indicating that research in this area is still at an early stage of development. The review highlights several key policy strategies, including the provision of accessible infrastructure, stakeholder engagement, and the integration of sustainability-oriented practices. However, the findings also reveal persistent challenges, such as weak policy enforcement, limited intersectoral collaboration, and gaps in physical infrastructure. By synthesizing insights related to accessibility, community awareness, and environmental policy, this study provides an integrated perspective to inform the development of more inclusive and sustainable ecotourism initiatives. It underscores the need for stronger cross-sector collaboration to address existing policy shortcomings and to promote tourism systems that equitably benefit all visitors, including individuals with disabilities. 02-01-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Inclusive ecotourism promotes equal access, community participation, and environmental conservation, thereby generating both social and economic benefits. Although scholarly interest in inclusive ecotourism has increased, empirical research examining how specific policy frameworks address the needs of people with disabilities remains limited. This study presents a systematic review of the existing literature to evaluate the extent to which ecotourism policies enhance accessibility, foster community awareness, and support environmental sustainability. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted using the Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases. Of the 1,215 records identified, only seven studies met the inclusion criteria, indicating that research in this area is still at an early stage of development. The review highlights several key policy strategies, including the provision of accessible infrastructure, stakeholder engagement, and the integration of sustainability-oriented practices. However, the findings also reveal persistent challenges, such as weak policy enforcement, limited intersectoral collaboration, and gaps in physical infrastructure. By synthesizing insights related to accessibility, community awareness, and environmental policy, this study provides an integrated perspective to inform the development of more inclusive and sustainable ecotourism initiatives. It underscores the need for stronger cross-sector collaboration to address existing policy shortcomings and to promote tourism systems that equitably benefit all visitors, including individuals with disabilities.</p> ]]> Evaluating the Impact of Policies on Inclusive Ecotourism for People with Disabilities: Accessibility, Community Awareness, Environmental Health, and Sustainability—A Systematic Review hairudin la patilaiya ari natalia probandari hartono sunarto doi: 10.56578/ijei090103 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-01-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-01-2026 2026 9 1 Article 27 10.56578/ijei090103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090102 Exposure to heavy metals during pregnancy poses significant health risks to both pregnant women and the developing fetus. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global research on heavy metal exposure during pregnancy and its impact on fetal development over the past five decades (1974−2024). Data were retrieved from the Scopus database, yielding 173 English-language publications for analysis. Bibliometric mapping was performed using VOSviewer, while trend visualization and geographical analysis were conducted using Tableau to identify publication trends, research hotspots, and knowledge gaps. The results revealed a marked increase in research output beginning in 2010, with lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) emerging as the most extensively investigated metals, followed by growing attention to arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn). Prominent research themes focused on associations between prenatal heavy metal exposure and adverse birth outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and impaired neurodevelopment. Geographically, research output was dominated by the United States, China, and European countries, whereas contributions from low-income and high-exposure regions remained limited. Frequently occurring author keywords included heavy metals, pregnancy, and fetal development. These findings highlight the need for more targeted research in underrepresented regions and on emerging heavy metals, in alignment with global public health priorities and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Overall, this analysis provides strategic insights to inform future research directions and policy initiatives aimed at reducing prenatal heavy metal exposure and improving maternal and fetal health outcomes. 01-29-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Exposure to heavy metals during pregnancy poses significant health risks to both pregnant women and the developing fetus. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global research on heavy metal exposure during pregnancy and its impact on fetal development over the past five decades (1974−2024). Data were retrieved from the Scopus database, yielding 173 English-language publications for analysis. Bibliometric mapping was performed using VOSviewer, while trend visualization and geographical analysis were conducted using Tableau to identify publication trends, research hotspots, and knowledge gaps. The results revealed a marked increase in research output beginning in 2010, with lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) emerging as the most extensively investigated metals, followed by growing attention to arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn). Prominent research themes focused on associations between prenatal heavy metal exposure and adverse birth outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and impaired neurodevelopment. Geographically, research output was dominated by the United States, China, and European countries, whereas contributions from low-income and high-exposure regions remained limited. Frequently occurring author keywords included heavy metals, pregnancy, and fetal development. These findings highlight the need for more targeted research in underrepresented regions and on emerging heavy metals, in alignment with global public health priorities and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Overall, this analysis provides strategic insights to inform future research directions and policy initiatives aimed at reducing prenatal heavy metal exposure and improving maternal and fetal health outcomes.</p> ]]> Heavy Metal Exposure in Pregnancy and the Impact on Fetal Development: Five Decades of Global Research Through Bibliometric Analysis irawati hasnawati amqam rahayu indriasari agus bintara birawida masni masni shinta werorilangi iwan suryadi doi: 10.56578/ijei090102 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-29-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-29-2026 2026 9 1 Article 14 10.56578/ijei090102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090101 Unplanned urban expansion poses significant challenges to sustainable territorial development in intermediate cities. This study analyzes the dynamics of urban expansion and land use change in the city of Cajamarca (Peru) during the period 1986−2040, integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques, Google Earth Engine (GEE) and CA-Markov prediction models. Landsat satellite images from 1986, 2004 and 2022, classified by Random Forest (RF), were used to generate thematic maps and evaluate their accuracy. Subsequently, a spatial simulation model was implemented to project urban expansion to 2040. The results indicate an increase in the urban area from 789.68 hectares to 5,768.19 hectares, while forests and crops also changed. The driving factors for this expansion include rural-urban migration, the availability of services, and real estate development. Projections highlight growth toward the east, southeast, and south of the city. This approach provides strategic inputs for sustainable urban planning and effective land management in transforming Andean cities. 01-26-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Unplanned urban expansion poses significant challenges to sustainable territorial development in intermediate cities. This study analyzes the dynamics of urban expansion and land use change in the city of Cajamarca (Peru) during the period 1986−2040, integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques, Google Earth Engine (GEE) and CA-Markov prediction models. Landsat satellite images from 1986, 2004 and 2022, classified by Random Forest (RF), were used to generate thematic maps and evaluate their accuracy. Subsequently, a spatial simulation model was implemented to project urban expansion to 2040. The results indicate an increase in the urban area from 789.68 hectares to 5,768.19 hectares, while forests and crops also changed. The driving factors for this expansion include rural-urban migration, the availability of services, and real estate development. Projections highlight growth toward the east, southeast, and south of the city. This approach provides strategic inputs for sustainable urban planning and effective land management in transforming Andean cities.</p> ]]> Analysis of Urban Expansion Patterns and Land Use Changes in Cajamarca (Peru): An Integration of GIS, GEE and Predictive Models elgar barboza john d. chicana-campos ruth e. guiop-servan edwin adolfo díaz ortiz elver coronel-castro alexander cotrina-sanchez doi: 10.56578/ijei090101 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-26-2026 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-26-2026 2026 9 1 Article 1 10.56578/ijei090101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2026_9_1/ijei090101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080620 Urban earthquake risk management presents a challenging problem due to rising urban density, vulnerable infrastructure, and the unpredictability of disasters. This study introduces an innovative methodological framework that combines urban resilience assessment with a Fermatean Fuzzy Set (FFs)-based Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methodology to analyze and improve earthquake-resilience in Turkish cities. The study identifies and prioritizes 9 criteria affecting earthquake-resilience by integrating expert perspectives from 17 specialists in disaster risk management and urbanization in Turkey. The methodology benefits from the Fermatean Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique to avoid uncertainty and to rank criteria in expert assessments, and provides a better understanding of interdependencies between resilience criteria. The findings of the study prove that the most significant determinant is the degree to which decision-makers embrace and integrate resilience thinking, which was followed by good governance mechanisms and safe residential areas as important criteria. The suggested framework of the study creates solutions for methodological deficiencies in traditional risk assessments by including uncertainty and inadequate data, while offering practical recommendations for policymakers at the same time. Therefore, this research enhances the discourse on urban resilience, because it creates a comprehensive, flexible decision-support model to inform strategic planning and disaster management in high-risk urban areas regarding earthquakes. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ Urban earthquake risk management presents a challenging problem due to rising urban density, vulnerable infrastructure, and the unpredictability of disasters. This study introduces an innovative methodological framework that combines urban resilience assessment with a Fermatean Fuzzy Set (FFs)-based Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methodology to analyze and improve earthquake-resilience in Turkish cities. The study identifies and prioritizes 9 criteria affecting earthquake-resilience by integrating expert perspectives from 17 specialists in disaster risk management and urbanization in Turkey. The methodology benefits from the Fermatean Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique to avoid uncertainty and to rank criteria in expert assessments, and provides a better understanding of interdependencies between resilience criteria. The findings of the study prove that the most significant determinant is the degree to which decision-makers embrace and integrate resilience thinking, which was followed by good governance mechanisms and safe residential areas as important criteria. The suggested framework of the study creates solutions for methodological deficiencies in traditional risk assessments by including uncertainty and inadequate data, while offering practical recommendations for policymakers at the same time. Therefore, this research enhances the discourse on urban resilience, because it creates a comprehensive, flexible decision-support model to inform strategic planning and disaster management in high-risk urban areas regarding earthquakes. ]]> Earthquake Vulnerability Analysis Based on Fermatean Fuzzy MCDM for Reducing Uncertainties in Disaster Management željko stević emrah ayhan çağlar karamaşa doi: 10.56578/ijei080620 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1349 10.56578/ijei080620 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080620 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080619 This research examines the influence of religious participation (RP) on pro-environmental behavior (PEB) in Tidore Kepulauan City by investigating the mediating role of religious values related to the environment (RVRE) and environmental awareness (EA). It involved 200 respondents aged 18−65 years with diverse gender and educational backgrounds, ranging from elementary to tertiary education. Participants were employed in agriculture, fisheries, informal occupations, and formal sectors, and had resided in Tidore Kepulauan for at least one year, ensuring familiarity with local conditions. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) based on partial least squares (PLS) approach. The findings revealed that RP significantly influenced RVRE and EA, which ultimately affect PEB. These results indicate the critical role of religious dimension in fostering EA and nature conservation behavior within communities. Therefore, the involvement of institutions and religious leaders in environmental education activities can serve as an effective strategy to promote sustainable development, especially in small-island regions. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This research examines the influence of religious participation (RP) on pro-environmental behavior (PEB) in Tidore Kepulauan City by investigating the mediating role of religious values related to the environment (RVRE) and environmental awareness (EA). It involved 200 respondents aged 18−65 years with diverse gender and educational backgrounds, ranging from elementary to tertiary education. Participants were employed in agriculture, fisheries, informal occupations, and formal sectors, and had resided in Tidore Kepulauan for at least one year, ensuring familiarity with local conditions. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) based on partial least squares (PLS) approach. The findings revealed that RP significantly influenced RVRE and EA, which ultimately affect PEB. These results indicate the critical role of religious dimension in fostering EA and nature conservation behavior within communities. Therefore, the involvement of institutions and religious leaders in environmental education activities can serve as an effective strategy to promote sustainable development, especially in small-island regions.</p> ]]> The Influence of Religious Participation on Pro-Environmental Behavior in Small-Island Communities: A Quantitative Study in Tidore Kepulauan City, Indonesia amanan soleman saumur samsu somadayo musafir pababari muhammad ar husein doi: 10.56578/ijei080619 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1339 10.56578/ijei080619 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080619 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080618 This study aims to examine students’ pro-environmental behavior and analyze the influence of outdoor learning experiences on pro-environmental behavior , as well as to identify differences in pro-environmental behavior across gender and home location. This study employed a mixed methods approach involving 206 undergraduate students from several universities in Indonesia. Data were collected through a questionnaire and an interview. The questionnaire assessed students’ perceived pro-environmental behavior, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test, and thematic analysis. The results indicated that students’ perceived pro-environmental behavior was at a moderate level. Outdoor learning has a significant influence on improving students’ pro-environmental behavior through mobility actions. Pro-environmental behavior does not show differences when viewed from gender differences. On the contrary, there is a difference in pro-environmental behavior when viewed from different home locations. Despite the benefit of outdoor learning, challenges remain, including teacher preparedness, time constraints, and inadequate facilities. Detailed findings are discussed in the main section of the article. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This study aims to examine students’ pro-environmental behavior and analyze the influence of outdoor learning experiences on pro-environmental behavior , as well as to identify differences in pro-environmental behavior across gender and home location. This study employed a mixed methods approach involving 206 undergraduate students from several universities in Indonesia. Data were collected through a questionnaire and an interview. The questionnaire assessed students’ perceived pro-environmental behavior, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test, and thematic analysis. The results indicated that students’ perceived pro-environmental behavior was at a moderate level. Outdoor learning has a significant influence on improving students’ pro-environmental behavior through mobility actions. Pro-environmental behavior does not show differences when viewed from gender differences. On the contrary, there is a difference in pro-environmental behavior when viewed from different home locations. Despite the benefit of outdoor learning, challenges remain, including teacher preparedness, time constraints, and inadequate facilities. Detailed findings are discussed in the main section of the article.</p> ]]> Exploring Student Perceptions of Pro-Environmental Behavior in Outdoor Learning: A Mixed-Method Investigation rima meilita sari ridhwan ridhwan tengku muhammad sahudra faiz urfan karunia puji hastuti doi: 10.56578/ijei080618 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1325 10.56578/ijei080618 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080618 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080617 This study examined household knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in five flash-flood–prone barangays of Cauayan City, Isabela, Northern Philippines. Using a cross-sectional survey of 107 households, descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were employed to analyze patterns, associations, and predictors of WASH behaviors. Results revealed strong awareness of hygiene at food- and toilet-related moments and high availability of handwashing stations and soap. However, critical weaknesses were observed in childcare-related hygiene, consistent water treatment, fecal sludge management, and safe disposal of child feces. Reliance on kiosks and public taps, compounded by intermittent supply, created last-mile vulnerabilities where infrastructure reliability, rather than knowledge or attitudes, determined safe behavior during floods. Statistical analyses showed negligible associations among KAP domains, as even high-knowledge or positive-attitude households often reported poor practices. Logistic regression indicated that water shortage increased willingness to pay for improved services, while community-sharing norms reduced it; no predictors significantly explained water treatment or critical handwashing. These findings highlight the limits of information-based interventions and underscore the need for integrated strategies combining resilient infrastructure, institutionalized fecal sludge management, community-compatible financing, and interpersonal reinforcement to strengthen disaster preparedness and advance Sustainable Development Goal 6. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ This study examined household knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in five flash-flood–prone barangays of Cauayan City, Isabela, Northern Philippines. Using a cross-sectional survey of 107 households, descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were employed to analyze patterns, associations, and predictors of WASH behaviors. Results revealed strong awareness of hygiene at food- and toilet-related moments and high availability of handwashing stations and soap. However, critical weaknesses were observed in childcare-related hygiene, consistent water treatment, fecal sludge management, and safe disposal of child feces. Reliance on kiosks and public taps, compounded by intermittent supply, created last-mile vulnerabilities where infrastructure reliability, rather than knowledge or attitudes, determined safe behavior during floods. Statistical analyses showed negligible associations among KAP domains, as even high-knowledge or positive-attitude households often reported poor practices. Logistic regression indicated that water shortage increased willingness to pay for improved services, while community-sharing norms reduced it; no predictors significantly explained water treatment or critical handwashing. These findings highlight the limits of information-based interventions and underscore the need for integrated strategies combining resilient infrastructure, institutionalized fecal sludge management, community-compatible financing, and interpersonal reinforcement to strengthen disaster preparedness and advance Sustainable Development Goal 6. ]]> Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Towards Water, Sanitation and Hygiene among Household Residents in Flash-Flood-Prone Areas in the City of Cauayan, Province of Isabela, Northern Philippines paul angelo a. tamayo marisol s. foronda lorelei c. tabago doi: 10.56578/ijei080617 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1308 10.56578/ijei080617 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080617 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080616 Rapid industrial growth faces a number of challenges in dealing with environmental issues. Pesarean Village has heavy metal industrial activities that are growing rapidly enough to cause water pollution, especially for residents who still use dug well water to meet their daily needs. This study relates to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 6, namely ensuring good health and clean water availability. The objectives of the study include analyze the characteristics of dug wells, iron (Fe) contamination in dug well water, and the relationship between the characteristics of dug wells and the value of Fe for consumption. This study used a quantitative approach with a sample size of 34 dug wells using stratified random sampling technique. Data analysis techniques used were descriptive and comparative. The results showed that 39% of dug wells had characteristics that were not in accordance with well construction requirements.Fe contamination showed 29.41% did not meet the established quality standards. Comparison between dug well characteristics and heavy metal contamination showed 26.47% of wells were categorized as unfit for consumption. The conclusion of this study is that the characteristics of dug wells that meet the standards have a lower level of contamination and there is a relationship between the characteristics of the depth of the dug well and the level of Fe contamination. Suggestions that can be given are to provide simple water filtration tools that are easy to use by the community to minimize contamination caused by Fe. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Rapid industrial growth faces a number of challenges in dealing with environmental issues. Pesarean Village has heavy metal industrial activities that are growing rapidly enough to cause water pollution, especially for residents who still use dug well water to meet their daily needs. This study relates to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 6, namely ensuring good health and clean water availability. The objectives of the study include analyze the characteristics of dug wells, iron (Fe) contamination in dug well water, and the relationship between the characteristics of dug wells and the value of Fe for consumption. This study used a quantitative approach with a sample size of 34 dug wells using stratified random sampling technique. Data analysis techniques used were descriptive and comparative. The results showed that 39% of dug wells had characteristics that were not in accordance with well construction requirements.Fe contamination showed 29.41% did not meet the established quality standards. Comparison between dug well characteristics and heavy metal contamination showed 26.47% of wells were categorized as unfit for consumption. The conclusion of this study is that the characteristics of dug wells that meet the standards have a lower level of contamination and there is a relationship between the characteristics of the depth of the dug well and the level of Fe contamination. Suggestions that can be given are to provide simple water filtration tools that are easy to use by the community to minimize contamination caused by Fe.</p> ]]> Heavy Metal Contamination in Dug Wells: Drinking Water Safety in Pesarean Village, Indonesia dewi liesnoor setyowati galan saduardan wahid akhsin budi nur sidiq puji hardati doi: 10.56578/ijei080616 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1294 10.56578/ijei080616 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080616 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080615 The indoor air quality (IAQ) plays a critical role in public health, comfort, and productivity, particularly in enclosed public places such as shopping malls. Due to the extreme outdoor temperatures in the United Arab Emirates, prolonged indoor occupancy further emphasizes the importance of maintaining a healthy IAQ. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current state of indoor air quality in Ajman City Mall and investigate its relationship to occupant health and comfort. A series of environmental monitoring and occupant perception surveys was conducted at five key indoor locations: the main entrance, the food court, the retail store, the cinema lobby, and the parking garage. Real-time data of $\mathrm{CO}_2$, $\mathrm{PM}_{2.5}$, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), temperature, and humidity were collected over three weeks. In parallel, 50 mall users were interviewed to obtain subjective opinions on IAQ and related symptoms, including fatigue, headaches, and eye irritation. Measurement results show that $\mathrm{CO}_2$ and VOCs concentrations in the food court and parking garage frequently exceed the recommended UAE limits, which were associated with high incidences of discomfort and respiratory symptoms. $\mathrm{PM}_{2.5}$ levels in the parking area were identified as a significant health risk, primarily due to vehicle emissions and inadequate ventilation. A statistical analysis included descriptive analytics, time-series visualizations, and linear regression modelling, confirming a strong correlation between elevated $\mathrm{CO}_2$ levels and symptoms of occupants. These findings indicate that IAQ intervention strategies are urgently required in enclosed public spaces. Improvements proposed include improved Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) performance, upgraded filtration systems, and adoption of low-emission materials. As a result of this study, a replicable methodology for the assessment of IAQ was developed. Results emphasize the importance of aligning indoor environmental quality with national standards in order to maintain public health 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The indoor air quality (IAQ) plays a critical role in public health, comfort, and productivity, particularly in enclosed public places such as shopping malls. Due to the extreme outdoor temperatures in the United Arab Emirates, prolonged indoor occupancy further emphasizes the importance of maintaining a healthy IAQ. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current state of indoor air quality in Ajman City Mall and investigate its relationship to occupant health and comfort. A series of environmental monitoring and occupant perception surveys was conducted at five key indoor locations: the main entrance, the food court, the retail store, the cinema lobby, and the parking garage. Real-time data of $\mathrm{CO}_2$, $\mathrm{PM}_{2.5}$, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), temperature, and humidity were collected over three weeks. In parallel, 50 mall users were interviewed to obtain subjective opinions on IAQ and related symptoms, including fatigue, headaches, and eye irritation. Measurement results show that $\mathrm{CO}_2$ and VOCs concentrations in the food court and parking garage frequently exceed the recommended UAE limits, which were associated with high incidences of discomfort and respiratory symptoms. $\mathrm{PM}_{2.5}$ levels in the parking area were identified as a significant health risk, primarily due to vehicle emissions and inadequate ventilation. A statistical analysis included descriptive analytics, time-series visualizations, and linear regression modelling, confirming a strong correlation between elevated $\mathrm{CO}_2$ levels and symptoms of occupants. These findings indicate that IAQ intervention strategies are urgently required in enclosed public spaces. Improvements proposed include improved Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) performance, upgraded filtration systems, and adoption of low-emission materials. As a result of this study, a replicable methodology for the assessment of IAQ was developed. Results emphasize the importance of aligning indoor environmental quality with national standards in order to maintain public health</p> ]]> Assessment and Strategies of Indoor Air Quality for Sustainable City Malls: A Case Study from City Mall in Ajman, UAE yaser o. kaied khaled m. alhosani abdul salam k. darwish doi: 10.56578/ijei080615 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1285 10.56578/ijei080615 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080615 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080614 High-resolution spatial data obtained through remote sensing technology is necessary to address climate change, which is a serious issue due to the ongoing dynamic changes in urbanization in cities. Data from the Ministry of Communications’ Space Science Network of the Republic of Iraq was used to measure climate change in Al Hillah city between 1990 and 2022. This research was conducted to study the manifestations of climate change in Al-Hillah, the center of Babylon Governorate. Based on the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) indicator, the hottest period in Al-Hillah is between June and July and the beginning of August, when the average monthly temperature reaches 33.4–35.3°C. Meanwhile, the average relative humidity (RH) decreases inversely with the average temperature, reaching 30.8% during the three summer months. The mild months are October and April, while the cold months are March and November. The results showed that January, February, and December are months of discomfort tending toward coldness. The mild months became clear during March and November. THI values in Al-Hillah for that class ranged between 18.1 and 21, according to the THI guide. The months of discomfort that recorded in Al-Hillah related to THI equation and guide, was due to exceeds the values of temperature and RH the appropriate range for human body comfort and their activity, which ranges from (18–28°C) in relation to temperature, as well as from (40–60%) in relation to RH. It also affected the dryness of the land. The results indicated Iraq has been affected by global climate change. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>High-resolution spatial data obtained through remote sensing technology is necessary to address climate change, which is a serious issue due to the ongoing dynamic changes in urbanization in cities. Data from the Ministry of Communications’ Space Science Network of the Republic of Iraq was used to measure climate change in Al Hillah city between 1990 and 2022. This research was conducted to study the manifestations of climate change in Al-Hillah, the center of Babylon Governorate. Based on the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) indicator, the hottest period in Al-Hillah is between June and July and the beginning of August, when the average monthly temperature reaches 33.4–35.3°C. Meanwhile, the average relative humidity (RH) decreases inversely with the average temperature, reaching 30.8% during the three summer months. The mild months are October and April, while the cold months are March and November. The results showed that January, February, and December are months of discomfort tending toward coldness. The mild months became clear during March and November. THI values in Al-Hillah for that class ranged between 18.1 and 21, according to the THI guide. The months of discomfort that recorded in Al-Hillah related to THI equation and guide, was due to exceeds the values of temperature and RH the appropriate range for human body comfort and their activity, which ranges from (18–28°C) in relation to temperature, as well as from (40–60%) in relation to RH. It also affected the dryness of the land. The results indicated Iraq has been affected by global climate change.</p> ]]> Evaluation the Climate Change Suitability for Al Hillah City Using THI and RH Indicators riyam d. mohammed alkafaji israa hussein ali ali saud hadi alhamdani nooruldeen alkadhim doi: 10.56578/ijei080614 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1278 10.56578/ijei080614 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080614 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080613 This study explores the effects of climate change, particularly focusing on drought and desertification of land, on population displacement and migration in the southern governorates of Iraq, specifically Dhi Qar, Maysan, Muthanna, and Basra. Three of these governorates are characterized by marshes, and their inhabitants practice agriculture and pastoralism. The research links the effects of desertification and land degradation to population movement, using data from United Nations reports in a statistical model using simple linear regression. The study aims to demonstrate that desertification is a significant factor in population displacement, posing a threat to the sustainability of national food security by degrading natural resources and reducing agricultural production, leading to deteriorating household conditions and increasing poverty and unemployment rates. The statistical model revealed that land desiccation is not the only factor influencing population migration; still, it is an important factor within a range of other factors that contribute to the displacement of households. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ This study explores the effects of climate change, particularly focusing on drought and desertification of land, on population displacement and migration in the southern governorates of Iraq, specifically Dhi Qar, Maysan, Muthanna, and Basra. Three of these governorates are characterized by marshes, and their inhabitants practice agriculture and pastoralism. The research links the effects of desertification and land degradation to population movement, using data from United Nations reports in a statistical model using simple linear regression. The study aims to demonstrate that desertification is a significant factor in population displacement, posing a threat to the sustainability of national food security by degrading natural resources and reducing agricultural production, leading to deteriorating household conditions and increasing poverty and unemployment rates. The statistical model revealed that land desiccation is not the only factor influencing population migration; still, it is an important factor within a range of other factors that contribute to the displacement of households. ]]> The Impact of Climate Change on Population Migration and Displacement Within the Southern Governorates of Iraq kareem h. alwan sara m. al-jawari aws m. mohammed yasameen h. obaid doi: 10.56578/ijei080613 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1267 10.56578/ijei080613 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080613 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080612 Floods are among the most frequent and destructive environmental hazards in South Africa, with their impacts increasingly intensified by climate change. In April 2022, KwaZulu-Natal experienced one of the most severe flood events in its history, resulting in significant loss of life, widespread displacement, and extensive damage to infrastructure. This study examines the effects of the floods on vulnerable households, with particular attention to the ways in which socio-economic and spatial inequalities exacerbate disaster risk. A qualitative case study design was employed, drawing on data from semi-structured interviews with 34 participants residing in urban, peri-urban, and informal settlements. Data were collected between January and June 2023 and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal three dominant patterns: extensive destruction of housing and loss of essential household assets; disproportionate exposure of socio-economically disadvantaged groups to flood-related risks; and disruption of critical services, including water supply, sanitation, and electricity. The results indicate that households already marginalised by poverty, insecure housing, and limited access to basic services experienced the greatest challenges in coping with and recovering from the disaster. The study highlights the urgent need for enhanced disaster preparedness, inclusive climate adaptation strategies, and strengthened early warning systems to better protect vulnerable populations. These findings contribute to the literature on climate-related disasters in sub-Saharan Africa and offer evidence to inform policy interventions aimed at strengthening resilience in flood-prone communities. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ Floods are among the most frequent and destructive environmental hazards in South Africa, with their impacts increasingly intensified by climate change. In April 2022, KwaZulu-Natal experienced one of the most severe flood events in its history, resulting in significant loss of life, widespread displacement, and extensive damage to infrastructure. This study examines the effects of the floods on vulnerable households, with particular attention to the ways in which socio-economic and spatial inequalities exacerbate disaster risk. A qualitative case study design was employed, drawing on data from semi-structured interviews with 34 participants residing in urban, peri-urban, and informal settlements. Data were collected between January and June 2023 and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal three dominant patterns: extensive destruction of housing and loss of essential household assets; disproportionate exposure of socio-economically disadvantaged groups to flood-related risks; and disruption of critical services, including water supply, sanitation, and electricity. The results indicate that households already marginalised by poverty, insecure housing, and limited access to basic services experienced the greatest challenges in coping with and recovering from the disaster. The study highlights the urgent need for enhanced disaster preparedness, inclusive climate adaptation strategies, and strengthened early warning systems to better protect vulnerable populations. These findings contribute to the literature on climate-related disasters in sub-Saharan Africa and offer evidence to inform policy interventions aimed at strengthening resilience in flood-prone communities. ]]> Climate Change, Flood Disasters, and Household Vulnerability: Evidence from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa vikesh singh raisuyah bhagwan doi: 10.56578/ijei080612 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1252 10.56578/ijei080612 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080612 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080611 This research investigates the long-term relationship between agricultural inputs, climate change, and agricultural output in Azerbaijan, with a particular focus on the effects of irrigation and agricultural supplies (IAS), investment in fixed capital, and climate conditions on agricultural output. Using annual data from 2002 to 2021, the study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to examine cointegration among the variables. The results confirm a statistically significant long-run equilibrium relationship between the Crop Production Index (CPI) and its key determinants, including irrigation and agricultural supplies, investment in agricultural fixed capital (INAG), and average annual rainfall (AAR). The ARDL F-statistic exceeds the upper critical bounds at both the 5% and 1% significance levels, providing strong evidence of cointegration. Robustness checks based on long-run coefficient estimates show that a 1% increase in IAS leads to a 1.319% increase in CPI, while a 1% increase in INAG results in a 0.038% rise in CPI. Conversely, AAR has a statistically significant negative impact, with a 1% increase in rainfall corresponding to a 0.115% decline in crop production, likely reflecting climatic irregularities. These findings underscore the critical importance of sustained capital investment and efficient input supply in enhancing crop productivity, while highlighting the risks posed by environmental variability for sustainable agricultural development in Azerbaijan. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This research investigates the long-term relationship between agricultural inputs, climate change, and agricultural output in Azerbaijan, with a particular focus on the effects of irrigation and agricultural supplies (IAS), investment in fixed capital, and climate conditions on agricultural output. Using annual data from 2002 to 2021, the study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to examine cointegration among the variables. The results confirm a statistically significant long-run equilibrium relationship between the Crop Production Index (CPI) and its key determinants, including irrigation and agricultural supplies, investment in agricultural fixed capital (INAG), and average annual rainfall (AAR). The ARDL F-statistic exceeds the upper critical bounds at both the 5% and 1% significance levels, providing strong evidence of cointegration. Robustness checks based on long-run coefficient estimates show that a 1% increase in IAS leads to a 1.319% increase in CPI, while a 1% increase in INAG results in a 0.038% rise in CPI. Conversely, AAR has a statistically significant negative impact, with a 1% increase in rainfall corresponding to a 0.115% decline in crop production, likely reflecting climatic irregularities. These findings underscore the critical importance of sustained capital investment and efficient input supply in enhancing crop productivity, while highlighting the risks posed by environmental variability for sustainable agricultural development in Azerbaijan.</p> ]]> Effects of Agricultural Inputs and Climate Variability on Crop Production: Evidence from Azerbaijan Using ARDL Approach mayis gulaliyev ramil i. hasanov fuad ganbarov aygun alesgerova azada novruzova doi: 10.56578/ijei080611 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1243 10.56578/ijei080611 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080611 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080610 The textile industry faces substantial environmental challenges due to the widespread use of synthetic dyes, which contribute to pollution and ecosystem degradation. Natural dyes derived from plants and insects provide an environmentally friendly alternative, but their adoption has been limited by concerns related to color stability and production costs. This study compared natural and synthetic dyes with respect to color stability, UV resistance, production costs, and market competitiveness. Experimental results demonstrated that natural dyes incurred higher production costs but exhibited superior color stability and UV resistance compared to synthetic dyes. Textiles dyed with natural dyes achieved higher profit margins in global markets, particularly in premium segments where sustainability considerations are prioritized. The findings provide practical guidance for textile manufacturers seeking to adopt natural dyes while maintaining competitiveness and support sustainability-oriented policy development in the textile sector, with particular relevance for developing countries and Small Island Developing States. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ The textile industry faces substantial environmental challenges due to the widespread use of synthetic dyes, which contribute to pollution and ecosystem degradation. Natural dyes derived from plants and insects provide an environmentally friendly alternative, but their adoption has been limited by concerns related to color stability and production costs. This study compared natural and synthetic dyes with respect to color stability, UV resistance, production costs, and market competitiveness. Experimental results demonstrated that natural dyes incurred higher production costs but exhibited superior color stability and UV resistance compared to synthetic dyes. Textiles dyed with natural dyes achieved higher profit margins in global markets, particularly in premium segments where sustainability considerations are prioritized. The findings provide practical guidance for textile manufacturers seeking to adopt natural dyes while maintaining competitiveness and support sustainability-oriented policy development in the textile sector, with particular relevance for developing countries and Small Island Developing States. ]]> The Influence of Natural Dyeing on Color Stability, UV Resistance, and Market Competitiveness in the Textile Industry: An Evaluation of Ulos Fabric's Production Costs and Global Market Potential jerry wilson charloq heru santosa femmy indriany dalimunthe doi: 10.56578/ijei080610 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1230 10.56578/ijei080610 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080610 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080609 El Oconal Lagoon suffers from anthropic pressure and environmental deterioration. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the water quality and pollution indicators of El Oconal Lagoon for conservation purposes. The study was conducted during the winter and spring of 2023, as well as the summer and fall of 2024. The main tributary, the drainage, two coastal station near a tourist center, and one stations at the pelagic zone were selected as study stations. The most important physical (temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency, turbidity, and total dissolved solids), chemical (pH and dissolved oxygen), and microbiological parameters (thermotolerant coliforms and phytoplankton) were evaluated. Water quality was assessed according to Peruvian water quality standards, Palmer pollution and trophic status indexes. El Oconal Lagoon showed anthropic impact, mainly at sites near touristic areas, where thermotolerant coliforms ranged between 252 and 1550 MPN·100 mL$^{-1}$ and Escherichia coli between 4 and 102 MPN·100 mL$^{-1}$, in both cases with levels higher than the values established in the water quality standards. Likewise, the Palmer pollution index showed lower contamination in the pelagic zone, moderate contamination in the tourist area, and probable high contamination in the drainage. The lagoon was found to be in a mesotrophic condition. These results provide evidence that the competent authorities must manage wastewater in the lagoon to preserve the health of its ecosystem. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>El Oconal Lagoon suffers from anthropic pressure and environmental deterioration. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the water quality and pollution indicators of El Oconal Lagoon for conservation purposes. The study was conducted during the winter and spring of 2023, as well as the summer and fall of 2024. The main tributary, the drainage, two coastal station near a tourist center, and one stations at the pelagic zone were selected as study stations. The most important physical (temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency, turbidity, and total dissolved solids), chemical (pH and dissolved oxygen), and microbiological parameters (thermotolerant coliforms and phytoplankton) were evaluated. Water quality was assessed according to Peruvian water quality standards, Palmer pollution and trophic status indexes. El Oconal Lagoon showed anthropic impact, mainly at sites near touristic areas, where thermotolerant coliforms ranged between 252 and 1550 MPN·100 mL$^{-1}$ and <em>Escherichia coli</em> between 4 and 102 MPN·100 mL$^{-1}$, in both cases with levels higher than the values established in the water quality standards. Likewise, the Palmer pollution index showed lower contamination in the pelagic zone, moderate contamination in the tourist area, and probable high contamination in the drainage. The lagoon was found to be in a mesotrophic condition. These results provide evidence that the competent authorities must manage wastewater in the lagoon to preserve the health of its ecosystem.</p> ]]> Impact of Tourism on the Water Quality of the El Oconal Lagoon, Pasco, Peru: A Study for Conservation Porpuses berardo beder ruiz sánchez hitlser juan castillo paredes stive flores-gómez alina mabel zafra-trelles moisés agustín cristóbal jesús marino gomez miguel hebert carlos castillo paredes leonidas félix villaorduña caldas dionicio lópez basilio doi: 10.56578/ijei080609 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1222 10.56578/ijei080609 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080609 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080608 Mangrove ecosystems play an important role in maintaining the balance of the coastal environment and provide economic and ecological benefits to communities. This study aims to calculate the total economic value of the mangrove ecosystem at Permata Pilang Beach, Probolinggo City, and to estimate the entrance fee based on the Willingness to Pay (WTP) tourists. Data was collected through incidental sampling for tourists, with a total of 60 respondents over the 7 days of research. The analysis used total economic value (TEV) and WTP. The results showed that the total economic value of the mangrove ecosystem reached IDR 20.851.241.160 per year, with the main contribution coming from direct (43.47%) and indirect (44.13%) benefits. The majority of tourists are willing to pay an entrance fee of IDR 5,000, with a potential income of IDR 240,000,000 per year that can be used for mangrove management and conservation. Management of this ecosystem needs to be carried out in a planned manner with the development of supporting infrastructure and strengthened coordination between the government, the community, and related parties. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Mangrove ecosystems play an important role in maintaining the balance of the coastal environment and provide economic and ecological benefits to communities. This study aims to calculate the total economic value of the mangrove ecosystem at Permata Pilang Beach, Probolinggo City, and to estimate the entrance fee based on the Willingness to Pay (WTP) tourists. Data was collected through incidental sampling for tourists, with a total of 60 respondents over the 7 days of research. The analysis used total economic value (TEV) and WTP. The results showed that the total economic value of the mangrove ecosystem reached IDR 20.851.241.160 per year, with the main contribution coming from direct (43.47%) and indirect (44.13%) benefits. The majority of tourists are willing to pay an entrance fee of IDR 5,000, with a potential income of IDR 240,000,000 per year that can be used for mangrove management and conservation. Management of this ecosystem needs to be carried out in a planned manner with the development of supporting infrastructure and strengthened coordination between the government, the community, and related parties.</p> ]]> Analysis of Total Economic Value as a Key to Sustainability of the Mangrove Ecosystem of Permata Pilang Probolinggo mimit primyastanto mentari puspa wardani supriyadi supriyadi septiana koni' atun nisa' ema dwi nadila amalia febryane adhani mazaya doi: 10.56578/ijei080608 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1206 10.56578/ijei080608 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080608 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080607 Mediterranean cities are increasingly affected by climate change, energy inequality and environmental pollution. Rising temperatures, the effects of the urban heat island (UHI) and growing energy demand exacerbate socio-economic inequalities and energy poverty. To address these challenges, integrated strategies are needed, that combine effective energy system management with robust urban planning adapted to local climatic conditions. This manuscript aims to present the pilot actions implemented in the EnerCmed Project, an EU-funded project that aims to promote the sustainability in port cities by taking action in urban areas near the port, with the aim of enhancing and supporting their development. The project adopt a combined approach in which a renewable energy community (REC) or a self-consumption scheme (SCS) will be implemented through the installation of renewable energy production using Photovoltaic plant (PV) systems, to collectively generate, manage and share the energy produced from renewable sources. The key paradigm of the project consists in the development of the REC/SCS coupled with a nature-based solution (NBS) tailored to the area concerned, that increase the social acceptability and reduce UHI. This approach is oriented towards the reduction of dependence on fossil fuels, acting as a catalyst for a society in which energy autonomy and socio-economic well-being become central, thanks to actions that mitigate energy poverty and support social inclusion. This manuscript highlights the preliminary results of the EnerCmed project, demonstrating how the simultaneous implementation of REC/SCS and NBS contributes to improving energy efficiency, climate adaptation, economic and social inclusion in line with the objectives of the EU Green Deal. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Mediterranean cities are increasingly affected by climate change, energy inequality and environmental pollution. Rising temperatures, the effects of the urban heat island (UHI) and growing energy demand exacerbate socio-economic inequalities and energy poverty. To address these challenges, integrated strategies are needed, that combine effective energy system management with robust urban planning adapted to local climatic conditions. This manuscript aims to present the pilot actions implemented in the EnerCmed Project, an EU-funded project that aims to promote the sustainability in port cities by taking action in urban areas near the port, with the aim of enhancing and supporting their development. The project adopt a combined approach in which a renewable energy community (REC) or a self-consumption scheme (SCS) will be implemented through the installation of renewable energy production using Photovoltaic plant<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Times New Roman, sans-serif"> (</span>PV) systems, to collectively generate, manage and share the energy produced from renewable sources. The key paradigm of the project consists in the development of the REC/SCS coupled with a nature-based solution (NBS) tailored to the area concerned, that increase the social acceptability and reduce UHI. This approach is oriented towards the reduction of dependence on fossil fuels, acting as a catalyst for a society in which energy autonomy and socio-economic well-being become central, thanks to actions that mitigate energy poverty and support social inclusion. This manuscript highlights the preliminary results of the EnerCmed project, demonstrating how the simultaneous implementation of REC/SCS and NBS contributes to improving energy efficiency, climate adaptation, economic and social inclusion in line with the objectives of the EU Green Deal.</p> ]]> EnerCmed Project: A Hybrid Paradigm Combining Energy Communities and Nature-Based Solutions to Enhance the Sustainability of Mediterranean Cities johan augusto bocanegra davide borelli elisa fracchia emanuela pallavidino juliana peshku jonathan roberts corrado schenone doi: 10.56578/ijei080607 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1197 10.56578/ijei080607 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080607 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080606 The carbon tax, one of Indonesia’s climate change mitigation instruments for achieving the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target, has been continuously delayed since 2022. A carbon tax is applied to carbon-based products, particularly those derived from the oil and gas sector. The oil and gas sector aims to achieve a targeted production increase of 1 million barrels of oil and 12 Billion Cubic Feet (BCF) of gas by 2030, as mandated by the Indonesian government. However, the rise of the production target may lead to a rise in carbon emissions, contradicting the country's emission reduction commitments. This study aims to explore the perspectives of the government and the oil and gas industry regarding the urgency and readiness of carbon tax implementation in Indonesia’s oil and gas sector, as well as assessing alternative policies for emission reduction. Using a qualitative methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain primary data. The result indicates the urgency of implementing a carbon tax in Indonesia’s oil and gas sector to reduce carbon emissions, support energy transition, and achieve Net Zero Emission (NZE), but it is outweighed by both government and industry unreadiness. The Regulatory Framework aspect primarily influences the government's unreadiness, as the absence of a carbon tax roadmap as a technical implementation guideline, combined with ongoing fuel subsidies, contributes to policy incoherence. On the other hand, the Production Sharing Contract (PSC), as the Regulatory Framework of the oil and gas sector, has the potential to be amended once the carbon tax is implemented. The findings provide an overview of the government’s considerations contributing to the years-long delay in implementation and enrich the government's viewpoint on developing a carbon tax policy, considering the industry's perspective and readiness factors. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The carbon tax, one of Indonesia’s climate change mitigation instruments for achieving the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target, has been continuously delayed since 2022. A carbon tax is applied to carbon-based products, particularly those derived from the oil and gas sector. The oil and gas sector aims to achieve a targeted production increase of 1 million barrels of oil and 12 Billion Cubic Feet (BCF) of gas by 2030, as mandated by the Indonesian government. However, the rise of the production target may lead to a rise in carbon emissions, contradicting the country's emission reduction commitments. This study aims to explore the perspectives of the government and the oil and gas industry regarding the urgency and readiness of carbon tax implementation in Indonesia’s oil and gas sector, as well as assessing alternative policies for emission reduction. Using a qualitative methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain primary data. The result indicates the urgency of implementing a carbon tax in Indonesia’s oil and gas sector to reduce carbon emissions, support energy transition, and achieve Net Zero Emission (NZE), but it is outweighed by both government and industry unreadiness. The Regulatory Framework aspect primarily influences the government's unreadiness, as the absence of a carbon tax roadmap as a technical implementation guideline, combined with ongoing fuel subsidies, contributes to policy incoherence. On the other hand, the Production Sharing Contract (PSC), as the Regulatory Framework of the oil and gas sector, has the potential to be amended once the carbon tax is implemented. The findings provide an overview of the government’s considerations contributing to the years-long delay in implementation and enrich the government's viewpoint on developing a carbon tax policy, considering the industry's perspective and readiness factors.</p> ]]> Carbon Tax Implementation Urgency in Indonesia’s Oil and Gas Sector: Fiscal Policy Agency and Industry Perspectives elvani vinnie gabriella puteri wagiri ka tiong doi: 10.56578/ijei080606 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1179 10.56578/ijei080606 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080606 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080605 Grobogan Regency, Central Java, is characterized by karst landscapes, particularly in the Sukolilo Karst Landscape Area (Kawasan Bentang Alam Karst—KBAK Sukolilo), which plays a crucial role in regional water availability. Although the northern and western parts of the regency have the potential to store groundwater due to karstification, the southern regions often face water scarcity and prolonged droughts. This study aims to (1) identify the spatial distribution of springs in KBAK Sukolilo, and (2) analyze water availability across the karst area. A quantitative research approach was employed, focusing on 43 springs distributed across six subdistricts: Klambu, Brati, Grobogan, Tawangharjo, Wirosari, and Ngaringan. Data collection involved field observations, interviews, and documentation, while spatial and environmental analyses were conducted using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The findings reveal an uneven and dynamic distribution of springs, with some springs recorded in 2018 no longer active or traceable in 2024 due to land cover changes and diminished discharge. Based on study, it was seen that the water demand in three sub-districts exceeded the water availability. Water balance analysis indicates that Brati, Grobogan, and Ngaringan are categorized as water-deficit areas, whereas Klambu, Tawangharjo, and Wirosari experience a water surplus. These results highlight the urgent need for integrated water resource management in karst environments, particularly in addressing regional disparities in water availability. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Grobogan Regency, Central Java, is characterized by karst landscapes, particularly in the Sukolilo Karst Landscape Area (Kawasan Bentang Alam Karst—KBAK Sukolilo), which plays a crucial role in regional water availability. Although the northern and western parts of the regency have the potential to store groundwater due to karstification, the southern regions often face water scarcity and prolonged droughts. This study aims to (1) identify the spatial distribution of springs in KBAK Sukolilo, and (2) analyze water availability across the karst area. A quantitative research approach was employed, focusing on 43 springs distributed across six subdistricts: Klambu, Brati, Grobogan, Tawangharjo, Wirosari, and Ngaringan. Data collection involved field observations, interviews, and documentation, while spatial and environmental analyses were conducted using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The findings reveal an uneven and dynamic distribution of springs, with some springs recorded in 2018 no longer active or traceable in 2024 due to land cover changes and diminished discharge. Based on study, it was seen that the water demand in three sub-districts exceeded the water availability. Water balance analysis indicates that Brati, Grobogan, and Ngaringan are categorized as water-deficit areas, whereas Klambu, Tawangharjo, and Wirosari experience a water surplus. These results highlight the urgent need for integrated water resource management in karst environments, particularly in addressing regional disparities in water availability.</p> ]]> Clean Water Source Availability in Springs Within Karst Areas of Grobogan Regency dewi liesnoor setyowati tri marhaeni pudji astuti puji hardati jamhur ervando tommy al-hanif yohanes dwi anugrahanto enda kalyana putri doi: 10.56578/ijei080605 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1167 10.56578/ijei080605 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080605 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080604 Heavy metal contamination is a serious issue that poses a significant threat to soil environments and human health worldwide. The rapid population growth in developing countries, together with challenging economic conditions, has led to uncontrolled urbanization. These activities have become major sources of environmental pollution, affecting soil, water, and air quality. The objective of this study was to analyze the concentration of heavy metals in the soil of Setif City. To achieve this objective, 16 soil samples were collected using a regular 3 $\times$ 3 km grid across the region. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to analyze these samples, and their pH , organic matter (OM), and limestone (CaCO$_3$) levels were also determined to assess their physical and chemical properties. Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), and Cadmium (Cd) were selected as representative heavy metals for the study. The sixteen diffractograms obtained from powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the presence of calcite and quartz, along with elements such as Cd, Zn, Cu, and Ni . The results indicate that the soils in Setif City are alkaline, with pH values ranging from 8.00 to 8.47. The average concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd were 407.06, 55.85, 32.21, and 0.16 mg kg$^{-1}$, respectively, in the sixteen soil samples collected from Setif City. When compared with international standards (e.g., AFNOR NF X31-101 and CEPA), Zn concentrations in several samples exceeded acceptable thresholds, indicating moderate to high levels of contamination in specific zones. This finding is supported by the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and contamination factor (Cf), both of which identified Zn as the main pollutant of concern. Contrary to the initial assumption of no contamination, the study reveals that localized Zn accumulation may pose potential environmental risks, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and site-specific remediation strategies 12-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Heavy metal contamination is a serious issue that poses a significant threat to soil environments and human health worldwide. The rapid population growth in developing countries, together with challenging economic conditions, has led to uncontrolled urbanization. These activities have become major sources of environmental pollution, affecting soil, water, and air quality. The objective of this study was to analyze the concentration of heavy metals in the soil of Setif City. To achieve this objective, 16 soil samples were collected using a regular 3 $\times$ 3 km grid across the region. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to analyze these samples, and their pH , organic matter (OM), and limestone (CaCO$_3$) levels were also determined to assess their physical and chemical properties. Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), and Cadmium (Cd) were selected as representative heavy metals for the study. The sixteen diffractograms obtained from powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the presence of calcite and quartz, along with elements such as Cd, Zn, Cu, and Ni . The results indicate that the soils in Setif City are alkaline, with pH values ranging from 8.00 to 8.47. The average concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd were 407.06, 55.85, 32.21, and 0.16 mg kg$^{-1}$, respectively, in the sixteen soil samples collected from Setif City. When compared with international standards (e.g., AFNOR NF X31-101 and CEPA), Zn concentrations in several samples exceeded acceptable thresholds, indicating moderate to high levels of contamination in specific zones. This finding is supported by the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and contamination factor (Cf), both of which identified Zn as the main pollutant of concern. Contrary to the initial assumption of no contamination, the study reveals that localized Zn accumulation may pose potential environmental risks, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and site-specific remediation strategies</p> ]]> Analyzing Soil Pollution: Heavy Metals in Setif City Region Using ICP-OES Technique said lifa seifeddine sellami ouahida zeghouan omar tebboub fares zaamouche doi: 10.56578/ijei080604 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-29-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1152 10.56578/ijei080604 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080604 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080603 This study aims to evaluate the implementation of Lebak Regency Government policies and strategies in waste management as stipulated in Regional Regulation No. 4/2018 and Regent Regulation No. 30/2018. The management-oriented evaluation approach proposed by Daniel Stufflebeam, also known as the Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) model evaluation, is used to assess the context, input, and process of policy products related to waste management in Lebak Regency. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data were collected through documentation studies, field observations, and quantitative data from official reports. The evaluation results show that contextually, waste management policies are in line with the phenomenon of increasing waste generation due to population growth in Lebak Regency caused by urbanization that has an impact on changes in consumption patterns from community activities. However, the input of policies and strategies of the Lebak Regency Government in waste management are not in line with the processes carried out. Therefore, waste management policy products and strategies in Lebak Regency have not been running optimally including the provision of services and infrastructure facilities, increasing public awareness, and optimizing financial resources. Recommendations that can be given are to create a waste management system using a collaborative governance method. 12-28-2025 <![CDATA[ This study aims to evaluate the implementation of Lebak Regency Government policies and strategies in waste management as stipulated in Regional Regulation No. 4/2018 and Regent Regulation No. 30/2018. The management-oriented evaluation approach proposed by Daniel Stufflebeam, also known as the Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) model evaluation, is used to assess the context, input, and process of policy products related to waste management in Lebak Regency. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data were collected through documentation studies, field observations, and quantitative data from official reports. The evaluation results show that contextually, waste management policies are in line with the phenomenon of increasing waste generation due to population growth in Lebak Regency caused by urbanization that has an impact on changes in consumption patterns from community activities. However, the input of policies and strategies of the Lebak Regency Government in waste management are not in line with the processes carried out. Therefore, waste management policy products and strategies in Lebak Regency have not been running optimally including the provision of services and infrastructure facilities, increasing public awareness, and optimizing financial resources. Recommendations that can be given are to create a waste management system using a collaborative governance method. ]]> Evaluation of the CIPP Model in Waste Management in Lebak Regency, Banten Province harits hijrah wicaksana hendy tannady umol syamsyul bin rakiman michael a. aloria doi: 10.56578/ijei080603 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-28-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-28-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1139 10.56578/ijei080603 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080603 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080602 Microplastics are widely present in aquatic environments and, due to their high hydrophobicity, can carry organic pollutants while affecting their accumulation and toxicity in organisms at different trophic levels. The ingestion of microplastics by organisms can be divided into direct and indirect ingestion. Direct ingestion refers to organisms directly consuming microplastics present in the environmental medium, while indirect ingestion can be understood as microplastics being ingested by organisms along the transfer of trophic levels. This study aimed to determine the distribution of microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze River Estuary and the accumulation characteristics of microplastics in organisms at different trophic levels. In 2021, the study selected typical sampling stations in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent waters for observation, analyzing the concentration and characteristics of microplastics in surface water and samples from nine different trophic level organisms (two types of gastropods and seven types of fish). The abundance of microplastics in the surface water samples collected from the Yangtze River Estuary was 661.2 ± 220.5 items/m$^3$. The average abundance of microplastics in the gills of organisms was 1.1 ± 0.4 items/g w.w., and in the gastrointestinal tract, it was 0.3 ± 0.1 items/g w.w. Based on the calculation of the bioconcentration factor of microplastics, we found that the bioconcentration factor of higher trophic level organisms (fish) (2.6 ± 0.5 m$^3$/kg w.w.) was significantly greater than that of gastropod organisms (0.87 ± 0.4 m$^3$/kg w.w.). In terms of feeding types, the bioconcentration factor of carnivorous fish organisms was significantly greater than that of omnivorous fish. This paper determined the trophic level of organisms through stable nitrogen isotopes ($\delta^{15}$N), and the biomagnification factor of microplastics was calculated to be 4.2 based on the linear regression equation of microplastic concentration and organism trophic level. Therefore, microplastic concentrations can be transferred along different trophic levels in the food chain, and the accumulation level of microplastics in organisms significantly increases with the rise of trophic levels, indicating the potential for biomagnification of microplastics in gastropods and fish organisms. 12-26-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Microplastics are widely present in aquatic environments and, due to their high hydrophobicity, can carry organic pollutants while affecting their accumulation and toxicity in organisms at different trophic levels. The ingestion of microplastics by organisms can be divided into direct and indirect ingestion. Direct ingestion refers to organisms directly consuming microplastics present in the environmental medium, while indirect ingestion can be understood as microplastics being ingested by organisms along the transfer of trophic levels. This study aimed to determine the distribution of microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze River Estuary and the accumulation characteristics of microplastics in organisms at different trophic levels. In 2021, the study selected typical sampling stations in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent waters for observation, analyzing the concentration and characteristics of microplastics in surface water and samples from nine different trophic level organisms (two types of gastropods and seven types of fish). The abundance of microplastics in the surface water samples collected from the Yangtze River Estuary was 661.2 ± 220.5 items/m$^3$. The average abundance of microplastics in the gills of organisms was 1.1 ± 0.4 items/g w.w., and in the gastrointestinal tract, it was 0.3 ± 0.1 items/g w.w. Based on the calculation of the bioconcentration factor of microplastics, we found that the bioconcentration factor of higher trophic level organisms (fish) (2.6 ± 0.5 m$^3$/kg w.w.) was significantly greater than that of gastropod organisms (0.87 ± 0.4 m$^3$/kg w.w.). In terms of feeding types, the bioconcentration factor of carnivorous fish organisms was significantly greater than that of omnivorous fish. This paper determined the trophic level of organisms through stable nitrogen isotopes ($\delta^{15}$N), and the biomagnification factor of microplastics was calculated to be 4.2 based on the linear regression equation of microplastic concentration and organism trophic level. Therefore, microplastic concentrations can be transferred along different trophic levels in the food chain, and the accumulation level of microplastics in organisms significantly increases with the rise of trophic levels, indicating the potential for biomagnification of microplastics in gastropods and fish organisms.</p> ]]> The Study of the Accumulation Characteristics of Environmental Characteristic Microplastics in Organisms at Different Trophic Levels tingqi wang yuting guo mazina svetlana evgenievna doi: 10.56578/ijei080602 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-26-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-26-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1126 10.56578/ijei080602 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080602 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080601 The shift to a green economy presents substantial barriers to sustainable economic growth. A key component of promoting a sustainable and green growth trajectory is educating the public about environmental sustainability, climate change, and the green economy. The main aim of this study is to evaluate students' understanding of green economy, and environmental concerns while highlighting the contribution of education to the green transition. The study was carried out in Kosovo using a quantitative method approach in a sample from 425 students including undergraduate, master and PhD. The analysis examined in this study are Multiple Regression Analysis, Pearson Correlations, Cronbach's Alpha, Inter item correlations, and descriptive statistics using IBM SPSS program Multiple Regression results showed that students' intention to continue their education in the green economy was significantly predicted by factors like comprehension of environmental policies, confidence in comprehending global economic challenges, and belief in the significance of government policies for the green transition. Significantly, students' willingness to participate in green economy studies was inversely connected with their comprehension of the role of law in environmental issues, indicating a possible discrepancy between perceived readiness and actual participation. The findings indicate that students possess a limited understanding of the green economy and environmental concerns in Kosovo; however, they are quite enthusiastic about expanding their knowledge, particularly via bachelor’s and master’s programs focused on these topics. Considering these results, the research proposes that to enhance awareness and preparedness for the green transition, new educational programs and vocational training efforts should be established alongside targeted conferences. These initiatives are crucial for providing professionals and students with the resources necessary for a sustainable future. Proper education can have a fundamental impact on environmental protection and sustainable economic development thus policymakers and universities must collaborate to create applicable study programs and curricula that promote a stronger focus on green and sustainable education. 12-25-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The shift to a green economy presents substantial barriers to sustainable economic growth. A key component of promoting a sustainable and green growth trajectory is educating the public about environmental sustainability, climate change, and the green economy. The main aim of this study is to evaluate students' understanding of green economy, and environmental concerns while highlighting the contribution of education to the green transition. The study was carried out in Kosovo using a quantitative method approach in a sample from 425 students including undergraduate, master and PhD. The analysis examined in this study are Multiple Regression Analysis, Pearson Correlations, Cronbach's Alpha, Inter item correlations, and descriptive statistics using IBM SPSS program Multiple Regression results showed that students' intention to continue their education in the green economy was significantly predicted by factors like comprehension of environmental policies, confidence in comprehending global economic challenges, and belief in the significance of government policies for the green transition. Significantly, students' willingness to participate in green economy studies was inversely connected with their comprehension of the role of law in environmental issues, indicating a possible discrepancy between perceived readiness and actual participation. The findings indicate that students possess a limited understanding of the green economy and environmental concerns in Kosovo; however, they are quite enthusiastic about expanding their knowledge, particularly via bachelor’s and master’s programs focused on these topics. Considering these results, the research proposes that to enhance awareness and preparedness for the green transition, new educational programs and vocational training efforts should be established alongside targeted conferences. These initiatives are crucial for providing professionals and students with the resources necessary for a sustainable future. Proper education can have a fundamental impact on environmental protection and sustainable economic development thus policymakers and universities must collaborate to create applicable study programs and curricula that promote a stronger focus on green and sustainable education.</p> ]]> From Awareness to Action: Students’ Perceptions of Environmental, Economic, Legal and Climate Challenges in the Era of Green Growth donat rexha besime ziberi xhemazie ibraimi doi: 10.56578/ijei080601 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-25-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-25-2025 2025 8 6 Article 1101 10.56578/ijei080601 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_6/ijei080601 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080520 Soil reinforcement techniques have become essential in geotechnical engineering to improve weak soils. This study deals with the use of waste vegetable plastic bags made of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) as reinforced materials for fine grained soils selected from Nizwa-Oman. Laboratory practical works were conducted to evaluate compaction and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) characteristics of soil reinforced with varying number of plastic mats. Namely, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The results indicated that reinforcing the weak soil with HDPE plastic bags significantly improved compressive strength with optimal performance observed at three reinforcement mats making four soil layers. The study not only provides an effective method for weak soil improvement but also contributes and offers an eco-friendly to sustainable waste management by repurposing non-biodegradable plastic waste. This work maps to several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) due to its environmental, infrastructural, and waste management implications. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ Soil reinforcement techniques have become essential in geotechnical engineering to improve weak soils. This study deals with the use of waste vegetable plastic bags made of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) as reinforced materials for fine grained soils selected from Nizwa-Oman. Laboratory practical works were conducted to evaluate compaction and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) characteristics of soil reinforced with varying number of plastic mats. Namely, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The results indicated that reinforcing the weak soil with HDPE plastic bags significantly improved compressive strength with optimal performance observed at three reinforcement mats making four soil layers. The study not only provides an effective method for weak soil improvement but also contributes and offers an eco-friendly to sustainable waste management by repurposing non-biodegradable plastic waste. This work maps to several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) due to its environmental, infrastructural, and waste management implications. ]]> Utilizing Recycled Vegetable Plastic Bags as an Innovative and Sustainable Material for Soil Reinforcement Applications imran a. khokar khalid s. al-saidi subhi a. ali gasim hayder doi: 10.56578/ijei080520 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 1093 10.56578/ijei080520 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080520 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080519 Local wisdom-based ecopedagogy learning approach plays a strategic role in growing critical consciousness and environmental care behavior among students. This research aims to explore the effect of local wisdom-based ecopedagogy learning approach on students’ critical consciousness and environmental care behavior in the context of Sociology learning in Senior High School Sequential mixed method approach is used by collecting quantitative data through online questionnaire distributed to 644 students coming from many provinces in Indonesia and qualitative data through in-depth interview with Sociology teachers. The result of research shows a positive significant correlation between students’ critical consciousness and environmental care behavior (b = 0.869, p $ 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Local wisdom-based ecopedagogy learning approach plays a strategic role in growing critical consciousness and environmental care behavior among students. This research aims to explore the effect of local wisdom-based ecopedagogy learning approach on students’ critical consciousness and environmental care behavior in the context of Sociology learning in Senior High School Sequential mixed method approach is used by collecting quantitative data through online questionnaire distributed to 644 students coming from many provinces in Indonesia and qualitative data through in-depth interview with Sociology teachers. The result of research shows a positive significant correlation between students’ critical consciousness and environmental care behavior (b = 0.869, p $<$ 0.05), where 61.3% of behavior variability is explained by the students’ critical consciousness level (R$^2$ = 0.613). Qualitative data supports the quantitative finding indicating that teachers applied some learning strategies: environmental project, case study, activity out of classroom, and interactive discussion to give meaningful experience encouraging the students to think critically and to take real action to care for the environmental problem. This research also identifies the challenges faced by teachers in the implementation of local wisdom-based ecopedagogy learning approach including limited module as learning reference, limited practical training for the teachers, and limited time because the curriculum is not flexible. This study contributes theoretically to expanding the literature about ecopedagogy and likewise offers practical recommendation to improve the facilitation of training for teachers and the development of local value-based teaching module for Sociology subject.</p> ]]> Local Wisdom-Based Ecopedagogy in Sociology Learning: Enhancing Critical Consciousness and Environmental Behavior ghufronudin ghufronudin hastuti hastuti ariefa efianingrum doi: 10.56578/ijei080519 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 1078 10.56578/ijei080519 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080519 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080518 The phenomenon of climate change has been observed in Aceh, Indonesia. However, no study has specifically examined high school students' conceptual knowledge, adaptation strategies, and mitigation measures related to climate change in the region. This study aims to assess students' conceptual knowledge, adaptation strategies, and mitigation efforts related to climate change in Aceh, while investigating how these factors are influenced by gender, grade level, geographical landscape, and implementation of green school programs (Adiwivata). A sample of 410 students was taken from a total population of 137,283. Data were collected using online questionnaires distributed by teachers and analyzed using descriptive statistics, PCA, and ANOVA. The results of the study show that students' knowledge, adaptation, and mitigation of climate change in Aceh are generally inadequate. This is because the current framework and implementation of climate change education have not effectively achieved the goals of increasing knowledge, adaptation, and mitigation of climate change at the secondary school level. Gender was found to affect Knowledge I, while grade level influenced Mitigation III. The geographic landscape impacts Mitigation I and II. Green school programs have been shown to have a positive effect on Knowledge I, Adaptation I, and all components of climate change mitigation. These results show the need for expanded efforts to improve climate change knowledge, adaptation, and mitigation among high school students in Aceh, through education policies that encourage teachers to implement learning about climate change in a continuous, detailed, and innovative manner. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The phenomenon of climate change has been observed in Aceh, Indonesia. However, no study has specifically examined high school students' conceptual knowledge, adaptation strategies, and mitigation measures related to climate change in the region. This study aims to assess students' conceptual knowledge, adaptation strategies, and mitigation efforts related to climate change in Aceh, while investigating how these factors are influenced by gender, grade level, geographical landscape, and implementation of green school programs (<em>Adiwivata</em>). A sample of 410 students was taken from a total population of 137,283. Data were collected using online questionnaires distributed by teachers and analyzed using descriptive statistics, PCA, and ANOVA. The results of the study show that students' knowledge, adaptation, and mitigation of climate change in Aceh are generally inadequate. This is because the current framework and implementation of climate change education have not effectively achieved the goals of increasing knowledge, adaptation, and mitigation of climate change at the secondary school level. Gender was found to affect Knowledge I, while grade level influenced Mitigation III. The geographic landscape impacts Mitigation I and II. Green school programs have been shown to have a positive effect on Knowledge I, Adaptation I, and all components of climate change mitigation. These results show the need for expanded efforts to improve climate change knowledge, adaptation, and mitigation among high school students in Aceh, through education policies that encourage teachers to implement learning about climate change in a continuous, detailed, and innovative manner.</p> ]]> Assessing High School Students' Conceptual Knowledge, Adaptation, and Mitigation of Climate Change in Aceh, Indonesia muhammad okta ridha maulidian sugeng utaya didik taryana syamsul bachri rajendra p. shrestha hifjir hifjir cut vita rajiatul jummi doi: 10.56578/ijei080518 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 1063 10.56578/ijei080518 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080518 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080517 National parks are designated natural areas set aside for the preservation of their resources. However, they suffer from several environmental problems resulting from human actions, exacerbated by a lack of effective management planning, including unsustainable biodiversity loss, deforestation, and wildfires. This qualitative research proposes practical sustainability conservation management based on the experience of Thab Lan National Park in Thailand, utilizing Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets. Through in-depth interviews, data were collected from three residents and two operations-level staff members of the Thab Lan National Park. The findings highlighted local resource protection, park residency legality, and agricultural expertise as supportive factors. In contrast, ecosystem protection from slosh equity enabled them, which was detrimental due to the skewed distribution of benefits. Furthermore, the management level was found to have an impact on the long-term ecological benefits. Most importantly, unequal resource allocation has hampered conservation efforts, highlighting the need for community participation in sustainable resource management. This management strategy is a working approach that local authorities and regional policymakers can adopt as guidelines for the sustainable conservation of natural resources in the Thab Lan National Park and other similar settings. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ National parks are designated natural areas set aside for the preservation of their resources. However, they suffer from several environmental problems resulting from human actions, exacerbated by a lack of effective management planning, including unsustainable biodiversity loss, deforestation, and wildfires. This qualitative research proposes practical sustainability conservation management based on the experience of Thab Lan National Park in Thailand, utilizing Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) and Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets. Through in-depth interviews, data were collected from three residents and two operations-level staff members of the Thab Lan National Park. The findings highlighted local resource protection, park residency legality, and agricultural expertise as supportive factors. In contrast, ecosystem protection from slosh equity enabled them, which was detrimental due to the skewed distribution of benefits. Furthermore, the management level was found to have an impact on the long-term ecological benefits. Most importantly, unequal resource allocation has hampered conservation efforts, highlighting the need for community participation in sustainable resource management. This management strategy is a working approach that local authorities and regional policymakers can adopt as guidelines for the sustainable conservation of natural resources in the Thab Lan National Park and other similar settings. ]]> Local Management for Conserving the Sustainability of Natural Resources: A Case Study of Thab Lan National Park, Thailand oam to-aj sornpravate krajangkantamatr navaporn chanbanchong suthasinee susiva weerasak putthasri doi: 10.56578/ijei080517 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 1054 10.56578/ijei080517 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080517 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080516 The behavior of investors in markets prone to crisis especially towards pollution generating industries are still under examined. The effect of pollution generation and management on stock prices of associated firms in Nigeria is yet unclear. This present study bridges the gap by examining the influence of ESG disclosure on the stock prices of manufacturing firms in Nigeria with particular emphasis on consumable products. The major aim is to establish the extent to which environmental factors such as carbon emissions, energy efficiency, community engagement, employee welfare and governance factors affect the stock prices of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study covers a period from 2000-2024 using 18 listed manufacturing firms and the data gathering is from the annual report of firms included in this study. From the panel data analysis, environmental and social disclosures do not have significant impact on stock prices of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Considering the governance disclosure, there is a positive significant influence at 10% level on stock prices of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The result confirms the growing recognition that there is an input to firm value by way of governance practice. The study concludes that ESG impact is yet to be well addressed in the Nigerian manufacturing firms and this is negating the global sensitization of this mechanism to promote environmental sustainability among firms. The study recommends that manufacturing firms should improve product quality and develop overall ESG strategies addressing environmental, social and governance issue while regulators should prescribe explicit standards and requirement for Nigerian companies in terms of overall disclosure on ESG. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The behavior of investors in markets prone to crisis especially towards pollution generating industries are still under examined. The effect of pollution generation and management on stock prices of associated firms in Nigeria is yet unclear. This present study bridges the gap by examining the influence of ESG disclosure on the stock prices of manufacturing firms in Nigeria with particular emphasis on consumable products. The major aim is to establish the extent to which environmental factors such as carbon emissions, energy efficiency, community engagement, employee welfare and governance factors affect the stock prices of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study covers a period from 2000-2024 using 18 listed manufacturing firms and the data gathering is from the annual report of firms included in this study. From the panel data analysis, environmental and social disclosures do not have significant impact on stock prices of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Considering the governance disclosure, there is a positive significant influence at 10% level on stock prices of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The result confirms the growing recognition that there is an input to firm value by way of governance practice. The study concludes that ESG impact is yet to be well addressed in the Nigerian manufacturing firms and this is negating the global sensitization of this mechanism to promote environmental sustainability among firms. The study recommends that manufacturing firms should improve product quality and develop overall ESG strategies addressing environmental, social and governance issue while regulators should prescribe explicit standards and requirement for Nigerian companies in terms of overall disclosure on ESG.</p> ]]> Impact of ESG Disclosures on Stock Prices: A Focus on Nigerian Manufacturing Industries michelle chioma iro cordelia onyinyechi omodero doi: 10.56578/ijei080516 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 1031 10.56578/ijei080516 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080516 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080515 The study carried out in the Puñun Peasant Community had as its main objective the inventory of springs and the planning of agroecological zones, assessing water availability in a semi-arid environment. The methodology included the georeferencing of 139 springs and flow measurement using the volumetric method in Sector II. Measurements were taken quarterly on three key dates during the 2024 dry season: April, June, and December. Agroecological zones were delimited considering soil and climate factors and morphological factors, using Arc GIS 10.8 GIS software. A mixed approach was also applied to collect quantitative and qualitative data, including interviews with experts. The results showed that springs contribute significantly to the available flow in the agroecological zones, with a total water volume of 631.56 m³ in Sector II, distributed among four identified zones. According to experts, the spring inventory had a strong influence on agroecological planning, reaching an index of 0.89. Likewise, the Pearson correlation test between the area of the agroecological zones and the volume of water available in the springs showed a nearly perfect positive relationship (r = 0.99). The conclusions highlighted the importance of springs for agricultural sustainability and the urgent need to implement efficient water management strategies, promoting responsible water use and environmental conservation. It is estimated that the total available volume can support agricultural irrigation of approximately 29.19 hectares. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ The study carried out in the Puñun Peasant Community had as its main objective the inventory of springs and the planning of agroecological zones, assessing water availability in a semi-arid environment. The methodology included the georeferencing of 139 springs and flow measurement using the volumetric method in Sector II. Measurements were taken quarterly on three key dates during the 2024 dry season: April, June, and December. Agroecological zones were delimited considering soil and climate factors and morphological factors, using Arc GIS 10.8 GIS software. A mixed approach was also applied to collect quantitative and qualitative data, including interviews with experts. The results showed that springs contribute significantly to the available flow in the agroecological zones, with a total water volume of 631.56 m³ in Sector II, distributed among four identified zones. According to experts, the spring inventory had a strong influence on agroecological planning, reaching an index of 0.89. Likewise, the Pearson correlation test between the area of the agroecological zones and the volume of water available in the springs showed a nearly perfect positive relationship (r = 0.99). The conclusions highlighted the importance of springs for agricultural sustainability and the urgent need to implement efficient water management strategies, promoting responsible water use and environmental conservation. It is estimated that the total available volume can support agricultural irrigation of approximately 29.19 hectares. ]]> Geospatial Inventory of Springs and Agroecological Zoning in a Semi-Arid Rural Community: A Case Study of Puñun, Peru beatriz gina herencia félix carlos francisco cabrera carranza verónica dayana espinel pino walter javier diaz cartagena cesar eduardo carrera saavedra doi: 10.56578/ijei080515 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 1019 10.56578/ijei080515 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080515 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080514 Dried fruits are a popular and widely consumed food due to their high nutritional value and long shelf life. However, their contamination with heavy metals poses a health and environmental concern. This study aims to estimate the levels of some heavy metals (copper, nickel, manganese, iron, lead, and chromium) in selected dried fruit samples available in local markets and assess their compliance with international standards approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Codex Alimentarius (CAC). Samples were collected from multiple sources and analyzed using advanced techniques (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)). The results showed that some samples contained concentrations exceeding permissible limits, indicating potential health risks, especially in cases of long-term consumption. The sources of this contamination are often attributed to the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and unsafe drying and packaging methods. The research suggests implementing stricter surveillance of food products and increasing consumer awareness on selecting safe dried fruits. Research for different area basis needs to be pursued for better apprehension of menace. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ Dried fruits are a popular and widely consumed food due to their high nutritional value and long shelf life. However, their contamination with heavy metals poses a health and environmental concern. This study aims to estimate the levels of some heavy metals (copper, nickel, manganese, iron, lead, and chromium) in selected dried fruit samples available in local markets and assess their compliance with international standards approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Codex Alimentarius (CAC). Samples were collected from multiple sources and analyzed using advanced techniques (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)). The results showed that some samples contained concentrations exceeding permissible limits, indicating potential health risks, especially in cases of long-term consumption. The sources of this contamination are often attributed to the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and unsafe drying and packaging methods. The research suggests implementing stricter surveillance of food products and increasing consumer awareness on selecting safe dried fruits. Research for different area basis needs to be pursued for better apprehension of menace. ]]> Estimation of Some Heavy Metal Concentrations in Selected Dried Fruit Samples Available in Local Markets and Assessment of Their Health Risks bashar abdulazeez mahmood sami awad alkubaisy esraa abd al-karim marouf enas h. mohammed doi: 10.56578/ijei080514 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 1010 10.56578/ijei080514 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080514 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080513 Awiq-awiq is a local wisdoms in forest management used by indigenous people of Bayan in Noth Lombok, Indonesia. This study aims to identify the behavior of the Bayan indigenous people in controlling deforestation for environmental sustainability from a deep ecology perspective based on awiq-awiq forest management. This qualitative research conducted in the Bayan indigenous community in North Lombok. The participants in this study involved traditional leaders, indigenous peoples, sub-district heads, and village heads of Bayan Village. The research data was collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data analysis includes data reduction, synthesis categorization, answering the research objectives, and drawing conclusions. The results indicated that the community’s behavior in managing forests based on awiq-awiq aligns with deep ecology principles, which can control deforestation, thus affecting environmental sustainability. Forest management based on awiq-awiq may contribute in controlling deforestation for environmental sustainability. The Bayan indigenous people’s behavior toward the forest, which is controlled by awiq-awiq, aligns with the deep ecology perspective. This study provides recommendations for environmental sustainability, specifically through the development of a program to implement forest conservation and the optimization of a region’s cultural elements in order to preserve sustainability. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><em>Awiq-awiq</em> is a local wisdoms in forest management used by indigenous people of Bayan in Noth Lombok, Indonesia. This study aims to identify the behavior of the Bayan indigenous people in controlling deforestation for environmental sustainability from a deep ecology perspective based on <em>awiq-awiq</em> forest management. This qualitative research conducted in the Bayan indigenous community in North Lombok. The participants in this study involved traditional leaders, indigenous peoples, sub-district heads, and village heads of Bayan Village. The research data was collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data analysis includes data reduction, synthesis categorization, answering the research objectives, and drawing conclusions. The results indicated that the community’s behavior in managing forests based on <em>awiq-awiq</em> aligns with deep ecology principles, which can control deforestation, thus affecting environmental sustainability. Forest management based on <em>awiq-awiq</em> may contribute in controlling deforestation for environmental sustainability. The Bayan indigenous people’s behavior toward the forest, which is controlled by <em>awiq-awiq</em>, aligns with the deep ecology perspective. This study provides recommendations for environmental sustainability, specifically through the development of a program to implement forest conservation and the optimization of a region’s cultural elements in order to preserve sustainability.</p> ]]> The <em>Awiq-Awiq</em> in Controlling Deforestation for Environmental Sustainability: A Deep Ecology Perspective on Forest Management of the Bayan Indigenous People tuti mutia sumarmi syamsul bachri ravinesh rohit prasad nur isroatul khusna doi: 10.56578/ijei080513 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 1001 10.56578/ijei080513 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080513 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080512 This study aims to describe the empowerment of Social Forestry Business Groups for sustainable environmental development in Salibutan Village, Lubuk Alung District, Padang Pariaman Regency. This study was motivated by the suboptimal role of stakeholders related to empowerment. This is due to budget limitations and a shortage of human resources, specifically extension workers and assistants for social forestry business groups, as well as the marketing of forest products managed by the community. The research gap in this study is that few similar studies have analyzed community empowerment within the unique concept of social forestry in a local framework, especially in Indonesia. This study employs a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, utilizing interviews, observations, and documentation to collect data. Source triangulation techniques were used to ensure the validity of the data. The study results indicate that the parties involved in empowering Social Forestry Business Groups in Salibutan Village have not fulfilled their duties and responsibilities according to their respective roles. This is because each stakeholder still faces obstacles in empowering the Social Forestry Business Group, namely limited budget funds from the Forestry Service, Village Head, and Tourism, Youth and Sports Service to implement the empowerment program, minimal human resources, limited extension workers and assistance from the Service and the dependence of the Social Forestry Business Group on the World Resources Institute (WRI) as one of the stakeholders. The contribution of this study is to provide an overview of the problems and governance of community empowerment, serving as the basis for compiling recommendations to enhance the program's effectiveness in the future. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ This study aims to describe the empowerment of Social Forestry Business Groups for sustainable environmental development in Salibutan Village, Lubuk Alung District, Padang Pariaman Regency. This study was motivated by the suboptimal role of stakeholders related to empowerment. This is due to budget limitations and a shortage of human resources, specifically extension workers and assistants for social forestry business groups, as well as the marketing of forest products managed by the community. The research gap in this study is that few similar studies have analyzed community empowerment within the unique concept of social forestry in a local framework, especially in Indonesia. This study employs a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, utilizing interviews, observations, and documentation to collect data. Source triangulation techniques were used to ensure the validity of the data. The study results indicate that the parties involved in empowering Social Forestry Business Groups in Salibutan Village have not fulfilled their duties and responsibilities according to their respective roles. This is because each stakeholder still faces obstacles in empowering the Social Forestry Business Group, namely limited budget funds from the Forestry Service, Village Head, and Tourism, Youth and Sports Service to implement the empowerment program, minimal human resources, limited extension workers and assistance from the Service and the dependence of the Social Forestry Business Group on the World Resources Institute (WRI) as one of the stakeholders. The contribution of this study is to provide an overview of the problems and governance of community empowerment, serving as the basis for compiling recommendations to enhance the program's effectiveness in the future. ]]> Empowerment of Social Forestry Business Groups Based on Local Wisdom in Indonesia fitri eriyanti jesica anggia fahrezy rahmadani yusran zikri alhadi doi: 10.56578/ijei080512 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 984 10.56578/ijei080512 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080512 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080511 This research investigates the complex interplay between consumer behavior and green product adoption, uncovering key drivers and implications for sustainable consumption strategies. Green products, geared towards reducing environmental impacts, are gaining prominence in the wake of heightened environmental consciousness. However, understanding the multifaceted factors influencing consumers' decisions to embrace such products remains a challenge. Leveraging a binary logit model and drawing on the theory of consumption value, this study explores the intricate dynamics of consumers' choices within the context of environmentally friendly products. Data from a Likert scale questionnaire, completed by 922 participants across three Indian cities, forms the foundation for analysis. The study reveals that consumers' adoption of green products is significantly influenced by attributes such as Social Value, Environmental Concern, Pricing, and Conditional Value. These factors reflect the intricate balance between societal impact, emotional connections, and economic considerations in shaping purchasing behavior. While Quality, Emotional Value, and Epistemic Value exhibit nuanced impacts, they collectively underscore the complex decision-making process. The binary logit model is used in predicting green product buying behavior in modelling consumer preferences based on diverse predictor variables. Leveraging a binary logit model and the theory of consumption value, the study analyzed survey data from 922 participants across Mumbai, Pune, and Jaipur. The model revealed that Social Value ($p = 0.0048$), Environmental Concern ($p = 0.0444$), Conditional Value ($p = 0.0887$), and Pricing ($p = 0.05339$) significantly influence green product adoption. The model achieved an accuracy of 88.73%, confirming its robustness in predicting green purchasing behavior. These findings hold practical relevance for policymakers and marketers aiming to bridge the intention-action gap. Strategies such as enhancing the social appeal of green products, transparent pricing communication, and targeted environmental awareness campaigns are recommended to drive sustainable consumer choices. Collaborative partnerships among stakeholders, incentives, and addressing misconceptions are recommended strategies to bridge the gap between intention and action in adopting environmentally conscious behavior. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This research investigates the complex interplay between consumer behavior and green product adoption, uncovering key drivers and implications for sustainable consumption strategies. Green products, geared towards reducing environmental impacts, are gaining prominence in the wake of heightened environmental consciousness. However, understanding the multifaceted factors influencing consumers' decisions to embrace such products remains a challenge. Leveraging a binary logit model and drawing on the theory of consumption value, this study explores the intricate dynamics of consumers' choices within the context of environmentally friendly products. Data from a Likert scale questionnaire, completed by 922 participants across three Indian cities, forms the foundation for analysis. The study reveals that consumers' adoption of green products is significantly influenced by attributes such as Social Value, Environmental Concern, Pricing, and Conditional Value. These factors reflect the intricate balance between societal impact, emotional connections, and economic considerations in shaping purchasing behavior. While Quality, Emotional Value, and Epistemic Value exhibit nuanced impacts, they collectively underscore the complex decision-making process. The binary logit model is used in predicting green product buying behavior in modelling consumer preferences based on diverse predictor variables. Leveraging a binary logit model and the theory of consumption value, the study analyzed survey data from 922 participants across Mumbai, Pune, and Jaipur. The model revealed that Social Value ($p = 0.0048$), Environmental Concern ($p = 0.0444$), Conditional Value ($p = 0.0887$), and Pricing ($p = 0.05339$) significantly influence green product adoption. The model achieved an accuracy of 88.73%, confirming its robustness in predicting green purchasing behavior. These findings hold practical relevance for policymakers and marketers aiming to bridge the intention-action gap. Strategies such as enhancing the social appeal of green products, transparent pricing communication, and targeted environmental awareness campaigns are recommended to drive sustainable consumer choices. Collaborative partnerships among stakeholders, incentives, and addressing misconceptions are recommended strategies to bridge the gap between intention and action in adopting environmentally conscious behavior.</p> ]]> Catalysts of Green Product Adoption: Environmental Implications and Sustainable Strategies Using a Binary Logit Model pallavi kudal sunny dawar amitabh patnaik prince dawa savita panwar doi: 10.56578/ijei080511 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 970 10.56578/ijei080511 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080511 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080510 The widespread occurrence of corporate greenwashing can precipitate adverse selection within the green market, thereby undermining the efficacy of sustainable development initiatives. Existing research has predominantly concentrated on the effects of external regulation and internal organizational governance mechanisms on corporate greenwashing. However, limited attention has been paid to the influence of micro-level, individual factors. This study, therefore, shifts focus to the cognitive characteristics of management, specifically examining whether managerial myopia serves as a significant determinant of corporate greenwashing. Utilizing a sample of Chinese A-share listed firms from 2009 to 2022, this study empirically investigates the relationship between managerial myopia and greenwashing practices. The findings reveal a positive correlation: as the degree of managerial myopia increases, the severity of corporate greenwashing also intensifies. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that managerial myopia exerts a detrimental effect on corporate green transformation. Additionally, heterogeneity analysis indicates that the adverse impact of managerial myopia on corporate greenwashing is accentuated by factors such as weaker internal controls, a higher degree of ownership separation, intense analytical focus, and insufficient government regulation. These results underscore the importance of addressing individual managerial characteristics in the context of corporate sustainability and the potential implications of such characteristics for greenwashing behaviors. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ The widespread occurrence of corporate greenwashing can precipitate adverse selection within the green market, thereby undermining the efficacy of sustainable development initiatives. Existing research has predominantly concentrated on the effects of external regulation and internal organizational governance mechanisms on corporate greenwashing. However, limited attention has been paid to the influence of micro-level, individual factors. This study, therefore, shifts focus to the cognitive characteristics of management, specifically examining whether managerial myopia serves as a significant determinant of corporate greenwashing. Utilizing a sample of Chinese A-share listed firms from 2009 to 2022, this study empirically investigates the relationship between managerial myopia and greenwashing practices. The findings reveal a positive correlation: as the degree of managerial myopia increases, the severity of corporate greenwashing also intensifies. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that managerial myopia exerts a detrimental effect on corporate green transformation. Additionally, heterogeneity analysis indicates that the adverse impact of managerial myopia on corporate greenwashing is accentuated by factors such as weaker internal controls, a higher degree of ownership separation, intense analytical focus, and insufficient government regulation. These results underscore the importance of addressing individual managerial characteristics in the context of corporate sustainability and the potential implications of such characteristics for greenwashing behaviors. ]]> Green Mirage: Managerial Myopia and ESG Greenwashing in China mengjuan ling fengbo wang kalybek zh. abdykadyrov doi: 10.56578/ijei080510 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 953 10.56578/ijei080510 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080510 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080509 Agriculture is central to Somalia’s economy, employing nearly half of the population and serving as a key source of rural livelihoods. However, the sector is increasingly undermined by climate change, deforestation, and armed conflict. In a context marked by high unemployment and institutional fragility, understanding how these challenges affect agricultural employment is essential for policy design. This study aims to analyze the shortand long-run effects of climate change (rainfall, temperature, $\mathrm{CO}_2$ emissions, and deforestation), conflict (internal and external), and agricultural productivity (crop and livestock production) on agricultural employment in Somalia between 1991–2022. Using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) models, the study captures dynamic interactions while addressing endogeneity and model robustness through stability and diagnostic tests. The results show that rising temperatures and $\mathrm{CO}_2$ emissions significantly reduce agricultural employment, while deforestation contributes to long-term job losses by degrading arable land. Rainfall variability supports employment in the short run but lacks long-term significance. Internal conflict exhibits a paradoxical stabilizing effect due to labor immobility, while external conflict leads to displacement and labor market disruption. Livestock production emerges as a consistent driver of rural employment, whereas crop production remains stagnant and fails to absorb labor. By integrating environmental and political stressors within a unified econometric framework, this study contributes to the literature on employment dynamics in fragile contexts. The findings underscore the need for climate-resilient farming practices, conflict-sensitive rural development, reforestation, and investment in the livestock sector to safeguard livelihoods and promote economic resilience in Somalia. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Agriculture is central to Somalia’s economy, employing nearly half of the population and serving as a key source of rural livelihoods. However, the sector is increasingly undermined by climate change, deforestation, and armed conflict. In a context marked by high unemployment and institutional fragility, understanding how these challenges affect agricultural employment is essential for policy design. This study aims to analyze the shortand long-run effects of climate change (rainfall, temperature, $\mathrm{CO}_2$ emissions, and deforestation), conflict (internal and external), and agricultural productivity (crop and livestock production) on agricultural employment in Somalia between 1991–2022. Using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) models, the study captures dynamic interactions while addressing endogeneity and model robustness through stability and diagnostic tests. The results show that rising temperatures and $\mathrm{CO}_2$ emissions significantly reduce agricultural employment, while deforestation contributes to long-term job losses by degrading arable land. Rainfall variability supports employment in the short run but lacks long-term significance. Internal conflict exhibits a paradoxical stabilizing effect due to labor immobility, while external conflict leads to displacement and labor market disruption. Livestock production emerges as a consistent driver of rural employment, whereas crop production remains stagnant and fails to absorb labor. By integrating environmental and political stressors within a unified econometric framework, this study contributes to the literature on employment dynamics in fragile contexts. The findings underscore the need for climate-resilient farming practices, conflict-sensitive rural development, reforestation, and investment in the livestock sector to safeguard livelihoods and promote economic resilience in Somalia.</p> ]]> Agricultural Employment in Somalia: The Nexus of Climate Change, Conflict, and Agricultural Productivity abdikadir ahmed mohamed abdi majid yusuf ibey abdifatah mohamed abdikarim galad mohamed barre doi: 10.56578/ijei080509 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 935 10.56578/ijei080509 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080509 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080508 This research explores the important role of soil physics and irrigation technology in water conservation in sustainable agriculture. With increasing global water shortage and wasteful irrigation practices posing a threat to agricultural productivity, water use optimization is critical. The study seeks to evaluate soil physical properties influencing irrigation efficiency, contrast various irrigation techniques, examine the effect of fertilization on water quality, and categorize farms according to irrigation performance. Mixed methods utilize statistical modeling, exploratory data analysis (EDA), and K-means clustering to assess soil properties, irrigation efficiency, and water-saving methods. The research identifies that precision irrigation methods like subsurface and drip irrigation substantially increase water-use efficiency through reduced evaporation and runoff. Organic matter and soil texture are important in retaining moisture, affecting irrigation requirements. Overfertilization is associated with nitrogen runoff, highlighting the significance of the regulated application of nutrients to avoid groundwater pollution. Another unique contribution of the research is using clustering methods to categorize farms according to their irrigation efficiency and providing specific suggestions for improving water use. The study offers actionable recommendations for farmers, policymakers, and environmental agencies to promote precision irrigation, sustainable soil management, and data-driven decision-making to maximize agricultural water conservation. Such findings add value to global efforts towards sustainable food security and environmental conservation. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ This research explores the important role of soil physics and irrigation technology in water conservation in sustainable agriculture. With increasing global water shortage and wasteful irrigation practices posing a threat to agricultural productivity, water use optimization is critical. The study seeks to evaluate soil physical properties influencing irrigation efficiency, contrast various irrigation techniques, examine the effect of fertilization on water quality, and categorize farms according to irrigation performance. Mixed methods utilize statistical modeling, exploratory data analysis (EDA), and K-means clustering to assess soil properties, irrigation efficiency, and water-saving methods. The research identifies that precision irrigation methods like subsurface and drip irrigation substantially increase water-use efficiency through reduced evaporation and runoff. Organic matter and soil texture are important in retaining moisture, affecting irrigation requirements. Overfertilization is associated with nitrogen runoff, highlighting the significance of the regulated application of nutrients to avoid groundwater pollution. Another unique contribution of the research is using clustering methods to categorize farms according to their irrigation efficiency and providing specific suggestions for improving water use. The study offers actionable recommendations for farmers, policymakers, and environmental agencies to promote precision irrigation, sustainable soil management, and data-driven decision-making to maximize agricultural water conservation. Such findings add value to global efforts towards sustainable food security and environmental conservation. ]]> Sustainable Agriculture: The Role of Soil Physics and Irrigation Technology in Water Conservation salih m. salih harith sadaa madhan al-fahdawy khdyar yaes khdyer al-kubissi ahmed ashour enad mohammed ismail khalaf al-fahdawy doi: 10.56578/ijei080508 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 921 10.56578/ijei080508 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080508 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080507 Global water scarcity has emerged as a pressing concern, exacerbated by climate change and increasing human demand for freshwater resources. This study conducts a comprehensive literature review to assess the impacts of climate change on freshwater availability, utilizing remote sensing technologies as a pivotal tool for evaluation. By synthesizing findings from various research articles, reports, and case studies, we analyze how climate-induced alterations in precipitation patterns, temperature fluctuations, and extreme weather events contribute to the depletion of freshwater resources. The review highlights the efficacy of remote sensing in monitoring water bodies, assessing water quality, and predicting future water scarcity scenarios. Key findings reveal that regions already facing water stress are likely to experience intensified scarcity due to climate change, with significant implications for agriculture, ecosystems, and human health. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for integrated water resource management strategies that incorporate remote sensing data to enhance resilience against the impacts of climate change. This assessment not only underscores the urgency of addressing global water scarcity but also advocates for the adoption of innovative technologies to ensure sustainable freshwater management in the face of ongoing environmental changes. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ Global water scarcity has emerged as a pressing concern, exacerbated by climate change and increasing human demand for freshwater resources. This study conducts a comprehensive literature review to assess the impacts of climate change on freshwater availability, utilizing remote sensing technologies as a pivotal tool for evaluation. By synthesizing findings from various research articles, reports, and case studies, we analyze how climate-induced alterations in precipitation patterns, temperature fluctuations, and extreme weather events contribute to the depletion of freshwater resources. The review highlights the efficacy of remote sensing in monitoring water bodies, assessing water quality, and predicting future water scarcity scenarios. Key findings reveal that regions already facing water stress are likely to experience intensified scarcity due to climate change, with significant implications for agriculture, ecosystems, and human health. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for integrated water resource management strategies that incorporate remote sensing data to enhance resilience against the impacts of climate change. This assessment not only underscores the urgency of addressing global water scarcity but also advocates for the adoption of innovative technologies to ensure sustainable freshwater management in the face of ongoing environmental changes. ]]> Global Water Scarcity Assessment: Remote Sensing Evaluation of Climate Change Impacts on Freshwater Resources jusmy d. putuhena doi: 10.56578/ijei080507 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 907 10.56578/ijei080507 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080507 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080506 Management of the Mangrove and Crab Conservation Area (KKMK) has not been optimal, making it vulnerable to damage. A Social-Ecological System (SES) approach is needed to understand the linkages between community dynamics, governance, and mangrove ecology. This research aims to provide recommendations for mangrove ecosystem sustainability strategies using the SES approach. Data and information came from primary data (surveys and interviews) and secondary data (agencies and previous research). Management strategies in KKMK refer to the key variables of SES, which are then further analyzed using Participatory Prospective Analysis (PPA). The strategy for RS-RG connectivity is to conduct regular data collection related to mangrove ecology. The strategy for RS-RA is to supervise the use of mangrove resources. The strategy for RS-RU is to carry out rehabilitation to increase density and species diversity. The strategy for RU-RA is to limit the capture of mangrove crabs to maintain the population in nature. The strategy for RU-RG is to increase supervision and create new policies that align with the conditions in KKMK. The strategy for RA-RG is to provide socialization to RA on the importance of preserving mangroves and take firm action against perpetrators of mangrove ecosystem destruction. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ Management of the Mangrove and Crab Conservation Area (KKMK) has not been optimal, making it vulnerable to damage. A Social-Ecological System (SES) approach is needed to understand the linkages between community dynamics, governance, and mangrove ecology. This research aims to provide recommendations for mangrove ecosystem sustainability strategies using the SES approach. Data and information came from primary data (surveys and interviews) and secondary data (agencies and previous research). Management strategies in KKMK refer to the key variables of SES, which are then further analyzed using Participatory Prospective Analysis (PPA). The strategy for RS-RG connectivity is to conduct regular data collection related to mangrove ecology. The strategy for RS-RA is to supervise the use of mangrove resources. The strategy for RS-RU is to carry out rehabilitation to increase density and species diversity. The strategy for RU-RA is to limit the capture of mangrove crabs to maintain the population in nature. The strategy for RU-RG is to increase supervision and create new policies that align with the conditions in KKMK. The strategy for RA-RG is to provide socialization to RA on the importance of preserving mangroves and take firm action against perpetrators of mangrove ecosystem destruction. ]]> Sustainability Strategy for Mangrove and Crab Conservation in Tarakan, Indonesia: A Social-Ecological System Approach yulma asihing kustanti soemarno mohammad mahmudi doi: 10.56578/ijei080506 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 899 10.56578/ijei080506 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080506 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080505 This study investigates the factors influencing community willingness to manage household hazardous waste (HHW) in Semarang City, Indonesia, through a path analysis approach grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). A total of 500 respondents were surveyed across 16 sub-districts using stratified random sampling. The analysis explores both direct and indirect effects of demographic (age, education, occupation), socioeconomic (monthly expenses), and cognitive [knowledge] variables on willingness to engage in HHW management. The findings highlight knowledge as the most influential determinant of willingness (β = 0.469, p β = 0.282). Age negatively affects both knowledge (β = −0.176) and willingness (β = −0.097), indicating that younger individuals tend to be more knowledgeable and more willing to manage HHW. Monthly expenses also have a positive, though relatively weaker, direct (β = 0.086 ) and indirect (β = 0.066) influence on willingness via knowledge. Employment status was not found to be a significant factor. The model explains 73.6% of the variance in willingness (R2 = 0.736) and 26.4% in knowledge (R2 = 0.264). These results reinforce the relevance of TPB in environmental behavior studies while suggesting the need for context-specific modifications, such as considering digital media exposure and infrastructural access. Policy implications include prioritizing educational interventions, improving access to information and facilities, and targeting youth as key agents in promoting sustainable HHW management. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This study investigates the factors influencing community willingness to manage household hazardous waste (HHW) in Semarang City, Indonesia, through a path analysis approach grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). A total of 500 respondents were surveyed across 16 sub-districts using stratified random sampling. The analysis explores both direct and indirect effects of demographic (age, education, occupation), socioeconomic (monthly expenses), and cognitive [knowledge] variables on willingness to engage in HHW management. The findings highlight knowledge as the most influential determinant of willingness (<em>β</em> = 0.469, <em>p</em> < 0.001), emphasizing its mediating role between education and willingness. Education shows no significant direct effect but exerts a strong indirect effect through knowledge (<em>β</em> = 0.282). Age negatively affects both knowledge (<em>β</em> = −0.176) and willingness (<em>β</em> = −0.097), indicating that younger individuals tend to be more knowledgeable and more willing to manage HHW. Monthly expenses also have a positive, though relatively weaker, direct (<em>β</em> = 0.086 ) and indirect (<em>β</em> = 0.066) influence on willingness via knowledge. Employment status was not found to be a significant factor. The model explains 73.6% of the variance in willingness (R² = 0.736) and 26.4% in knowledge (R² = 0.264). These results reinforce the relevance of TPB in environmental behavior studies while suggesting the need for context-specific modifications, such as considering digital media exposure and infrastructural access. Policy implications include prioritizing educational interventions, improving access to information and facilities, and targeting youth as key agents in promoting sustainable HHW management.</p> ]]> Factors That Influence the Management of Household Hazardous Waste in Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia: A Path Analysis glory nasarani hartuti purnaweni maryono maryono siti rachmawati iwan suryadi nofriani surahman nurlaila fitriani doi: 10.56578/ijei080505 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 888 10.56578/ijei080505 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080505 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080504 The community of Ngijo Hamlet, Purwogondo Village, Boja District, Kendal Regency, possesses the local wisdom of Tuk Serco to clean water channels and sustain springs. This study aims to (1) describe the local wisdom of Tuk Serco in maintaining springs, (2) identify community behaviours associated with Tuk Serco’s local wisdom in addressing climate change impacts, and (3) analyse the role of Tuk Serco’s local wisdom in mitigating climate change effects. A qualitative method was employed, utilizing in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. Data were analysed using NVIVO 12 Plus software. The findings indicate that the Tuk Serco spring is a vital resource for the community. Rituals and norms, including prohibitions and recommendations, are strictly followed to ensure the sustainability of the spring. The most prevalent community behaviour related to Tuk Serco's local wisdom is adherence to norms, particularly the Nyadran Serco tradition. Elements of local wisdom (knowledge, values, ethics, morals, and norms) play a significant role in climate change mitigation, with norms having the greatest impact. The local wisdom of Ngijo Hamlet serves as a concrete example of how traditional values can synergize with modern conservation efforts to mitigate climate change effects. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ The community of Ngijo Hamlet, Purwogondo Village, Boja District, Kendal Regency, possesses the local wisdom of Tuk Serco to clean water channels and sustain springs. This study aims to (1) describe the local wisdom of Tuk Serco in maintaining springs, (2) identify community behaviours associated with Tuk Serco’s local wisdom in addressing climate change impacts, and (3) analyse the role of Tuk Serco’s local wisdom in mitigating climate change effects. A qualitative method was employed, utilizing in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. Data were analysed using NVIVO 12 Plus software. The findings indicate that the Tuk Serco spring is a vital resource for the community. Rituals and norms, including prohibitions and recommendations, are strictly followed to ensure the sustainability of the spring. The most prevalent community behaviour related to Tuk Serco's local wisdom is adherence to norms, particularly the Nyadran Serco tradition. Elements of local wisdom (knowledge, values, ethics, morals, and norms) play a significant role in climate change mitigation, with norms having the greatest impact. The local wisdom of Ngijo Hamlet serves as a concrete example of how traditional values can synergize with modern conservation efforts to mitigate climate change effects. ]]> The Local Wisdom of Tuk Serco in Protecting Water Sources to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change in Kendal Regency endah septiani dewi liesnoor setyowati juhadi juhadi fadly husain apik budi santoso doi: 10.56578/ijei080504 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 876 10.56578/ijei080504 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080504 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080503 The rapid population growth of close to 1 million people generates more than 600 tons of waste per day and will increase in 2020-2022. This has an impact on the environment and public health of Padang City so that waste management must be a priority agenda for the government. In overcoming the waste problem in Padang City, Padang City Regional Regulation No. 21/2012 on waste management has been issued, but the waste problem still exists. Government political collaboration is the key, in line with the principles of Pancasila politics that incorporate national values in sustainable governance practices. The research used a qualitative approach with a phenomenological research type and was descriptive in nature. Secondary data involved policy analysis and related literature. This research uses the theory of the stages of Collaborative Governance which consists of four stages, namely: assessment, initiation, deliberation, and implementation. Results showed the collaboration program between government, community, and private sector to overcoming waste problems has been implemented, but the implementation has not been optimal. The initiation and deliberation stages between the community and the government are not implemented, so the collaboration process between the two stakeholders is not optimal. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ The rapid population growth of close to 1 million people generates more than 600 tons of waste per day and will increase in 2020-2022. This has an impact on the environment and public health of Padang City so that waste management must be a priority agenda for the government. In overcoming the waste problem in Padang City, Padang City Regional Regulation No. 21/2012 on waste management has been issued, but the waste problem still exists. Government political collaboration is the key, in line with the principles of Pancasila politics that incorporate national values in sustainable governance practices. The research used a qualitative approach with a phenomenological research type and was descriptive in nature. Secondary data involved policy analysis and related literature. This research uses the theory of the stages of Collaborative Governance which consists of four stages, namely: assessment, initiation, deliberation, and implementation. Results showed the collaboration program between government, community, and private sector to overcoming waste problems has been implemented, but the implementation has not been optimal. The initiation and deliberation stages between the community and the government are not implemented, so the collaboration process between the two stakeholders is not optimal. ]]> Harmonizing Pancasila Principles with Collaborative Governance Politics for Sustainable Waste Management in Padang tengku rika valentina roni ekha putera tirza haqia purnama doi: 10.56578/ijei080503 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 865 10.56578/ijei080503 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080503 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080502 Business development and environmental preservation are the two aspects of today’s global concerns. SDG’s implementation at the root level is the only solution to achieve the two ends. This has created an urge for green investment, which can contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The present research focuses on finding the impact of Green Investment Capacity, Green Risk Tolerance and green risk appetite on Environmental Stewardship Investment Focus and Green Portfolio Strategy. Furthermore, the current study also attempts to analyse the influence of Environmental Stewardship Investment Focus and Green Portfolio Strategy on SDG-12-aligned investment decisions. Based on responses collected through the questionnaire and application of SMART PLS-4, it was found that a significant relationship exists between the variables. The present study provides a framework for achieving SDG-12 through appropriate investment pathways. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Business development and environmental preservation are the two aspects of today’s global concerns. SDG’s implementation at the root level is the only solution to achieve the two ends. This has created an urge for green investment, which can contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The present research focuses on finding the impact of Green Investment Capacity, Green Risk Tolerance and green risk appetite on Environmental Stewardship Investment Focus and Green Portfolio Strategy. Furthermore, the current study also attempts to analyse the influence of Environmental Stewardship Investment Focus and Green Portfolio Strategy on SDG-12-aligned investment decisions. Based on responses collected through the questionnaire and application of SMART PLS-4, it was found that a significant relationship exists between the variables. The present study provides a framework for achieving SDG-12 through appropriate investment pathways.</p> ]]> The Future of Finance: Designing Investment Strategies Through the Lens of SDG 12 muhannad mohammed a. alfehaid sanjay taneja mukul bhatnagar amar johri zelhuda shamsuddin doi: 10.56578/ijei080502 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 846 10.56578/ijei080502 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080502 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080501 West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province possesses considerable natural resource potential, exhibiting a wide array of distinctive ecosystems. However, the province is confronted with environmental challenges arising from escalating economic activities and population growth, including deforestation, land degradation, water pollution, and marine ecosystem degradation. In an effort to address this issue, the NTB Provincial Government has implemented a series of priority policies, one of which is Governor Regulation Number 60 of 2022 concerning Monitoring and Evaluation of Financial Assistance Expenditure. This regulation serves as a mechanism for providing fiscal incentives based on ecological performance to district, city, and village governments. The objective of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the policy by employing a retrospective policy valuation approach. The data will be collected through observation, interviews, literature reviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The data will then be analyzed using a Likert scale on five main criteria: effectiveness, efficiency, responsiveness, adequacy, and determination. The findings of the study indicate that the implementation of Governor Regulation 60 of 2022 is classified as high, with an average value of 2.56, particularly in terms of effectiveness, as evidenced by the allocation of awards and specialized financial assistance to villages and regencies/cities in environmental management. Nevertheless, the monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of financial assistance must be improved to ensure transparency, accountability, and program continuity. This finding underscores the necessity of calibrating ecological indicators within the fiscal transfer scheme in accordance with the local characteristics of NTB, as well as the imperative for cross-government collaboration to promote sustainable development. The implementation of this policy can serve as a model for other regions seeking to enhance fiscal incentives for environmental conservation in an effective and equitable manner. 10-30-2025 <![CDATA[ West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province possesses considerable natural resource potential, exhibiting a wide array of distinctive ecosystems. However, the province is confronted with environmental challenges arising from escalating economic activities and population growth, including deforestation, land degradation, water pollution, and marine ecosystem degradation. In an effort to address this issue, the NTB Provincial Government has implemented a series of priority policies, one of which is Governor Regulation Number 60 of 2022 concerning Monitoring and Evaluation of Financial Assistance Expenditure. This regulation serves as a mechanism for providing fiscal incentives based on ecological performance to district, city, and village governments. The objective of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the policy by employing a retrospective policy valuation approach. The data will be collected through observation, interviews, literature reviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The data will then be analyzed using a Likert scale on five main criteria: effectiveness, efficiency, responsiveness, adequacy, and determination. The findings of the study indicate that the implementation of Governor Regulation 60 of 2022 is classified as high, with an average value of 2.56, particularly in terms of effectiveness, as evidenced by the allocation of awards and specialized financial assistance to villages and regencies/cities in environmental management. Nevertheless, the monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of financial assistance must be improved to ensure transparency, accountability, and program continuity. This finding underscores the necessity of calibrating ecological indicators within the fiscal transfer scheme in accordance with the local characteristics of NTB, as well as the imperative for cross-government collaboration to promote sustainable development. The implementation of this policy can serve as a model for other regions seeking to enhance fiscal incentives for environmental conservation in an effective and equitable manner. ]]> Policy Analysis to Support the Implementation of Fiscal Incentives Based on Environmental Conservation in West Nusa Tenggara Province andi chairil ichsan markum irwan mahakam lesmono aji kornelia webliana lale dini aridantari lutfia azizah hayatus sa’adiah doi: 10.56578/ijei080501 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-30-2025 2025 8 5 Article 836 10.56578/ijei080501 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_5/ijei080501 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080420 This study aims to evaluate the health risks associated with exposure to nitrate and ammonia among communities living near the Tamangapa Final Disposal Site in Makassar City. The primary objective is to assess the health impacts of contaminated well water used as a drinking water source. The research method used a cross-sectional study with an environmental health risk analysis approach, involving measurements of nitrate and ammonia concentrations in well water and interviews with 76 respondents. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling, targeting residents near the TPA who rely on well water for daily needs. The results reveal that 27 out of 38 well water samples exceeded safe nitrate limits, while 20 samples exceeded safe ammonia limits. Target Hazard Quotient analysis indicates significant health risks, particularly among adults (THQ > 1). Long-term projections suggest escalating health risks. High exposure frequency exacerbates these health impacts. In conclusion, nitrate and ammonia exposure through well water poses serious health threats, especially to children and adults. Risk management strategies such as water quality monitoring, public education, and advanced water treatment technologies are urgently needed. The study underscores the importance of stricter waste management policies and interventions to safeguard community health near landfill sites. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study aims to evaluate the health risks associated with exposure to nitrate and ammonia among communities living near the Tamangapa Final Disposal Site in Makassar City. The primary objective is to assess the health impacts of contaminated well water used as a drinking water source. The research method used a cross-sectional study with an environmental health risk analysis approach, involving measurements of nitrate and ammonia concentrations in well water and interviews with 76 respondents. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling, targeting residents near the TPA who rely on well water for daily needs. The results reveal that 27 out of 38 well water samples exceeded safe nitrate limits, while 20 samples exceeded safe ammonia limits. Target Hazard Quotient analysis indicates significant health risks, particularly among adults (THQ > 1). Long-term projections suggest escalating health risks. High exposure frequency exacerbates these health impacts. In conclusion, nitrate and ammonia exposure through well water poses serious health threats, especially to children and adults. Risk management strategies such as water quality monitoring, public education, and advanced water treatment technologies are urgently needed. The study underscores the importance of stricter waste management policies and interventions to safeguard community health near landfill sites.</span></p> ]]> Health Risks Due to Exposure Nitrate (NO3) and Ammonia (NH3) in Local Communities Final Disposal of Waste in Makassar City syamsuddin suaebu anwar daud anwar mallongi atjo wahyu ridwan amiruddin wahiduddin wahiduddin agus bintara birawida doi: 10.18280/ijei.080420 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 825 10.18280/ijei.080420 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080420 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080419 The Tigris River, a crucial water source for Baghdad City, has faced increasing pollution due to industrialization, agricultural runoff, and population growth, necessitating regular water quality assessments. This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of the river in Baghdad’s Al-Zafraniya district to determine its suitability for drinking. Over six months, water samples were analyzed for key parameters (e.g., temperature, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, major ions, and nutrients) using standard methods. Results revealed seasonal variations, with higher dissolved constituents during dry periods and dilution effects during rains. While most parameters met permissible standards, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, and calcium hardness exceeded acceptable limits. Although no critical pollution was detected, anthropogenic factors (fertilizers, waste disposal) and natural processes (rainfall, erosion) likely influenced water quality. Continuous monitoring is essential to mitigate potential public health risks, particularly for communities directly dependent on river water. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The Tigris River, a crucial water source for Baghdad City, has faced increasing pollution due to industrialization, agricultural runoff, and population growth, necessitating regular water quality assessments. This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of the river in Baghdad’s Al-Zafraniya district to determine its suitability for drinking. Over six months, water samples were analyzed for key parameters (e.g., temperature, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, major ions, and nutrients) using standard methods. Results revealed seasonal variations, with higher dissolved constituents during dry periods and dilution effects during rains. While most parameters met permissible standards, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, and calcium hardness exceeded acceptable limits. Although no critical pollution was detected, anthropogenic factors (fertilizers, waste disposal) and natural processes (rainfall, erosion) likely influenced water quality. Continuous monitoring is essential to mitigate potential public health risks, particularly for communities directly dependent on river water.</span></p> ]]> Assessment of Tigris River Water Quality for Drinking Purposes in Baghdad City, Iraq bashar tareq al-shandah zaid raad abbas shaimaa f. ali omar wisam al-aloosi doi: 10.18280/ijei.080419 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 817 10.18280/ijei.080419 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080419 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080418 This study describes the development of a fully automated microfluidic spectrophotometric system for detecting various pollutants, including nitrite, in the Shatt al-Arab River in the Basra governorate of southern Iraq. The proposed system offers a simple, effective, and efficient analytical approach characterized by high sample throughput, low reagent consumption, and minimal sample volume requirements. The custom-fabricated microfluidic chip has a total volume capacity of 25 μL and a length of 10cm. It consisted of three microchannels, two channels with individual volumes of 10 μL, and the third with a volume of 5μL. Three Arduino-controlled peristaltic pumps were employed, supported by in-house developed software to control the flow rates of both reagent introduction and sample loading. Data acquisition was performed by recording peak heights corresponding to sample concentrations using the Microsoft Excel 2016 program. Application of the system to real samples from the Shatt Al-Arab River revealed the nitrite concentration ranging from 0.006 to 0.06 μg mL-1. The method demonstrated a detection limit of 1×10(-4) μgmL-1 and exhibited excellent precision, with a relative standard deviation (RSD%) of 0.379% for ten replicate measurements at a concentration of 0.1 μg/mL. Linearity was established in the range of (0.01-0.1) μgmL-1, yielding a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9998 based on ten data points. Each analysis of a sample required only 50µl of reagents, resulting in a total reagent consumption of 30 mL for 600 analyses within an hour. Consequently, this system is eco-friendly due to its minimal waste levels. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This study describes the development of a fully automated microfluidic spectrophotometric system for detecting various pollutants, including nitrite, in the Shatt al-Arab River in the Basra governorate of southern Iraq. The proposed system offers a simple, effective, and efficient analytical approach characterized by high sample throughput, low reagent consumption, and minimal sample volume requirements. The custom-fabricated microfluidic chip has a total volume capacity of 25 μL and a length of 10cm. It consisted of three microchannels, two channels with individual volumes of 10 μL, and the third with a volume of 5μL. Three Arduino-controlled peristaltic pumps were employed, supported by in-house developed software to control the flow rates of both reagent introduction and sample loading. Data acquisition was performed by recording peak heights corresponding to sample concentrations using the Microsoft Excel 2016 program. Application of the system to real samples from the Shatt Al-Arab River revealed the nitrite concentration ranging from 0.006 to 0.06 μg mL-1. The method demonstrated a detection limit of 1×10(-4) μgmL-1 and exhibited excellent precision, with a relative standard deviation (RSD%) of 0.379% for ten replicate measurements at a concentration of 0.1 μg/mL. Linearity was established in the range of (0.01-0.1) μgmL-1, yielding a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9998 based on ten data points. Each analysis of a sample required only 50µl of reagents, resulting in a total reagent consumption of 30 mL for 600 analyses within an hour. Consequently, this system is eco-friendly due to its minimal waste levels.</p> ]]> Analytical Design of an Automated Microfluidic System and Its Application for the Determination of Nitrite Ions in Environmental Samples rana t. shibli kamail h. al-sowdani doi: 10.18280/ijei.080418 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 807 10.18280/ijei.080418 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080418 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080417 Groundwater quality monitoring and prediction for irrigation purposes is of utmost importance for water resources management. Data were collected for groundwater quality parameters from a number of wells in Anbar Governorate, western Iraq, to estimate and predict the groundwater quality index for irrigation purposes (IWQI) using three AI models: (ANN), (SVM), and (DL). The inputs represent ten water quality parameters, including: (EC), (TDS), (SAR), (K+), (Mg2+), (Ca2+), (Cl-), (HCO3-), and (SO42-). AI models were applied after dividing the data into 70% for training and 30% for testing. The performance of the models was evaluated by determining statistical indicators between the actual and expected values of IWQI. The correctness was demonstrated by the outcomes of AI models and their high performance in both the training and testing phases. In addition, the statistical indicators of the SVM model showed that it was the best model that gave appropriate performance with (R2 = 0.99, RMSE = 31.8). We conclude that AI models can be relied upon for integrated and sustainable water management. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Groundwater quality monitoring and prediction for irrigation purposes is of utmost importance for water resources management. Data were collected for groundwater quality parameters from a number of wells in Anbar Governorate, western Iraq, to estimate and predict the groundwater quality index for irrigation purposes (IWQI) using three AI models: (ANN), (SVM), and (DL). The inputs represent ten water quality parameters, including: (EC), (TDS), (SAR), (K</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">+</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), (Mg</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2+</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), (Ca</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2+</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), (Cl</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), (HCO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), and (SO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">4</span>}^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">). AI models were applied after dividing the data into 70% for training and 30% for testing. The performance of the models was evaluated by determining statistical indicators between the actual and expected values of IWQI. The correctness was demonstrated by the outcomes of AI models and their high performance in both the training and testing phases. In addition, the statistical indicators of the SVM model showed that it was the best model that gave appropriate performance with (R</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> = 0.99, RMSE = 31.8). We conclude that AI models can be relied upon for integrated and sustainable water management.</span></p> ]]> AI-Based Analysis and Forecasting of the Groundwater Quality Index for Irrigation in Anbar, Iraq mariam hamad abd yasir al-ani mohammed falah allawi doi: 10.18280/ijei.080417 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 793 10.18280/ijei.080417 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080417 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080416 The growth of café industry in Batu City is increasing every year due to the tourism sector and the migration of students. These factors have significantly changed landscape of green agricultural land into industrial or productive land in Batu City. Therefore, this research aimed to examine land use change due to the growth of the café industry in Batu City. A solution framework was also developed for local governments in regulating or managing land use change using qualitative and case research methods. Additionally, data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders. This research used Geographic Information System (GIS), the data processing software to visualize landscape of land use change. The results showed that there was an annual exponential variation in land use change. Theoretical and practical contributions added to the discourse on coffee shop growth by including the sustainability of green land. A stakeholder commitment was also required to maintain green land sustainability and policy on investment mechanisms. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The growth of café industry in Batu City is increasing every year due to the tourism sector and the migration of students. These factors have significantly changed landscape of green agricultural land into industrial or productive land in Batu City. Therefore, this research aimed to examine land use change due to the growth of the café industry in Batu City. A solution framework was also developed for local governments in regulating or managing land use change using qualitative and case research methods. Additionally, data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders. This research used Geographic Information System (GIS), the data processing software to visualize landscape of land use change. The results showed that there was an annual exponential variation in land use change. Theoretical and practical contributions added to the discourse on coffee shop growth by including the sustainability of green land. A stakeholder commitment was also required to maintain green land sustainability and policy on investment mechanisms.</span></p> ]]> Analysis of Land Use Change Affected by Coffee Shop Industry: A Case Research in Batu City, Indonesia muhammad i. salsabila ali roziqin danang bertrand camico irfan murtadho yusuf susenohaji doi: 10.18280/ijei.080416 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 783 10.18280/ijei.080416 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080416 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080415 Plastic waste is a serious environmental issue in Banten, a province in Indonesia. This province has a coastline of 499 kilometers, with many residents working as fishermen. Limited landfill capacity, demographic challenges, and a lack of knowledge in plastic waste management contribute to marine litter, leading to profound disease emergence. This research aims to analyze the Corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication strategy for tackling the plastic waste problem based on the circular economy principle employed by PT CAP. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, focusing on an in-depth single case study. This research uses interviews and documentation to collect the data. The findings indicate that PT CAP employs a stakeholder communication strategy with an interpersonal communication approach. These strategies have impacted stakeholders' trust, led to awareness about the importance of plastic waste management, and boosted engagement and participation. As a result, these strategies have developed effective plastic waste management, positively impacted the environment and marine life and improved the local economy and living health. These findings can serve as a guideline for other CSR programs, especially waste management issues. Additionally, researchers can develop different research methods for other types of waste, such as electronic and medical waste, to create a broader environmental impact. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Plastic waste is a serious environmental issue in Banten, a province in Indonesia. This province has a coastline of 499 kilometers, with many residents working as fishermen. Limited landfill capacity, demographic challenges, and a lack of knowledge in plastic waste management contribute to marine litter, leading to profound disease emergence. This research aims to analyze the Corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication strategy for tackling the plastic waste problem based on the circular economy principle employed by PT CAP. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, focusing on an in-depth single case study. This research uses interviews and documentation to collect the data. The findings indicate that PT CAP employs a stakeholder communication strategy with an interpersonal communication approach. These strategies have impacted stakeholders' trust, led to awareness about the importance of plastic waste management, and boosted engagement and participation. As a result, these strategies have developed effective plastic waste management, positively impacted the environment and marine life and improved the local economy and living health. These findings can serve as a guideline for other CSR programs, especially waste management issues. Additionally, researchers can develop different research methods for other types of waste, such as electronic and medical waste, to create a broader environmental impact.</span></p> ]]> CSR Communication Strategy for Tackling the Plastic Waste Problem in Banten, Indonesia henik sri hastuti muhammad nicko azharry setyabudi la mani muhamad aras dewi zahra adrini widya putri doi: 10.18280/ijei.080415 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 773 10.18280/ijei.080415 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080415 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080414 The utilization of household waste start with segregation that done by society. This article aims to explore the potential for waste that is sorted by the community, to observe how the community collects waste, and to investigate the circularity potential of household waste through recycling or reuse. The quantitative approach was used with the households in Jabodetabek (Jakarta-Bogor-Tangerang-Bekasi) area as respondents (200 households) were chosen purposively. Statistics descriptive analysis and multiple regression were employed to analyze the data. The results showed that the community had carried out waste segregation, and waste pick up on time. Otherwise, the proportion of the knowledge that garbage still has value and gives benefits is more than 50%, and the proportion that waste management activities, society participation, and society’s intention to join the waste management activities are still low. The regression model indicates that the variable Desire has a significant impact on Circular economic potential. Thus, this research showed the circular economy of the waste will improve the economic value from waste but it needs to have participation from society. The society segregates the waste but still hesitant to join the waste management activities and running the business in using the waste as a material. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The utilization of household waste start with segregation that done by society. This article aims to explore the potential for waste that is sorted by the community, to observe how the community collects waste, and to investigate the circularity potential of household waste through recycling or reuse. The quantitative approach was used with the households in Jabodetabek (Jakarta-Bogor-Tangerang-Bekasi) area as respondents (200 households) were chosen purposively. Statistics descriptive analysis and multiple regression were employed to analyze the data. The results showed that the community had carried out waste segregation, and waste pick up on time. Otherwise, the proportion of the knowledge that garbage still has value and gives benefits is more than 50%, and the proportion that waste management activities, society participation, and society’s intention to join the waste management activities are still low. The regression model indicates that the variable Desire has a significant impact on Circular economic potential. Thus, this research showed the circular economy of the waste will improve the economic value from waste but it needs to have participation from society. The society segregates the waste but still hesitant to join the waste management activities and running the business in using the waste as a material.</span></p> ]]> Creating a Circular Economy of Household Solid Waste: Sustainability Perspective yunita ismail doi: 10.18280/ijei.080414 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 765 10.18280/ijei.080414 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080414 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080413 Urbanization persistently propels the expansion of the global populace, thereby contributing to occurrences such as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, wherein metropolitan regions exhibit elevated temperatures compared to rural areas. This research examines land surface temperature (LST) in Padang City, West Sumatra, utilizing Landsat 8 satellite imagery from 2016 to 2024, with an emphasis on the interplay between LST, topographical features, land utilization, and their repercussions for thermal comfort within Padang City. The employment of linear regression analysis reveals that elevation, NDVI, and NDBI account for 66.63%, 45.64%, and 66.73% of the variation in LST, respectively. The forested highlands situated in the eastern region (elevation 1000-1400 meters, NDVI 0.4-0.6) exhibit low LST values (15-20℃, UTCI 9-26℃, indicative of a Neutral sensation), whereas the urban lowlands located in the western part (elevation 0-200 meters, characterized by high NDBI) demonstrate elevated LST levels (25-30℃), frequently leading to Slight heat stress to Strong heat stress (UTCI 26-38°C, ranging from slightly warm to Hot sensation). Temporal analyses of temperature indicate that maximum temperatures oscillated between 36.77℃ (January 2018) and 34.04℃ (May 2020), influenced by the dry season, urbanization, and social restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. To alleviate heat and enhance thermal comfort, it is advisable to expand green spaces in coastal lowlands, utilize high-albedo building materials, and preserve forested areas in the highlands. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Urbanization persistently propels the expansion of the global populace, thereby contributing to occurrences such as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, wherein metropolitan regions exhibit elevated temperatures compared to rural areas. This research examines land surface temperature (LST) in Padang City, West Sumatra, utilizing Landsat 8 satellite imagery from 2016 to 2024, with an emphasis on the interplay between LST, topographical features, land utilization, and their repercussions for thermal comfort within Padang City. The employment of linear regression analysis reveals that elevation, NDVI, and NDBI account for 66.63%, 45.64%, and 66.73% of the variation in LST, respectively. The forested highlands situated in the eastern region (elevation 1000-1400 meters, NDVI 0.4-0.6) exhibit low LST values (15-20℃, UTCI 9-26℃, indicative of a Neutral sensation), whereas the urban lowlands located in the western part (elevation 0-200 meters, characterized by high NDBI) demonstrate elevated LST levels (25-30℃), frequently leading to Slight heat stress to Strong heat stress (UTCI 26-38°C, ranging from slightly warm to Hot sensation). Temporal analyses of temperature indicate that maximum temperatures oscillated between 36.77℃ (January 2018) and 34.04℃ (May 2020), influenced by the dry season, urbanization, and social restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. To alleviate heat and enhance thermal comfort, it is advisable to expand green spaces in coastal lowlands, utilize high-albedo building materials, and preserve forested areas in the highlands.</span></p> ]]> Dynamics of Urban Environment Thermal Comfort in Padang City Based on Remote Sensing Data Measurements yudi antomi fajrin hendri nofrianto defwaldi zikri alhadi doi: 10.18280/ijei.080413 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 755 10.18280/ijei.080413 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080413 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080412 Artificial reefs have been widely used to enhance marine biodiversity and support sustainable fisheries management. This study evaluates the ecological performance of artificial reefs in Damas Beach, Indonesia, assessing their impact on fish populations and environmental conditions from 2020 to 2024. Water quality was measured in situ, and a stationary visual census was used to analyze changes in species composition and habitat conditions. Results indicate increased turbidity and shifts in fish community structure including declines, stability, and the emergence of previously unrecorded type. These changes highlight the influence of water quality and habitat modifications on fish assemblages. The study also underscores the importance of integrating technology into fisheries management, such as real-time monitoring, sediment control strategies, and adaptive reef maintenance. Community involvement also plays a key role in ensuring long-term sustainability. Future efforts should focus on optimizing reef design to enhance structural complexity, reduce sedimentation, and strengthen ecosystem resilience. A strategic approach combining artificial reefs, advanced monitoring technologies, and stakeholder participation offers a viable solution for improving fisheries productivity while maintaining ecological stability in sediment-rich coastal environments. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Artificial reefs have been widely used to enhance marine biodiversity and support sustainable fisheries management. This study evaluates the ecological performance of artificial reefs in Damas Beach, Indonesia, assessing their impact on fish populations and environmental conditions from 2020 to 2024. Water quality was measured in situ, and a stationary visual census was used to analyze changes in species composition and habitat conditions. Results indicate increased turbidity and shifts in fish community structure including declines, stability, and the emergence of previously unrecorded type. These changes highlight the influence of water quality and habitat modifications on fish assemblages. The study also underscores the importance of integrating technology into fisheries management, such as real-time monitoring, sediment control strategies, and adaptive reef maintenance. Community involvement also plays a key role in ensuring long-term sustainability. Future efforts should focus on optimizing reef design to enhance structural complexity, reduce sedimentation, and strengthen ecosystem resilience. A strategic approach combining artificial reefs, advanced monitoring technologies, and stakeholder participation offers a viable solution for improving fisheries productivity while maintaining ecological stability in sediment-rich coastal environments.</span></p> ]]> Strategic Deployment of Artificial Reefs for Enhanced Fisheries Management in Sediment-Rich Waters of Indonesia: A Case Study from Damas Beach gatut bintoro agus tumulyadi tri djoko lelono arief setyanto daduk setyohadi fuad fuad ledhyane ika harlyan mihrobi khalwatu rihmi lisa nur hidayah almira syawli gilang ardyanto pamungkas dian aliviyanti andik isdianto aulia lanudia fathah berlania mahardika putri doi: 10.18280/ijei.080412 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 743 10.18280/ijei.080412 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080412 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080411 Escherichia coli is a common water contaminant of wastewater and a severe health risk to the environment and human beings. Hence, the idea of using bio-extracts of microgreen algae as a non-toxic and eco-friendly approach for wastewater treatment and its de-bacterial load was developed. E. coli was isolated from Rustumiyah wastewater treatment plant in Baghdad and cultured using the Prescott method. Chlorococcum humicola was isolated from a stream in the Jadriya area and cultured in Chu-13 medium under controlled laboratory conditions. The algae's bioactive compounds were extracted using chloroform, and various concentrations of the extract (0.07, 0.15, 0.31, 0.62, and 1.25 mg/L) were prepared. The concentrations were introduced into a bacterial culture and sterile wastewater and incubated for 72 hours. The numbers of bacterial cells were daily counted, and the growth rate, percentage removal (RA), and percentage mortality (MP) were calculated. The quality of water of the wastewater before and after treatment was also analyzed with standard parameters (pH, BOD, COD, nitrate, and phosphate). The results showed a significant decrease in the cell number of E. coli against increasing concentration and exposure duration of algal extract. For example, at concentration 1.25 mg/L, the cell number decreased to 49 CFU/ml at 24 hours of exposure, while in the control group, it was 480 CFU/ml. The maximum rate of bacterial removal was 89% at the highest concentration, and the rate of bacterial death percentage had an obvious rising trend with the increase of concentration and exposure time (up to 89% after 72 hours at 1.25 mg/L). In terms of water quality, it was found that there was a significant reduction in COD and BOD with the increasing concentrations of extracts, demonstrating the purification of water. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations also reduced, promoting the algae's ability to eliminate excessive nutrients. The current study demonstrates the high biological effectiveness of Chlorococcum humicola algae extract in inhibiting the growth of E. coli bacteria in wastewater, as well as in improving the chemical and physical water quality parameters. Algal extracts are proposed as green, non-toxic biological treatment agents in wastewater treatment systems, especially in developing countries that are suffering from water pollution and resource scarcity. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Escherichia coli</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> is a common water contaminant of wastewater and a severe health risk to the environment and human beings. Hence, the idea of using bio-extracts of microgreen algae as a non-toxic and eco-friendly approach for wastewater treatment and its de-bacterial load was developed. </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">E. coli</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> was isolated from Rustumiyah wastewater treatment plant in Baghdad and cultured using the Prescott method. </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Chlorococcum humicola</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> was isolated from a stream in the Jadriya area and cultured in Chu-13 medium under controlled laboratory conditions. The algae's bioactive compounds were extracted using chloroform, and various concentrations of the extract (0.07, 0.15, 0.31, 0.62, and 1.25 mg/L) were prepared. The concentrations were introduced into a bacterial culture and sterile wastewater and incubated for 72 hours. The numbers of bacterial cells were daily counted, and the growth rate, percentage removal (RA), and percentage mortality (MP) were calculated. The quality of water of the wastewater before and after treatment was also analyzed with standard parameters (pH, BOD, COD, nitrate, and phosphate). The results showed a significant decrease in the cell number of E. coli against increasing concentration and exposure duration of algal extract. For example, at concentration 1.25 mg/L, the cell number decreased to 49 CFU/ml at 24 hours of exposure, while in the control group, it was 480 CFU/ml. The maximum rate of bacterial removal was 89% at the highest concentration, and the rate of bacterial death percentage had an obvious rising trend with the increase of concentration and exposure time (up to 89% after 72 hours at 1.25 mg/L). In terms of water quality, it was found that there was a significant reduction in COD and BOD with the increasing concentrations of extracts, demonstrating the purification of water. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations also reduced, promoting the algae's ability to eliminate excessive nutrients. The current study demonstrates the high biological effectiveness of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Chlorococcum humicola</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> algae extract in inhibiting the growth of E. coli bacteria in wastewater, as well as in improving the chemical and physical water quality parameters. Algal extracts are proposed as green, non-toxic biological treatment agents in wastewater treatment systems, especially in developing countries that are suffering from water pollution and resource scarcity.</span></p> ]]> Bioremediation Potential of Chlorococcum humicola Alcoholic Extract Against Escherichia coli Isolated from Contaminated Wastewater raad abdulhadi nayyef aqeel lami doi: 10.18280/ijei.080411 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 737 10.18280/ijei.080411 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080411 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080410 This research addresses the urgent need to foster sustainable societies through education, as emphasized in global frameworks like the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite efforts to integrate environmental education into school curricula, empirical evidence on its effectiveness in shaping students' environmental literacy (EL) and action competence for sustainability (ACS) remains limited, particularly in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between EL and ACS among Muhammadiyah junior and senior high school students in Malang Raya, providing insights for educational policy and practice. Using a quantitative correlational design, the research involved 996 students [564 male, 432 female] from junior high (412 students) and senior high (584 students) levels. Data were collected through two validated instruments: Environmental Literacy Instrument based on Spirituality (ELIS) and Action Competence for Sustainability Instrument based on Spirituality (ACSIS). Both instruments utilized a 5-point Likert scale. The findings reveal a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between EL and ACS. The regression model explains more than half of the variation in ACS, establishing EL as a key predictor. These results highlight that enhancing environmental literacy among students can directly improve their behavior and actions toward sustainability, offering critical implications for environmental education initiatives. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research addresses the urgent need to foster sustainable societies through education, as emphasized in global frameworks like the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite efforts to integrate environmental education into school curricula, empirical evidence on its effectiveness in shaping students' environmental literacy (EL) and action competence for sustainability (ACS) remains limited, particularly in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between EL and ACS among Muhammadiyah junior and senior high school students in Malang Raya, providing insights for educational policy and practice. Using a quantitative correlational design, the research involved 996 students [564 male, 432 female] from junior high (412 students) and senior high (584 students) levels. Data were collected through two validated instruments: Environmental Literacy Instrument based on Spirituality (ELIS) and Action Competence for Sustainability Instrument based on Spirituality (ACSIS). Both instruments utilized a 5-point Likert scale. The findings reveal a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between EL and ACS. The regression model explains more than half of the variation in ACS, establishing EL as a key predictor. These results highlight that enhancing environmental literacy among students can directly improve their behavior and actions toward sustainability, offering critical implications for environmental education initiatives.</span></p> ]]> Relationship of Environmental Literacy and Action Competence for Sustainability: Indonesian Islamic Junior-Senior High Students h. husamah abdulkadir rahardjanto nurdiyah lestari tutut indria permana atok miftachul hudha doi: 10.18280/ijei.080410 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 727 10.18280/ijei.080410 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080410 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080409 This research explores the influence of internal and external stakeholders in the formation of the Environmental Management System (EMS) in the context of the Iraqi Higher Education Institutions (HEI) using the model of the University of Kufa. The study, which is based on a structured stakeholder analysis, acknowledges the importance of EMS in fostering sustainability across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Stakeholders were evaluated in terms of power, interest, and emotional or economic involvement and then grouped according to the level of their affective and cognitive involvement. The findings indicate that governing bodies and regulatory bodies have significant positive impacts, along with the active roles of institutions, operational contractors, and services; however, students play a rather passive or under-engaged role despite their major environmental impact. The results suggest the need to develop effective campaign strategies that encourage engagement among financial and emotional stakeholders. The research presents practical strategies to develop sustainability programs in universities, as it tackles systemic issues relating to resource constraints, poor knowledge, and fragmented policy within developing regions. The model suggests using a stakeholder approach as a guide for successfully creating and implementing Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) to make sure that local needs match national waste goals and international sustainability standards. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research explores the influence of internal and external stakeholders in the formation of the Environmental Management System (EMS) in the context of the Iraqi Higher Education Institutions (HEI) using the model of the University of Kufa. The study, which is based on a structured stakeholder analysis, acknowledges the importance of EMS in fostering sustainability across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Stakeholders were evaluated in terms of power, interest, and emotional or economic involvement and then grouped according to the level of their affective and cognitive involvement. The findings indicate that governing bodies and regulatory bodies have significant positive impacts, along with the active roles of institutions, operational contractors, and services; however, students play a rather passive or under-engaged role despite their major environmental impact. The results suggest the need to develop effective campaign strategies that encourage engagement among financial and emotional stakeholders. The research presents practical strategies to develop sustainability programs in universities, as it tackles systemic issues relating to resource constraints, poor knowledge, and fragmented policy within developing regions. The model suggests using a stakeholder approach as a guide for successfully creating and implementing Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) to make sure that local needs match national waste goals and international sustainability standards.</span></p> ]]> The Stakeholders' Analysis and Evaluation of Their Impact on the Sustainability and Environmental Management System in Iraqi Universities ruqayah f. alrubaye alaa t. alisawi doi: 10.18280/ijei.080409 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 715 10.18280/ijei.080409 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080409 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080408 Ammonia contamination in aquatic environments has become a major ecological and health concern. This study investigates the use of industrial iron waste, a low-cost and readily available material, as an adsorbent for removing ammonia from polluted water. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of four key parameters: solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial ammonium concentration. Optimization was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in Design-Expert 7.1.6, and ANOVA confirmed that all variables significantly influenced adsorption efficiency. Surface characterization before and after activation revealed physicochemical enhancements. Adsorption equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir model showed a superior fit (R² = 0.97), indicating monolayer adsorption with a maximum capacity of 13.6 mg/g, while Freundlich results (R² = 0.94) also supported favorable multilayer adsorption. The study achieved high removal efficiencies of up to 94% under optimized conditions, underscoring the potential of industrial iron waste as an effective and sustainable adsorbent. Its low cost, ease of activation, and local abundance make it a promising candidate for scalable water treatment applications, particularly in resource-constrained areas. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Ammonia contamination in aquatic environments has become a major ecological and health concern. This study investigates the use of industrial iron waste, a low-cost and readily available material, as an adsorbent for removing ammonia from polluted water. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of four key parameters: solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial ammonium concentration. Optimization was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in Design-Expert 7.1.6, and ANOVA confirmed that all variables significantly influenced adsorption efficiency. Surface characterization before and after activation revealed physicochemical enhancements. Adsorption equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir model showed a superior fit (R² = 0.97), indicating monolayer adsorption with a maximum capacity of 13.6 mg/g, while Freundlich results (R² = 0.94) also supported favorable multilayer adsorption. The study achieved high removal efficiencies of up to 94% under optimized conditions, underscoring the potential of industrial iron waste as an effective and sustainable adsorbent. Its low cost, ease of activation, and local abundance make it a promising candidate for scalable water treatment applications, particularly in resource-constrained areas.</span></p> ]]> Adsorption of Ammonia from Aqueous Solutions by Using Activated Iron Scraps Particles omar nasri naji bashar abdulazeez mahmood yasir al-ani doi: 10.18280/ijei.080408 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 703 10.18280/ijei.080408 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080408 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080407 Glass waste poses significant environmental challenges, including soil and water contamination, particularly from leaching substances like lead. In Kazakhstan, glass waste recycling remains inefficient, with only 10-11% of total glass waste being processed. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impact of glass waste and explore its secondary use in producing silicate construction materials. The research employs waste life cycle analysis, environmental impact assessment, and experimental glass processing into construction components such as foam glass and concrete additives. Findings show that utilizing glass waste in construction materials can reduce CO2 emissions by up to 30%, enhance the strength and durability of concrete, and substitute up to 30% of cement in mixes. Additionally, foam glass from crushed glass bottles exhibits excellent insulation and mechanical properties. The study concludes that the secondary use of glass waste in construction offers significant ecological and economic benefits. Implementing advanced recycling technologies and integrating these materials into Kazakhstan’s construction industry can mitigate environmental impacts and promote sustainability. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Glass waste poses significant environmental challenges, including soil and water contamination, particularly from leaching substances like lead. In Kazakhstan, glass waste recycling remains inefficient, with only 10-11% of total glass waste being processed. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impact of glass waste and explore its secondary use in producing silicate construction materials. The research employs waste life cycle analysis, environmental impact assessment, and experimental glass processing into construction components such as foam glass and concrete additives. Findings show that utilizing glass waste in construction materials can reduce CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> emissions by up to 30%, enhance the strength and durability of concrete, and substitute up to 30% of cement in mixes. Additionally, foam glass from crushed glass bottles exhibits excellent insulation and mechanical properties. The study concludes that the secondary use of glass waste in construction offers significant ecological and economic benefits. Implementing advanced recycling technologies and integrating these materials into Kazakhstan’s construction industry can mitigate environmental impacts and promote sustainability.</span></p> ]]> Assessing the Environmental Impact of Glass Waste and Substantiating its Secondary Use in the Production of Silicate Construction Materials sarsenbek montayev altynay shinguzhieva nurgul adilova muratbai ryskaliyev sabit zharylgapov bolatbek sakhiev abay nurgaliyev doi: 10.18280/ijei.080407 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 695 10.18280/ijei.080407 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080407 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080406 This experimental study aimed to identify suitable plant species for wastewater treatment in a constructed wetland system. Cymbopogon flexuous (lemon grass) and Clitoria ternatea (Asian pigeon wings) were planted with both wastewater and fresh water over a 24-week period. Growth parameters were recorded at specified intervals. Lemon grass exhibited the greatest plant height, the highest number of new leaves, and the newest shuts, while Clitoria produced the highest number of pods. In terms of treatment efficiency, both species demonstrated significant pollutant removal, achieving reductions of 90% in BOD, 80% in COD, and 95%-90% in TDS. With the exception of BOD, which was not effectively treated by elephant grass and giant bluestem, all other effluent parameters complied with CPCB guidelines. To evaluate long-term performance, further research is recommended with a continuous wastewater feed and an extended duration. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This experimental study aimed to identify suitable plant species for wastewater treatment in a constructed wetland system. Cymbopogon flexuous (lemon grass) and Clitoria ternatea (Asian pigeon wings) were planted with both wastewater and fresh water over a 24-week period. Growth parameters were recorded at specified intervals. Lemon grass exhibited the greatest plant height, the highest number of new leaves, and the newest shuts, while Clitoria produced the highest number of pods. In terms of treatment efficiency, both species demonstrated significant pollutant removal, achieving reductions of 90% in BOD, 80% in COD, and 95%-90% in TDS. With the exception of BOD, which was not effectively treated by elephant grass and giant bluestem, all other effluent parameters complied with CPCB guidelines. To evaluate long-term performance, further research is recommended with a continuous wastewater feed and an extended duration.</span></p> ]]> Development and Performance Evaluation of Phytoremediation System for the Treatment of Wastewater ekta dhande shantanu khandeshwar doi: 10.18280/ijei.080406 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 687 10.18280/ijei.080406 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080406 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080405 This research examines the effect of cement dust pollution on soil properties in Iraq's arid western region, particularly in the context of the area surrounding the Kubaisa Cement Plant. Spatial modeling methods were used by researchers to collect and analyze 32 soil samples at two different distances from the plant to assess chemical and physical changes to soil properties. Major findings showed higher concentrations of heavy metals like lead and lithium, higher alkalinity levels of soil, and higher particulate matter and CO₂ concentrations close to the source of the pollution. Even with present pollutants, ecological and environmental indices revealed low levels of contamination and ecological risk, on the whole. The findings indicate the continuing effects of industrial emissions on soil integrity and establish the necessity for focused measures to avert ecological and public health risks and help protect the environment. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research examines the effect of cement dust pollution on soil properties in Iraq's arid western region, particularly in the context of the area surrounding the Kubaisa Cement Plant. Spatial modeling methods were used by researchers to collect and analyze 32 soil samples at two different distances from the plant to assess chemical and physical changes to soil properties. Major findings showed higher concentrations of heavy metals like lead and lithium, higher alkalinity levels of soil, and higher particulate matter and CO₂ concentrations close to the source of the pollution. Even with present pollutants, ecological and environmental indices revealed low levels of contamination and ecological risk, on the whole. The findings indicate the continuing effects of industrial emissions on soil integrity and establish the necessity for focused measures to avert ecological and public health risks and help protect the environment.</span></p> ]]> Spatial Modeling of Cement Dust Pollution on Soil Properties in Western Iraq md munir hayet khan saif saad mansoor m. m. yacoub alaa h. abdulameer salem m. a. al-ani ammar hatem kamel jumaa mohammed ahmad haitham abdulmohsin afan faidhalrahman khaleel doi: 10.18280/ijei.080405 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 675 10.18280/ijei.080405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080404 Desalination can be implemented to ensure sufficient water supply for agricultural and economic sectors, as well as daily population demand. This detailed study explores various methods for handling brine discharge in Malaysia by analyzing environmental regulations and practices from other countries. A survey of 20 expert engineers from the Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE) and community leaders has been conducted in the study. Later, a Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) was used to evaluate the key parameters of temperature limit (P1), pH limit (P2), salinity impact zone (P3), and salinity limit (P4) from the output of the questionnaire. The assessment indicated that P1, P2, P3, and P4 obtained fuzzy scores of 0.770, 0.790, 0.792, and 0.803, respectively. Moreover, factors such as the construction of a desalination plant need to be included in the prescribed activities of Schedule 1 (S1) or Schedule 2 (S2) under the Guidelines of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which are also being evaluated. The regulations on brine waste disposal in the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (S3) must be imposed and considered to be embedded in this regulation. From the survey, it has been indicated that S1, S2, and S3 had fuzzy scores of 0.803, 0.743, and 0.725, respectively. The expert chose the approach with the highest fuzzy score as the most acceptable option. This comprehensive analysis provides insight knowledge for Malaysia to have clear understanding and later develop sustainable approach in managing brine waste from desalination process and updating the current environmental regulations. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Desalination can be implemented to ensure sufficient water supply for agricultural and economic sectors, as well as daily population demand. This detailed study explores various methods for handling brine discharge in Malaysia by analyzing environmental regulations and practices from other countries. A survey of 20 expert engineers from the Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE) and community leaders has been conducted in the study. Later, a Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) was used to evaluate the key parameters of temperature limit (P1), pH limit (P2), salinity impact zone (P3), and salinity limit (P4) from the output of the questionnaire. The assessment indicated that P1, P2, P3, and P4 obtained fuzzy scores of 0.770, 0.790, 0.792, and 0.803, respectively. Moreover, factors such as the construction of a desalination plant need to be included in the prescribed activities of Schedule 1 (S1) or Schedule 2 (S2) under the Guidelines of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which are also being evaluated. The regulations on brine waste disposal in the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (S3) must be imposed and considered to be embedded in this regulation. From the survey, it has been indicated that S1, S2, and S3 had fuzzy scores of 0.803, 0.743, and 0.725, respectively. The expert chose the approach with the highest fuzzy score as the most acceptable option. This comprehensive analysis provides insight knowledge for Malaysia to have clear understanding and later develop sustainable approach in managing brine waste from desalination process and updating the current environmental regulations.</span></p> ]]> Knowledge and Perception of Brine Waste Management Policies in the Desalination Industry, Malaysia cynthia mahadi norhafezah kasmuri zakaria mat diah mohd fuad miskon satoto endar nayono amin mojiri doi: 10.18280/ijei.080404 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 667 10.18280/ijei.080404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080403 This study investigates the environmental attitudes and behaviors of airline passengers in relation to their willingness to pay for carbon credits, utilizing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on survey data collected from passengers of full-service airlines in Thailand. The methodology involved structured questionnaires assessing seven key dimensions: Environmental Knowledge, Environmental Concern, Connectedness to Nature, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavior Control, Attitude, and Willingness to pay for Carbon. The results reveal seven main factors influencing passenger behavior in the context of rising climate change concerns. Notably, higher environmental knowledge is associated with more informed decision-making regarding sustainable travel, while social influence and perceived behavioral control significantly increase the likelihood of participation in carbon offset programs. The findings underscore the importance of social dynamics and community involvement, particularly the role of emotional bonds to nature, in shaping pro-environmental behaviors. These insights suggest that airlines should leverage targeted environmental policies and marketing strategies such as educational campaigns and open access to carbon offset programs that directly address these factors. Such initiatives can enhance passenger engagement, boost support for environmental projects, and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the aviation sector. Moreover, the study finds that passengers are willing to pay approximately 170 THB per person for international flights, with 94.5% of travelers expressing a readiness to pay for environmental initiatives. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study investigates the environmental attitudes and behaviors of airline passengers in relation to their willingness to pay for carbon credits, utilizing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on survey data collected from passengers of full-service airlines in Thailand. The methodology involved structured questionnaires assessing seven key dimensions: Environmental Knowledge, Environmental Concern, Connectedness to Nature, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavior Control, Attitude, and Willingness to pay for Carbon. The results reveal seven main factors influencing passenger behavior in the context of rising climate change concerns. Notably, higher environmental knowledge is associated with more informed decision-making regarding sustainable travel, while social influence and perceived behavioral control significantly increase the likelihood of participation in carbon offset programs. The findings underscore the importance of social dynamics and community involvement, particularly the role of emotional bonds to nature, in shaping pro-environmental behaviors. These insights suggest that airlines should leverage targeted environmental policies and marketing strategies such as educational campaigns and open access to carbon offset programs that directly address these factors. Such initiatives can enhance passenger engagement, boost support for environmental projects, and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the aviation sector. Moreover, the study finds that passengers are willing to pay approximately 170 THB per person for international flights, with 94.5% of travelers expressing a readiness to pay for environmental initiatives.</span></p> ]]> Exploring Airline Passengers' Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors: Factor Analysis of Carbon Emission Reduction Strategies jakkawat laphet duangrat tandamrong doi: 10.18280/ijei.080403 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 655 10.18280/ijei.080403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080402 This study evaluates the performance of a Constructed Wetland (CW) system designed for wastewater treatment in the Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority (YEIDA) area, a rapidly urbanizing industrial and residential hub in India's National Capital Region (NCR). Utilizing Phragmites and Typha as primary phytoremediation species, the system leveraged their biological uptake mechanisms and physical filtration capacity to achieve notable water quality improvements, including significant reductions in key parameters: TSS (98.78%), COD (93.33%), BOD₅ (97.83%), Ammonia-N (82.52%), Total Nitrogen (91.69%), Total Coliforms (98.64%), and turbidity (23.08%), while maintaining stable pH within acceptable reuse ranges. The treated water was reused for landscaping, irrigation, and industrial cooling, promoting resource recovery and sustainable water management. This research demonstrates the synergistic performance of Phragmites and Typha in a semi-arid Indian context—a novel contribution, as this combination has not been widely studied under such climatic conditions. The findings underscore CW systems as cost-effective, low-maintenance, and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional wastewater treatment, offering a replicable model for nature-based solutions in developing regions. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study evaluates the performance of a Constructed Wetland (CW) system designed for wastewater treatment in the Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority (YEIDA) area, a rapidly urbanizing industrial and residential hub in India's National Capital Region (NCR). Utilizing Phragmites and Typha as primary phytoremediation species, the system leveraged their biological uptake mechanisms and physical filtration capacity to achieve notable water quality improvements, including significant reductions in key parameters: TSS (98.78%), COD (93.33%), BOD₅ (97.83%), Ammonia-N (82.52%), Total Nitrogen (91.69%), Total Coliforms (98.64%), and turbidity (23.08%), while maintaining stable pH within acceptable reuse ranges. The treated water was reused for landscaping, irrigation, and industrial cooling, promoting resource recovery and sustainable water management. This research demonstrates the synergistic performance of Phragmites and Typha in a semi-arid Indian context—a novel contribution, as this combination has not been widely studied under such climatic conditions. The findings underscore CW systems as cost-effective, low-maintenance, and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional wastewater treatment, offering a replicable model for nature-based solutions in developing regions.</span></p> ]]> Performance Evaluation of a Constructed Wetland System for Wastewater Treatment in the Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority (YEIDA) Area, India amit kumar sougata chattopadhyay doi: 10.18280/ijei.080402 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 645 10.18280/ijei.080402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080401 The formation of leachate at landfill sites poses a major environmental risk, particularly through the pollution of surface and groundwater. This study examines the challenges of leachate management in the O.R. Tambo District Municipality (ORTDM), South Africa. It examines infrastructure deficiencies, operational constraints and the feasibility of sustainable financing mechanisms. A qualitative research approach was utilized, including interviews, field observations and a review of academic literature, dissertations and online resources. Triangulation methods were used to validate the data. The results show serious inadequacies in leachate management in all five local municipalities (King Sabata Dalindyebo, Nyandeni, Ngquza Hill, Mhlontlo and Port St John's). In three municipalities, open dumping is still widespread due to a lack of basic landfill elements such as designated waste cells, ground covers and drainage systems. Only the municipalities of King Sabata Dalindyebo and Mhlontlo have limited infrastructure for leachate collection. Budgetary constraints are the main obstacle to improving landfill management. The lack of key infrastructure exacerbates the risk of water pollution. Historical incidents of leachate contamination emphasise the need for proactive intervention. The study examines future changes in waste composition and the potential of public-private partnerships in addressing funding challenges. Urgent investment in waste management infrastructure, stronger policy enforcement and community engagement are essential to mitigate environmental risks and ensure sustainable landfill operations in ORTDM. 08-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The formation of leachate at landfill sites poses a major environmental risk, particularly through the pollution of surface and groundwater. This study examines the challenges of leachate management in the O.R. Tambo District Municipality (ORTDM), South Africa. It examines infrastructure deficiencies, operational constraints and the feasibility of sustainable financing mechanisms. A qualitative research approach was utilized, including interviews, field observations and a review of academic literature, dissertations and online resources. Triangulation methods were used to validate the data. The results show serious inadequacies in leachate management in all five local municipalities (King Sabata Dalindyebo, Nyandeni, Ngquza Hill, Mhlontlo and Port St John's). In three municipalities, open dumping is still widespread due to a lack of basic landfill elements such as designated waste cells, ground covers and drainage systems. Only the municipalities of King Sabata Dalindyebo and Mhlontlo have limited infrastructure for leachate collection. Budgetary constraints are the main obstacle to improving landfill management. The lack of key infrastructure exacerbates the risk of water pollution. Historical incidents of leachate contamination emphasise the need for proactive intervention. The study examines future changes in waste composition and the potential of public-private partnerships in addressing funding challenges. Urgent investment in waste management infrastructure, stronger policy enforcement and community engagement are essential to mitigate environmental risks and ensure sustainable landfill operations in ORTDM.</span></p> ]]> Leachate Management Challenges in O.R. Tambo District Municipality, South Africa lwanda matiso tom okello doi: 10.18280/ijei.080401 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-30-2025 2025 8 4 Article 635 10.18280/ijei.080401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_4/ijei.080401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080320 The overall task of this study is to determine an efficient control strategy and optimize the operation of the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) plant for treating the domestic wastewater of Al-Nasiriya City. During this research, a pilot-scale SBR unit was constructed to treat real domestic wastewater. The constructed SBR unit comprised: a collection tank of (250 L); an SBR reactor of (150 L); mixing and aeration units, PVC pipes, an Air flowmeter, influent pumps, effluent pumps, a programmable control panel (PCP), and other accessories. The raw wastewater characteristics of COD, TKN, NH4-N, and NO3-N ranged between230-627mg/l, 29-55mg/l, 19-36mg/l, and 0.14-0.57 mg/l, respectively. The results showed that the SBR system can be successfully used for treating domestic wastewater of Al-Nasiriya city and achieving high removal rates for pollutants which were 83%, 86%, and 66% for COD, NH4-N, and TN, respectively, and the effluent matching with the Iraqi standard limitations for the effluent of WWTP. The results showed that the optimal scenario is three steps of Anoxic/Oxic/Anoxic. The reaction phase is achieved in 2/6/1 hr for Anoxic/Oxic/Anoxic conditions respectively, and a sludge age of 10 days to achieve an optimum removal rate for COD and TN components. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The overall task of this study is to determine an efficient control strategy and optimize the operation of the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) plant for treating the domestic wastewater of Al-Nasiriya City. During this research, a pilot-scale SBR unit was constructed to treat real domestic wastewater. The constructed SBR unit comprised: a collection tank of (250 L); an SBR reactor of (150 L); mixing and aeration units, PVC pipes, an Air flowmeter, influent pumps, effluent pumps, a programmable control panel (PCP), and other accessories. The raw wastewater characteristics of COD, TKN, NH4-N, and NO3-N ranged between230-627mg/l, 29-55mg/l, 19-36mg/l, and 0.14-0.57 mg/l, respectively. The results showed that the SBR system can be successfully used for treating domestic wastewater of Al-Nasiriya city and achieving high removal rates for pollutants which were 83%, 86%, and 66% for COD, NH4-N, and TN, respectively, and the effluent matching with the Iraqi standard limitations for the effluent of WWTP. The results showed that the optimal scenario is three steps of Anoxic/Oxic/Anoxic. The reaction phase is achieved in 2/6/1 hr for Anoxic/Oxic/Anoxic conditions respectively, and a sludge age of 10 days to achieve an optimum removal rate for COD and TN components.</span></p> ]]> Proposing the Optimal Scenario for Treatment Wastewater Using Sequencing Batch Reactor System: Case Study Al Nasiriya City rusul mohamed rashid saleem ethaib doi: 10.18280/ijei.080320 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 627 10.18280/ijei.080320 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080320 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080319 Adaptive governance makes it possible to have a collaborative and flexible approach to resolve intricate environmental problems. This systematic literature review (SLR) was intended to understand some aspects of the framework such as its concepts, methodology, policy dimensions, and its contribution to resilience and sustainability. This SLR utilized the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to analyze 19 selected high-quality papers from the Scopus database to identify principal trends, challenges, and research deficiencies. The findings suggest that adaptive governance is practiced in diverse settings, such as water resource management, biodiversity conservation, and climate change adaptation, using polycentric and co-management approaches. Institutional rigidity, environmental uncertainty, and deficiencies of long-term evaluation systems still prevail. While cooperation is promoted multilevel governance still requires the involvement of conservative institutions and extensive use of digital technologies. Inclusionary policies and defined evaluation criteria are means through which effectiveness is facilitated, hence strengthening adaptive governance. The practical recommendations in this assessment will help policymakers and practitioners implement an environmental governance strategy that increases the resilience of environmental management. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Adaptive governance makes it possible to have a collaborative and flexible approach to resolve intricate environmental problems. This systematic literature review (SLR) was intended to understand some aspects of the framework such as its concepts, methodology, policy dimensions, and its contribution to resilience and sustainability. This SLR utilized the </span><span style="color: rgb(31, 31, 31); font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">(PRISMA) methodology to analyze 19 selected high-quality papers from the Scopus database to identify principal trends, challenges, and research deficiencies. The findings suggest that adaptive governance is practiced in diverse settings, such as water resource management, biodiversity conservation, and climate change adaptation, using polycentric and co-management approaches. Institutional rigidity, environmental uncertainty, and deficiencies of long-term evaluation systems still prevail. While cooperation is promoted multilevel governance still requires the involvement of conservative institutions and extensive use of digital technologies. Inclusionary policies and defined evaluation criteria are means through which effectiveness is facilitated, hence strengthening adaptive governance. The practical recommendations in this assessment will help policymakers and practitioners implement an environmental governance strategy that increases the resilience of environmental management.</span></p> ]]> Adaptive Governance in Environmental Issue: Systematic Literature Review yulianto yulianto feni rosalia simon sumanjoyo hutagalung doi: 10.18280/ijei.080319 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 615 10.18280/ijei.080319 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080319 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080318 Climate change adaptation is a key component of government policy. Because climate change has had a wide-ranging impact in various countries and threatens the community's food security system, health, including the quality of nutrition and child development, is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Climate change threatens the production system and food availability of the community, worsening access to quality nutrition. In addition, climate change impacts stunting policies by affecting children's nutritional status and creating vulnerabilities in the food system. Therefore, stunting prevention requires not only specific and sensitive nutrition interventions but also adaptation to climate change. This study aims to analyze climate change adaptation in stunting prevention in Pesisir Selatan Regency and to reconnect climate change adaptation policies with stunting prevention. This study uses qualitative methods to analyze the reconnection of climate change adaptation policies and stunting prevention. The main contributors to this study are stakeholders, including representatives of local governments, health practitioners, the environment, and affected local communities. Secondary data were collected from policy documents, official reports, and related literature. The results of the study indicate that stunting prevention policies have not fully included climate change adaptation issues in applicable policies, which can increase the vulnerability of household food security. Pesisir Selatan Regency has a high prevalence of stunting in West Sumatra. The conclusion of this study shows that reconnecting climate change adaptation into stunting prevention policies, including food security, clean water availability, and environmental quality, is essential to achieve more effective and sustainable results. Reconnecting policies through this integration can strengthen the synergy between the two policies and increase the effectiveness of stunting prevention programs in dealing with the impacts of climate change. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Climate change adaptation is a key component of government policy. Because climate change has had a wide-ranging impact in various countries and threatens the community's food security system, health, including the quality of nutrition and child development, is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Climate change threatens the production system and food availability of the community, worsening access to quality nutrition. In addition, climate change impacts stunting policies by affecting children's nutritional status and creating vulnerabilities in the food system. Therefore, stunting prevention requires not only specific and sensitive nutrition interventions but also adaptation to climate change. This study aims to analyze climate change adaptation in stunting prevention in Pesisir Selatan Regency and to reconnect climate change adaptation policies with stunting prevention. This study uses qualitative methods to analyze the reconnection of climate change adaptation policies and stunting prevention. The main contributors to this study are stakeholders, including representatives of local governments, health practitioners, the environment, and affected local communities. Secondary data were collected from policy documents, official reports, and related literature. The results of the study indicate that stunting prevention policies have not fully included climate change adaptation issues in applicable policies, which can increase the vulnerability of household food security. Pesisir Selatan Regency has a high prevalence of stunting in West Sumatra. The conclusion of this study shows that reconnecting climate change adaptation into stunting prevention policies, including food security, clean water availability, and environmental quality, is essential to achieve more effective and sustainable results. Reconnecting policies through this integration can strengthen the synergy between the two policies and increase the effectiveness of stunting prevention programs in dealing with the impacts of climate change.</span></p> ]]> Reconnecting Policy: Analysis of Climate Change Adaptation in Stunting Prevention Policy in Pesisir Selatan Regency rahmadani yusran eri berlian abdul razak hasbullah malau al rafni zikri alhadi fitri eriyanti rika sabri doi: 10.18280/ijei.080318 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 605 10.18280/ijei.080318 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080318 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080317 The increasing demand for pulp as a raw material for tissue towel manufacturing has significant environmental consequences, particularly due to its reliance on wood. Waste from the pulping process contains hazardous compounds, such as lignin and chlorine, which cause riverbed sedimentation, odor, and pollution. These issues align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 12, which emphasizes responsible consumption and production to minimize waste and its impacts. This research explores the use of coconut coir (Cocos nucifera L.), a sustainable alternative to wood, in tissue towel production. The organosolv process, employing organic solvents like ethanol (50%, 60%,70%) and cooking time (90 min, 120 min), offers an eco-friendly pulping method by eliminating sulfur and enabling black liquor recyclability. Experimental results revealed that increasing ethanol concentration and cooking duration reduced lignin and moisture content while enhancing cellulose yield. The optimal treatment involved a 60% ethanol solution and a 90-minute cooking time, producing tissue with 81.09% cellulose, 24.98% lignin, and desirable physical properties. This study supports SDGs by advancing green technology, promoting a circular economy, and fostering sustainable, environmentally friendly tissue towels. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The increasing demand for pulp as a raw material for tissue towel manufacturing has significant environmental consequences, particularly due to its reliance on wood. Waste from the pulping process contains hazardous compounds, such as lignin and chlorine, which cause riverbed sedimentation, odor, and pollution. These issues align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 12, which emphasizes responsible consumption and production to minimize waste and its impacts. This research explores the use of coconut coir </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">(Cocos nucifera L.)</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, a sustainable alternative to wood, in tissue towel production. The organosolv process, employing organic solvents like ethanol (50%, 60%,70%) and cooking time (90 min, 120 min), offers an eco-friendly pulping method by eliminating sulfur and enabling black liquor recyclability. Experimental results revealed that increasing ethanol concentration and cooking duration reduced lignin and moisture content while enhancing cellulose yield. The optimal treatment involved a 60% ethanol solution and a 90-minute cooking time, producing tissue with 81.09% cellulose, 24.98% lignin, and desirable physical properties. This study supports SDGs by advancing green technology, promoting a circular economy, and fostering sustainable, environmentally friendly tissue towels.</span></p> ]]> Transforming Coconut-Coir Waste (<i>Cocos Nucifera. L</i>) into Tissue Towels: Advancing Sustainable Development Goals towards Circular Economy Practices aisman muhammad faiq hamzah muhammad faiq hamzah yasmin azzahra daimon syukri doi: 10.18280/ijei.080317 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 597 10.18280/ijei.080317 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080317 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080316 Beyond the conventional five-capital sustainable livelihood framework, this research reveals the significance of philosophical capital—systems of values, local wisdom, and cultural practices—as a crucial dimension in the sustainability of small-scale polyculture fish farmers in Medan City, Indonesia. Through a survey of 89 fish farmers in Medan Labuhan and Medan Belawan Districts, this study develops and validates philosophical capital measurement instruments and analyzes their contribution to livelihood system sustainability through linear and non-linear approaches. Results show that the farmers' livelihood system falls into the "quite sustainable" category (SLCI = 0.571). Social capital emerges as the dominant component (index 0.6067), while philosophical capital (index 0.5290) contributes significantly by integrating traditional values into cultivation practices. Non-linear threshold effects analysis identified significant thresholds for natural capital (0.48), philosophical capital (0.51), and social capital (0.58), revealing how these capitals contribute to sustainability through different critical points. Comparative validation confirms that philosophical capital possesses strong psychometric properties (α = 0.87, AVE = 0.64) with the highest correlation to social capital (r = 0.58, p 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Beyond the conventional five-capital sustainable livelihood framework, this research reveals the significance of philosophical capital—systems of values, local wisdom, and cultural practices—as a crucial dimension in the sustainability of small-scale polyculture fish farmers in Medan City, Indonesia. Through a survey of 89 fish farmers in Medan Labuhan and Medan Belawan Districts, this study develops and validates philosophical capital measurement instruments and analyzes their contribution to livelihood system sustainability through linear and non-linear approaches. Results show that the farmers' livelihood system falls into the "quite sustainable" category (SLCI = 0.571). Social capital emerges as the dominant component (index 0.6067), while philosophical capital (index 0.5290) contributes significantly by integrating traditional values into cultivation practices. Non-linear threshold effects analysis identified significant thresholds for </span><span style="font-family: Times, serif">natural capital</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> (0.48), philosophical capital (0.51), and social capital (0.58), revealing how these capitals contribute to sustainability through different critical points. Comparative validation confirms that philosophical capital possesses strong psychometric properties (α = 0.87, AVE = 0.64) with the highest correlation to social capital (r = 0.58, p < 0.01). This research contributes to developing a more holistic sustainable livelihood analysis framework by identifying philosophical capital as a "meta-capital" that influences how other capitals are accessed and maintained. The implications include the importance of an integrative approach to policy development that accommodates local cultural values and dimensions as the foundation for resilience in small-scale polyculture fish farming livelihood systems.</span></p> ]]> Philosophical Capital and Sustainable Livelihoods: A Comprehensive Analysis of Small-Scale Polyculture Fisheries in Medan, Indonesia indraprastha cahyaambara tectona anif fatma chawa bunga hidayati doi: 10.18280/ijei.080316 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 583 10.18280/ijei.080316 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080316 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080315 This paper examines the obstacles to implementing Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) procedures in manufacturing enterprises in emerging economies, highlighting their importance for sustainable development. The study reveals significant barriers, including inadequate institutional support, fragile regulatory frameworks, and resistance stemming from conventional organizational cultures. It emphasizes the necessity of improving environmental awareness among stakeholders to enable the incorporation of EMA practices. This study utilizes a qualitative technique based on an extensive literature analysis to create a conceptual framework that identifies the various obstacles to EMA implementation, including regulatory inconsistencies, insufficient managerial commitment, and operational inefficiencies. The results indicate that effective implementation of EMA can enhance environmental performance and financial results, promoting collaboration among government, companies, and educational institutions to foster a culture of sustainability. The research concludes with recommendations for future studies, emphasizing the need for quantitative methods to further investigate the correlation between EMA implementation challenges and organizational performance metrics, thus enhancing the broader discussion on sustainable manufacturing practices. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This paper examines the obstacles to implementing Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) procedures in manufacturing enterprises in emerging economies, highlighting their importance for sustainable development. The study reveals significant barriers, including inadequate institutional support, fragile regulatory frameworks, and resistance stemming from conventional organizational cultures. It emphasizes the necessity of improving environmental awareness among stakeholders to enable the incorporation of EMA practices. This study utilizes a qualitative technique based on an extensive literature analysis to create a conceptual framework that identifies the various obstacles to EMA implementation, including regulatory inconsistencies, insufficient managerial commitment, and operational inefficiencies. The results indicate that effective implementation of EMA can enhance environmental performance and financial results, promoting collaboration among government, companies, and educational institutions to foster a culture of sustainability. The research concludes with recommendations for future studies, emphasizing the need for quantitative methods to further investigate the correlation between EMA implementation challenges and organizational performance metrics, thus enhancing the broader discussion on sustainable manufacturing practices.</span></p> ]]> Managing Environment-Prospective Accounting for Sustainable Development in Operation Management Practices Systems: A Review mochamad fahru komarudin agus ismaya hasanudin imam abu hanifah windu mulyasari doi: 10.18280/ijei.080315 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 575 10.18280/ijei.080315 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080315 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080314 PT Supreme Energy is a company engaged in developing geothermal energy to produce electricity. In the operation of Geothermal Power Plants (GPP), water vapor is extracted from the bowels of the earth, then the steam is condensed into water. When the condensate produced by GPP is not reinjected, the water has the potential to produce pollutants. One method of processing pollutants is the phytoremediation technique, which uses aquatic plants with the construction of constructed wetlands. This research aims to test the effectiveness, adaptability, and removal ability of aquatic plants to reduce condensate water pollutants. This research used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 1 (level) of treatment. The treatment consisted of 10 types of aquatic plant seedlings. The research results showed that 9 types of plants had a survival rate above 100%, namely H. coronarium J. Koenig), T. angustifolia, I. formosana, T. dealbata, A. calamus, J. effusus, P. umbrela, C. papyrus, D. bicolor, while N. alba had a survival rate of 76%. Removal values for the parameters Fe, Cu, Co, Bo, pH, BOD, COD, Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate and TSS show varying results for each cell/plant. Specifically for Co metal, the removal value is 0 in each cell. The highest removal was found in Cell 2 (treatment of H. coronarium and T. angustifolia plants) with Fe metal removal values (41.07%), pH (3.97%), ammonia (16.25%), nitrate (33.11%) and TSS values (33.78%). Removal of metals, Cu (16.67%) and Bo (19.11%), COD (56.65%), and nitrite (0.05%) were found in Cell 5 (treatment of P. umbrella and C. papyrus plants). So, H. coronarium, T. angustifolia, P. umbrella and C. papyrus can be used as phytoremediation plants to reduce pollutants, especially pollutants in condensate. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>PT Supreme Energy is a <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">company engaged in developing geothermal energy to produce electricity. In the operation of Geothermal Power Plants (GPP), water vapor is extracted from the bowels of the earth, then the steam is condensed into water. When the condensate produced by GPP is not reinjected, the water has the potential to produce pollutants. One method of processing pollutants is the phytoremediation technique, which uses aquatic plants with the construction of constructed wetlands. This research aims to test the effectiveness, adaptability, and removal ability of aquatic plants to reduce condensate water pollutants. This research used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 1 (level) of treatment. The treatment consisted of 10 types of aquatic plant seedlings. The research results showed that 9 types of plants had a survival rate above 100%, namely </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">H. coronarium</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> J. Koenig), </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">T. angustifolia, I. formosana, T. dealbata, A. calamus, J. effusus, P. umbrela, C. papyrus, D. bicolor</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, while </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">N. alba</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> had a survival rate of 76%. Removal values for the parameters Fe, Cu, Co, Bo, pH, BOD, COD, Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate and TSS show varying results for each cell/plant. Specifically for Co metal, the removal value is 0 in each cell. The highest removal was found in Cell 2 (treatment of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">H. coronarium </span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">and </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">T. angustifolia</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> plants) with Fe metal removal values (41.07%), pH (3.97%), ammonia (16.25%), nitrate (33.11%) and TSS values (33.78%). Removal of metals, Cu (16.67%) and Bo (19.11%), COD (56.65%), and nitrite (0.05%) were found in Cell 5 (treatment of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">P. umbrella</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> and </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">C. papyrus</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> plants). So, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">H. coronarium, T. angustifolia, P. umbrella </span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">and </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">C. papyrus</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> can be used as phytoremediation plants to reduce pollutants, especially pollutants in condensate.</span></p> ]]> Evaluating the Effectiveness of Wetland Plants in Removing Pollutants from Condensate Water at PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh, West Sumatra, Indonesia ceng asmarahman dadan mulyana dwi rahayu syafrudin agus riyanto mita puspita rini doi: 10.18280/ijei.080314 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 561 10.18280/ijei.080314 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080314 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080313 The environmental impact of pollution varies based on several conditions, most importantly the number of pollutants released directly into the environment. This research aims to determine the probable levels of pollution and characterize measurements outcomes with GIS techniques, shedding light on spatial correlation and comparing concentrations of heavy metals in different areas of the Haditha refinery in Iraq's Anbar Governorate. Materials and Methods: The concentrations of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and vanadium) were measured in soil samples collected at a depth of 30 cm from different locations near the new energy refinery in Ramadi city, as well as measuring the accumulation of these elements in the Cynodon dactylon plant in the region. Results: The results pointed out that elemental ratios (V: 0.475, Cd: 2.625, Pb: 0.629) for soil samples and (V: 0.759, Cd: 3.65, Pb: 0.875) for C. dactylon with the record-breaking increase of vanadium concentration in all samples. Conclusion: Spatial analysis revealed that soil in the research area was non-contaminated with the subject elements according to the Iraqi standard as well as the world concentration scale of the heavy elements. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The environmental impact of pollution varies based on several conditions, most importantly the number of pollutants released directly into the environment. This research aims to determine the probable levels of pollution and characterize measurements outcomes with GIS techniques, shedding light on spatial correlation and comparing concentrations of heavy metals in different areas of the Haditha refinery in Iraq's Anbar Governorate. Materials and Methods: The concentrations of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and vanadium) were measured in soil samples collected at a depth of 30 cm from different locations near the new energy refinery in Ramadi city, as well as measuring the accumulation of these elements in the </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Cynodon dactylon</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> plant in the region. Results: The results pointed out that elemental ratios (V: 0.475, Cd: 2.625, Pb: 0.629) for soil samples and (V: 0.759, Cd: 3.65, Pb: 0.875) for </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">C. dactylon</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> with the record-breaking increase of vanadium concentration in all samples. Conclusion: Spatial analysis revealed that soil in the research area was non-contaminated with the subject elements according to the Iraqi standard as well as the world concentration scale of the heavy elements.</span></p> ]]> Environmental Pollution from Energy Sources in the Haditha Oil Refinery Area, Anbar, Iraq sama hassan ali rahmatullah manar falih jassim al-khafagi zaid raad abbas reyam naji ajmi estabraq mohammed ati awatif mahfouz abdulmajeed doi: 10.18280/ijei.080313 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 553 10.18280/ijei.080313 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080313 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080312 This research focused on assessing groundwater quality in the Alton Kopri, Kirkuk Province, northern Iraq. Twenty-two samples were selected from twenty-two wells randomly distributed in the study area to assess the subsurface water for drinking purposes. The samples were analyzed for parameters (pH, T.D.S, Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, NO3-, SO42-, HCO3-, and Cl-) to compute Water Quality Index (WQI). Pearson's correlation and principal components analysis (PCA) were adopted to study the physicochemical parameters sources in groundwater. The dominant cations were ordered as follows: Na > Ca > Mg > K, and the dominant anions were arranged as follows: SO3 > Cl > HCO3 > NO3. The average concentrations of TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, SO4, and Cl were 1118.45, 173.54, 132.59, 341.36, 873.63, and 414.50, respectively, surpassing the maximum permissible limits set by WHO. The average concentrations of K, NO3, HCO3, and pH were 5.90, 35.02, 172, and, 8.05 respectively, and were within acceptable limits. The WQI ranged from 33.3 to 1024. The findings designated that 23% of the samples were categorized as excellent, 27% as good, 18% as poor, 14% as very poor, and 18% as inappropriate for drinking purposes. The Pearson correlation matrix has been created and analyzed to appraise the important factors impacting groundwater quality. The PCA technique was adopted to analyze water quality parameters, resulting in the extraction of three components that together account for 81.574% of the total variance. The extracted components suggest that the predominant contributors to groundwater contamination include geological characteristics, agricultural practices, precipitation, domestic wastewater, and manufacturing activities. This study stands out from others due to various local factors that impact groundwater quality in the Alton Kopri area. Agricultural practices, including fertilizer and pesticide use, lead to chemical seepage into the aquifer, while pastoral activities contribute organic contaminants. Insufficient sewage infrastructure in some areas results in wastewater infiltration. The region’s geology, dominated by limestone and clay, affects groundwater hardness and heavy metal levels. Additionally, the Little Zab River, which recharges groundwater, can transport pollutants during floods. Minor industrial activities may also introduce trace metals and oils. Understanding these influences is key to interpreting water quality variations and informing sustainable management strategies. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research focused on assessing groundwater quality in the Alton Kopri, Kirkuk Province, northern Iraq. Twenty-two samples were selected from twenty-two wells randomly distributed in the study area to assess the subsurface water for drinking purposes. The samples were analyzed for parameters (pH, T.D.S, Na</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">+</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, Mg</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2+</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, K</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">+</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, Ca</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2+</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, NO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, SO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">4</span>}^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, HCO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, and Cl</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) to compute Water Quality Index (</span><span style="font-family: Times, serif">WQI</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">). Pearson's correlation and principal components analysis (PCA) were adopted to study the physicochemical parameters sources in groundwater. The dominant cations were ordered as follows: Na > Ca > Mg > K, and the dominant anions were arranged as follows: SO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> > Cl > HCO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> > NO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">. The average concentrations of TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, SO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">4</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, and Cl were 1118.45, 173.54, 132.59, 341.36, 873.63, and 414.50, respectively, surpassing the maximum permissible limits set by WHO. The average concentrations of K, NO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, HCO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, and pH were 5.90, 35.02, 172, and, 8.05 respectively, and were within acceptable limits. The </span><span style="font-family: Times, serif">WQI</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> ranged from 33.3 to 1024. The findings designated that 23% of the samples were categorized as excellent, 27% as good, 18% as poor, 14% as very poor, and 18% as inappropriate for drinking purposes. The Pearson correlation matrix has been created and analyzed to appraise the important factors impacting groundwater quality. The PCA technique was adopted to analyze water quality parameters, resulting in the extraction of three components that together account for 81.574% of the total variance. The extracted components suggest that the predominant contributors to groundwater contamination include geological characteristics, agricultural practices, precipitation, domestic wastewater, and manufacturing activities. This study stands out from others due to various local factors that impact groundwater quality in the Alton Kopri area. Agricultural practices, including fertilizer and pesticide use, lead to chemical seepage into the aquifer, while pastoral activities contribute organic contaminants. Insufficient sewage infrastructure in some areas results in wastewater infiltration. The region’s geology, dominated by limestone and clay, affects groundwater hardness and heavy metal levels. Additionally, the Little Zab River, which recharges groundwater, can transport pollutants during floods. Minor industrial activities may also introduce trace metals and oils. Understanding these influences is key to interpreting water quality variations and informing sustainable management strategies.</span></p> ]]> Adoption of Water Quality Index and Multivariate Statistical Analyses to Appraise the Groundwater for Drinkable Purposes mohammed freeh sahab ayad k. mohammed aymen hameed fayyadh kareem ali makhlif abuobaydah ayad abdulazez doi: 10.18280/ijei.080312 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 543 10.18280/ijei.080312 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080312 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080311 Green areas are considered a major factor in purifying the city’s atmosphere from pollution resulting from the joint use of different lands to improve the city environment. This research aims to study green areas in the center of Al- Samawah city for the period from 2004 to 2022, and to explain the real conditions and developments as far as areal recession and expansion are concerned, due to its importance and its reflection on people’s lives in terms of environmental, neighborhood and overall impact. The study covered different areas and is located partly on the Euphrates River passing through the center of Al-Samawah to identify green spaces and abandoned spaces based on satellite image data of Landsat-5 TM2000, Landsat-7 ETM, and Landsat-8OLV 2015. Images were analyzed using remote sensing programs such as Arc Map and ERDAS. The analysis results showed that the annual rate of vegetation cover deteriorated during the period from 2004 to 2012 by a percentage of around 12.2%. The yearly rate of vegetation cover decrease was 13.8% from 2004 to 2022. While, NDVI value amounted to 50.02% in 2004, to 38% in 2014, then continued to deteriorate until it reached 36.7% in 2022 to all district areas. Finally, the article explains the absence of an important impact in rural regions, highlighting the necessity of the article to assist decision-makers in developing the essential solutions for protecting green spaces around city centers from urban development and reconsidering urban sustainability. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Green areas are considered a major factor in purifying the city’s atmosphere from pollution resulting from the joint use of different lands to improve the city environment. This research aims to study green areas in the center of Al- Samawah city for the period from 2004 to 2022, and to explain the real conditions and developments as far as areal recession and expansion are concerned, due to its importance and its reflection on people’s lives in terms of environmental, neighborhood and overall impact. The study covered different areas and is located partly on the Euphrates River passing through the center of Al-Samawah to identify green spaces and abandoned spaces based on satellite image data of Landsat-5 TM2000, Landsat-7 ETM, and Landsat-8OLV 2015. Images were analyzed using remote sensing programs such as Arc Map and ERDAS. The analysis results showed that the annual rate of vegetation cover deteriorated during the period from 2004 to 2012 by a percentage of around 12.2%. The yearly rate of vegetation cover decrease was 13.8% from 2004 to 2022. While, NDVI value amounted to 50.02% in 2004, to 38% in 2014, then continued to deteriorate until it reached 36.7% in 2022 to all district areas. Finally, the article explains the absence of an important impact in rural regions, highlighting the necessity of the article to assist decision-makers in developing the essential solutions for protecting green spaces around city centers from urban development and reconsidering urban sustainability.</span></p> ]]> Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS for Analyzing Green Spaces in Al-Samawah City Center Towards Sustainability marwah abdulhadi hasan sophia rezaq ali al-timimy saif abdulameer wattan kasim jubeir salman falah hassan abed doi: 10.18280/ijei.080311 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 535 10.18280/ijei.080311 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080311 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080310 Modern architecture has begun to prioritize sustainability and efficiency, focusing on the relationship between built spaces and their socio-environmental impact. This study analyzes the social impact of innovative eco-efficiency measures implemented in architectural projects with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. The methodology includes an analysis of three emblematic projects: Melbourne Council House 2, One Angel Square, and Tower Pearl River, evaluating their eco-efficient strategies through technical documentation. The results show that the early integration of eco-efficiency strategies is essential to reducing environmental impact and ensuring sustainability. Therefore, this project stands out for its innovative use of renewable energy and sustainable materials, demonstrating how eco-efficiency in architecture can mitigate the environmental footprint and improve the quality of life of occupants. Furthermore, sustainable construction practices contribute to the reduction of hazardous waste and limit exposure to toxins, which improves air quality and promotes the well-being of citizens. In conclusion, eco-efficient architecture not only benefits the environment, but also creates healthier, modern, and more resilient urban spaces committed to sustainable development, thus addressing global environmental challenges. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Modern architecture has begun to prioritize sustainability and efficiency, focusing on the relationship between built spaces and their socio-environmental impact. This study analyzes the social impact of innovative eco-efficiency measures implemented in architectural projects with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. The methodology includes an analysis of three emblematic projects: Melbourne Council House 2, One Angel Square, and Tower Pearl River, evaluating their eco-efficient strategies through technical documentation. The results show that the early integration of eco-efficiency strategies is essential to reducing environmental impact and ensuring sustainability. Therefore, this project stands out for its innovative use of renewable energy and sustainable materials, demonstrating how eco-efficiency in architecture can mitigate the environmental footprint and improve the quality of life of occupants. Furthermore, sustainable construction practices contribute to the reduction of hazardous waste and limit exposure to toxins, which improves air quality and promotes the well-being of citizens. In conclusion, eco-efficient architecture not only benefits the environment, but also creates healthier, modern, and more resilient urban spaces committed to sustainable development, thus addressing global environmental challenges.</span></p> ]]> Eco-efficiency Strategies in Architecture: Driving Sustainable Innovation for Environmental Impact Mitigation and Social Well-being allison elizabeth murga-ramirez karla stefanny huertas-vilca franklin cordova-buiza linda katherine rodriguez-santa-cruz doi: 10.18280/ijei.080310 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 523 10.18280/ijei.080310 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080310 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080309 The textile industry is recognized as one of the most environmentally impactful sectors, confronting significant ecological challenges such as elevated carbon emissions, chemical pollution, and extensive waste generation. Shifting toward a circular economy offers promising solutions to minimize waste and improve resource efficiency. This study presents a systematic review of 273 scientific publications (2009-2024) on circular economy issues in textiles. Adopting both quantitative and qualitative (content) analyses, we sourced articles from Scopus and identified leading authors, key journals, and regional distributions of research. Our findings categorize prevailing methodologies (modeling, case studies, conceptual frameworks), levels of analysis (micro, meso, macro), circular economy business models, and emerging trends. A deeper investigation into the 25 most cited articles highlights dominant themes—particularly the social dimensions of sustainability and technological advancements in textile waste recycling. These results suggest that implementing circular economy principles is foundational for sustainably transforming the textile industry, promoting global collaboration, and fostering innovative resource management strategies. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The textile industry is recognized as one of the most environmentally impactful sectors, confronting significant ecological challenges such as elevated carbon emissions, chemical pollution, and extensive waste generation. Shifting toward a circular economy offers promising solutions to minimize waste and improve resource efficiency. This study presents a systematic review of 273 scientific publications (2009-2024) on circular economy issues in textiles. Adopting both quantitative and qualitative (content) analyses, we sourced articles from Scopus and identified leading authors, key journals, and regional distributions of research. Our findings categorize prevailing methodologies (modeling, case studies, conceptual frameworks), levels of analysis (micro, meso, macro), circular economy business models, and emerging trends. A deeper investigation into the 25 most cited articles highlights dominant themes—particularly the social dimensions of sustainability and technological advancements in textile waste recycling. These results suggest that implementing circular economy principles is foundational for sustainably transforming the textile industry, promoting global collaboration, and fostering innovative resource management strategies.</span></p> ]]> A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies on the Circular Economy in the Textile Industry zhannеt seisenbayeva gulzhan isatayeva aziza mergenbayeva zhamilya kydyrova darikul kulanova doi: 10.18280/ijei.080309 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 511 10.18280/ijei.080309 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080309 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080308 The study investigates the concentration of chemical elements in biological tissues (placenta and blood) of women from the Akmola region, Kazakhstan to assess the impact of environmental pollution on maternal and newborn health. The research conducted from 2018 to 2021 involved 67 placental and umbilical cord blood samples collected from women in four Akmola districts. The study utilized instrumental neutron activation analysis and electronic microscopy to determine the concentration of 28 chemical elements. Statistical methods were applied to analyze the distribution, including the mean values, standard deviations, and frequency distribution curves. Significant variability in chemical element concentrations was observed across samples, with notable differences in rare earth elements and heavy metals. Elements such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and chromium (Cr) displayed high variation. The study identified a strong environmental influence on the accumulation of toxic elements in the placenta and blood. The accumulation of chemical elements in biological tissues was heterogeneous, influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors. Blood was found to be more sensitive to environmental contamination compared to the placenta, indicating the need for enhanced environmental health monitoring in the region. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The study investigates the concentration of chemical elements in biological tissues (placenta and blood) of women from the Akmola region, Kazakhstan to assess the impact of environmental pollution on maternal and newborn health. T</span>he research conducted from 2018 to 2021 involved 67 placental and umbilical cord blood samples collected from women in four Akmola districts. The study utilized instrumental neutron activation analysis and electronic microscopy to determine the concentration of 28 chemical elements. Statistical methods were applied to analyze the distribution, including the mean values, standard deviations, and frequency distribution curves. Significant variability in chemi<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">cal element concentrations was observed across samples, with notable differences in rare earth elements and heavy metals. Elements such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and chromium (Cr) displayed high variation. The study identified a strong environmental influence on the accumulation of toxic elements in the placenta and blood. The accumulation of chemical elements in biological tissues was heterogeneous, influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors. Blood was found to be more sensitive to environmental contamination compared to the placenta, indicating the need for enhanced environmental health monitoring in the region.</span></p> ]]> Statistical Indicators of the Concentration of Chemical Elements in Biological Tissues in the Akmola Region ardak yerzhanova natalya baranovskaya abilzhan khussainov yerlan zhumay akmaral niyazova anuar akhmetzhan umbetaly sarsembin doi: 10.18280/ijei.080308 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 501 10.18280/ijei.080308 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080308 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080307 Abalone aquaculture is a critical component of the global seafood industry, with growing demand driving the need for optimized breeding techniques. However, challenges such as inconsistent growth rates and prolonged production periods have hindered profitability and operational efficiency within the industry. This study was conducted to address these challenges, specifically focusing on enhancing abalone growth rates. Three months quantitative data were collected from the Abalone farming company on Abalone in response to different environmental factors to study the effects of these factors on the Abalone growth. Each experimental tank was installed with an Automatic Aquatic System integrated with PH, salinity, and temperature sensors for maintaining, monitoring, and controlling the three experimental factors within the set limits. The growth metrics were assessed using the absolute and specific growth rate for a comprehensive comparison across different environmental settings. The study also employed a combination of quantitative methods, like regression analysis and ANOVA, to analyze the impact of these factors. The model results were validated with confirmatory experiments. The results from the study showed that PH and salinity have the highest and lowest influence, respectively, on the Abalone growth with SGR at 2.20%/day (8.5PH, 40ppt salinity, 20℃) and 0.72%/day (8.84PH, 35 ppt salinity, 15℃). Ditto AGR with the highest and lowest value at 4.42g/day and 1.87g/day, respectively, under the same experimental settings. The optimal values of the factors were obtained at PH, salinity, and temperature of 8.18, 31.29 ppt, and 13.62℃, respectively, which yielded 0.88%/day SGR and 2.16g/day AGR. The developed models can therefore be used for an accurate forecast of the AGR and SGR of Abalone under different environmental settings. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Abalo</span>ne aquaculture is a critical component of the global seafood industry, with growing demand driving the need for optimized breeding techniques. However, challenges such as inconsistent growth rates and prolonged produc<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">tion periods have hindered profitability and operational efficiency within the industry. This study was conducted to address these challenges, specifically focusing on enhancing abalone growth rates. Three months quantitative data were collected from the Abalone farming company on Abalone in response to different environmental factors to study the effects of these factors on the Abalone growth. Each experimental tank was installed with an Automatic Aquatic System integrated with PH, salinity, and temperature sensors for maintaining, monitoring, and controlling the three experimental factors within the set limits. The growth metrics were assessed using the absolute and specific growth rate for a comprehensive comparison across different environmental settings. The study also employed a combination of quantitative methods, like regression analysis and ANOVA, to analyze the impact of these factors. The model results were validated with confirmatory experiments. The results from the study showed that PH and salinity have the highest and lowest influence, respectively, on the Abalone growth with SGR at 2.20%/day (8.5PH, 40ppt salinity, 20℃) and 0.72%/day (8.84PH, 35 ppt salinity, 15℃). Ditto AGR with the highest and lowest value at 4.42g/day and 1.87g/day, respectively, under the same experimental settings. The optimal values of the factors were obtained at PH, salinity, and temperature of 8.18, 31.29 ppt, and 13.62</span><span style="font-family: Times, serif">℃,</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> respectively, which yielded 0.88%/day SGR and 2.16g/day AGR. The developed models can therefore be used for an accurate forecast of the AGR and SGR of Abalone under different environmental settings.</span></p> ]]> Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Environmental Factors for Abalone Growth Enhancement humbulani simon phuluwa temitayo m. azeez thakgatso h. choma doi: 10.18280/ijei.080307 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 493 10.18280/ijei.080307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080306 This study focuses on using bamboo as a substitute for indoor flooring, emphasizing its sustainability, economic benefits, and aesthetic potential. This research systematically reviewed existing literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to analyze factors influencing the adoption of bamboo flooring materials as an alternative sustainable material. These factors include cost, durability, sustainability, availability, and aesthetics, positioning bamboo floors as a viable sustainable alternative to other flooring materials. A total of 50 studies were reviewed, with 20 meeting the inclusion criteria, showing a noticeable increase in interest in bamboo flooring in recent years. The findings highlighted bamboo floors' cost-effectiveness, visual appeal, and strong durability when properly processed and treated. The chemical and mechanical properties of bamboo contribute to the durability of bamboo flooring, especially after the manufacturing process. However, some issues persist, like high transportation costs, limited market reach, and low awareness in many regions, particularly outside of tropical areas. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study focuses on using bamboo as a substitute for indoor flooring, emphasizing its sustainability, economic benefits, and aesthetic potential. This research systematically reviewed existing literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to analyze factors influencing the adoption of bamboo flooring materials as an alternative sustainable material. These factors include cost, durability, sustainability, availability, and aesthetics, positioning bamboo floors as a viable sustainable alternative to other flooring materials. A total of 50 studies were reviewed, with 20 meeting the inclusion criteria, showing a noticeable increase in interest in bamboo flooring in recent years. The findings highlighted bamboo floors' cost-effectiveness, visual appeal, and strong durability when properly processed and treated. The chemical and mechanical properties of bamboo contribute to the durability of bamboo flooring, especially after the manufacturing process. However, some issues persist, like high transportation costs, limited market reach, and low awareness in many regions, particularly outside of tropical areas.</span></p> ]]> Unlocking the Potential of Bamboo: A Comprehensive Review of Its Use in Indoor Flooring yaman sokienah diana gharaibeh doi: 10.18280/ijei.080306 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 483 10.18280/ijei.080306 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080306 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080305 The freight forwarding industry serves as a crucial bridge between importers, exporters, and shipping and transportation companies. By facilitating the smooth movement of goods across borders, freight forwarders play a vital role in global trade. However, this industry also significantly impacts environmental stability due to the emission of harmful gases, carbon footprints, waste generation, and improper disposal practices, such as dumping waste into the soil. These activities contribute to environmental degradation and pose serious threats to natural ecosystems. Therefore, it is essential for the freight forwarding industry to adopt green initiatives and sustainable practices to minimize its environmental impact and promote long-term ecological balance. This study attempts exploratory research on green logistics practices and the challenges of their implementation in the case of freight forwarding industry in Hyderabad, India. Using primary research with 150 employees in freight forwarding companies, the paper explores the levels of awareness and adoption, as well as challenges to green logistics management. The study tested the following five hypotheses: educational gaps, economic barriers, customer demand, industry structure, and heterogeneity. Using convenience random sampling and quantitative data analysis, the results show that employees have considerable gaps in education and awareness, as only 28.0% of employees are also very familiar with green logistics concepts. The major barriers inhibiting the widescale adoption included high upfront costs (74.7%), education and awareness challenges (65.3%), customer expectations for competitive pricing (62.7%), and extended installation time (60.0%) All five hypotheses were confirmed with chi-square statistics from 19.76 to 45.72 (p 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The freight forwarding industry serves as a crucial bridge between importers, exporters, and shipping and transportation companies. By facilitating the smooth movement of goods across borders, freight forwarders play a vital role in g</span>lobal trade. However, this industry also significantly impacts environmental stability due to the emission of harmful gases, carbon footprints, waste generation, and improper disposal practices, such as dumping waste into the soil. These activities contribute to environmental degradation and pose serious threats to natural ecosystems. Therefore, it is essential for the freight forwarding industry to adopt green initiatives and sustainable practices to minimize its environmental impact and promote long-term ecological balance. This study attempts exploratory research on green logistics practices and the challenges of their implementation in the case <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">of freight forwarding industry in Hyderabad, India. Using primary research with 150 employees in freight forwarding companies, the paper explores the levels of awareness and adoption, as well as challenges to green logistics management. The study tested the following five hypotheses: educational gaps, economic barriers, customer demand, industry structure, and heterogeneity. Using convenience random sampling and quantitative data analysis, the results show that employees have considerable gaps in education and awareness, as only 28.0% of employees are also very familiar with green logistics concepts. The major barriers inhibiting the widescale adoption included high upfront costs (74.7%), education and awareness challenges (65.3%), customer expectations for competitive pricing (62.7%), and extended installation time (60.0%) All five hypotheses were confirmed with chi-square statistics from 19.76 to 45.72 (p<0.05). We highlight that the diversity of company sizes within the freight forwarding industry results in a spectrum of behavior when it comes to adopting green practices. Micro-level enterprises are facing much more significant challenges (58.0%) than higher-level firms at these conditions, coupled with highly uneven resource distribution (60.7%) Despite these barriers, the majority of respondents acknowledge the significance of green logistics concerning his/her company for operational efficiency (93.3%) and competitive advantage (86.7%). The results highlight a vital relationship where comprehensive education programs, targeted financial support and collaborative efforts from stakeholders can help highlight the more sustainable environmental approach to this activity.</span></p> ]]> Environmental Sustainability in Freight Forwarding: An Exploratory Study of Green Logistics Practices in Hyderabad, India apeksha garg sudha vemaraju doi: 10.18280/ijei.080305 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 467 10.18280/ijei.080305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080304 This research aims to analyze the evolution of water management models in agriculture and determine whether these models align with Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Using the PICO framework question: How have water management models evolved over time and whether their implementation in the agricultural sector has complied with IWRM principles, comparing Latin America with other regions? Articles in English or Spanish were included, while reviews, book chapters, books, and conference papers were excluded. The search was performed in Web of Science (WOS) and SCOPUS in April 2024, with 68 selected for detailed reviews. The methodology of each study was evaluated to identify key trends in IWRM. Results were synthesized, highlighting the influence of water crises in geographic areas, particularly in countries within the tropics. A trend towards basin-level analysis, like the basic management unit, was observed. Additionally, there was an increase in water models incorporating the three approaches of IWRM by the end of the second decade of the 21st century. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research aims to analyze the evolution of water management models in agriculture and determine whether these models align with Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Using the PICO framework question: How have water management models evolved over time and whether their implementation in the agricultural sector has complied with IWRM principles, comparing Latin America with other regions? Articles in English or Spanish were included, while reviews, book chapters, books, and conference papers were excluded. The search was performed in </span><span style="font-family: Times, serif">Web of Science</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> (WOS) and SCOPUS in April 2024, with 68 selected for detailed reviews. The methodology of each study was evaluated to identify key trends in IWRM. Results were synthesized, highlighting the influence of water crises in geographic areas, particularly in countries within the tropics. A trend towards basin-level analysis, like the basic management unit, was observed. Additionally, there was an increase in water models incorporating the three approaches of IWRM by the end of the second decade of the 21st century.</span></p> ]]> Water Demand Management Models in Agriculture: A Literature Review juan francisco mercado-arias fátima maciel carrillo-gonzález bartolo cruz romero sandra quijas rosa maría chávez-dagostino luis martin dibene-arriola doi: 10.18280/ijei.080304 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 457 10.18280/ijei.080304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080303 The mining effluent, acid mine drainage (AMD), is a major global environmental concern due to its high heavy metal content and highly acidic pH, which contaminates water and compromises the well-being of ecosystems and human health. Mining activity in southern Ecuador is characterised by artisanal and small-scale mining that exploits gold, silver, and copper, registering environmental problems associated mainly with river pollution. The objective of this study was to assess river water quality at 28 points in the Camilo Ponce Enríquez canton and subsequently evaluate the efficiency of various AMD bioremediation techniques with different components, including two different types of bacteria and sugarcane bagasse, by applying statistical methods and considering regulatory criteria. The proposed methodological approach consists of i) physicochemical characterisation of AMD, ii) implementation of pilot bioreactors, and iii) statistical study of bioreactor efficiency. The results show significant water contamination in rivers by AMD, resulting in heavy metal content of at least 0.1 ppb and greater than 1000 ppb in areas close to mining activity, exceeding the Ecuadorian maximum permissible limits. Statistical analysis of the bioreactor performance indicates that bioreactors containing bagasse and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) demonstrated the most efficient techniques for the removal of heavy metals, reaching an average removal range of 85.35% and 89.64%, respectively, for metals such as Al, Cd, As, Cu, Fe, and Ni. This study provides a solid basis for using agricultural waste, such as sugarcane bagasse combined with SRB, to remove heavy metals in situ on a large scale to mitigate the environmental impacts of mining activity. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The mining effluent, acid mine drainage (AMD), is a major global environmental concern due to its high heavy metal content and highly acidic pH, which contaminates water and compromises the well-being of ecosystems and human health. Mining activity in southern Ecuador is characterised by artisanal and small-scale mining that exploits gold, silver, and copper, registering environmental problems associated mainly with river pollution. The objective of this study was to assess river water quality at 28 points in the Camilo Ponce Enríquez canton and subsequently evaluate the efficiency of various AMD bioremediation techniques with different components, including two different types of bacteria and sugarcane bagasse, by applying statistical methods and considering regulatory criteria. The proposed methodological approach consists of i) physicochemical characterisation of AMD, ii) implementation of pilot bioreactors, and iii) statistical study of bioreactor efficiency. The results show significant water contamination in rivers by AMD, resulting in heavy metal content of at least 0.1 ppb and greater than 1000 ppb in areas close to mining activity, exceeding the Ecuadorian maximum permissible limits. Statistical analysis of the bioreactor performance indicates that bioreactors containing bagasse and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) demonstrated the most efficient techniques for the removal of heavy metals, reaching an average removal range of 85.35% and 89.64%, respectively, for metals such as Al, Cd, As, Cu, Fe, and Ni. This study provides a solid basis for using agricultural waste, such as sugarcane bagasse combined with SRB, to remove heavy metals in situ on a large scale to mitigate the environmental impacts of mining activity.</span></p> ]]> Efficiency of Bioreactors in the Removal of Heavy Metals in Acidic Metallic Mining-Influenced Water in Ponce Enríquez, Ecuador paola almeida-guerra paulo escandón-panchana maribel aguilar-aguilar mark t. hernández juan carlos pindo fernando morante-carballo doi: 10.18280/ijei.080303 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 445 10.18280/ijei.080303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080302 The Musi River in Palembang City plays an important role in meeting human needs, such as food, drink, and clean water. The high level of activity of the community around the river has led to an increase in macroplastic (MP) waste pollution. This study aims to (1) determine the condition of macroplastic waste pollution in the Musi River; (2) determine sustainable macroplastic waste management strategies; and (3) sustainable plastic waste reduction participation. The method uses a qualitative description of semi-structured interviews. Data collection used documentation and interviews. Data analysis used descriptive to describe the current condition and analysed using SWOT. The research results showed that the source of macroplastic waste pollution came from community activities such as domestic activities, industry, markets and tourism. The strategy for capturing macroplastic waste involved placing waste containment devices (trash booms and waste containment fences) in the streams of densely populated tributaries. To reduce the amount of macroplastic waste entering the environment, all parties, including the government, the community, and non-governmental organisations, must participate and work together. The implication of this research is that preventing macroplastic waste from entering the sea and effective management can reduce the threat to shrinking endemic river populations. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The Musi River in Palembang City plays an important role in meeting human needs, such as food, drink, and clean water. The high level of activity of the community around the river has led to an increase in macroplastic (MP) waste pollution. This study aims to (1) determine the condition of macroplastic waste pollution in the Musi River; (2) determine sustainable macroplastic waste management strategies; and (3) sustainable plastic waste reduction participation. The method uses a qualitative description of semi-structured interviews. Data collection used documentation and interviews. Data analysis used descriptive to describe the current condition and analysed using SWOT. The research results showed that the source of macroplastic waste pollution came from community activities such as domestic activities, industry, markets and tourism. The strategy for capturing macroplastic waste involved placing waste containment devices (trash booms and waste containment fences) in the streams of densely populated tributaries. To reduce the amount of macroplastic waste entering the environment, all parties, including the government, the community, and non-governmental organisations, must participate and work together. The implication of this research is that preventing macroplastic waste from entering the sea and effective management can reduce the threat to shrinking endemic river populations.</span></p> ]]> Macroplastic Waste Management Strategies in Palembang City mega kusuma putri sugeng utaya sumarmi sumarmi syamsul bachri doi: 10.18280/ijei.080302 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 435 10.18280/ijei.080302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080301 Environmental sociology has become an increasingly important field of study in addressing various global environmental challenges. Given the crucial role of this discipline in understanding the interaction between society and the environment, it is essential to examine the development and current research trends in environmental sociology. This article presents a bibliometric review of the development of environmental sociology research from 1976 to 2024. By analyzing 474 articles authored by 664 scholars across 189 journals, we trace the field's evolution from early concerns with environmental consciousness and ecological disparities to contemporary engagement with pressing issues like climate change, environmental justice, and the Anthropocene. Our findings reveal a field in ascent, with a surge in publications led by the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden. However, challenges remain, including the need for more interdisciplinary collaboration to tackle the growing complexity of environmental problems. Looking ahead, we identify promising avenues for future inquiry, from unraveling the social dimensions of climate adaptation to confronting environmental inequities and strengthening the field's theoretical and methodological foundations. Through this bibliometric lens, we aim to sharpen our understanding of environmental sociology's past, present, and future and to inspire the next wave of scholarship on the intricate dance between society and nature in an era of profound global change. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Environmental sociology has become an increasingly important field of study in addressing various global environmental challenges. Given the crucial role of this discipline in understanding the interaction between society and the environment, it is essential to examine the development and current research trends in environmental sociology. This article presents a bibliometric review of the development of environmental sociology research from 1976 to 2024. By analyzing 474 articles authored by 664 scholars across 189 journals, we trace the field's evolution from early concerns with environmental consciousness and ecological disparities to contemporary engagement with pressing issues like climate change, environmental justice, and the Anthropocene. Our findings reveal a field in ascent, with a surge in publications led by the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden. However, challenges remain, including the need for more interdisciplinary collaboration to tackle the growing complexity of environmental problems. Looking ahead, we identify promising avenues for future inquiry, from unraveling the social dimensions of climate adaptation to confronting environmental inequities and strengthening the field's theoretical and methodological foundations. Through this bibliometric lens, we aim to sharpen our understanding of environmental sociology's past, present, and future and to inspire the next wave of scholarship on the intricate dance between society and nature in an era of profound global change.</span></p> ]]> Research Trends in Environmental Sociology: A Bibliometric Analysis of Scientific Publications from 1976 to 2024 ridwan syam doi: 10.18280/ijei.080301 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2025 2025 8 3 Article 423 10.18280/ijei.080301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_3/ijei.080301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080220 Water produced from power plants is one of the most important sources of water pollution, especially for areas like Baghdad, Contaminated industrial wastewater is a major environmental challenge due to the rapid growth of industries, leading to increased accumulation of harmful pollutants in water resources, the work is intended to study the impact of water generated from a power plant in the south on the level of heavy metals before and after the treatment process and after its discharge to the Tigris River. Objective is to determine the extent of heavy metals such as iron, copper, chromium, and zinc concentration in water extracted from various points and subsequently study the monthly variations of these elements with a view to assessment of water quality and efficiency of the treatment systems. Description: Water samples were collected from pre-treatment, post-treatment, and post-discharge points to the Tigris River. Measurements were carried out on a monthly basis for six months. The preparation of samples was done by filtration and preservation techniques by adding nitric acid. Results are showed that iron concentration reached its peak value of 1.70 mg/L in November 2021, while the minimum value of 0.10 mg/L was recorded in the month of October. Temporal variation: there is variation in metals on a monthly basis; for instance, zinc ranged from 0.40 mg/L during January to 2.70 mg/L during November. Standard comparison: the result was also checked against allowable values given by the World Health Organization and the Environmental Protection Agency to determine the level at which water meets the environmental standards. Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly before and after treatment, indicating unit efficiency. Iron, copper, chromium, and zinc showed reductions, though some exceeded limits, posing environmental risks. Future monitoring and improved treatment are essential to safeguard public health and the Tigris River's ecosystem. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Water produced from power plants is one of the most important sources of water pollution, especially for areas like Baghdad, Contaminated industrial wastewater is a major environmental challenge due to the rapid growth of industries, leading to increased accumulation of harmful pollutants in water resources, the work is intended to study the impact of water generated from a power plant in the south on the level of heavy metals before and after the treatment process and after its discharge to the Tigris River. Objective is to determine the extent of heavy metals such as iron, copper, chromium, and zinc concentration in water extracted from various points and subsequently study the monthly variations of these elements with a view to assessment of water quality and efficiency of the treatment systems. Description: Water samples were collected from pre-treatment, post-treatment, and post-discharge points to the Tigris River. Measurements were carried out on a monthly basis for six months. The preparation of samples was done by filtration and preservation techniques by adding nitric acid. Results are showed that iron concentration reached its peak value of 1.70 mg/L in November 2021, while the minimum value of 0.10 mg/L was recorded in the month of October. Temporal variation: there is variation in metals on a monthly basis; for instance, zinc ranged from 0.40 mg/L during January to 2.70 mg/L during November. Standard comparison: the result was also checked against allowable values given by the World Health Organization and the Environmental Protection Agency to determine the level at which water meets the environmental standards. Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly before and after treatment, indicating unit efficiency. Iron, copper, chromium, and zinc showed reductions, though some exceeded limits, posing environmental risks. Future monitoring and improved treatment are essential to safeguard public health and the Tigris River's ecosystem.</span></p> ]]> Analysis of the Effect of Heavy Elements in Polluted Industrial Water and its Environmental Treatment: An applied Study on the Gas Power Plant/1 (Central Region) in Southern Baghdad and its Discharge into the Tigris River qater al-nada ali kanaem al-ibady ayat khairi hashim salwa ali ghanim reyam naji ajmi maan mahmood sayyid doi: 10.18280/ijei.080220 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 415 10.18280/ijei.080220 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080220 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080219 Watershed management is a human effort to control the reciprocal relationship between natural resources and humans and all their activities to foster sustainability and harmony of ecosystems and increase natural resources for humans. Watershed damage results in various natural disasters related to land use and cover changes, such as flooding, erosion, and sedimentation. Krueng Baro watershed is one of the watersheds that has suffered severe damage. This research aims to find a sustainable spatial plan to mitigate natural disasters that arise in the study area. High-resolution satellite image data obtained from Google Earth Engine (GEE) for Sentinel 2A imagery as the great spatial resolution for land observation and change detection. Furthermore, land use and land cover (LULC) classification uses unsupervised classification. After identifying the LULC, the areas affected by flooding from year to year can be identified with a very well-processed analysis through the random forest (RF) principle, which was previously considered by analyzing several supporting variables so that the exact area affected by flooding other than the permanent water area is known. The supporting variables used in this research are the amount of rainfall, slope, river density, and soil type. At the same time, the discharge analysis uses a mock model to estimate the runoff discharge from rainfall and other variables that affect it. A scenario that will be used to overcome flooding in the Krueng Baro watershed will be recommended. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Watershed management is a human effort to control the reciprocal relationship between natural resources and humans and all their activities to foster sustainability and harmony of ecosystems and increase natural resources for humans. Watershed damage results in various natural disasters related to land use and cover changes, such as flooding, erosion, and sedimentation. Krueng Baro watershed is one of the watersheds that has suffered severe damage. This research aims to find a sustainable spatial plan to mitigate natural disasters that arise in the study area. High-resolution satellite image data obtained from Google Earth Engine (GEE) for Sentinel 2A imagery as the great spatial resolution for land observation and change detection. Furthermore, land use and land cover (LULC) classification uses unsupervised classification. After identifying the LULC, the areas affected by flooding from year to year can be identified with a very well-processed analysis through the random forest (RF) principle, which was previously considered by analyzing several supporting variables so that the exact area affected by flooding other than the permanent water area is known. The supporting variables used in this research are the amount of rainfall, slope, river density, and soil type. At the same time, the discharge analysis uses a mock model to estimate the runoff discharge from rainfall and other variables that affect it. A scenario that will be used to overcome flooding in the Krueng Baro watershed will be recommended.</span></p> ]]> Sustainable Land Use and Land Cover Management Model for Flood Mitigation in Krueng Baro Watershed, Aceh, Indonesia rahmi rahmi ashfa achmad alfiansyah yulianur ichwana ramli doi: 10.18280/ijei.080219 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 401 10.18280/ijei.080219 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080219 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080218 The rapid growth of Makurdi, a city in Nigeria, is putting a lot of strain on the environment, raising serious concerns about sustainable development. To understand this issue better, a survey was conducted with 150 residents. The study looked at how factors like high birth rates and people moving from rural areas to the city are driving population growth and harming the environment. More than half of the respondents (53.3%) strongly agreed that high birth rates are a major factor, while 50.7% strongly agreed that rural-to-urban migration is also a big contributor to the rising population. This growth has led to several environmental problems, including pollution, deforestation, and loss of natural habitats. Pollution emerged as the top concern, with 84.6% of respondents identifying it as a major issue. Many linked poor air and water quality to inadequate waste management and emissions from industries. Deforestation is another serious problem, with 43.3% agreeing and 42% strongly agreeing that logging and clearing land for urban development are damaging local ecosystems. To tackle these challenges, there’s strong support from the community for solutions like reforestation (53.3% strongly agree) and better waste disposal systems (52.7% strongly agree). Additionally, 53.3% of respondents believe that adopting renewable energy should be part of effective urban planning strategies. These findings highlight the urgent need to manage Makurdi’s growth in a balanced and sustainable way. Protecting natural resources and ensuring the well-being of residents must be a top priority as the city continues to expand. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The rapid growth of Makurdi, a city in Nigeria, is putting a lot of strain on the environment, raising serious concerns about sustainable development. To understand this issue better, a survey was conducted with 150 residents. The study looked at how factors like high birth rates and people moving from rural areas to the city are driving population growth and harming the environment. More than half of the respondents (53.3%) strongly agreed that high birth rates are a major factor, while 50.7% strongly agreed that rural-to-urban migration is also a big contributor to the rising population. This growth has led to several environmental problems, including pollution, deforestation, and loss of natural habitats. Pollution emerged as the top concern, with 84.6% of respondents identifying it as a major issue. Many linked poor air and water quality to inadequate waste management and emissions from industries. Deforestation is another serious problem, with 43.3% agreeing and 42% strongly agreeing that logging and clearing land for urban development are damaging local ecosystems. To tackle these challenges, there’s strong support from the community for solutions like reforestation (53.3% strongly agree) and better waste disposal systems (52.7% strongly agree). Additionally, 53.3% of respondents believe that adopting renewable energy should be part of effective urban planning strategies. These findings highlight the urgent need to manage Makurdi’s growth in a balanced and sustainable way. Protecting natural resources and ensuring the well-being of residents must be a top priority as the city continues to expand.</span></p> ]]> Assessment of Urbanization's Environmental Impact in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria ochoche shaibu godspower oke omokaro emaikwu patience onyamoche gebretsadik tekalign tafese zipporah simiyu nafula obed kohol niambe eucharia chisom nnoli doi: 10.18280/ijei.080218 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 393 10.18280/ijei.080218 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080218 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080217 This study assesses the impact of leachates from Chupaca’s municipal landfill on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of nearby agricultural soils. Given their high concentration of contaminants, these leachates pose a critical risk to soil fertility and agricultural productivity. A quasi-experimental design was employed, comparing soil samples from contaminated and non-contaminated areas. Key parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and soil fauna were analyzed. The findings reveal a significant decrease in pH, indicating increased soil acidification, along with a reduction in essential nutrients such as potassium and magnesium. Conversely, elevated levels of phosphorus and calcium were observed, potentially affecting plant development. From a biological perspective, the total absence of earthworms in contaminated soils highlights severe ecological degradation. Predictive modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics indicates that, over the next 20 years, contaminants may extend up to 300 meters from the source, further compromising agricultural areas. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced waste management policies and soil remediation strategies to mitigate environmental, economic, and agricultural risks. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study assesses the impact of leachates from Chupaca’s municipal landfill on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of nearby agricultural soils. Given their high concentration of contaminants, these leachates pose a critical risk to soil fertility and agricultural productivity. A quasi-experimental design was employed, comparing soil samples from contaminated and non-contaminated areas. Key parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and soil fauna were analyzed. The findings reveal a significant decrease in pH, indicating increased soil acidification, along with a reduction in essential nutrients such as potassium and magnesium. Conversely, elevated levels of phosphorus and calcium were observed, potentially affecting plant development. From a biological perspective, the total absence of earthworms in contaminated soils highlights severe ecological degradation. Predictive modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics indicates that, over the next 20 years, contaminants may extend up to 300 meters from the source, further compromising agricultural areas. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced waste management policies and soil remediation strategies to mitigate environmental, economic, and agricultural risks.</span></p> ]]> Impact of Leachates from the Chupaca Landfill on Agricultural Soil Quality violeta elisa quispe-mejía jhonny corilloclla-aviles boris ernesto d’angles-woolcott luis ricardo flores-vilcapoma augusto aliaga-miranda christian efrain raqui-ramirez anieval cirilo peña-rojas josé luis claudio-perez luis enrique rojas-mio doi: 10.18280/ijei.080217 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 381 10.18280/ijei.080217 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080217 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080216 Energy in all forms is a key requirement for human livelihood and for socio-economic development. However, overreliance on a single source of energy can cause energy management issues because of the occurrence of system over-burdening. Thus, the utilization of other forms of energy is highly promoted worldwide, with a clear emphasis on enhancing environmentalism and reducing pollution through waste management and control. This paper considers the use of digital image processing in the form of pattern recognition to extract the pattern of a coconut shell and charcoal wood to show the correlation between their patterns. Thus, deducing the energy properties of the coconut shell. A 3D camera is used to capture the digital image of the preprocessed coconut shell. The appropriate algorithm is then written on the MATLAB software toolbox to manipulate and translate the digital images, hence revealing its hidden nature. The technical process of scrutinizing the hidden properties involves the changes of pixels of the images, enhancement and thresholding; which is the pattern revealing step. Finally, the automatic pattern recognition toolbox acts to recognize the resemblance of the pattern of the coconut shells to the wood charcoal in order to analyze the pattern directly and determine the energy property percentage indices of the agent under test. The results indicate that out of a total of 180 samples of dataset for coconut wood and 178 samples of dataset for charcoal wood, 179 and 177 samples were correctly predicted for coconut shell and charcoal wood, respectively. Thus, the overall accuracy is 99.4% which indicate that coconut shells is carbon based, first- generation bioenergy crop and has high bioenergy properties and again a lower ignition property compared to charcoal wood. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Energy in all forms is a key requirement for human livelihood and for socio-economic development. However, overreliance on a single source of energy can cause energy management issues because of the occurrence of system over-burdening. Thus, the utilization of other forms of energy is highly promoted worldwide, with a clear emphasis on enhancing environmentalism and reducing pollution through waste management and control. This paper considers the use of digital image processing in the form of pattern recognition to extract the pattern of a coconut shell and charcoal wood to show the correlation between their patterns. Thus, deducing the energy properties of the coconut shell. A 3D camera is used to capture the digital image of the preprocessed coconut shell. The appropriate algorithm is then written on the MATLAB software toolbox to manipulate and translate the digital images, hence revealing its hidden nature. The technical process of scrutinizing the hidden properties involves the changes of pixels of the images, enhancement and thresholding; which is the pattern revealing step. Finally, the automatic pattern recognition toolbox acts to recognize the resemblance of the pattern of the coconut shells to the wood charcoal in order to analyze the pattern directly and determine the energy property percentage indices of the agent under test. The results indicate that out of a total of 180 samples of dataset for coconut wood and 178 samples of dataset for charcoal wood, 179 and 177 samples were correctly predicted for coconut shell and charcoal wood, respectively. Thus, the overall accuracy is 99.4% which indicate that coconut shells is carbon based, first- generation bioenergy crop and has high bioenergy properties and again a lower ignition property compared to charcoal wood.</span></p> ]]> Espousing Environmental Pollution Management and Control by Exploring the Bioenergy Properties of Coconut Shell Nanoparticles ruhiya abubakar comoe axel aymeric n’da amevi acakpovi solomon nsor-anabiah doi: 10.18280/ijei.080216 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 371 10.18280/ijei.080216 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080216 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080215 Climate change is presently the most pressing and urgent global issue. Its potential consequences, such as the drying up of rivers, the submersion of vast coastal areas, and shifts in global agricultural production patterns, are so severe that they could have catastrophic impacts on humanity. Consequently, global environmental organizations have sounded the alarm, warning of the deteriorating global climate and the grave consequences of increasing carbon emissions. The primary objective of this research is to classify the root reasons of climate change in Iraq, explore potential mitigation strategies, and assess the resulting impacts of these changes. A comprehensive literature review was performed, including environmental reports, historical climate data, and previous studies on climate change in Iraq. Data analysis focused on temperature trends, rainfall patterns, and environmental consequences over the past decades. Our findings indicate that the escalation in temperatures and the reduction in rainfall levels owing to climate change have had a significant effect on water availability, decline in agricultural production, increase in poverty, deterioration of health conditions, decline in the tourism sector and escalation in the occurrence of dust storms. Temperatures across the country have risen sharply since the 1950s, with the average temperature during the period 1901-2021 increasing by approximately 2 degrees Celsius, even higher than the global average. Additionally, rainfall has shown a substantial and continuous decline, with projections indicating a reduction of more than 30% by 2100 compared to the 1938-1978 average. Climate change poses a serious threat to Iraq’s sustainability. Immediate policy interventions, international cooperation, and sustainable environmental strategies are necessary to mitigate its adverse consequences. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Climate change is presently the most pressing and urgent global issue. Its potential consequences, such as the drying up of rivers, the submersion of vast coastal areas, and shifts in global agricultural production patterns, are so severe that they could have catastrophic impacts on humanity. Consequently, global environmental organizations have sounded the alarm, warning of the deteriorating global climate and the grave consequences of increasing carbon emissions. The primary objective of this research is to classify the root reasons of climate change in Iraq, explore potential mitigation strategies, and assess the resulting impacts of these changes. A comprehensive literature review was performed, including environmental reports, historical climate data, and previous studies on climate change in Iraq. Data analysis focused on temperature trends, rainfall patterns, and environmental consequences over the past decades. Our findings indicate that the escalation in temperatures and the reduction in rainfall levels owing to climate change have had a significant effect on water availability, decline in agricultural production, increase in poverty, deterioration of health conditions, decline in the tourism sector and escalation in the occurrence of dust storms. Temperatures across the country have risen sharply since the 1950s, with the average temperature during the period 1901-2021 increasing by approximately 2 degrees Celsius, even higher than the global average. Additionally, rainfall has shown a substantial and continuous decline, with projections indicating a reduction of more than 30% by 2100 compared to the 1938-1978 average. Climate change poses a serious threat to Iraq’s sustainability. Immediate policy interventions, international cooperation, and sustainable environmental strategies are necessary to mitigate its adverse consequences.</span></p> ]]> Climate Change in Iraq: A Comprehensive Analysis shno m. ali doi: 10.18280/ijei.080215 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 361 10.18280/ijei.080215 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080215 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080214 Textile manufacturing processes can produce harmful environmental impacts, particularly the generation of significant textile waste. Thus, in this study, researcher examined the potential of the needle felting technique as a method for reusing textile wastes. Needle felting is a unique textile technique that involves the interlocking of fibres using a barbed needle. This process can be used to transform fabric wastes into new fabrics without the need for spinning or weaving. Furthermore, natural dyes derived from plants such as Parkia speciosa pods can provide an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic dyes, thus reducing the environmental impacts of textile production. Accordingly, exploring the use of cotton wastes from a cotton-weaving factory in Thailand to develop a sustainable material for clothes through the application of needle felting and natural dyeing using Parkia speciosa pods. Moreover, the colour, weight, thickness, texture and colourfastness of needle-felted bitter-bean-pod–dyed cotton wastes were evaluated before and after the needle-felting process. The fabrics’ colour strength (K/S values) and weight (grams per square meter) were also assessed to determine the correlation between fabric weight and colour strength. Additionally, colourfastness to dry cleaning, washing, rubbing, light and perspiration was evaluated. Results showed that needle felting is a feasible technique for transforming textile waste into new, durable fabrics. The research further revealed that cotton wastes can be successfully dyed using natural colours, offering a sustainable alternative for prospective textile applications in the future. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times, serif">Textile manufacturing processes can produce harmful environmental impacts, particularly the generation of significant textile waste. Thus, in this study, researcher examined the potential of the needle felting technique as a method for reusing textile wastes. Needle felting is a unique textile technique that involves the interlocking of fibres using a barbed needle. This process can be used to transform fabric wastes into new fabrics without the need for spinning or weaving. Furthermore, natural dyes derived from plants such as </span><em><span style="font-family: Times, serif">Parkia speciosa</span></em> pods can provide an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic dyes, thus reducing the environmental impacts of textile production. Accordingly, exploring the use of cotton wastes from a cotton-weaving factory in Thailand to develop a sustainable material for clothes through the application of needle felting and natural dyeing using <em><span style="font-family: Times, serif">Parkia speciosa</span></em> pods. Moreover, the colour, weight, thickness, texture and colourfastness of needle-felted bitter-bean-pod–dyed cotton wastes were evaluated before and after the needle-felting process. The fabrics’ colour strength (K/S values) and weight (grams per square meter) were also assessed to determine the correlation between fabric weight and colour<span style="color: black; font-family: Times, serif"> strength. Additionally, colourfastness to dry cleaning, washing, rubbing, light and perspiration was evaluated. Results showed that needle felting is a feasible technique for transforming textile waste into new, durable fabrics. The research further revealed that cotton wastes can be successfully dyed using natural colours, offering a sustainable alternative for prospective textile applications in the future.</span></p> ]]> Colourfastness Properties of Natural Dye (Parkia Speciosa Pods) on Needle-Felted Fabric from Cotton Waste krailerck visesphan jirawat vongphantuset eakachat joneurairatana doi: 10.18280/ijei.080214 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 353 10.18280/ijei.080214 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080214 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080213 Currently, the world is facing a triple planetary crisis consisting of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss, which have significant impacts on various sectors of life. West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province is one of the areas that feels the impact, as shown by data from the NTB BPBD which records the frequency of floods and droughts. Nevertheless, NTB has rich natural resources with various ecosystems that can drive economic growth and environmental conservation. The NTB government has launched a development vision of "NTB Asri and Sustainable," with priority programs such as NTB Hijau and NTB Zero Waste to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). To support these programs, synergy between governments at all levels and active participation of stakeholders are needed. This study aims to analyze the role of stakeholders in the implementation of ecological-based fiscal incentives in NTB, in order to ensure sustainability and stakeholder involvement in overcoming this environmental crisis. Data for this study were collected through several data collection instruments such as field observations, interviews with questionnaires, in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and literature studies. The results of the analysis carried out show that each actor has the same view that this policy is important to continue to be implemented because it has positive implications for environmental improvement synergistically at various levels of government. This is also shown by the high level of participation and support from stakeholders in implementing the policy. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Currently, the world is facing a triple planetary crisis consisting of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss, which have significant impacts on various sectors of life. West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province is one of the areas that feels the impact, as shown by data from the NTB BPBD which records the frequency of floods and droughts. Nevertheless, NTB has rich natural resources with various ecosystems that can drive economic growth and environmental conservation. The NTB government has launched a development vision of "NTB Asri and Sustainable," with priority programs such as NTB Hijau and NTB Zero Waste to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). To support these programs, synergy between governments at all levels and active participation of stakeholders are needed. This study aims to analyze the role of stakeholders in the implementation of ecological-based fiscal incentives in NTB, in order to ensure sustainability and stakeholder involvement in overcoming this environmental crisis. Data for this study were collected through several data collection instruments such as field observations, interviews with questionnaires, in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and literature studies. The results of the analysis carried out show that each actor has the same view that this policy is important to continue to be implemented because it has positive implications for environmental improvement synergistically at various levels of government. This is also shown by the high level of participation and support from stakeholders in implementing the policy.</span></p> ]]> Strengthening the Role of Stakeholders in the Implementation of Ecological–Based Fiscal Incentives in West Nusa Tenggara Province bambang dipokusumo andi chairil ichsan maiser syaputra kornelia webliana lale dini aridantari hayatus saadiah doi: 10.18280/ijei.080213 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 343 10.18280/ijei.080213 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080213 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080212 This research investigates the technical performance of finishing materials used in the facades of school buildings in hot and arid regions, addressing the lack of thorough evaluation in material selection. Current practices often result in rapid material degradation, necessitating frequent maintenance. The study seeks to establish technical standards and indicators for evaluating material durability and condition over time. By focusing on two selected school buildings, the research aims to provide insights into material performance and user behavior impacts. It includes a literature review, field surveys, and laboratory testing to evaluate material resistance to local environmental and human factors. The study's findings will contribute to developing guidelines for improving the durability of finishing materials in school buildings, thereby reducing maintenance costs and enhancing building longevity. One key conclusion is the inadequacy of current materials in withstanding local conditions, highlighting the need for specialized studies to establish local standards for material evaluation. The research encountered several obstacles, including technical challenges related to limited capabilities for sample testing. The second set of challenges were administrative in nature, which hindered the research due to the regulations and requirements for accessing school buildings. Additionally, there were difficulties in extracting samples of finishing materials and subsequently replacing them within the building. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research investigates the technical performance of finishing materials used in the facades of school buildings in hot and arid regions, addressing the lack of thorough evaluation in material selection. Current practices often result in rapid material degradation, necessitating frequent maintenance. The study seeks to establish technical standards and indicators for evaluating material durability and condition over time. By focusing on two selected school buildings, the research aims to provide insights into material performance and user behavior impacts. It includes a literature review, field surveys, and laboratory testing to evaluate material resistance to local environmental and human factors. The study's findings will contribute to developing guidelines for improving the durability of finishing materials in school buildings, thereby reducing maintenance costs and enhancing building longevity. One key conclusion is the inadequacy of current materials in withstanding local conditions, highlighting the need for specialized studies to establish local standards for material evaluation. The research encountered several obstacles, including technical challenges related to limited capabilities for sample testing. The second set of challenges were administrative in nature, which hindered the research due to the regulations and requirements for accessing school buildings. Additionally, there were difficulties in extracting samples of finishing materials and subsequently replacing them within the building.</span></p> ]]> Technical Performance of School Building Facades in Hot and Arid Regions: Evaluating the Condition and Durability of Finishing Materials ali ghazi abdul ali al-maliki ali m jaafar amjad al-musaed doi: 10.18280/ijei.080212 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 321 10.18280/ijei.080212 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080212 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080211 Ibuprofen (IBU) is considered an emergent pollutant owing to its presence in different environmental matrixes (especially in wastewater), high stability, low degradation rate, and widespread use. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the occurrence of IBU in both the effluent and influent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and to assess the capacity of these facilities to reduce its concentration. Samples were collected monthly from January to December 2024 from five plants within Babylon Governorate, Iraq: Al-Sadiq Hospital, Marjan Hospital, Al-Hilla Hospital, Childbirth and Children's Hospital, and Mamira plant. The concentration of IBU was conducted utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of ibuprofen in the influent wastewater of the plants was 144, 12.57, 10.45, 20.34 and 1096 µg/ l respectively, while revealing effluent concentrations of 132.6, 7.52, 8.05, 11.15 and 945 µg/ l for Al-Sadiq Hospital plant, Marjan Hospital plant, Al-Hilla Hospital plant, Childbirth and Children's Hospital plant, and the Al-Mamira plant respectively. The maximum effluent concentration of IBU was observed at the Mamira plant, exhibiting a removal efficiency of 13.78%, whereas the minimum effluent concentration was recorded at the Childbirth and Children's Hospital plant, which had a removal efficiency of 45.18%. The P-value of 1.025E-06 (less than 0.05) revealed that the influent concentration of ibuprofen exerted a statistically significant impact on the effluent concentration of ibuprofen. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Ibuprofen (IBU) is considered an emergent pollutant owing to its presence in different environmental matrixes (especially in wastewater), high stability, low degradation rate, and widespread use. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the occurrence of IBU in both the effluent and influent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and to assess the capacity of these facilities to reduce its concentration. Samples were collected monthly from January to December 2024 from five plants within Babylon Governorate, Iraq: Al-Sadiq Hospital, Marjan Hospital, Al-Hilla Hospital, Childbirth and Children's Hospital, and Mamira plant. The concentration of IBU was conducted utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of ibuprofen in the influent wastewater of the plants was 144, 12.57, 10.45, 20.34 and 1096 µg/ l respectively, while revealing effluent concentrations of 132.6, 7.52, 8.05, 11.15 and 945 µg/ l for Al-Sadiq Hospital plant, Marjan Hospital plant, Al-Hilla Hospital plant, Childbirth and Children's Hospital plant, and the Al-Mamira plant respectively. The maximum effluent concentration of IBU was observed at the Mamira plant, exhibiting a removal efficiency of 13.78%, whereas the minimum effluent concentration was recorded at the Childbirth and Children's Hospital plant, which had a removal efficiency of 45.18%. The P-value of 1.025E-06 (less than 0.05) revealed that the influent concentration of ibuprofen exerted a statistically significant impact on the effluent concentration of ibuprofen.</span></p> ]]> Performance Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Removing Ibuprofen: A Case Study of Babylon Governorate, Iraq ali mohsen mohammed aalaa fahim abbas haider mashkoor hussein doi: 10.18280/ijei.080211 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 311 10.18280/ijei.080211 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080211 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080210 Process of municipal solid waste into the electrical energy of Putri Cempo Landfill with gasification technology as an alternative to significantly reduce the environmental impact related to macro components as chemical constituents of waste. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach is used to holistically evaluate the environmental impact of the gasification process at the waste power plant (WPP) of Putri Cempo Landfill. This study aims to identify the potential environmental impact and determine the hotspot of the gasification process at the Putri Cempo Landfill WPP. The method used in this study is quantitative descriptive with the LCA method, which includes goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation, where the limitation in this study is gate to gate. The results showed that the largest potential environmental impacts are human carcinogenic toxicity of 41.64738 kg 1.4-DCB, freshwater ecotoxicity of 15.364229 kg 1.4-DCB, and marine ecotoxicity of 11.390976 kg 1,4-DCB. The lowest potential environmental impacts are mineral resource scarcity of 0.000182585 kg Cu eq, stratospheric ozone depletion of 0.041251 kg CFC11 eq, and land use of 0.046136128 m2a crop eq. The hotspot that contributes the greatest environmental impact is the gasifier with a direct gasification system. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Process of municipal solid waste into the electrical energy of Putri Cempo Landfill with gasification technology as an alternative to significantly reduce the environmental impact related to macro components as chemical constituents of waste. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach is used to holistically evaluate the environmental impact of the gasification process at the waste power plant (WPP) of Putri Cempo Landfill. This study aims to identify the potential environmental impact and determine the hotspot of the gasification process at the Putri Cempo Landfill WPP. The method used in this study is quantitative descriptive with the LCA method, which includes goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation, where the limitation in this study is gate to gate. The results showed that the largest potential environmental impacts are human carcinogenic toxicity of 41.64738 kg 1.4-DCB, freshwater ecotoxicity of 15.364229 kg 1.4-DCB, and marine ecotoxicity of 11.390976 kg 1,4-DCB. The lowest potential environmental impacts are mineral resource scarcity of 0.000182585 kg Cu eq, stratospheric ozone depletion of 0.041251 kg CFC11 eq, and land use of 0.046136128 m2a crop eq. The hotspot that contributes the greatest environmental impact is the gasifier with a direct gasification system.</span></p> ]]> Life Cycle Assessment Gasification Process of Municipal Solid Waste into Electrical Energy at Putri Cempo Landfill Indonesia marhcelina nurcahyati siti rachmawati hashfi hawali abdul matin iwan suryadi purwono purwono doi: 10.18280/ijei.080210 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 299 10.18280/ijei.080210 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080210 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080209 Tesso Nilo National Park (TNNP) is a vital conservation area in Indonesia, known for its lowland tropical rainforest ecosystem with high biodiversity potential. Despite its ecological significance, TNNP faces severe challenges, including environmental degradation and land conversion, exacerbated by weak local government policies under Indonesia's Regional Government Law No. 23/2014. This study aims to analyze strategies for restoring and conserving TNNP's ecosystem through a comprehensive Strengths (S) and Threats (T) analysis. The research was conducted from May to September 2021 using a mixed-methods approach that combined quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques, including surveys, questionnaires, interviews, and literature studies. Data were analyzed using SWOT analysis, with 15 respondents selected through a disproportionate stratified random sampling technique. The findings reveal that TNNP's ecosystem restoration efforts are in quadrant IV of the SWOT matrix, emphasizing the need to leverage strengths while addressing significant threats. The S-T strategy, focusing on ecosystem restoration programs, is proposed as a viable approach. A practical example is the Lubuk Kembang Bunga Village restoration initiative, which successfully rehabilitated 10 hectares with a budget of IDR 1.611.008.000. This study highlights the importance of robust policy support and strategic interventions to balance ecological conservation with sustainable land use. The novelty of this research lies in its application of the SWOT framework to identify actionable strategies for ecosystem restoration in a complex socio-political and environmental context, providing a replicable model for other conservation areas. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times, serif">Tesso Nilo National Park (TNNP) is a vital conservation area in Indonesia, known for its lowland tropical rainforest ecosystem with high biodiversity potential. Despite its ecological significance, TNNP faces severe challenges, including environmental degradation and land conversion, exacerbated by weak local government policies under Indonesia's Regional Government Law No. 23/2014. This study aims to analyze strategies for restoring and conserving TNNP's ecosystem through a comprehensive Strengths (S) and Threats (T) analysis. The research was conducted from May to September 2021 using a mixed-methods approach that combined quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques, including surveys, questionnaires, interviews, and literature studies. Data were analyzed using SWOT analysis, with 15 respondents selected through a disproportionate stratified random sampling technique. The findings reveal that TNNP's ecosystem restoration efforts are in quadrant IV of the SWOT matrix, emphasizing the need to leverage strengths while addressing significant threats. The S-T strategy, focusing on ecosystem restoration programs, is proposed as a viable approach. A practical example is the Lubuk Kembang Bunga Village restoration initiative, which successfully rehabilitated 10 hectares with a budget of IDR 1.611.008.000. This study highlights the importance of robust policy support and strategic interventions to balance ecological conservation with sustainable land use. The novelty of this research lies in its application of the SWOT framework to identify actionable strategies for ecosystem restoration in a complex socio-political and environmental context, providing a replicable model for other conservation areas.</span></p> ]]> Ecosystem Restoration in Tesso Nilo National Park: A SWOT Analysis of S-T Strategies to Overcome Threats khairunnas khairunnas zulfan saam thamrin thamrin maxsasai indra doi: 10.18280/ijei.080209 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 289 10.18280/ijei.080209 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080209 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080208 Forest plantation, either on ground or on wetland as mangrove forest plantation, is commonly and continually practiced to maintain or increase the forest area, but mostly it is done by environmentalists from public, state enterprises, community, and/or private sectors. Others may receive direct and/or indirect benefits from the forest with more or less participation. This practical resarch article presents the mangrove forest plantation project at Chumphon Islands National Park, Chumphon province, in southern peninsular Thailand, of about 1,057 Rai (169.12 hectares) supported by the state enterprise Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). To investigate the results from this investment activity, this study examined the local people’s perceptions of the benefits from mangrove plantation project at Chumphon Islands National Park, Chumphon province, in southern peninsular Thailand. The face-to-face questionnaires developed for secondary data were reviewed, then responses were stratified collected from 339 local respondents of 21 villages in six sub-districts within a five-kilometer radius around the project. The results indicate that more than half of the respondents were uncertain about some direct benefits, while two-thirds of them received indirect benefits. Consequently, if the mangrove plantation project is organized in the prohibited area of the national park, the local people’s perceptions of the direct benefits are minimal. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Forest plantation, either on ground or on wetland as mangrove forest plantation, is commonly and continually practiced to maintain or increase the forest area, but mostly it is done by environmentalists from public, state enterprises, community, and/or private sectors. Others may receive direct and/or indirect benefits from the forest with more or less participation. This practical resarch article presents the mangrove forest plantation project at Chumphon Islands National Park, Chumphon province, in southern peninsular Thailand, of about 1,057 Rai (169.12 hectares) supported by the state enterprise Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). To investigate the results from this investment activity, this study examined the local people’s perceptions of the benefits from mangrove plantation project at Chumphon Islands National Park, Chumphon province, in southern peninsular Thailand. The face-to-face questionnaires developed for secondary data were reviewed, then responses were stratified collected from 339 local respondents of 21 villages in six sub-districts within a five-kilometer radius around the project. The results indicate that more than half of the respondents were uncertain about some direct benefits, while two-thirds of them received indirect benefits. Consequently, if the mangrove plantation project is organized in the prohibited area of the national park, the local people’s perceptions of the direct benefits are minimal.</p> ]]> Local People’s Perception of a Mangrove Forest Plantation as a Carbon Sink, Chumphon Islands National Park, Thailand umaporn muneenam noparat bamroongragsa darinna khahong haswanee lemkatem ratana tongyoi doi: 10.18280/ijei.080208 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 277 10.18280/ijei.080208 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080208 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080207 Various physical or mathematical models have analyzed the relationship between Radiance and distance. Using data from VIIRS satellite imagery, this paper proposes a simplified method to analyze the relationship between the average Radiance áRñ and the distance r measured from the center point (highest Radiance). We reviewed three major cities in Indonesia: Jakarta, Bandung, and Yogyakarta. Analyzing the VIIRS raw data from 2012-2021, Jakarta follows the power-law relation: $\langle R\rangle \sim r^{-\alpha}$. Bandung and Yogyakarta follow the exponential relation: $\langle R\rangle \sim \exp (-\alpha r)$, where the values of $\alpha$ vary yearly. In addition, we also find that the average Radiance follows the power-law relation with the area A that is $\langle R\rangle \sim A^{-\beta}$,, where A is the region area at a distance r. The $\beta$ exponent varies every year and from all three cities. By comparing the numerical results to real-time VIIRS data, the study validates the reliability of this simplified approach. The findings underscore the impact of urban development on light pollution, offering a practical and extendable model to other regions. This research contributes to understanding urban lighting dynamics, providing implications for sustainable city planning and environmental protection efforts. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Various physical or mathematical models have analyzed the relationship between Radiance and distance. Using data from VIIRS satellite imagery, this paper proposes a simplified method to analyze the relationship between the average Radiance </span>á<em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">R</span></em>ñ<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> and the distance </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">r</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> measured from the center point (highest Radiance). We reviewed three major cities in Indonesia: Jakarta, Bandung, and Yogyakarta. Analyzing the VIIRS raw data from 2012-2021, Jakarta follows the power-law relation: $\langle R\rangle \sim r^{-\alpha}$. Bandung and Yogyakarta follow the exponential relation: $\langle R\rangle \sim \exp (-\alpha r)$, where the values of $\alpha$</span><em> </em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">vary yearly. In addition, we also find that the average Radiance follows the power-law relation with the area </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">A</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> that is $\langle R\rangle \sim A^{-\beta}$,, where </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">A</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> is the region area at a distance </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">r.</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> The $\beta$ exponent varies every year and from all three cities. By comparing the numerical results to real-time VIIRS data, the study validates the reliability of this simplified approach. The findings underscore the impact of urban development on light pollution, offering a practical and extendable model to other regions. This research contributes to understanding urban lighting dynamics, providing implications for sustainable city planning and environmental protection efforts.</span></p> ]]> Simple Models of Light Pollution in Indonesia Using VIIRS Data rinto anugraha nqz roni muslim lala septem riza judhistira aria utama khyrina airin fariza abu samah dhani herdiwijaya emanuel sungging mumpuni doi: 10.18280/ijei.080207 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 269 10.18280/ijei.080207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080206 The amount of garbage in the country, which tends to increase each year, is a lingering issue. Not only are the numbers increasing, but the handling procedures also contribute to the problem. Improper waste management pollutes both land and water sources such as rivers and seas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the major chemicals in eco-cement generated from landfill waste burning ash (ATPA) and Portland composite cement (PCC). The goal of this study is to create eco-friendly eco-cement materials by combining ATPA with PCC. This research used X-ray diffraction to conduct semi-quantitative tests on the PCC: ATPA compositions of 100%:0%, 75%:25%, 50%:50%, 25%: 75%, and 0%:100%. The study found that silica (SiO2) and aluminium (Al2O3) were the most common chemicals formed in eco-cement without and with ATPA. The intensity value of each material reaches 1600 a.u. (absorb unit) at a diffraction angle of 30° (2θ). According to these findings, ATPA material is classified as crystalline. Depending on the application, materials with higher crystallinity are frequently linked to greater mechanical strength. This demonstrates that eco-cement derived from ATPA and PCC can be used as a cementitious material in the production of environmentally friendly mortar and concrete using waste and rubbish materials. According to the study’s characterisation, ATPA can directly substitute some PCC as a binder material; nevertheless, more research is required to examine the mechanical properties that arise. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The amount of garbage in the country, which tends to increase each year, is a lingering issue. Not only are the numbers increasing, but the handling procedures also contribute to the problem. Improper waste management pollutes both land and water sources such as rivers and seas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the major chemicals in eco-cement generated from landfill waste burning ash (ATPA) and Portland composite cement (PCC). The goal of this study is to create eco-friendly eco-cement materials by combining ATPA with PCC. This research used X-ray diffraction to conduct semi-quantitative tests on the PCC: ATPA compositions of 100%:0%, 75%:25%, 50%:50%, 25%: 75%, and 0%:100%. The study found that silica (SiO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) and aluminium (Al</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">O</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) were the most common chemicals formed in eco-cement without and with ATPA. The intensity value of each material reaches 1600 a.u. (absorb unit) at a diffraction angle of 30° (2θ). According to these findings, ATPA material is classified as crystalline. Depending on the application, materials with higher crystallinity are frequently linked to greater mechanical strength. This demonstrates that eco-cement derived from ATPA and PCC can be used as a cementitious material in the production of environmentally friendly mortar and concrete using waste and rubbish materials. According to the study’s characterisation, ATPA can directly substitute some PCC as a binder material; nevertheless, more research is required to examine the mechanical properties that arise.</span></p> ]]> Semi Quantitative Analyses of Eco-Cement Made From Landfill Waste Burning Ash and Portland Composite Cement m. yusuf. satria m. farid samawi m. tumpu doi: 10.18280/ijei.080206 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 259 10.18280/ijei.080206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080205 Research on electricity-saving intentions is important in achieving countries' sustainable development goals. Simultaneously, with the growing development of office buildings for rent, there is a potential for electricity-savings and energy savings in general. This study aims to identify the influence of colleagues, group interaction, and office building management on the intention of office workers to save electricity. The partial least square structured equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis with 706 respondents, who are staff in rental office buildings, yielded the following results: the intention to save electricity of employees is positively influenced by colleagues, group interaction in the work environment, building management, and attitudes towards electricity saving. The results also indicate that colleagues' enthusiasm for electricity saving increases the effectiveness of group interaction. The study provides implications to enhance awareness and intention to save electricity in the workplace based on the research findings. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Research on electricity-saving intentions is important in achieving countries' sustainable development goals. Simultaneously, with the growing development of office buildings for rent, there is a potential for electricity-savings and energy savings in general. This study aims to identify the influence of colleagues, group interaction, and office building management on the intention of office workers to save electricity. The partial least square structured equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis with 706 respondents, who are staff in rental office buildings, yielded the following results: the intention to save electricity of employees is positively influenced by colleagues, group interaction in the work environment, building management, and attitudes towards electricity saving. The results also indicate that colleagues' enthusiasm for electricity saving increases the effectiveness of group interaction. The study provides implications to enhance awareness and intention to save electricity in the workplace based on the research findings.</span></p> ]]> The Relationship Between Colleagues and Group Interaction: Role of the Building Management and Electricity-Savings Behaviour in Office Buildings trinh xuan viet trung van dinh nguyen thuy trang doi: 10.18280/ijei.080205 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 251 10.18280/ijei.080205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080204 The study examined how sanitary landfill waste and its leachate affected groundwater quality in the Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq. Seven sites were selected to monitor groundwater contamination from the landfill cell to the nearest residential area to calculate their samples' leachate pollution and water quality indices. Physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured for such environmental indicators. Groundwater maps have been predicted using GIS techniques. The nine-month test period ran from February to November 2024. The results demonstrated that leachate concentrations affect groundwater properties. The amounts of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), $\mathrm{SO}_4^{-2}, \mathrm{PO}_4^{-3}, \mathrm{NH}_3^{+}$, and phenol) were greater than permitted by WHO recommendations. Only the vicinity of the landfill cell showed the effects of heavy metals like Cr and Ni, while the residential areas remained unaffected. The LPI results for leachate samples ranged from 25.43 to 40.52. Also, the WQI of the test sites (GW1, GW2, GW3, and GW4) revealed that they were unsuitable for human use without treatment, whereas the groundwater at the other sites (GW5, GW6, and GW7) was adequate for limited irrigation. The findings of the correlation study indicated that the majority of the parameters had a substantial association with one another. The strong negative correlation between distance and parameters indicates that pollutant concentrations decrease when the distance from the landfill increases. The research recommends adopting scientific and technological means to mitigate pollution by using special pipe networks to prevent leachate leakage from the landfill cells and using modern techniques to treat leachate before it reaches the groundwater. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p style="text-align: justify">The study examined how sanitary landfill waste and its leachate affected groundwater quality in the Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq. Seven sites were selected to monitor groundwater contamination from the landfill cell to the nearest residential area to calculate their samples' leachate pollution and water quality indices. Physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured for such environmental indicators. Groundwater maps have been predicted using GIS techniques. The nine-month test period ran from February to November 2024. The results demonstrated that leachate concentrations affect groundwater properties. The amounts of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), $\mathrm{SO}_4^{-2}, \mathrm{PO}_4^{-3}, \mathrm{NH}_3^{+}$, and phenol) were greater than permitted by WHO recommendations. Only the vicinity of the landfill cell showed the effects of heavy metals like Cr and Ni, while the residential areas remained unaffected. The LPI results for leachate samples ranged from 25.43 to 40.52. Also, the WQI of the test sites (GW1, GW2, GW3, and GW4) revealed that they were unsuitable for human use without treatment, whereas the groundwater at the other sites (GW5, GW6, and GW7) was adequate for limited irrigation. The findings of the correlation study indicated that the majority of the parameters had a substantial association with one another. The strong negative correlation between distance and parameters indicates that pollutant concentrations decrease when the distance from the landfill increases. The research recommends adopting scientific and technological means to mitigate pollution by using special pipe networks to prevent leachate leakage from the landfill cells and using modern techniques to treat leachate before it reaches the groundwater.</p> ]]> An Analysis of Environmental Effects of Kirkuk Landfill's Leachate on Groundwater Pollution maali sh. mahmood isam issa omran maher a. a. kadim doi: 10.18280/ijei.080204 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 243 10.18280/ijei.080204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080203 Green buildings mitigate the adverse effects of construction on the environment. Water conservation in housing is a criterion significantly affected by residents' behavior. The inhabitants' behavior influences the extent of water conservation and energy efficiency implemented in the building. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the scholarly literature on water usage and energy efficiency behaviors in sustainable buildings. The study utilizes data from Scopus, spanning the years 1996 to 2024. The study identified collaborations across many institutions and countries, emphasizing significant research accomplishments. The network visualization study was performed utilizing R Studio Biblioshiny software version 4.4.1. The findings of this study offer substantial insights for academics, professionals, policymakers, and funding entities pursuing a thorough understanding of contemporary trends and goals in this domain. The findings of this study establish a significant framework for future research initiatives and highlight the necessity of ongoing investment in energy efficiency and water conservation efforts moving forward. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Green buildings mitigate the adverse effects of construction on the environment. Water conservation in housing is a criterion significantly affected by residents' behavior. The inhabitants' behavior influences the extent of water conservation and energy efficiency implemented in the building. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the scholarly literature on water usage and energy efficiency behaviors in sustainable buildings. The study utilizes data from Scopus, spanning the years 1996 to 2024. The study identified collaborations across many institutions and countries, emphasizing significant research accomplishments. The network visualization study was performed utilizing R Studio Biblioshiny software version 4.4.1. The findings of this study offer substantial insights for academics, professionals, policymakers, and funding entities pursuing a thorough understanding of contemporary trends and goals in this domain. The findings of this study establish a significant framework for future research initiatives and highlight the necessity of ongoing investment in energy efficiency and water conservation efforts moving forward.</span></p> ]]> Energy and Water Consumption Behavior Model Based on Conservation and Efficiency on Green Building Concept: Bibliometric Analysis maranatha wijayaningtyas ellysa nursanti abraham lomi nusa sebayang kukuh lukiyanto nurul afiqah azmi doi: 10.18280/ijei.080203 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 233 10.18280/ijei.080203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080202 Palm oil is among the most important global commodities and contributes significantly in increasing state income; however, many palm oil industries are still not environmentally friendly. This study aimed to analyze the challenges and opportunities of adopting Green Productivity (GP) practices the industry of palm oil in Jambi, Indonesia. This study used a qualitative approach and comprehensive secondary data analysis, including academic publications, policy reports, and economic-social data. This research analyzed the relationship between socio-economic aspects and environmental sustainability, with a focus on smallholder farmers' livelihood strategies. Farmers face several challenges in implementing GP strategies, particularly in land legality, income diversification, and environmental management. These factors are critical for improving both industrial and environmental sustainability. Green Productivity offers a potential pathway for integrating environmental sustainability with increased productivity of the palm oil industry. The results emphasize the necessity for policy support to address the socio-economic challenges and promote sustainable practices. Moreover, it is emphasized that in Green Productivity, nature serves as unpaid labor. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Palm oil is among the most important global commodities and contributes significantly in increasing state income; however, many palm oil industries are still not environmentally friendly. This study aimed to analyze the challenges and opportunities of adopting Green</span><span style="color: red"> </span>Productivity (GP) practices the industry of palm oil in Jambi, Indonesia. This study used a qualitative approach and comprehensive secondary data analysis, including academic publications, policy reports, and economic-social data. This research analyzed the relationship between socio-economic aspects and environmental sustainability, with a focus on smallholder farmers' livelihood strategies. Farmers face several challenges in implementing GP strategies, particularly in land legality, income diversification, and environmental management. These factors are critical for improving both industrial and environmental sustainability. Green Productivity offers a potential pathway for integrating environmental sustainability with increased productivity of the palm oil industry. The results emphasize the necessity for policy support to address the socio-economic challenges and promote sustainable practices. Moreover, it is emphasized that in Green Productivity, nature serves as unpaid labor.</p> ]]> Strategies Inclusive Green Productivity for Environmental Sustainability in the Palm Oil Industry estiarty haryani herdis herdiansyah tri edhi budhi soesilo rosyani doi: 10.18280/ijei.080202 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 219 10.18280/ijei.080202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080201 The increased burned land area from 1,219 hectares in 2022 to 2,632 hectares in 2023 indicates a significant escalation in environmental losses due to forest fires in Riau Province. The need for a quick and effective response from the government and the implementation of adaptive policies is crucial. This research has the potential to provide better policy guidance in dealing with forest fires in Riau Province to maintain environmental sustainability and the welfare of local communities. This research uses a qualitative approach with interviews, documentation, and field observation methods. The collected data was analyzed using Nvivo 12 Plus software. The main findings of this research show that forest fires in Riau Province are influenced by five dominant factors: land clearing with illegal burning, extreme weather, weak monitoring and law enforcement, land and ecosystem degradation, and lack of facilities and resources. Each of these factors contributes to increased fire frequency and intensity and negative impacts on the environment, public health, and regional economies. Stricter law enforcement and ecosystem restoration are considered crucial to overcome this problem. Increasing firefighting capacity, public education, early detection systems, and licensing arrangements are also needed to reduce the fire risk. Synergistic implementation of policies requires cooperation between government, society, and the private sector. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The increased burned land area from 1,219 hectares in 2022 to 2,632 hectares in 2023 indicates a significant escalation in environmental losses due to forest fires in Riau Province. The need for a quick and effective response from the government and the implementation of adaptive policies is crucial. This research has the potential to provide better policy guidance in dealing with forest fires in Riau Province to maintain environmental sustainability and the welfare of local communities. This research uses a qualitative approach with interviews, documentation, and field observation methods. The collected data was analyzed using Nvivo 12 Plus software. The main findings of this research show that forest fires in Riau Province are influenced by five dominant factors: land clearing with illegal burning, extreme weather, weak monitoring and law enforcement, land and ecosystem degradation, and lack of facilities and resources. Each of these factors contributes to increased fire frequency and intensity and negative impacts on the environment, public health, and regional economies. Stricter law enforcement and ecosystem restoration are considered crucial to overcome this problem. Increasing firefighting capacity, public education, early detection systems, and licensing arrangements are also needed to reduce the fire risk. Synergistic implementation of policies requires cooperation between government, society, and the private sector.</p> ]]> Unraveling the Complexity of Forest Fire Cases in Riau Province: An Adaptive and Sustainable Policy Recommendation dita fisdian adni khairul rahman khotami sylvina rusadi doi: 10.18280/ijei.080201 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 04-29-2025 2025 8 2 Article 211 10.18280/ijei.080201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_2/ijei.080201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080120 This study investigates the impact of industrial emissions on the concentration of toxic elements, such as barium, strontium, arsenic, thorium, and uranium, in the biological tissues of pregnant women residing in Kazakhstan's industrial regions. The study focuses on the potential health risks to both the mothers and their developing fetuses, given the ongoing environmental contamination due to rapid industrialization. 67 pregnant women from various districts in the Akmola region were selected for this cross-sectional study. Biological samples, including placenta and umbilical cord blood, were collected and analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Data on environmental and occupational exposure were gathered through questionnaires. The barium, strontium, arsenic, thorium, and uranium concentrations were statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel and STATISTICA to assess correlations with health outcomes. The findings showed elevated concentrations of barium and strontium in both the placenta and umbilical cord blood, indicating significant exposure through environmental contamination. Arsenic and uranium were also detected in smaller amounts, with localized variations across different regions. The study found a strong association between higher concentrations of these elements and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as anemia, preeclampsia, and developmental anomalies in the fetus. This study highlights the critical environmental health risks of industrial emissions in Kazakhstan's rapidly developing regions. The transplacental transfer of toxic elements poses serious risks to maternal and fetal health, increasing the incidence of pregnancy-related complications. These findings emphasize the need for stricter environmental regulations and public health interventions to mitigate industrial pollution and safeguard vulnerable populations. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study investigates the impact of industrial emissions on the concentration of toxic elements, such as barium, strontium, arsenic, thorium, and uranium, in the biological tissues of pregnant women residing in Kazakhstan's industrial regions. The study focuses on the potential health risks to both the mothers and their developing fetuses, given the ongoing environmental contamination due to rapid industrialization. 67 pregnant women from various districts in the Akmola region were selected for this cross-sectional study. Biological samples, including placenta and umbilical cord blood, were collected and analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Data on environmental and occupational exposure were gathered through questionnaires. The barium, strontium, arsenic, thorium, and uranium concentrations were statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel and STATISTICA to assess correlations with health outcomes. The findings showed elevated concentrations of barium and strontium in both the placenta and umbilical cord blood, indicating significant exposure through environmental contamination. Arsenic and uranium were also detected in smaller amounts, with localized variations across different regions. The study found a strong association between higher concentrations of these elements and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as anemia, preeclampsia, and developmental anomalies in the fetus. This study highlights the critical environmental health risks of industrial emissions in Kazakhstan's rapidly developing regions. The transplacental transfer of toxic elements poses serious risks to maternal and fetal health, increasing the incidence of pregnancy-related complications. These findings emphasize the need for stricter environmental regulations and public health interventions to mitigate industrial pollution and safeguard vulnerable populations.</span></p> ]]> Influence of the Environment on the Chemical Element Content in Women’s Blood ardak yerzhanova natalya baranovskaya abilzhan khussainov yerlan zhumay umbetaly sarsembin akmaral niyazova anuar akhmetzhan doi: 10.18280/ijei.080120 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 203 10.18280/ijei.080120 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080120 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080119 Municipal solid waste (MSW) management worldwide represents environmental and economic challenges being a source of recycling and recovering of various materials that conserve and rescue different environmental resources and at the same time most of these wastes can be utilized as energy source. This study was designed to assess the process of collecting and disposing of municipal solid wastes generated in various city and countryside districts within Babylon province-Iraq. A total of 20 residential districts were selected, consisting of 15 and 5 districts in Al-Hilla city and countryside, respectively and daily generated MSW per capita/day covering food residues, plastic, paper, can and glass wastes were considered. It was found that the mean capita/day of Al-Hilla city districts was significantly higher than that of countryside ones which were 0.644 ± 0.16 and 0.416 ± 0.12 kg/capita/day, respectively. Also, all generated municipal solid waste components of towns have been recorded as being similarly greater than of the countryside giving a higher percentage of food residues, plastic, paper, can and glass wastes than those of countryside. In both districts, food residues formed the highest percentage of solid waste components followed by plastic and wastes while the lowest percentage was metal can waste and paper waste for town areas. In the countryside areas, the lowest solid wastes component was paper waste followed by aluminum can wastes. Theoretical calculation of these values has shown that expected means of both daily and annually MSW generated in Babylon province were 1,243,089 and 453,727,485 tons, respectively. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Municipal solid waste (MSW) management worldwide represents environmental and economic challenges being a source of recycling and recovering of various materials that conserve and rescue different environmental resources and at the same time most of these wastes can be utilized as energy source. This study was designed to assess the process of collecting and disposing of municipal solid wastes generated in various city and countryside districts within Babylon province-Iraq. A total of 20 residential districts were selected, consisting of 15 and 5 districts in Al-Hilla city and countryside, respectively and daily generated MSW per capita/day covering food residues, plastic, paper, can and glass wastes were considered. It was found that the mean capita/day of Al-Hilla city districts was significantly higher than that of countryside ones which were 0.644 ± 0.16 and 0.416 ± 0.12 kg/capita/day, respectively. Also, all generated municipal solid waste components of towns have been recorded as being similarly greater than of the countryside giving a higher percentage of food residues, plastic, paper, can and glass wastes than those of countryside. In both districts, food residues formed the highest percentage of solid waste components followed by plastic and wastes while the lowest percentage was metal can waste and paper waste for town areas. In the countryside areas, the lowest solid wastes component was paper waste followed by aluminum can wastes. Theoretical calculation of these values has shown that expected means of both daily and annually MSW generated in Babylon province were 1,243,089 and 453,727,485 tons, respectively.</span></p> ]]> Sustainable Municipal Solid Wastes Management in Babylon Province, Iraq zena hussein ali atheer zaki al-qaisi lina h. ali abrar f. deindee doi: 10.18280/ijei.080119 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 195 10.18280/ijei.080119 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080119 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080118 UM is a higher education institution (PTN) that is consistent with the values of sustainable and prosperous life, as well as the concept of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 6 UI Green Metric indicators One of the wishes which it wants to become are managing and administrating plastic waste in UM. The objectives to identify plastic waste management strategies at UM, and create social innovations that incorporate environmental volunteers on strategies for plastic waste management using the Green Campus Model. The method used in this research is development with the data collection by questionnaires, interview, observation, documentation and forum group discussion (FGD). Results were evaluated by quantitative expression statistically as tabulation, percentile and SWOT analysis. It is also a sign that the plastic waste interventions conducted on UM are rather effective, with 90% of strategy successfully implemented and managed to reduce 30% plastic waste in one year. In collaboration with the head of family, the head of garden head of public lecture building general Faculty sub-section, cleaning floor team, cleaning room team (outsource), environmental volunteer team intra-campus student organizations and Malang City Waste Bank as well as related small businesses. Although the study has achieved a lot of success, the extensive proportions increase in participant knowledge and experience with additional mentoring to increased implementation effectiveness. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">UM is a higher education institution (PTN) that is consistent with the values of sustainable and prosperous life, as well as the concept of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 6 UI Green Metric indicators One of the wishes which it wants to become are managing and administrating plastic waste in UM. The objectives to identify plastic waste management strategies at UM, and create social innovations that incorporate environmental volunteers on strategies for plastic waste management using the Green Campus Model. The method used in this research is development with the data collection by questionnaires, interview, observation, documentation and forum group discussion (FGD). Results were evaluated by quantitative expression statistically as tabulation, percentile and SWOT analysis. It is also a sign that the plastic waste interventions conducted on UM are rather effective, with 90% of strategy successfully implemented and managed to reduce 30% plastic waste in one year. In collaboration with the head of family, the head of garden head of public lecture building general Faculty sub-section, cleaning floor team, cleaning room team (outsource), environmental volunteer team intra-campus student organizations and Malang City Waste Bank as well as related small businesses. Although the study has achieved a lot of success, the extensive proportions increase in participant knowledge and experience with additional mentoring to increased implementation effectiveness.</span></p> ]]> Promoting Social Innovation Based on Environmental Volunteer to Develop Plastic Waste Management Strategies in the Green Campus Model sumarmi alfyananda k. putra alfi sahrina umar haiyat a. kohar natasya shaherani novika a. wibowo waode y. silviariza doi: 10.18280/ijei.080118 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 185 10.18280/ijei.080118 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080118 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080117 This paper examines how renewable energy usage and economic expansion contribute to environmental deterioration in six Arab countries — Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan — within the MENA region over a three-decade period spanning from 1990 to 2020. To reach this objective, we investigate the long-run nexus and short-run dynamic interactions among key variables, including carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) as an environmental indicator, real gross domestic product (RGDP) as an economic indicator, and renewable energy consumption (REC). This investigation is carried out through a robust econometric approach using the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PANEL-ARDL) model, with a particular focus on Mean Group (MG) and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimators. The econometric analysis reveals the existence of a long-term interconnected equilibrium among the examined variables. Our empirical research elucidates that, over the long term, renewable energy usage considerably mitigates CO2 emissions, while economic growth substantially increases these emissions. However, in the short term, fluctuations in economic expansion and renewable energy usage appear to have no significant impact on CO2 emissions. According to these findings, policymakers in the selected Arab countries must accelerate the adoption of green energy technologies to harness their enduring environmental benefits. Additionally, it is crucial to formulate and implement comprehensive strategies that attenuate the deleterious environmental impact of economic growth. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This paper examines how renewable energy usage and economic expansion contribute to environmental deterioration in six Arab countries — Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan — within the MENA region over a three-decade period spanning from 1990 to 2020. To reach this objective, we investigate the long-run nexus and short-run dynamic interactions among key variables, including carbon dioxide emissions (CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) as an environmental indicator, real gross domestic product (RGDP) as an economic indicator, and renewable energy consumption (REC). This investigation is carried out through a robust econometric approach using the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PANEL-ARDL) model, with a particular focus on Mean Group (MG) and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimators. The econometric analysis reveals the existence of a long-term interconnected equilibrium among the examined variables. Our empirical research elucidates that, over the long term, renewable energy usage considerably mitigates CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> emissions, while economic growth substantially increases these emissions. However, in the short term, fluctuations in economic expansion and renewable energy usage appear to have no significant impact on CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> emissions. According to these findings, policymakers in the selected Arab countries must accelerate the adoption of green energy technologies to harness their enduring environmental benefits. Additionally, it is crucial to formulate and implement comprehensive strategies that attenuate the deleterious environmental impact of economic growth.</span></p> ]]> Decoupling Economic Expansion from Environmental Degradation: A Panel ARDL Analysis of Renewable Energy’s Role in Arab MENA Countries rabah belabbas oussama zaghdoud abdelhak lefilef benziane roucham doi: 10.18280/ijei.080117 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 173 10.18280/ijei.080117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080116 In the past, studies that investigated pollution levels in developing countries showed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) compounds are commonly present in the environment. Oil refineries (ORs) were a significant source of pollution that impacted public health. In this study, the researchers have determined the PAH and TPH levels in the OR staff working at these organisations as they are constantly exposed to pollution. For this purpose, they determined the PAH and TPH levels in the serum samples collected from 70 OR workers (polluted group, PG) and 70 healthy individuals (control group, CG). They also assessed the impact of PAHs and TPHs on their lipid profile (LP) and liver function (LF). The results indicated that the blood PAH and TPH levels in the PG individuals were significantly higher (P0.05) variations in both groups. To conclude, it was noted that the PG individuals showed higher toxicity due to PAHs and TPHs since they were constantly exposed to higher pollutant concentrations compared to CG, which also affected their LP. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">In the past, studies that investigated pollution levels in developing countries showed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) compounds are commonly present in the environment. Oil refineries (ORs) were a significant source of pollution that impacted public health. In this study, the researchers have determined the PAH and TPH levels in the OR staff working at these organisations as they are constantly exposed to pollution. For this purpose, they determined the PAH and TPH levels in the serum samples collected from 70 OR workers (polluted group, PG) and 70 healthy individuals (control group, CG). They also assessed the impact of PAHs and TPHs on their lipid profile (LP) and liver function (LF). The results indicated that the blood PAH and TPH levels in the PG individuals were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to CG. Furthermore, the PG individuals also displayed significantly higher (P<0.05) Total Cholesterol (TC), very LDL (VLDL), and triglyceride levels than the CG individuals. They also showed significantly (P<0.05) high Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared to CG. On the other hand, the PG individuals exhibited lower High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) levels in comparison to the CG individuals. The workers included in the PG group also showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in their Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) levels than those in CG. However, the Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) levels showed non-significant (P>0.05) variations in both groups. To conclude, it was noted that the PG individuals showed higher toxicity due to PAHs and TPHs since they were constantly exposed to higher pollutant concentrations compared to CG, which also affected their LP.</span></p> ]]> Impact of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Liver Functions and Lipid Profiles of Oil Refinery Workers in Baghdad City sara j. kadhim alaa hussein j. al-qaisi doi: 10.18280/ijei.080116 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 167 10.18280/ijei.080116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080115 This research examines the concentrations of heavy metals in dust collected from indoor and outdoor environmental settings in selected residential areas of Anbar Governorate, Iraq. The metals investigated are iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu). The metal concentrations in dust samples were determined and the level of environmental risk was measured using the Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF) and Contamination Factor (CF). The outcomes of the study reveal that Fe and Mn pollution levels are higher than the acceptable standards while the environmental impacts are relatively low owing to natural element occurrences. Zn and Pb, however, exhibited moderate to high contamination, particularly in indoor environments, with Pb concentrations far exceeding WHO and USEPA permissible limits, indicating a significant health risk. Cu contamination was minimal across all sites. The study underscores the importance of mitigation efforts, particularly for Pb and Zn, to reduce exposure risks in residential areas. It suggests that one should practice systematic surveillance and specific actions to control the levels of heavy metals, especially indoors. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research examines the concentrations of heavy metals in dust collected from indoor and outdoor environmental settings in selected residential areas of Anbar Governorate, Iraq. The metals investigated are iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu). The metal concentrations in dust samples were determined and the level of environmental risk was measured using the Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF) and Contamination Factor (CF). The outcomes of the study reveal that Fe and Mn pollution levels are higher than the acceptable standards while the environmental impacts are relatively low owing to natural element occurrences. Zn and Pb, however, exhibited moderate to high contamination, particularly in indoor environments, with Pb concentrations far exceeding WHO and USEPA permissible limits, indicating a significant health risk. Cu contamination was minimal across all sites. The study underscores the importance of mitigation efforts, particularly for Pb and Zn, to reduce exposure risks in residential areas. It suggests that one should practice systematic surveillance and specific actions to control the levels of heavy metals, especially indoors.</span></p> ]]> Assessment of Indoor and Outdoor Heavy Metal Contamination from Dust Storms: A Case Study in Residential Areas of Anbar Governorate, Iraq qutaiba faris saleh anmar dherar kosaj doi: 10.18280/ijei.080115 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 151 10.18280/ijei.080115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080114 This study investigates the factors driving continuous usage intention and brand advocacy for eco-friendly footwear made from recycled materials. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), data were collected from 271 respondents, primarily Millennials and Gen Z, who engage in running and golf. The model examines the impact of environmental knowledge, environmental concern, and brand competence on brand-related outcomes, with brand ambassador credibility, brand activism, self-brand congruence, and mindful consumption as mediators. Findings reveal significant relationships among all variables, with environmental knowledge emerging as the strongest predictor of brand activism. Furthermore, brand activism significantly influences mindful consumption, underscoring the role of activism in fostering sustainable consumer behaviors. These results highlight the importance of brand activism and credibility in shaping brand loyalty and sustainability perceptions among eco-conscious consumers. The implications offer valuable insights for brands aiming to enhance their advocacy and engagement strategies in the sustainable footwear market. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study investigates the factors driving continuous usage intention and brand advocacy for eco-friendly footwear made from recycled materials. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), data were collected from 271 respondents, primarily Millennials and Gen Z, who engage in running and golf. The model examines the impact of environmental knowledge, environmental concern, and brand competence on brand-related outcomes, with brand ambassador credibility, brand activism, self-brand congruence, and mindful consumption as mediators. Findings reveal significant relationships among all variables, with environmental knowledge emerging as the strongest predictor of brand activism. Furthermore, brand activism significantly influences mindful consumption, underscoring the role of activism in fostering sustainable consumer behaviors. These results highlight the importance of brand activism and credibility in shaping brand loyalty and sustainability perceptions among eco-conscious consumers. The implications offer valuable insights for brands aiming to enhance their advocacy and engagement strategies in the sustainable footwear market.</span></p> ]]> Unpacking Eco-Conscious Footwear: How Brand Activism and Credibility Drive Advocacy and Usage Continuity harris kristanto ferdi antonio margaretha berlianto doi: 10.18280/ijei.080114 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 137 10.18280/ijei.080114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080113 Environmental education plays a crucial role in developing students' critical awareness, yet effective learning approaches remain a challenge in high schools. This study examines the impact of the Project Based Hybrid Learning (PJBHL) model on developing critical environmental awareness among high school students. The research utilized a quasi-experimental design and included a sample of 66 students from the State Islamic Senior High School (MAN) 5 Jombang, Indonesia. The experimental group engaged in a PJBHL model focused on creating products from recycled plastic materials, while the control group used traditional methods. Data was collected through pre-test and post-test questionnaires evaluating critical environmental awareness. Results from independent T-tests and N-Gain analysis revealed that the PJBHL model significantly enhanced students' critical environmental awareness compared to conventional methods. The experimental group showed an increase in all sub-indicators of environmental awareness, with environmental ethics achieving the highest score. The study suggests that the PJBHL model is an effective technique for promoting critical environmental awareness among high school students. This finding offers insights for teachers to enhance environmental education and encourage sustainable activities in high schools. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Environmental education plays a crucial role in developing students' critical awareness, yet effective learning approaches remain a challenge in high schools. This study examines the impact of the Project Based Hybrid Learning (PJBHL) model on developing critical environmental awareness among high school students. The research utilized a quasi-experimental design and included a sample of 66 students from the State Islamic Senior High School (MAN) 5 Jombang, Indonesia. The experimental group engaged in a PJBHL model focused on creating products from recycled plastic materials, while the control group used traditional methods. Data was collected through pre-test and post-test questionnaires evaluating critical environmental awareness. Results from independent T-tests and N-Gain analysis revealed that the PJBHL model significantly enhanced students' critical environmental awareness compared to conventional methods. The experimental group showed an increase in all sub-indicators of environmental awareness, with environmental ethics achieving the highest score. The study suggests that the PJBHL model is an effective technique for promoting critical environmental awareness among high school students. This finding offers insights for teachers to enhance environmental education and encourage sustainable activities in high schools.</span></p> ]]> Enhancing Environmental Awareness: Evaluating the Impact of Project-Based Hybrid Learning on Critical Thinking for High School Students mahsun sumarmi sugeng utaya budi handoyo novika adi wibowo doi: 10.18280/ijei.080113 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 123 10.18280/ijei.080113 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080113 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080112 This study investigates the growing trend of livestream purchasing, with a focus on eco-friendly products. By examining perceived usefulness, green self-brand connection, green information credibility, and perceived ease of use, the research aims to uncover the drivers of consumer intentions to engage in livestream shopping for environmentally friendly items. The study collected data from 690 Chinese customers through a questionnaire and employed structural equation modeling for analysis. Results indicated that green self-brand connection significantly influenced perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and intentions to purchase eco-friendly products via livestream. Furthermore, green information credibility positively moderated relationships between perceived usefulness, green self-brand connection, and livestream shopping intentions for eco-friendly products, though it did not moderate the relationship between perceived ease of use and shopping intentions. The research contributes to the literature by uniquely combining green self-brand connection, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, green information credibility, and livestream shopping intentions within an eco-friendly product context. The introduction of green information credibility as a moderating variable offers new insights into its impact on the relationships between the other factors and livestream shopping intentions for sustainable products. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study investigates the growing trend of livestream purchasing, with a focus on eco-friendly products. By examining perceived usefulness, green self-brand connection, green information credibility, and perceived ease of use, the research aims to uncover the drivers of consumer intentions to engage in livestream shopping for environmentally friendly items. The study collected data from 690 Chinese customers through a questionnaire and employed structural equation modeling for analysis. Results indicated that green self-brand connection significantly influenced perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and intentions to purchase eco-friendly products via livestream. Furthermore, green information credibility positively moderated relationships between perceived usefulness, green self-brand connection, and livestream shopping intentions for eco-friendly products, though it did not moderate the relationship between perceived ease of use and shopping intentions. The research contributes to the literature by uniquely combining green self-brand connection, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, green information credibility, and livestream shopping intentions within an eco-friendly product context. The introduction of green information credibility as a moderating variable offers new insights into its impact on the relationships between the other factors and livestream shopping intentions for sustainable products.</span></p> ]]> Exploring Livestream Shopping Intentions for Eco-Friendly Products: The Roles of Green Self-Brand Connection, PU, and Green Information Credibility yuxin yu tao jing doi: 10.18280/ijei.080112 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 113 10.18280/ijei.080112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080111 Studying the spatial variation of soil properties is necessary to predict the productivity of agricultural land, food safety, and environmental status. Therefore, this study was carried out in Ramadi district, the center of Anbar Governorate - Iraq, to study the spatial variation of some soil properties (physical and chemical) using the geo statistical model. Using the predictive model of soil systems and Geographic information to prepare maps of the studied soil properties. The results showed the dominance of the moderately textured class with a percentage of 47.4%, followed by the moderately coarse texture class with a percentage of 34.2%. In addition, moderate variations have been recorded in the soil content of silt and clay, while unclear variation was recorded in the soil bulk density. As for the chemical characteristics, the soil content of organic matter, gypsum, and soil salinity showed very high variation, compared to the soil content of calcium carbonate and soil pH, which indicates the need to take them into consideration when planning the future use of the region’s lands to increase their soil capability. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Studying the spatial variation of soil properties is necessary to predict the productivity of agricultural land, food safety, and environmental status. Therefore, this study was carried out in Ramadi district, the center of Anbar Governorate - Iraq, to study the spatial variation of some soil properties (physical and chemical) using the geo statistical model. Using the predictive model of soil systems and Geographic information to prepare maps of the studied soil properties. The results showed the dominance of the moderately textured class with a percentage of 47.4%, followed by the moderately coarse texture class with a percentage of 34.2%. In addition, moderate variations have been recorded in the soil content of silt and clay, while unclear variation was recorded in the soil bulk density. As for the chemical characteristics, the soil content of organic matter, gypsum, and soil salinity showed very high variation, compared to the soil content of calcium carbonate and soil pH, which indicates the need to take them into consideration when planning the future use of the region’s lands to increase their soil capability.</span></p> ]]> Spatial Distribution of Some Soil Characteristics of Ramadi District, Western Iraq jassim jihad sayel ameer mohammed khalaf ali hussein ibrahim al-bayati doi: 10.18280/ijei.080111 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 103 10.18280/ijei.080111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080110 In an era when environmental issues are a major concern, it is important to understand the variations in the effectiveness of ecological citizenship teaching materials in various educational contexts to improve environmental learning outcomes scientifically. This research aims to analyze the influence of ecological citizenship teaching materials to increase environmental awareness comprehensively. The research method used was quantitative meta-analysis. The eligible criteria of the articles included: (1) must have relevant topics; (2) have empirical research results; (3) have a value of (r), (t), or (F); (4) N ≥ 20; (5) the articles utilize internationally recognized languages; (6) are indexed by Scopus, Web of Science, SINTA and Copernicus; and (7) can be searched in the online international journal search database. The software used in this research was JASP 0.8. The research results showed that (1) the heterogeneity test showed significant heterogeneity; (2) The intercept value obtained results reaching 0.814 with a strong influence category after the summary effect size test was carried out; (3) the potential for bias was not visible and there was no potential for other factors to influence the findings after the publication bias test was carried out. This study concluded that ecological citizenship teaching materials had a strong influence on increasing environmental concern attitudes. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">In an era when environmental issues are a major concern, it is important to understand the variations in the effectiveness of ecological citizenship teaching materials in various educational contexts to improve environmental learning outcomes scientifically. This research aims to analyze the influence of ecological citizenship teaching materials to increase environmental awareness comprehensively. The research method used was quantitative meta-analysis. The eligible criteria of the articles included: (1) must have relevant topics; (2) have empirical research results; (3) have a value of (r), (t), or (F); (4) N ≥ 20; (5) the articles utilize internationally recognized languages; (6) are indexed by Scopus, Web of Science, SINTA and Copernicus; and (7) can be searched in the online international journal search database. The software used in this research was JASP 0.8. The research results showed that (1) the heterogeneity test showed significant heterogeneity; (2) The intercept value obtained results reaching 0.814 with a strong influence category after the summary effect size test was carried out; (3) the potential for bias was not visible and there was no potential for other factors to influence the findings after the publication bias test was carried out. This study concluded that ecological citizenship teaching materials had a strong influence on increasing environmental concern attitudes.</span></p> ]]> The Influence of Ecological Citizenship Teaching Materials to Improve Environmental Care: A Meta-Analysis dewi rakhmawati mukhamad murdiono sekar purbarini kawuryan ratna hidayah doi: 10.18280/ijei.080110 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 91 10.18280/ijei.080110 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080110 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080109 Shopping bags play a crucial role in daily life, especially for carrying items when shopping for necessities like food, clothing, or other goods. In Indonesia, the use of single-use plastic shopping bags remains high. These plastics often end up in oceans, rivers, or landfills, causing pollution and harming ecosystems. This research aims to develop Denim Eco Bags (DECOBAG) from used denim, combining patchwork, smocking, and macramé techniques. The research method is a development study adopting the 4D procedure by Thiagarajan, Semmel, and Semmel, consisting of four stages: define, design, develop, and disseminate. The research data includes quantitative data collected through questionnaires distributed to users and qualitative data from interviews with main subjects. The results showed that the shopping bag made had excellent aesthetic value, with a percentage of 82%, excellent functionality value, with a percentage of 93%, and excellent suitability value, with a percentage of 88% after revision and modification. The results indicate that the shopping bag is aesthetically pleasing, functions well, and meets user needs after revisions and modifications. This study focuses only on aspects of functionality, aesthetics, and suitability perceived by users. Therefore, future research should focus on other quality aspects that have not been examined, such as durability against washing and sunlight. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Shopping bags play a crucial role in daily life, especially for carrying items when shopping for necessities like food, clothing, or other goods. In Indonesia, the use of single-use plastic shopping bags remains high. These plastics often end up in oceans, rivers, or landfills, causing pollution and harming ecosystems. This research aims to develop Denim Eco Bags (DECOBAG) from used denim, combining patchwork, smocking, and macramé techniques. The research method is a development study adopting the 4D procedure by Thiagarajan, Semmel, and Semmel, consisting of four stages: define, design, develop, and disseminate. The research data includes quantitative data collected through questionnaires distributed to users and qualitative data from interviews with main subjects. The results showed that the shopping bag made had excellent aesthetic value, with a percentage of 82%, excellent functionality value, with a percentage of 93%, and excellent suitability value, with a percentage of 88% after revision and modification. The results indicate that the shopping bag is aesthetically pleasing, functions well, and meets user needs after revisions and modifications. This study focuses only on aspects of functionality, aesthetics, and suitability perceived by users. Therefore, future research should focus on other quality aspects that have not been examined, such as durability against washing and sunlight.</span></p> ]]> From Waste to Style: Denim Eco-Bags dian retnasari asri andarini nurlita putri marganing utami doi: 10.18280/ijei.080109 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 81 10.18280/ijei.080109 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080109 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080108 This study aims to analyze the development of literature related to green politics using a bibliometric approach, with data sources obtained from the Scopus database. Green politics has become an important topic amid the increasing urgency of the global climate crisis, with a focus on sustainability, environmental protection, and ecological justice. The world is concerned with green politics as it relates to the lives of the next generation. The research method involved using VOSviewer software to visualize research trends and key themes in the literature of green politics. Data was collected from articles published between 2020 and 2024 using the keyword "green politics", which included 674 articles. The results show that there are six main clusters in green politics studies, namely: climate change, party politics, sustainability, urban planning, environmental movement, and environmental politics. The analysis reveals that climate change is the most dominant theme, followed by party politics sustainability, and sustainability. This research provides important insights into the dynamics and direction of green politics research, and offers a thematic map that can assist researchers in finding future research gaps. The findings can also serve as a reference for policymakers in formulating more effective and equitable sustainability strategies and environmental policies. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study aims to analyze the development of literature related to green politics using a bibliometric approach, with data sources obtained from the Scopus database. Green politics has become an important topic amid the increasing urgency of the global climate crisis, with a focus on sustainability, environmental protection, and ecological justice. The world is concerned with green politics as it relates to the lives of the next generation. The research method involved using VOSviewer software to visualize research trends and key themes in the literature of green politics. Data was collected from articles published between 2020 and 2024 using the keyword "green politics", which included 674 articles. The results show that there are six main clusters in green politics studies, namely: climate change, party politics, sustainability, urban planning, environmental movement, and environmental politics. The analysis reveals that climate change is the most dominant theme, followed by party politics sustainability, and sustainability. This research provides important insights into the dynamics and direction of green politics research, and offers a thematic map that can assist researchers in finding future research gaps. The findings can also serve as a reference for policymakers in formulating more effective and equitable sustainability strategies and environmental policies.</span></p> ]]> A Bibliometrics Analysis of Green Politics: Insights and Implications iradhad taqwa sihidi ach apriyanto romadhan muhammad kamil salahudin doi: 10.18280/ijei.080108 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 71 10.18280/ijei.080108 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080108 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080107 Coffee production has steadily increased each year, leading to rapid growth in the coffee industry. However, this growth has also brought challenges, particularly concerning managing generated waste in processing. The coffee processor faces significant waste management issues associated with green bean processing. To address these challenges, this study focuses on implementing the eco-industry concept, emphasizing process efficiency and waste minimization. Production efficiency is enhanced through the standardization of operations, achieved by developing standard operating procedure (SOP) documents for green bean production. Simultaneously, waste reduction strategies are employed by repurposing wet coffee pulp waste as feed for Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae and utilizing dry coffee pulp waste to produce briquette products. The trials of SOP implementation have demonstrated an increase in yield, reaching 15.10% for the natural process and 14.72% for the washed process, indicating improved production efficiency. Using coffee pulp waste as maggot feed has proven effective, degrading approximately 9.9kg of waste per g of maggot egg. Similarly, converting dry coffee pulp waste into briquettes has yielded products meeting quality standards, boasting a calorific value of around 6000cal/g. These initiatives not only enhance product value but also significantly reduce waste output, contributing to sustainable practices within the coffee industry. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Coffee production has steadily increased each year, leading to rapid growth in the coffee industry. However, this growth has also brought challenges, particularly concerning managing generated waste in processing. The coffee processor faces significant waste management issues associated with green bean processing. To address these challenges, this study focuses on implementing the eco-industry concept, emphasizing process efficiency and waste minimization. Production efficiency is enhanced through the standardization of operations, achieved by developing standard operating procedure (SOP) documents for green bean production. Simultaneously, waste reduction strategies are employed by repurposing wet coffee pulp waste as feed for Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae and utilizing dry coffee pulp waste to produce briquette products. The trials of SOP implementation have demonstrated an increase in yield, reaching 15.10% for the natural process and 14.72% for the washed process, indicating improved production efficiency. Using coffee pulp waste as maggot feed has proven effective, degrading approximately 9.9kg of waste per g of maggot egg. Similarly, converting dry coffee pulp waste into briquettes has yielded products meeting quality standards, boasting a calorific value of around 6000cal/g. These initiatives not only enhance product value but also significantly reduce waste output, contributing to sustainable practices within the coffee industry.</span></p> ]]> Development of Eco-Industrial Design Through Production Process Efficiency and Waste Utilization at Coffee Processing Industry erliza noor muhammad hilmi uwais qarani reza ramadhani febriani muchamad yusron doi: 10.18280/ijei.080107 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 63 10.18280/ijei.080107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080106 The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of environmental changes, environmental manipulation, and community involvement in IVM on malaria vector control. This article was written using a quantitative approach. The study was conducted from April to August 2024. The population surveyed consisted of all residents of Sukajaya Lempasing Village, Teluk Pandan District, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung. The research location was Sukajaya Lempasing Village, Teluk Pandan District. Purposive sampling is a side sampling method. The sample size was determined using the Slovin formula and as many as 70 residents who had had malaria. The data collection technique used a survey, while the data analysis technique used descriptive statistics, outer models, and inner models with SEM-PLS software. The results showed that environmental changes had a positive and significant impact on malaria virus control. Environmental changes significantly increased community participation but did not have a significant effect on home-based malaria control. However, host-based control was not significantly affected by community involvement alone. Environmental modification, either directly or through community engagement, also had no significant impact on host-based malaria control. These results, therefore, suggest that to achieve greater gains, a more holistic and integrated approach is needed that combines environmental manipulation and modification with host-based control strategies. This is a study that is limited to a specific geographic area and population, which may affect how generalizable the results are. Future research may look at applying these strategies more broadly across settings, incorporating longitudinal data to evaluate long-term impacts. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of environmental changes, environmental manipulation, and community involvement in IVM on malaria vector control. This article was written using a quantitative approach. The study was conducted from April to August 2024. The population surveyed consisted of all residents of Sukajaya Lempasing Village, Teluk Pandan District, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung. The research location was Sukajaya Lempasing Village, Teluk Pandan District. Purposive sampling is a side sampling method. The sample size was determined using the Slovin formula and as many as 70 residents who had had malaria. The data collection technique used a survey, while the data analysis technique used descriptive statistics, outer models, and inner models with SEM-PLS software. The results showed that environmental changes had a positive and significant impact on malaria virus control. Environmental changes significantly increased community participation but did not have a significant effect on home-based malaria control. However, host-based control was not significantly affected by community involvement alone. Environmental modification, either directly or through community engagement, also had no significant impact on host-based malaria control. These results, therefore, suggest that to achieve greater gains, a more holistic and integrated approach is needed that combines environmental manipulation and modification with host-based control strategies. This is a study that is limited to a specific geographic area and population, which may affect how generalizable the results are. Future research may look at applying these strategies more broadly across settings, incorporating longitudinal data to evaluate long-term impacts.</span></p> ]]> The Role of the Community in the Implementation of Environmental Management for Malaria Vector Control in Sukajaya Lempasing, Teluk Pandan District, Pesawaran Regency endah setyaningrum dzul fithria mumtazah linda septiani dody swiyono budi santoso enna aslina jeany audina suryaningkunti adella putri apriliani doi: 10.18280/ijei.080106 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 53 10.18280/ijei.080106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080105 Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a fundamental problem in today’s urban environments, as its composition and quantity are constantly shifting due to many different influences. Sustainable waste management solutions could not be developed without reliable estimates of future waste generation. Predicting the amount of waste generated might assist authorities with decision-making and new technological approaches, such as machine learning and deep learning. In this study, a stacking ensemble of three models, namely, Grid Search Optimized XGBoost (GSO-XGBoost), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), and Random Forest (RF) was proposed. The proposed MSW-DeepStack model outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms by obtaining the highest R2 values ranging between 0.61 and 0.9. Furthermore, the MSW-DeepStack model obtained the lowest error rates: MAPE (0.1%-10.6%), MAE (0.0163-0.1182), RMSE (0.0014-0.1225), and ME (0.0022-0.213). The proposed MSW-DeepStack model has superior results compared to the state-of-the-art models, thereby demonstrating its efficiency and sturdiness. Further, the proposed model predicted that Singapore would generate around seven million metric tons of MSW by 2030. This estimation would aid in improving the MSW management methods and assist the authorities in making well-informed choices by shedding light on long-term trends in waste production. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a fundamental problem in today’s urban environments, as its composition and quantity are constantly shifting due to many different influences. Sustainable waste management solutions could not be developed without reliable estimates of future waste generation. Predicting the amount of waste generated might assist authorities with decision-making and new technological approaches, such as machine learning and deep learning. In this study, a stacking ensemble of three models, namely, Grid Search Optimized XGBoost (GSO-XGBoost), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), and Random Forest (RF) was proposed. The proposed MSW-DeepStack model outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms by obtaining the highest R</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> values ranging between 0.61 and 0.9. Furthermore, the MSW-DeepStack model obtained the lowest error rates: MAPE (0.1%-10.6%), MAE (0.0163-0.1182), RMSE (0.0014-0.1225), and ME (0.0022-0.213). The proposed MSW-DeepStack model has superior results compared to the state-of-the-art models, thereby demonstrating its efficiency and sturdiness. Further, the proposed model predicted that Singapore would generate around seven million metric tons of MSW by 2030. This estimation would aid in improving the MSW management methods and assist the authorities in making well-informed choices by shedding light on long-term trends in waste production.</span></p> ]]> MSW-DeepStack: Innovative Municipal Solid Waste Prediction Model for Informed Decision-Making vaishnavi jayaraman arun raj lakshminarayanan a. abdul azeez khan k. javubar sathick doi: 10.18280/ijei.080105 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 41 10.18280/ijei.080105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080104 Environmental education (EE) is crucial for promoting conservation, but its impact on behavior remains under-studied, particularly regarding intergenerational knowledge transfer. This research investigates the effectiveness of EE programs in Palembang, Indonesia, in influencing learners’ and parents’ environmental knowledge and household behaviors related to water conservation. Data were collected from 264 paired parent-teenager surveys across 14 schools, comparing those involved in EE programs focused on water with a control group. Analyses show that EE significantly increased teenagers’ environmental knowledge, which was then transferred to their parents, leading to higher parental knowledge scores. Additionally, households with teenagers who received EE displayed more environmentally responsible water usage behaviors. The findings provide quantitative evidence of the intergenerational impact of EE, highlighting its potential to promote conservation through knowledge transfer and behavior change within families. This study recommended that environmental education can be transferred from children and parents and vice versa which can provide strong support for behavioral change among them in saving nature. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Environmental education (EE) is crucial for promoting conservation, but its impact on behavior remains under-studied, particularly regarding intergenerational knowledge transfer. This research investigates the effectiveness of EE programs in Palembang, Indonesia, in influencing learners’ and parents’ environmental knowledge and household behaviors related to water conservation. Data were collected from 264 paired parent-teenager surveys across 14 schools, comparing those involved in EE programs focused on water with a control group. Analyses show that EE significantly increased teenagers’ environmental knowledge, which was then transferred to their parents, leading to higher parental knowledge scores. Additionally, households with teenagers who received EE displayed more environmentally responsible water usage behaviors. The findings provide quantitative evidence of the intergenerational impact of EE, highlighting its potential to promote conservation through knowledge transfer and behavior change within families. This study recommended that environmental education can be transferred from children and parents and vice versa which can provide strong support for behavioral change among them in saving nature.</span></p> ]]> The Impact of Environmental Education on Intergenerational Knowledge Transfer and Household Behavior: A Quantitative Study from Palembang azizah husin yanti karmila nengsih heni helmi doi: 10.18280/ijei.080104 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 33 10.18280/ijei.080104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080103 Climate change presents a peril to worldwide sustainability. Evaluating research activities on sustainability reports in the context of climate change is crucial for policymakers and investors to provide information on environmental and business risks. This study is aimed to contribute to the literature by providing a comprehensive review of research endeavors pertaining to sustainability reports within the framework of climate change. A bibliometric methodology was applied by utilizing the Scopus database to analyze data from 2017 to 2024. The search technique employed a title/abstract search using specific keywords pertaining to sustainability reports and climate change. The search query yielded a total of 1412 documents. During the study period, there was a noticeable rise in the number of publications. The top five author keywords were sustainability, sustainability development, sustainability reporting, CSR, and climate change in the final position. The journal sustainability (Switzerland) ranked first in terms of publication productivity. However, in terms of citations, Journal of Cleaner Production is the most cited journal. In terms of collaboration, Italy has the highest percentage of documents in collaboration with international and local authors. India and UK have the highest percentage of collaboration with local and international authors, respectively. This study underlines the urgency of sustainability reporting as a benchmark for evaluating companies in addressing global issues, specifically focusing on climate change. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Climate change presents a peril to worldwide sustainability. Evaluating research activities on sustainability reports in the context of climate change is crucial for policymakers and investors to provide information on environmental and business risks. This study is aimed to contribute to the literature by providing a comprehensive review of research endeavors pertaining to sustainability reports within the framework of climate change. A bibliometric methodology was applied by utilizing the Scopus database to analyze data from 2017 to 2024. The search technique employed a title/abstract search using specific keywords pertaining to sustainability reports and climate change. The search query yielded a total of 1412 documents. During the study period, there was a noticeable rise in the number of publications. The top five author keywords were sustainability, sustainability development, sustainability reporting, CSR, and climate change in the final position. The journal sustainability (Switzerland) ranked first in terms of publication productivity. However, in terms of citations, Journal of Cleaner Production is the most cited journal. In terms of collaboration, Italy has the highest percentage of documents in collaboration with international and local authors. India and UK have the highest percentage of collaboration with local and international authors, respectively. This study underlines the urgency of sustainability reporting as a benchmark for evaluating companies in addressing global issues, specifically focusing on climate change.</span></p> ]]> Bibliometric Analysis of Peer-Reviewed Literature on Sustainability Reports in the Context of Climate Change from 2017 to 2024 linda kusumaning wedari muhammad fawwaz darmawan kirana azzahra putri istiqomah doi: 10.18280/ijei.080103 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 21 10.18280/ijei.080103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080102 Sidenreng Rappang Regency’s road infrastructure development offers a fantastic chance to enhance community welfare by promoting accessibility and mobility and bolstering regional economic development. To reduce adverse effects on the environment and guarantee the sustainability of natural resources for future generations, this study must, nevertheless, give prudent management top priority. This study reviews policies and dynamic factors to investigate how the development of road infrastructure in Sidenreng Rappang Regency affects the environment and natural resources. In this study, documentation, interviews, and observation were the methods employed for gathering data. The data used in this study are separated into primary and secondary categories. The study is descriptive and uses a survey method. The study’s conclusions indicate that adverse effects on the environment and natural resources need to be properly managed. Long-Term Impacts: According to research, road infrastructure has a long-term positive impact on people’s economic well-being, especially when it is supported by good maintenance and management policies. These studies highlight the necessity of investing in road infrastructure as a way to improve people’s economic well-being, alleviate poverty, and achieve long-term economic growth. They also emphasize the importance of taking a comprehensive approach to road development that takes into account the environmental and social implications. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Sidenreng Rappang Regency’s road infrastructure development offers a fantastic chance to enhance community welfare by promoting accessibility and mobility and bolstering regional economic development. To reduce adverse effects on the environment and guarantee the sustainability of natural resources for future generations, this study must, nevertheless, give prudent management top priority. This study reviews policies and dynamic factors to investigate how the development of road infrastructure in Sidenreng Rappang Regency affects the environment and natural resources. In this study, documentation, interviews, and observation were the methods employed for gathering data. The data used in this study are separated into primary and secondary categories. The study is descriptive and uses a survey method. The study’s conclusions indicate that adverse effects on the environment and natural resources need to be properly managed. Long-Term Impacts: According to research, road infrastructure has a long-term positive impact on people’s economic well-being, especially when it is supported by good maintenance and management policies. These studies highlight the necessity of investing in road infrastructure as a way to improve people’s economic well-being, alleviate poverty, and achieve long-term economic growth. They also emphasize the importance of taking a comprehensive approach to road development that takes into account the environmental and social implications.</span></p> ]]> Environmental and Natural Resources Impact of Road Infrastructure Development in Sidenreng Rappang District, Indonesia: Dynamic Consideration and Policies muh yusuf herman parung m. saleh ali mahyuddin doi: 10.18280/ijei.080102 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 9 10.18280/ijei.080102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080101 Heavy metals that are derived from the markets of Anbar Governorate, Iraq, including oranges, tangerines, lemons, Sindhi, and grapefruits. After cleaning and drying, the samples were subjected to digestion with concentrated hydrochloric and nitric acids. The concentrations of iron, chrome, nickel, copper, cadmium and lead were then determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. While most minerals were within the international authorized range of 0.1% to 0.3%, as determined by the FAO/WHO, some citrus types had concentrations that were greater than this range. Statistical analysis was employed to interpret the results. The results of the study demonstrated that the majority of the observed concentrations of all of the minerals examined were less than the maximum allowable concentrations, which were set by the FAO/WHO. As a result, these minerals are considered safe to consume. However, some minerals were documented to be present in some citrus plants that were gathered from the markets of Anbar Province exceeding the authorized limits. 02-27-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Heavy metals that are derived from the markets of Anbar Governorate, Iraq, including oranges, tangerines, lemons, Sindhi, and grapefruits. After cleaning and drying, the samples were subjected to digestion with concentrated hydrochloric and nitric acids. The concentrations of iron, chrome, nickel, copper, cadmium and lead were then determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. While most minerals were within the international authorized range of 0.1% to 0.3%, as determined by the FAO/WHO, some citrus types had concentrations that were greater than this range. Statistical analysis was employed to interpret the results. The results of the study demonstrated that the majority of the observed concentrations of all of the minerals examined were less than the maximum allowable concentrations, which were set by the FAO/WHO. As a result, these minerals are considered safe to consume. However, some minerals were documented to be present in some citrus plants that were gathered from the markets of Anbar Province exceeding the authorized limits.</span></p> ]]> Determination of the Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in the Pulp and Peel of Some Citrus Fruits Using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry bashar abdulazeez mahmood hussein hatem meteab ahmed m. jubair doi: 10.18280/ijei.080101 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 02-27-2025 2025 8 1 Article 1 10.18280/ijei.080101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2025_8_1/ijei.080101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070420 The authors approach the scientific evidence for global warming from different points of view. It initially discussed the forcing methods adopted by IPCC and a large part of the scientific community to provide valuable tools for understanding the factors driving climate evolution. It evidences the main limit of the forcing method, which limits radiative heat exchanges according to the first law of thermodynamics. A more exhaustive thermodynamic analysis of the Earth system, considering both the first and second laws of thermodynamics, could offer insights into the energy fluxes and entropy generation associated with climate-related phenomena and better describe the Earth’s heat engine. The exergy analysis is a promising tool for assessing the quality and efficiency of energy utilization and identifying the directions and opportunities for sustainable energy development. It provides a complete evaluation of natural and human-induced climate change phenomena. The results have been analyzed in the light of constructal law, observing that human impacts and the fast-growing GHGs in the atmosphere are moving the planet’s development against this law. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The authors approach the scientific evidence for global warming from different points of view. It initially discussed the forcing methods adopted by IPCC and a large part of the scientific community to provide valuable tools for understanding the factors driving climate evolution. It evidences the main limit of the forcing method, which limits radiative heat exchanges according to the first law of thermodynamics. A more exhaustive thermodynamic analysis of the Earth system, considering both the first and second laws of thermodynamics, could offer insights into the energy fluxes and entropy generation associated with climate-related phenomena and better describe the Earth’s heat engine. The exergy analysis is a promising tool for assessing the quality and efficiency of energy utilization and identifying the directions and opportunities for sustainable energy development. It provides a complete evaluation of natural and human-induced climate change phenomena. The results have been analyzed in the light of constructal law, observing that human impacts and the fast-growing GHGs in the atmosphere are moving the planet’s development against this law.</span></p> ]]> Toward an Integrated Forcing, Exergetic and Constructal Analysis of Climate Change and Definition of the Possible Mitigation Measures michele trancossi jose carlos pascoa doi: 10.18280/ijei.070420 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 803 10.18280/ijei.070420 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070420 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070419 The existence of the Panglima Laot (sea commander) to sustainably manage coastal areas in Aceh Province faces various problems. Moreover, the role of the Panglima Laot institution is sub-optimal in implementing customary maritime (adat laot) rules for managing coastal areas. This study aims to analyze the institutional performance of Panglima Laot in the sustainable management of coastal areas. This study was conducted in Aceh, Indonesia. Observation and structured interviews (questionnaires) were utilized to gather primary data. Secondary data were acquired from various agencies. Data were analyzed through multiple linear regression analysis, and qualitative data was analyzed by scoring the Likert scale. The performance of the Panglima Laot institution, ranked from highest to lowest, was as follows: (1) the application of customary maritime law, (2) fishermen's compliance with the customary maritime law, (3) the implementation of roles and functions by the Panglima Laot, and (4) dispute resolution among fishermen. The role of Panglima Laot is significant in preserving coastal ecosystems. Enhancing the performance requires developing a strong synergy with the government for effective fisheries supervision and management. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The existence of the </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Panglima Laot</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> (sea commander) to sustainably manage coastal areas in Aceh Province faces various problems. Moreover, the role of the </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Panglima Laot</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> institution is sub-optimal in implementing customary maritime (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">adat laot</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) rules for managing coastal areas. This study aims to analyze the institutional performance of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Panglima Laot</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> in the sustainable management of coastal areas. This study was conducted in Aceh, Indonesia. Observation and structured interviews (questionnaires) were utilized to gather primary data. Secondary data were acquired from various agencies. Data were analyzed through multiple linear regression analysis, and qualitative data was analyzed by scoring the Likert scale. The performance of the </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Panglima Laot</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> institution, ranked from highest to lowest, was as follows: (1) the application of customary maritime law, (2) fishermen's compliance with the customary maritime law, (3) the implementation of roles and functions by the </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Panglima Laot</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, and (4) dispute resolution among fishermen. The role of </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Panglima Laot</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> is significant in preserving coastal ecosystems. Enhancing the performance requires developing a strong synergy with the government for effective fisheries supervision and management.</span></p> ]]> Fishermen’s Perspective on the Performance of Panglima Laot in Managing Coastal Areas in Aceh, Indonesia eva wardah agussabti i. indra y. rinaldi doi: 10.18280/ijei.070419 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 791 10.18280/ijei.070419 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070419 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070418 Treating wastewater is a crucial process to save the environment and provide freshwater conservation tools. This study aimed to develop a sustainable wastewater treatment process based on the biofiltration process. This study experiments employed two of the available local raw materials as filter media for biofiltration to treat the raw wastewater. The Dolomite (CaCO3, MgCO3), and Anhydrite crushed rocks (CaSO4) were selected. The study was performed by constructing two pilot-scale biofiltration systems for 18 operation weeks. A group of wastewater quality parameters of the influent and effluent were tested at different periods of operation such as BOD5, COD, pH, TDS, EC, cations, and anions: Mg+2, Ca+2, K+, Na+, HCO3-, Cl-, NO-3, and sodium absorption ratio (SAR). The results showed that both biofilters had high removal rates for BOD5 and COD a low fluctuation based on period time. It is worth mentioning that the highest BOD5 and COD removals were achieved in the first 6 weeks using the Dolomite filter reaching 95% and 96% respectively. Moreover, the following treatment using Dolomite showed high-efficiency removals for anions and cations such as Mg+2 (87.15%), Na+ (57.76%), K+ (43.6%), Cl- (77.3%), NO3- (92%) and HCO3- (63%). Also, the results indicated that the treated wastewater can be reused for irrigation purposes based on SAR which was 1.73. Meanwhile, the Anhydrite biofilter showed a low efficiency of anions and cations removals compared to Dolomite. For instance, the removal efficiency for Mg+2, Na+, K+, Cl-, NO3-, HCO3- were 77.8%, 52%, and 21.1% 36.7 %, 52 % and 61.5%, respectively and SAR was 2.1 epm. In conclusion, the proposed biofiltration systems showed high removal rates for various pollutants from wastewater with some superiority for Dolomite media. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Treating wastewater is a crucial process to save the environment and provide freshwater conservation tools. This study aimed to develop a sustainable wastewater treatment process based on the biofiltration process. This study experiments employed two of the available local raw materials as filter media for biofiltration to treat the raw wastewater. The Dolomite (CaCO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, MgCO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), and Anhydrite crushed rocks (CaSO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">4</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) were selected. The study was performed by constructing two pilot-scale biofiltration systems for 18 operation weeks. A group of wastewater quality parameters of the influent and effluent were tested at different periods of operation such as BOD</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">5</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, COD, pH, TDS, EC, cations, and anions: Mg</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">+2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, Ca</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">+2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, K</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">+</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, Na</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">+</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, HCO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, Cl</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, NO</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">-3</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, and sodium absorption ratio (SAR). The results showed that both biofilters had high removal rates for BOD</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">5</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> and COD a low fluctuation based on period time. It is worth mentioning that the highest BOD</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">5</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> and COD removals were achieved in the first 6 weeks using the Dolomite filter reaching 95% and 96% respectively. Moreover, the following treatment using Dolomite showed high-efficiency removals for anions and cations such as Mg</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">+2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> (87.15%), Na</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">+</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> (57.76%), K</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">+</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> (43.6%), Cl</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> (77.3%), NO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> (92%) and HCO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> (63%). Also, the results indicated that the treated wastewater can be reused for irrigation purposes based on SAR which was 1.73. Meanwhile, the Anhydrite biofilter showed a low efficiency of anions and cations removals compared to Dolomite. For instance, the removal efficiency for Mg</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">+2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, Na</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">+</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, K</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">+</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, Cl-, NO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, HCO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">-</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> were 77.8%, 52%, and 21.1% 36.7 %, 52 % and 61.5%, respectively and SAR was 2.1 epm. In conclusion, the proposed biofiltration systems showed high removal rates for various pollutants from wastewater with some superiority for Dolomite media.</span></p> ]]> Developing Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Systems Using Biofiltration Process marwa yass khudair saleem ethaib farhan m. jasim ammar hatem kamel doi: 10.18280/ijei.070418 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 781 10.18280/ijei.070418 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070418 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070417 This research is motivated by seeing that mining activities in Nagari Air Dingin, Solok Regency, Indonesia, have increased the risk of floods and landslides, causing deforestation, thereby eliminating the function of forests in preventing disasters. For this reason, the research aims to explain the dynamics of disaster management policies for environmental damage that results in disasters in the region. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods, and data collection is carried out through interviews, observation and documentation studies. The main findings of this research explain that environmental damage management policies in the area have been carried out by related parties, including rehabilitation and preservation of forest vegetation, as well as community participation through village “restoration” through coffee plants. Second, supervision of land use for mining: supervision of environmental permits for mining activities and regulation of illegal mining. Furthermore, the findings of this research also explain policy obstacles that focus on three aspects, namely weak law enforcement regarding land used for mining. Second, there is a lack of knowledge and community apathy regarding environmental management that has not been implemented, as well as the rehabilitation of forests and land whose functions have been damaged. Meanwhile, the significance of this research is that it provides benefits in environmental management policies to prevent disasters both theoretically and practically. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research is motivated by seeing that mining activities in Nagari Air Dingin, Solok Regency, Indonesia, have increased the risk of floods and landslides, causing deforestation, thereby eliminating the function of forests in preventing disasters. For this reason, the research aims to explain the dynamics of disaster management policies for environmental damage that results in disasters in the region. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods, and data collection is carried out through interviews, observation and documentation studies. The main findings of this research explain that environmental damage management policies in the area have been carried out by related parties, including rehabilitation and preservation of forest vegetation, as well as community participation through village “restoration” through coffee plants. Second, supervision of land use for mining: supervision of environmental permits for mining activities and regulation of illegal mining. Furthermore, the findings of this research also explain policy obstacles that focus on three aspects, namely weak law enforcement regarding land used for mining. Second, there is a lack of knowledge and community apathy regarding environmental management that has not been implemented, as well as the rehabilitation of forests and land whose functions have been damaged. Meanwhile, the significance of this research is that it provides benefits in environmental management policies to prevent disasters both theoretically and practically.</span></p> ]]> Policy Analysis for Handling Environmental Damage based on Disaster Mitigation in Nagari Air Dingin, Solok Regency zikri alhadi agid rahman rahmadani yusran yuliarti doi: 10.18280/ijei.070417 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 769 10.18280/ijei.070417 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070417 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070416 The review study explores contemporary Earth observation (EO) methods and the influential role of citizen science in environmental research. It emphasizes the integration of diverse datasets-such as satellite imagery, field surveys, and citizen science contributions, to enhance the precision and efficiency of Earth system studies. By combining high-resolution remote sensing technologies with ground-based observations, researchers can effectively monitor and analyze biodiversity hotspots and other critical environmental phenomena. The study highlights the crucial role of citizen science and community engagement in broadening data collection efforts and involving the public in environmental monitoring initiatives. It also acknowledges the importance of field studies and research expeditions for validating and complementing EO data. A key focus of the review is the use of open-source tools and innovative methodologies that facilitate high-quality research on constrained budgets. This approach improves accessibility and repeatability, enabling significant scientific advancements without substantial financial investments. The review showcases how leveraging these integrated technologies can advance Earth science research and overcome financial barriers, ensuring that valuable scientific contributions are achievable even with limited resources. This review provides practical insights for integrating EO techniques, field studies, and citizen science, offering guidance for conducting impactful and cost-effective environmental research. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The review study explores contemporary Earth observation (EO) methods and the influential role of citizen science in environmental research. It emphasizes the integration of diverse datasets-such as satellite imagery, field surveys, and citizen science contributions, to enhance the precision and efficiency of Earth system studies. By combining high-resolution remote sensing technologies with ground-based observations, researchers can effectively monitor and analyze biodiversity hotspots and other critical environmental phenomena. The study highlights the crucial role of citizen science and community engagement in broadening data collection efforts and involving the public in environmental monitoring initiatives. It also acknowledges the importance of field studies and research expeditions for validating and complementing EO data. A key focus of the review is the use of open-source tools and innovative methodologies that facilitate high-quality research on constrained budgets. This approach improves accessibility and repeatability, enabling significant scientific advancements without substantial financial investments. The review showcases how leveraging these integrated technologies can advance Earth science research and overcome financial barriers, ensuring that valuable scientific contributions are achievable even with limited resources. This review provides practical insights for integrating EO techniques, field studies, and citizen science, offering guidance for conducting impactful and cost-effective environmental research.</span></p> ]]> Review of Earth Observation Techniques and Citizen Science Approach for Biodiversity Hotspot Study yashraj patil rani fathima brian campbell dorian janney shilpa hudnurkar harikrishnan r doi: 10.18280/ijei.070416 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 753 10.18280/ijei.070416 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070416 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070415 The current property tax on the forestry sector in Indonesia imposes a heavy burden on taxpayers which reduces the competitiveness of forest products and encourages deforestation amidst Indonesia's efforts to achieve net-zero emission targets. Forestry taxes should be able to balance business profitability and natural resource conservation through the strengthening of ecosystem services provided by forests. This study aims to provide alternative policy and improvements of the administration of property tax policy to support the carbon sequestration function of Indonesia's tropical rainforests and forestry industry. This research is a qualitative study that employs focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and content analysis to collect data. The data analysis technique employed were successive approximation, illustrative method, and ideal types. Writers identified several policy and administration problems such as uncertain and complex land valuation, high tax rates, insignificant tax deductions, open interpretation of land classification, and numerous user charges. Alternative policies proposed are property tax incentives which consist of tax rate reduction and adjustment of deductions. The provision of tax incentives is expected to encourage reforestation efforts and reduce deforestation, therefore supporting the carbon sequestration of Indonesia's tropical rainforests in the context of climate change mitigation. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The current property tax on the forestry sector in Indonesia imposes a heavy burden on taxpayers which reduces the competitiveness of forest products and encourages deforestation amidst Indonesia's efforts to achieve net-zero emission targets. Forestry taxes should be able to balance business profitability and natural resource conservation through the strengthening of ecosystem services provided by forests. This study aims to provide alternative policy and improvements of the administration of property tax policy to support the carbon sequestration function of Indonesia's tropical rainforests and forestry industry. This research is a qualitative study that employs focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and content analysis to collect data. The data analysis technique employed were successive approximation, illustrative method, and ideal types. Writers identified several policy and administration problems such as uncertain and complex land valuation, high tax rates, insignificant tax deductions, open interpretation of land classification, and numerous user charges. Alternative policies proposed are property tax incentives which consist of tax rate reduction and adjustment of deductions. The provision of tax incentives is expected to encourage reforestation efforts and reduce deforestation, therefore supporting the carbon sequestration of Indonesia's tropical rainforests in the context of climate change mitigation.</p> ]]> Property Tax Incentives for the Forestry Sector to Support Climate Change Mitigation in Indonesia titi muswati putranti gunadi inayati abrar bilisanimar doi: 10.18280/ijei.070415 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 743 10.18280/ijei.070415 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070415 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070414 The Bau Nyale tradition, practiced by coastal communities in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, revolves around the search for sea worms, symbolizing blessings and good fortune. This study aims to 1) identify the behavior of the Kuta village community in the Bau Nyale tradition to address climate change impacts, and 2) analyze the tradition’s role in mitigating these impacts, especially on the marine ecosystem in Lombok. Using a qualitative approach, data collection methods included in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation in Sukarara Village, Central Lombok. Data analysis was conducted using NVIVO 12 plus. The findings show that Bau Nyale is not only a cultural ritual but also an environmental adaptation mechanism. It contributes to maintaining marine ecosystem balance through sustainable practices and raises public awareness about environmental conservation and climate change threats. The tradition has significant potential to be integrated with modern scientific approaches, offering a sustainable and resilient strategy for natural resource management in the face of climate change. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The Bau Nyale tradition, practiced by coastal communities in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, revolves around the search for sea worms, symbolizing blessings and good fortune. This study aims to 1) identify the behavior of the Kuta village community in the Bau Nyale tradition to address climate change impacts, and 2) analyze the tradition’s role in mitigating these impacts, especially on the marine ecosystem in Lombok. Using a qualitative approach, data collection methods included in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation in Sukarara Village, Central Lombok. Data analysis was conducted using NVIVO 12 plus. The findings show that Bau Nyale is not only a cultural ritual but also an environmental adaptation mechanism. It contributes to maintaining marine ecosystem balance through sustainable practices and raises public awareness about environmental conservation and climate change threats. The tradition has significant potential to be integrated with modern scientific approaches, offering a sustainable and resilient strategy for natural resource management in the face of climate change.</span></p> ]]> Bau Nyale Tradition: Local Wisdom in Addressing the Impact of Climate Change in Lombok Sea tuti mutia i. komang astina rima melitasari ravinesh rohit prasad doi: 10.18280/ijei.070414 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 731 10.18280/ijei.070414 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070414 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070413 According to WHO, in 2024, unsafe food is estimated to potentially cause 600 million cases of foodborne illnesses and 420,000 deaths. In 2017, 106 cases of foodborne illnesses in 24 provinces were confirmed by the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM). This research aims to evaluate temporary waste disposal sites; presence of flies; sanitation hygiene; room sanitation; chemical parameter testing in food samples; and chemical, biological, and physical parameter testing in drinking and clean water. The type of research used is descriptive research. This study aims to observe sanitation and laboratory examination results of food samples, drinking water samples, clean water samples, and ambient air samples at Pattimura Ambon Airport. The research design used is cross-sectional. Testing of water and food samples was conducted at the Environmental Health and Disease Control Technical Institute (BTKLPP). Based on the evaluation results, compliance with the use of work clothing by workers did not meet standards. In addition, the construction of restaurant walls and floors also did not meet standards, namely, they were not waterproof. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>According to WHO, in 2024, unsafe food is estimated to potentially cause 600 million cases of foodborne illnesses and 420,000 deaths. In 2017, 106 cases of foodborne illnesses in 24 provinces were confirmed by the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM). This research aims to evaluate temporary waste disposal sites; presence of flies; sanitation hygiene; room sanitation; chemical parameter testing in food samples; and chemical, biological, and physical parameter testing in drinking and clean water. The type of research used is descriptive research. This study aims to observe sanitation and laboratory examination results of food samples, drinking water samples, clean water samples, and ambient air samples at Pattimura Ambon Airport. The research design used is cross-sectional. Testing of water and food samples was conducted at the Environmental Health and Disease Control Technical Institute (BTKLPP). Based on the evaluation results, compliance with the use of work clothing by workers did not meet standards. In addition, the construction of restaurant walls and floors also did not meet standards, namely, they were not waterproof.</p> ]]> Food and Water Safety Monitoring at Pattimura Airport, Ambon City mahaza sapta suhardono yura witsqa firmansyah maura hardjanti linda yanti juliana noya doi: 10.18280/ijei.070413 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 723 10.18280/ijei.070413 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070413 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070412 This study examines the antecedents and consequences of green trust in the context of environmentally friendly cosmetic products. Specifically, it investigates the influence of green perceived quality and green satisfaction on green trust, as well as the subsequent impact of green trust on consumer commitment and repurchase intention. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing a survey method of 284 respondents. SEM within the AMOS software was used to examine the data. The results support six hypotheses. The first hypothesis asserts that green perceived quality positively influences both green satisfaction and green trust; the positive influence of green satisfaction was found on green trust; and green trust positively influences green commitment and repurchase intention. However, one unproven hypothesis was that green satisfaction influenced repurchase intention. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of green trust and its role in driving consumer behavior towards environmentally friendly cosmetic products. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>This study examines the antecedents and consequences of green trust in the context of environmentally friendly cosmetic products. Specifically, it investigates the influence of green perceived quality and green satisfaction on green trust, as well as the subsequent impact of green trust on consumer commitment and repurchase intention. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing a survey method of 284 respondents. SEM within the AMOS software was used to examine the data. The results support six hypotheses. The first hypothesis asserts that green perceived quality positively influences both green satisfaction and green trust; the positive influence of green satisfaction was found on green trust; and green trust positively influences green commitment and repurchase intention. However, one unproven hypothesis was that green satisfaction influenced repurchase intention. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of green trust and its role in driving consumer behavior towards environmentally friendly cosmetic products.</p> ]]> Antecedents and Consequences of Green Trust in Environmentally Friendly Cosmetic Products tanti handriana masmira kurniawati suwandi s. sangadji febriana wurjaningrum ika barokah suryaningsih doi: 10.18280/ijei.070412 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 713 10.18280/ijei.070412 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070412 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070411 One of the adopted policies to contribute to this effort is the carbon tax policy, which is being implemented in several countries. However, its effectiveness remains heavily affected by public perceptions and reactions. Therefore, this paper explores the environmental policy implications of carbon tax implementation in Indonesia using a Natural Language Processing (NLP) approach. As seen, the data were directly surveyed from 377 respondents and analyzed using the BERT model. After analysis, most respondents feel positive about the carbon tax, stating that with a policy like that, levels of pollution will be reduced in a green economy. Word clouds of text data bring to the fore important keywords on carbon tax — ‘emission’, ‘climate change’, and ‘green economy’-pointing to the actual gist on which the public discourse is centered. The correlation analysis also shows a strong relationship between perceptions of the carbon tax with views on economic and environmental impacts. The implications are useful for policymakers to come up with a communication strategy optimization and an implementation of the carbon tax in Indonesia, considering public concerns and expectations. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>One of the adopted policies to contribute to this effort is the carbon tax policy, which is being implemented in several countries. However, its effectiveness remains heavily affected by public perceptions and reactions. Therefore, this paper explores the environmental policy implications of carbon tax implementation in Indonesia using a Natural Language Processing (NLP) approach. As seen, the data were directly surveyed from 377 respondents and analyzed using the BERT model. After analysis, most respondents feel positive about the carbon tax, stating that with a policy like that, levels of pollution will be reduced in a green economy. Word clouds of text data bring to the fore important keywords on carbon tax — ‘emission’, ‘climate change’, and ‘green economy’-pointing to the actual gist on which the public discourse is centered. The correlation analysis also shows a strong relationship between perceptions of the carbon tax with views on economic and environmental impacts. The implications are useful for policymakers to come up with a communication strategy optimization and an implementation of the carbon tax in Indonesia, considering public concerns and expectations.</p> ]]> Environmental Policy Implications of Carbon Tax Implementation Using Natural Language Processing rialdi azhar luthfi firdaus neny desriani widya rizki eka putri fajrin satria dwi kesumah doi: 10.18280/ijei.070411 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 705 10.18280/ijei.070411 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070411 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070410 The current study aimed to identify the reality of early childhood female teachers’ practice for their roles in spreading environmental awareness among children. The study followed the descriptive analytical method. The study was conducted on a sample of 41 early childhood educators in institutions associated with the Department of Education in the Northern Border Region. The results of the current study indicated that early childhood teachers had an average level of practice for their roles in spreading environmental awareness, as the overall average was (3.77). The distribution of the levels of reality of early childhood teachers’ practice for their roles in spreading environmental awareness among the study sample members was as follows: (22.0%) of early childhood female teachers had a low level, while (17.0%) had a medium level of practice for their roles in spreading environmental awareness, while (61.0%) had a high level. The results of the current study indicated that there were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the categories of years of experience. The results of the current study indicated that there were statistically significant differences that may be due to the academic qualification e, the academic qualification specialty (kindergarten/other specialty) and the number of training courses variable. The findings suggest several implications for science educators broadly, and specifically for those in Saudi Arabia, are highlighted. It is argued that not only should teachers possess knowledge about environmental issues, but they should also demonstrate environmental concern themselves, as their actions and thoughts greatly influence the students they teach. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The current study aimed to identify the reality of early childhood female teachers’ practice for their roles in spreading environmental awareness among children. The study followed the descriptive analytical method. The study was conducted on a sample of 41 early childhood educators in institutions associated with the Department of Education in the Northern Border Region. The results of the current study indicated that early childhood teachers had an average level of practice for their roles in spreading environmental awareness, as the overall average was (3.77). The distribution of the levels of reality of early childhood teachers’ practice for their roles in spreading environmental awareness among the study sample members was as follows: (22.0%) of early childhood female teachers had a low level, while (17.0%) had a medium level of practice for their roles in spreading environmental awareness, while (61.0%) had a high level. The results of the current study indicated that there were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the categories of years of experience. The results of the current study indicated that there were statistically significant differences that may be due to the academic qualification e, the academic qualification specialty (kindergarten/other specialty) and the number of training courses variable. The findings suggest several implications for science educators broadly, and specifically for those in Saudi Arabia, are highlighted. It is argued that not only should teachers possess knowledge about environmental issues, but they should also demonstrate environmental concern themselves, as their actions and thoughts greatly influence the students they teach.</p> ]]> The Reality of Early Childhood Teachers’ Practice of Their Roles in Spreading Environmental Awareness in Saudi Arabia fayadh hamed alanazi dunia radhi alrwaili doi: 10.18280/ijei.070410 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 693 10.18280/ijei.070410 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070410 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070409 Identifying and mapping plant types in the household environment that contribute to carbon uptake is the goal of this research. The research method used exploratory descriptive by exploring and collecting information from respondents and field observation about plant types that play a role in carbon absorption and sources of carbon emissions produced in households (LPG, electricity, and transportation emissions). Primary data was collected from four sub-districts (Suralaga, Labuhan Haji, Sakra, Sukamulia) with 75 respondents per sub-district. Data was analyzed quantitatively descriptively, which describes the amount of carbon emissions produced by households, plant types, and the amount of carbon uptake by various plant types. The results show that plants with the highest carbon uptake and also mostly found at research locations are Mango (Mangifera indica) at 445.3, followed by Matoa (Pometia pinnata) at 39.76, Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) at 26.51 and the rest is a combination of several types of fruit plant, such as Srikaya (Annona squamosa), Soursop (Annona muricata), Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Banana (Musa acuminata), Guava (Syzygium), Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), Papaya (Carica papaya), Longan (Dimocarpus longan), Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), Oranges (Citrus), and Avocados (Persea americana). The results of the analysis show that these trees cannot fulfill the carbon absorption resulting from LPG emissions, electricity emissions and transportation emissions from households, even though all calculation shows that it still unbalanced, and needs more plants to be planted. These findings can be used as a basis for making policies to regulate CO2 emissions originating from households. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Identifying and mapping plant types in the household environment that contribute to carbon uptake is the goal of this research. The research method used exploratory descriptive by exploring and collecting information from respondents and field observation about plant types that play a role in carbon absorption and sources of carbon emissions produced in households (LPG, electricity, and transportation emissions). Primary data was collected from four sub-districts (Suralaga, Labuhan Haji, Sakra, Sukamulia) with 75 respondents per sub-district. Data was analyzed quantitatively descriptively, which describes the amount of carbon emissions produced by households, plant types, and the amount of carbon uptake by various plant types. The results show that plants with the highest carbon uptake and also mostly found at research locations are Mango (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Mangifera indica)</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> at 445.3, followed by Matoa (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Pometia pinnata</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) at 39.76, Jackfruit (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Artocarpus heterophyllus</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) at 26.51 and the rest is a combination of several types of fruit plant, such as Srikaya (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Annona squamosa</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), Soursop (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Annona muricata</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), Coconut (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Cocos nucifera</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), Banana (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Musa acuminata</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), Guava (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Syzygium</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), Sapodilla (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Manilkara zapota</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), Papaya (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Carica papaya</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), Longan (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Dimocarpus longan)</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, Rambutan (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Nephelium lappaceum</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), Oranges (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Citrus</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), and Avocados (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Persea americana</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">). The results of the analysis show that these trees cannot fulfill the carbon absorption resulting from LPG emissions, electricity emissions and transportation emissions from households, even though all calculation shows that it still unbalanced, and needs more plants to be planted. These findings can be used as a basis for making policies to regulate CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> emissions originating from households.</span></p> ]]> Identification and Mapping of Plant Types in the Household Environment to Increase Carbon Absorption in East Lombok, Indonesia armin subhani marhamah baiq liana widiyanti doi: 10.18280/ijei.070409 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 685 10.18280/ijei.070409 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070409 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070408 Local governments have a significant and strategic position in development because they are at the site/field level that is directl=y related to the community. In reality, each local government organization has a program in the same place, so there is no program coordination between local government organizations. Environmentally aware village governance emphasizes the role of local governments in sustainable and environmentally aware development. The analytical framework examines the relationship between four independent variables [X1] Program, [X2] Environmental Governance, [X3] Market Access, [X4] Institutional Collaboration, with dependent variables [Y1] Sustainable Development and [Y2] Collaborative Governance-Pentahelix. This study focuses on the significant role of effective institutional collaboration in achieving sustainable development and good governance. To optimize sustainable development and governance in forest landscapes, a holistic approach that combines strong institutional collaboration and environmental governance is essential. In addition, strong environmental policies at the village level must support mangrove forest conservation, which is essential for maintaining coastal biodiversity. The results of the study indicate that institutional collaboration and environmental governance are significant key factors in achieving sustainable development and good governance, while market access and programs do not have a significant impact on sustainable development. Institutional collaboration directly contributes to sustainable development and good governance. Consequently, this study shows that strong and effective environmental governance is needed for environmental management and sustainable development in the village. Thus, this study shows that to achieve success in environmental management and sustainable development in the village, strong environmental governance and effective institutional collaboration are needed. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Local governments have a significant and strategic position in development because they are at the site/field level that is directl=y related to the community. In reality, each local government organization has a program in the same place, so there is no program coordination between local government organizations. Environmentally aware village governance emphasizes the role of local governments in sustainable and environmentally aware development. The analytical framework examines the relationship between four independent variables [X1] Program, [X2] Environmental Governance, [X3] Market Access, [X4] Institutional Collaboration, with dependent variables [Y1] Sustainable Development and [Y2] Collaborative Governance-Pentahelix. This study focuses on the significant role of effective institutional collaboration in achieving sustainable development and good governance. To optimize sustainable development and governance in forest landscapes, a holistic approach that combines strong institutional collaboration and environmental governance is essential. In addition, strong environmental policies at the village level must support mangrove forest conservation, which is essential for maintaining coastal biodiversity. The results of the study indicate that institutional collaboration and environmental governance are significant key factors in achieving sustainable development and good governance, while market access and programs do not have a significant impact on sustainable development. Institutional collaboration directly contributes to sustainable development and good governance. Consequently, this study shows that strong and effective environmental governance is needed for environmental management and sustainable development in the village. Thus, this study shows that to achieve success in environmental management and sustainable development in the village, strong environmental governance and effective institutional collaboration are needed.</span></p> ]]> The Impact of Village Governance Environmental Management on Community-Based Mangrove Development in Karang City, Bandar Lampung pitojo budiono christine wulandari adella putri apriliani fadela yunika sari doi: 10.18280/ijei.070408 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 675 10.18280/ijei.070408 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070408 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070407 The high number of students and the various activities that involve them can contribute to the increase in plastic waste on campus. Student environmental education in plastic waste management plays an important role in the sustainability of a green campus. The objective of this study was: 1) to evaluate the implementation of environmental education in plastic waste management on the green campus in Malang City; and 2) to determine the students’ achievements in environmental education about plastic waste management, focusing on the knowledge, awareness, behavior, skills, and participation. This study utilized a survey method with a quantitative descriptive approach, involving a total of 1,038 respondents. Data was acquired using a closed questionnaire that had been modified and distributed using a QR code. The Weighted Mean approach was utilized in data analysis. The study revealed the following findings: 1) The green campus in Malang City has implemented a curriculum that is integrated with environmental education but has different implementation specifications; 2) Students’ environmental education in plastic waste management at the three green campuses fits in the high category; 3) The results indicated that student achievement was very high in awareness, high in knowledge and behavior, but low in skills and participation. Integrating environmental education into the learning process, along with stimulating activities, is crucial to encourage student participation in plastic waste management. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The high number of students and the various activities that involve them can contribute to the increase in plastic waste on campus. Student environmental education in plastic waste management plays an important role in the sustainability of a green campus. The objective of this study was: 1) to evaluate the implementation of environmental education in plastic waste management on the green campus in Malang City; and 2) to determine the students’ achievements in environmental education about plastic waste management, focusing on the knowledge, awareness, behavior, skills, and participation. This study utilized a survey method with a quantitative descriptive approach, involving a total of 1,038 respondents. Data was acquired using a closed questionnaire that had been modified and distributed using a QR code. The Weighted Mean approach was utilized in data analysis. The study revealed the following findings: 1) The green campus in Malang City has implemented a curriculum that is integrated with environmental education but has different implementation specifications; 2) Students’ environmental education in plastic waste management at the three green campuses fits in the high category; 3) The results indicated that student achievement was very high in awareness, high in knowledge and behavior, but low in skills and participation. Integrating environmental education into the learning process, along with stimulating activities, is crucial to encourage student participation in plastic waste management.</p> ]]> Empowering Students with Environmental Education on Plastic Waste Management: A Crucial Step Towards Achieving Green Campus Sustainability natasya shaherani sugeng utaya sumarmi syamsul bachri toru matsumoto yayoi kodama indriyani rachman doi: 10.18280/ijei.070407 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 663 10.18280/ijei.070407 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070407 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070406 Fixed assets are signs of a significant source of carbon emissions in intensive carbon sectors. This study aims to investigate the impact of asset structure and asset utilization efficiency on the carbon emissions reduction in high polluting industry in Indonesia. The study uses the high-polluting industries in Indonesia in the period 2018-2022, as the sample. Secondary data were collected from the company’s annual and sustainability report from the company’s website. To test the hypotheses, the study used logistic regression. The results show asset structure does not have a significant effect on carbon emissions reduction, however, asset utilization efficiency has a negative effect on carbon emissions reduction. This study’s results highlight the critical need for the government and research organizations to define the carbon emissions capacity of various fixed assets. As a result, it is easier for high-carbon industries to implement more detailed carbon management strategies and maximize their carbon advantages. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Fixed assets are signs of a significant source of carbon emissions in intensive carbon sectors. This study aims to investigate the impact of asset structure and asset utilization efficiency on the carbon emissions reduction in high polluting industry in Indonesia. The study uses the high-polluting industries in Indonesia in the period 2018-2022, as the sample. Secondary data were collected from the company’s annual and sustainability report from the company’s website. To test the hypotheses, the study used logistic regression. The results show asset structure does not have a significant effect on carbon emissions reduction, however, asset utilization efficiency has a negative effect on carbon emissions reduction. This study’s results highlight the critical need for the government and research organizations to define the carbon emissions capacity of various fixed assets. As a result, it is easier for high-carbon industries to implement more detailed carbon management strategies and maximize their carbon advantages.</p> ]]> Towards Low-Carbon Economy: How Does Indonesia’s Industry Decarbonize its Assets shalmma aulia putri linda kusumaning wedari doi: 10.18280/ijei.070406 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 653 10.18280/ijei.070406 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070406 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070405 Ecotourism is a type of forest management that places a strong emphasis on the idea of balancing the use of forest resources for both environmental and economic purposes. Pinus Sari Forest (PSF) is an ecotourism object destination with the main tourist attraction being old pine trees which mark the shift from pine sap harvesting to tourism activities. Due to the transition of forest management in PSF, it is necessary to assess the sustainability of ecotourism activities. This research aims to assess the sustainability status of PSF ecotourism object destinations. This research used a multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) method to cover the five specific dimensions, namely ecological, economic, social, legal and institutional, as well as accessibility and infrastructure with the given number of attributes in each dimension. This research reveals that the ecological (74.95%), economic (69.46%), social (59.5%), legal and institutional (57.42%), accessibility and infrastructure (58.66%) dimensions are all classified as moderately sustainable. Based on the sustainability index of these five dimensions, this research concludes that the level of sustainability of this PSF ecotourism object destination is moderately sustainable, with an obtained index of 62.77%. We recommend the operator evaluate and manage the sensitive attributes properly to escalate the sustainability status of the PSF ecotourism destination. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Ecotourism is a type of forest management that places a strong emphasis on the idea of balancing the use of forest resources for both environmental and economic purposes. Pinus Sari Forest (PSF) is an ecotourism object destination with the main tourist attraction being old pine trees which mark the shift from pine sap harvesting to tourism activities. Due to the transition of forest management in PSF, it is necessary to assess the sustainability of ecotourism activities. This research aims to assess the sustainability status of PSF ecotourism object destinations. This research used a multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) method to cover the five specific dimensions, namely ecological, economic, social, legal and institutional, as well as accessibility and infrastructure with the given number of attributes in each dimension. This research reveals that the ecological (74.95%), economic (69.46%), social (59.5%), legal and institutional (57.42%), accessibility and infrastructure (58.66%) dimensions are all classified as moderately sustainable. Based on the sustainability index of these five dimensions, this research concludes that the level of sustainability of this PSF ecotourism object destination is moderately sustainable, with an obtained index of 62.77%. We recommend the operator evaluate and manage the sensitive attributes properly to escalate the sustainability status of the PSF ecotourism destination.</p> ]]> Evaluating the Sustainability Status of Pinus Sari Forest as an Ecotourism Destination Using Multi-Dimensional Scaling daris fahmaa sutata muhammad iqbal nur madjid eva lutfiana darmawati ridho nevlya mia safitri ronggo sadono doi: 10.18280/ijei.070405 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 641 10.18280/ijei.070405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070404 In the realm of water resource management, optimizing the operation of multiple water pumps plays a pivotal role in ensuring the efficient distribution and conservation of this vital resource. This research paper proposes a novel approach to address this challenge by harnessing the power of Long Range (LoRa) communication technology for controlling multiple water pumps remotely. The study begins by exploring the existing methodologies in water pump control systems and identifies their limitations, particularly in terms of scalability, range, and energy efficiency. Subsequently, it introduces the concept of LoRa technology and its applicability in the domain of multiple water pump control, highlighting its long-range communicating capability, low-power consumption, and suitability for precision agriculture. The system architecture is delineated, encompassing the integration of LoRa transceivers with each water pump, a central control unit, and a user interface for remote monitoring and management. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed system, a series of experiments are conducted in real-world scenarios, encompassing various operational conditions and geographic locations. Performance metrics including response time and reliability are meticulously measured and analyzed. The findings of this research demonstrate significant improvements in the reliability of water pump control systems using LoRa technology. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>In the realm of water resource management, optimizing the operation of multiple water pumps plays a pivotal role in ensuring the efficient distribution and conservation of this vital resource. This research paper proposes a novel approach to address this challenge by harnessing the power of Long Range (LoRa) communication technology for controlling multiple water pumps remotely. The study begins by exploring the existing methodologies in water pump control systems and identifies their limitations, particularly in terms of scalability, range, and energy efficiency. Subsequently, it introduces the concept of LoRa technology and its applicability in the domain of multiple water pump control, highlighting its long-range communicating capability, low-power consumption, and suitability for precision agriculture. The system architecture is delineated, encompassing the integration of LoRa transceivers with each water pump, a central control unit, and a user interface for remote monitoring and management. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed system, a series of experiments are conducted in real-world scenarios, encompassing various operational conditions and geographic locations. Performance metrics including response time and reliability are meticulously measured and analyzed. The findings of this research demonstrate significant improvements in the reliability of water pump control systems using LoRa technology.</p> ]]> Optimization of Water Resource Management: A LoRa-Based Control Framework for Multiple Pump Control Systems gayatri phade saffrine kingsly sharada ohotkar minal gade vidya chitre omkar vaidya doi: 10.18280/ijei.070404 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 633 10.18280/ijei.070404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070403 Corporations possess subsidiaries globally, forming a corporate network that engages with both human and natural cultural systems. The process of combining ecological and economic viewpoints presents certain difficulties. To achieve strong sustainability, it is necessary to transition from a business-centric strategy to one that integrates ecological principles into strategic decision-making. The objective of this study was to examine the role of Environmental Management Accounting in promoting company sustainability. An extensive examination of existing research, known as a systematic literature review, was conducted from 2015 to 2024. The Environmental Management Accounting paradigm was utilized in several contexts, encompassing corporate governance, supply chain management, and sustainability management accounting. A total of 868 full-text publications were found. EMA is a systematic approach for combining financial and non-financial measures of performance. This study aims to emphasize the importance of Environmental Management Accounting in addressing the challenges posed by the investigation of future opportunities, and how scholars and practitioners can contribute to the path towards corporate sustainable development. The focus is on the interaction between MA alignment and shifts in the structure and external circumstances. In addition, the study identified prospective areas for future research and highlighted their value for both scholars and practitioners. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Corporations possess subsidiaries globally, forming a corporate network that engages with both human and natural cultural systems. The process of combining ecological and economic viewpoints presents certain difficulties. To achieve strong sustainability, it is necessary to transition from a business-centric strategy to one that integrates ecological principles into strategic decision-making. The objective of this study was to examine the role of Environmental Management Accounting in promoting company sustainability. An extensive examination of existing research, known as a systematic literature review, was conducted from 2015 to 2024. The Environmental Management Accounting paradigm was utilized in several contexts, encompassing corporate governance, supply chain management, and sustainability management accounting. A total of 868 full-text publications were found. EMA is a systematic approach for combining financial and non-financial measures of performance. This study aims to emphasize the importance of Environmental Management Accounting in addressing the challenges posed by the investigation of future opportunities, and how scholars and practitioners can contribute to the path towards corporate sustainable development. The focus is on the interaction between MA alignment and shifts in the structure and external circumstances. In addition, the study identified prospective areas for future research and highlighted their value for both scholars and practitioners.</p> ]]> Conceptual Environmental Sustainable Development Through Environmental Management Accounting Practices efi tajuroh afiah meutia elvin bastian wulan retnowati doi: 10.18280/ijei.070403 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 623 10.18280/ijei.070403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070402 The petroleum industry is one of the main industries in the world, mainly due to energy demand. However, the activity involves several steps, such as exploration, drilling, production, transportation, and refining of petroleum. All these steps can contribute to environmental accidents, such as accidental oil spills and chronic pollution. Water pollution during the petroleum industry process is quite frequent. Therefore, some procedures and solutions to prevent or clean the water are very important for environmental protection. During the primary extraction of petroleum, seawater or water produced by prior extractions is used. As a result, the water is contaminated mainly by heavy metals and some organics. To minimize the environmental liability of some places near the petroliferous wells, the correct treatment includes neutralization, dissolved air flotation, filtration, and activated carbon treatment. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The petroleum industry is one of the main industries in the world, mainly due to energy demand. However, the activity involves several steps, such as exploration, drilling, production, transportation, and refining of petroleum. All these steps can contribute to environmental accidents, such as accidental oil spills and chronic pollution. Water pollution during the petroleum industry process is quite frequent. Therefore, some procedures and solutions to prevent or clean the water are very important for environmental protection. During the primary extraction of petroleum, seawater or water produced by prior extractions is used. As a result, the water is contaminated mainly by heavy metals and some organics. To minimize the environmental liability of some places near the petroliferous wells, the correct treatment includes neutralization, dissolved air flotation, filtration, and activated carbon treatment.</p> ]]> Water Pollution During Petroleum Industry Process iqbal khalaf erabee doi: 10.18280/ijei.070402 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 615 10.18280/ijei.070402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070401 Green skincare products have become a significant global phenomenon, but the dominance of conventional skincare products in Indonesia faces immense challenges in adopting environmentally friendly products. Previous research explored consumer intentions to switch to green skincare products. However, there must be a critical gap in understanding the factors influencing the behavior of transitioning from conventional skincare products to green skincare products, primarily related to the barriers to adoption consumers face. This study aims to analyze the influence of motivator, pull, and inhibit factors on the intention and behavior of Indonesian consumers in switching to green skincare products. This study uses the Push-Pull-Mooring (PPM) framework as its conceptual framework. The survey was conducted online in various significant regions in Indonesia. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method showed the validity value of 219 respondents. The results showed no significant social influences in encouraging Indonesian consumers to switch to green skincare products, while health and environmental benefits had a considerable influence. High price barriers to use, limited availability, and lack of information substantially inhibit consumer intent and weaken the positive influence of health and environmental benefits. Barriers to use do not moderate social influence on switching intentions, and consumer intentions to switch did not prove to be strong predictors of actual behavior. These findings highlight the importance of education strategies emphasizing health and environmental benefits and the need to address barriers to using green skincare products and encourage their use more effectively in Indonesia. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Green skincare products have become a significant global phenomenon, but the dominance of conventional skincare products in Indonesia faces immense challenges in adopting environmentally friendly products. Previous research explored consumer intentions to switch to green skincare products. However, there must be a critical gap in understanding the factors influencing the behavior of transitioning from conventional skincare products to green skincare products, primarily related to the barriers to adoption consumers face. This study aims to analyze the influence of motivator, pull, and inhibit factors on the intention and behavior of Indonesian consumers in switching to green skincare products. This study uses the Push-Pull-Mooring (PPM) framework as its conceptual framework. The survey was conducted online in various significant regions in Indonesia. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method showed the validity value of 219 respondents. The results showed no significant social influences in encouraging Indonesian consumers to switch to green skincare products, while health and environmental benefits had a considerable influence. High price barriers to use, limited availability, and lack of information substantially inhibit consumer intent and weaken the positive influence of health and environmental benefits. Barriers to use do not moderate social influence on switching intentions, and consumer intentions to switch did not prove to be strong predictors of actual behavior. These findings highlight the importance of education strategies emphasizing health and environmental benefits and the need to address barriers to using green skincare products and encourage their use more effectively in Indonesia.</p> ]]> Stay or Switch: How Usage Barriers Influence Consumer Transition to Green Skincare Products in Indonesia Using Push-Pull-Mooring Framework maslikhah andika nobel kristian tripandoyo tampubolon julienda br harahap della nanda luthfiana doi: 10.18280/ijei.070401 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-30-2024 2024 7 4 Article 603 10.18280/ijei.070401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_4/ijei.070401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070320 The establishment of a green campus relies on the adoption of green building, which involves reducing energy consumption, conserving water, managing waste effectively, and protecting natural resources. Numerous educational institutions in South Jakarta exceed 30 years of age. One such example is the Faculty of Engineering Building at Universitas Pancasila (Fakultas Teknik Universitas Pancasila/FTUP). FTUP has made an effort to implement green building practices to support the development of a green campus. The purpose of this research is to assess the implementation of green building at FTUP and to identify the barriers to its implementation. The assessment of green building implementation is carried out through a combination of interviews, observations, and archival analysis. Questionnaires were distributed to building managers and academic representatives at FTUP to identify the barriers to green building implementation. The data obtained was then analyzed using the RII (Relative Importance Index). The finding showed that the green building implementation at FTUP is low (32%), with the absence of a strategic plan as the main barrier. The results indicate that the identified barriers are not due to a lack of information or high costs. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The establishment of a green campus relies on the adoption of green building, which involves reducing energy consumption, conserving water, managing waste effectively, and protecting natural resources. Numerous educational institutions in South Jakarta exceed 30 years of age. One such example is the Faculty of Engineering Building at Universitas Pancasila (Fakultas Teknik Universitas Pancasila/FTUP). FTUP has made an effort to implement green building practices to support the development of a green campus. The purpose of this research is to assess the implementation of green building at FTUP and to identify the barriers to its implementation. The assessment of green building implementation is carried out through a combination of interviews, observations, and archival analysis. Questionnaires were distributed to building managers and academic representatives at FTUP to identify the barriers to green building implementation. The data obtained was then analyzed using the RII (Relative Importance Index). The finding showed that the green building implementation at FTUP is low (32%), with the absence of a strategic plan as the main barrier. The results indicate that the identified barriers are not due to a lack of information or high costs.</p> ]]> Assessing Green Building Implementation and Barriers in Campus Settings ayu herzanita rini t. lestari atri p. dewi doi: 10.18280/ijei.070320 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 593 10.18280/ijei.070320 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070320 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070319 Bentonite is a readily available natural clay that can be modified using simple and inexpensive procedures, making it a cost-effective option for removing various organic and inorganic contaminants. In this study, the raw bentonite (RB) is modified using acid and heat treatments. The physiochemical modification of bentonite (MB) was analyzed using the Buranner-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique to determine its surface area, and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for further characterization. Post modification, bentonite has a better surface area from 35.15 m2/g for RB to 102.6 m2/g. The porosity of MB has also increased, offering more adsorption sites and overall enhanced surface properties. Fixed bed columns filled with MB and a mixture of MB and sand (MB+S) were used to investigate MB secondary wastewater purification capacity. Filtration was completed at a flow rate of 1 mL/min (a flow velocity of 3.1 cm/h) onto MB and MB+S mixture, respectively. The results show that the maximum removal efficiency for total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, phenol (pH), chromium Cr⁶⁺, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD5, total coliform (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and electrical conductivity (EC) onto MB are 100, 100, 93.67, 90.43, 93.75, 97.78, 100, 100, and 30% respectively. The efficiency for these parameters is slightly reduced in modified bentonite (MB) and sand mixtures. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Bentonite is a readily available natural clay that can be modified using simple and inexpensive procedures, making it a cost-effective option for removing various organic and inorganic contaminants. In this study, the raw bentonite (RB) is modified using acid and heat treatments. The physiochemical modification of bentonite (MB) was analyzed using the Buranner-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique to determine its surface area, and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for further characterization. Post modification, bentonite has a better surface area from 35.15 m2/g for RB to 102.6 m2/g. The porosity of MB has also increased, offering more adsorption sites and overall enhanced surface properties. Fixed bed columns filled with MB and a mixture of MB and sand (MB+S) were used to investigate MB secondary wastewater purification capacity. Filtration was completed at a flow rate of 1 mL/min (a flow velocity of 3.1 cm/h) onto MB and MB+S mixture, respectively. The results show that the maximum removal efficiency for total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, phenol (pH), chromium Cr⁶⁺, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD5, total coliform (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and electrical conductivity (EC) onto MB are 100, 100, 93.67, 90.43, 93.75, 97.78, 100, 100, and 30% respectively. The efficiency for these parameters is slightly reduced in modified bentonite (MB) and sand mixtures.</p> ]]> Investigating the Capability of Local Adsorbent in Removing Selected Pollutants in Batch and Packed Reactors younis s. tlaiaa zainab a. r. naser ahmed hassan ali doi: 10.18280/ijei.070319 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 585 10.18280/ijei.070319 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070319 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070318 This study examines the effect of energy consumption on current account balance of 15 Asian countries. The analysis in this study was carried out using panel data with the simultaneous equation method. Research data from 1998-2022 in 15 Asian countries (Bangladesh, China, India, India, Japan, Jordan, Korea Republic, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Malaysia, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) are sourced from the World Development Indicator, World Bank. The simultaneous equation method was chosen to provide more comprehensive results in conducting complete research and interpretation. The results of the study indicate that fossil fuels, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and population have a significant effect, while the current account balance, access to electricity and broad money do not have a significant effect on energy consumption. Energy consumption and net exports have a significant effect, while the exchange rate and foreign direct investment do not significantly impact the current account balance. These findings have important implications for policy makers in Asian countries policies that encourage energy efficiency and diversification of domestic energy sources. More proactive policies in the development of renewable energy can not only reduce the current account balances deficit but also national energy security. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>This study examines the effect of energy consumption on current account balance of 15 Asian countries. The analysis in this study was carried out using panel data with the simultaneous equation method. Research data from 1998-2022 in 15 Asian countries (Bangladesh, China, India, India, Japan, Jordan, Korea Republic, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Malaysia, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) are sourced from the World Development Indicator, World Bank. The simultaneous equation method was chosen to provide more comprehensive results in conducting complete research and interpretation. The results of the study indicate that fossil fuels, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and population have a significant effect, while the current account balance, access to electricity and broad money do not have a significant effect on energy consumption. Energy consumption and net exports have a significant effect, while the exchange rate and foreign direct investment do not significantly impact the current account balance. These findings have important implications for policy makers in Asian countries policies that encourage energy efficiency and diversification of domestic energy sources. More proactive policies in the development of renewable energy can not only reduce the current account balances deficit but also national energy security.</p> ]]> Energy Consumption and Current Account Balance: Empirical from Asian Countries alpon satrianto akmil ikhsan evo yunanda dirma candrianto egy juniardi mia ayu gusti doi: 10.18280/ijei.070318 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 571 10.18280/ijei.070318 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070318 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070317 Wetlands are sites of great ecological and economic importance. However, in Panama, studies that focus on evaluating the health of these ecosystems that constantly face anthropogenic effects are not common. In this work, an analysis of the water quality of farms located in what were coastal wetlands has been carried out, to measure the level of impact and change produced by the anthropological activities carried out and to be carried out in the area of study, located on the coast of Tonosí, Los Santos. For this, the NSF quality index methodology has been used, using variables obtained from 7 sampling plots each with varying numbers of subplots. Within these influences, a variety of emerging contaminants were observed, the greatest variety of these found in plot 2 in particular. The results point to undeniable contamination of the site based on agricultural and livestock activities as the main culprits. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Wetlands are sites of great ecological and economic importance. However, in Panama, studies that focus on evaluating the health of these ecosystems that constantly face anthropogenic effects are not common. In this work, an analysis of the water quality of farms located in what were coastal wetlands has been carried out, to measure the level of impact and change produced by the anthropological activities carried out and to be carried out in the area of study, located on the coast of Tonosí, Los Santos. For this, the NSF quality index methodology has been used, using variables obtained from 7 sampling plots each with varying numbers of subplots. Within these influences, a variety of emerging contaminants were observed, the greatest variety of these found in plot 2 in particular. The results point to undeniable contamination of the site based on agricultural and livestock activities as the main culprits.</p> ]]> Physicochemical, Coliform and Agrochemical Analysis to Evaluate the Water Quality of Coastal Freshwater Wetlands in Tonosí in Panama benjamin braghtley andres fraiz-toma paola gastezzi-arias mileika gonzalez yessenia gonzalez antonio clemente alex espinosa edgar arauz brillit della sera karen dominguez quiriatjaryn ortega-samaniego almilcar beitia doi: 10.18280/ijei.070317 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 561 10.18280/ijei.070317 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070317 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070316 The primary objective of the research is to ascertain the degree to which infrastructure affects environmental quality. The investigation employed a quantitative methodology, utilizing secondary data along with panel data derived from 34 provinces in Indonesia spanning the years 2015 to 2019. The panel data regression analysis was executed utilizing the standard effect model in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), followed by the application of Moderate Regression Analysis (MRA). The findings of the research indicated the following: first, the results elucidated that infrastructure exerts a significant positive influence on environmental quality. Second, investments were found to have a substantial adverse effect on environmental quality. Third, the agricultural sector was shown to impose a significant negative impact on environmental quality as a consequence of infrastructure. Fourth, the trade sector demonstrates a beneficial and substantial moderating effect on the relationship between infrastructure and environmental quality. Fifth, the industrial sector exhibits a favorable and considerable moderating influence on the interplay between infrastructure and environmental quality. Sixth, the agricultural sector does not constrain the effect of investment on environmental quality. Seventh, the trade sector moderates the negative and significant influence of investment on environmental quality. Eighth, the industrial sector moderates the negative and substantial effect of investment on environmental quality. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The primary objective of the research is to ascertain the degree to which infrastructure affects environmental quality. The investigation employed a quantitative methodology, utilizing secondary data along with panel data derived from 34 provinces in Indonesia spanning the years 2015 to 2019. The panel data regression analysis was executed utilizing the standard effect model in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), followed by the application of Moderate Regression Analysis (MRA). The findings of the research indicated the following: first, the results elucidated that infrastructure exerts a significant positive influence on environmental quality. Second, investments were found to have a substantial adverse effect on environmental quality. Third, the agricultural sector was shown to impose a significant negative impact on environmental quality as a consequence of infrastructure. Fourth, the trade sector demonstrates a beneficial and substantial moderating effect on the relationship between infrastructure and environmental quality. Fifth, the industrial sector exhibits a favorable and considerable moderating influence on the interplay between infrastructure and environmental quality. Sixth, the agricultural sector does not constrain the effect of investment on environmental quality. Seventh, the trade sector moderates the negative and significant influence of investment on environmental quality. Eighth, the industrial sector moderates the negative and substantial effect of investment on environmental quality.</p> ]]> Environmental Quality Analysis from the Perspective of Infrastructure Development and Investment Policy in Indonesia zikri alhadi erasukma munaf doi: 10.18280/ijei.070316 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 543 10.18280/ijei.070316 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070316 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070315 The constitution of South Africa states that local government must provide waste management services which includes waste removal, storage and disposal, but local municipalities with combination of urban and rural areas often struggle to find the balance in providing services to both areas. Solid waste collection services are consistent in urban areas than in rural areas. Therefore, this study sought to compare MSWM in gaMothapo and Seshego in PLB, Limpopo, South Africa. To achieve the aim and objectives of this study, mixed method research approach was applied. The approach was in a form of qualitative and quantitative methods which were applied concurrently. Study participants were selected using non-probability convenience sampling for gaMothapo and Seshego households and non-probability purposive sampling for municipal workers. The comparison was based on household demographics, household waste management choices and MSWM services. Structured questionnaires were utilized to arrive at a detailed understanding of how the community of gaMothapo and Seshego manage their solid waste. Semi-structured interviews were utilised to understand how municipality manage solid waste in gaMothapo as compared to Seshego and observations at the collection points were also used to gather more information on solid waste management. This study found that PLB uses different methods to manage waste in gaMothapo and Seshego. The households in Seshego rely mostly on weekly door to door solid waste collection by municipality. The households pay for the waste collection services monthly through rates which are added to the household's municipal bill and are payable to the individual municipal account. Households in gaMothapo are provided with weekly nodal waste collection services for free. Shortage of resources and infrastructure together with lack of community awareness in both areas were found to hinder an effective solid waste management by PLB. The study also determined that PLB prioritise the provision of better waste removal services than waste minimisation through community awareness, recycling and material recovery. This study recommends that waste management awareness in both study areas should be conducted regularly. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The constitution of South Africa states that local government must provide waste management services which includes waste removal, storage and disposal, but local municipalities with combination of urban and rural areas often struggle to find the balance in providing services to both areas. Solid waste collection services are consistent in urban areas than in rural areas. Therefore, this study sought to compare MSWM in gaMothapo and Seshego in PLB, Limpopo, South Africa. To achieve the aim and objectives of this study, mixed method research approach was applied. The approach was in a form of qualitative and quantitative methods which were applied concurrently. Study participants were selected using non-probability convenience sampling for gaMothapo and Seshego households and non-probability purposive sampling for municipal workers. The comparison was based on household demographics, household waste management choices and MSWM services. Structured questionnaires were utilized to arrive at a detailed understanding of how the community of gaMothapo and Seshego manage their solid waste. Semi-structured interviews were utilised to understand how municipality manage solid waste in gaMothapo as compared to Seshego and observations at the collection points were also used to gather more information on solid waste management. This study found that PLB uses different methods to manage waste in gaMothapo and Seshego. The households in Seshego rely mostly on weekly door to door solid waste collection by municipality. The households pay for the waste collection services monthly through rates which are added to the household's municipal bill and are payable to the individual municipal account. Households in gaMothapo are provided with weekly nodal waste collection services for free. Shortage of resources and infrastructure together with lack of community awareness in both areas were found to hinder an effective solid waste management by PLB. The study also determined that PLB prioritise the provision of better waste removal services than waste minimisation through community awareness, recycling and material recovery. This study recommends that waste management awareness in both study areas should be conducted regularly.</p> ]]> Comparative Study of Solid Waste Management in gaMothapo and Seshego in Polokwane Local Municipality Limpopo Province, South Africa s. m. sekgobela k. semenya doi: 10.18280/ijei.070315 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 535 10.18280/ijei.070315 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070315 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070314 The pollution of water bodies by microplastic (MP) particles is a significant concern that has drawn the attention of environmental health organizations from various regions of the world. This concern is primarily caused by the potential of particles from the incomplete degradation of plastic waste to enter the food chain via water sources or fish consumed by humans. In Indonesia, the Krueng Aceh River is a water body that stretches across the Aceh Besar Regency and the Municipality of Banda Aceh (Indonesia). The river serves as a raw water source for clean water treatment for residents of both regions. The discovery of MP pollution in rivers in various regions of Indonesia as well as other countries has raised concerns regarding the presence of pollutants in the Krueng Aceh River. Therefore, this study identified MP particle pollution in the Krueng Aceh River water and assessed potential separation using ultrafiltration technology based on Polyethersulfone-graphene oxide membrane. Water samples were collected at five points along the river’s flow through the Aceh Besar area and Banda Aceh City. A total of 2 types of flat sheet membranes were created with a composition of Polyethersulfone polymer and graphene oxide in dimethylformamide. The ultrafiltration module was designed using cross-flow filtration with the feed of five samples of Krueng Aceh River water. Analysis was then conducted on the quantity, shape, and type of MP particles in water samples before and after ultrafiltration. The results showed that all water samples contained MP particles at a concentration of 18-22 particles/mL. This indicates that the Krueng Aceh River was already contaminated with MP pollutants. Therefore, special treatment efforts were needed by the government before it could be used as a source for the production of clean water for the residents of Banda Aceh City and Aceh Besar Regency. Based on these findings, the proposed alternative filtration technique can effectively remove pollutants by up to 91%. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The pollution of water bodies by microplastic (MP) particles is a significant concern that has drawn the attention of environmental health organizations from various regions of the world. This concern is primarily caused by the potential of particles from the incomplete degradation of plastic waste to enter the food chain via water sources or fish consumed by humans. In Indonesia, the Krueng Aceh River is a water body that stretches across the Aceh Besar Regency and the Municipality of Banda Aceh (Indonesia). The river serves as a raw water source for clean water treatment for residents of both regions. The discovery of MP pollution in rivers in various regions of Indonesia as well as other countries has raised concerns regarding the presence of pollutants in the Krueng Aceh River. Therefore, this study identified MP particle pollution in the Krueng Aceh River water and assessed potential separation using ultrafiltration technology based on Polyethersulfone-graphene oxide membrane. Water samples were collected at five points along the river’s flow through the Aceh Besar area and Banda Aceh City. A total of 2 types of flat sheet membranes were created with a composition of Polyethersulfone polymer and graphene oxide in dimethylformamide. The ultrafiltration module was designed using cross-flow filtration with the feed of five samples of Krueng Aceh River water. Analysis was then conducted on the quantity, shape, and type of MP particles in water samples before and after ultrafiltration. The results showed that all water samples contained MP particles at a concentration of 18-22 particles/mL. This indicates that the Krueng Aceh River was already contaminated with MP pollutants. Therefore, special treatment efforts were needed by the government before it could be used as a source for the production of clean water for the residents of Banda Aceh City and Aceh Besar Regency. Based on these findings, the proposed alternative filtration technique can effectively remove pollutants by up to 91%.</p> ]]> Assessment and Removal Strategy of Microplastic Pollution in River Water in the Krueng Aceh River, Indonesia nasrul arahman azwar azwar cut meurah rosnelly rinal dia’ul haikal alwan ziyad marom sri mulyati sharfina maulidayanati doi: 10.18280/ijei.070314 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 525 10.18280/ijei.070314 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070314 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070313 This study uses the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine how saltwater intrusion information affects dry season migratory intentions in impacted areas. The study collected data from coastal communities in Ca Mau, Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, and Ben Tre using online and in-person questionnaires. The data that was gathered was then evaluated using Partial Least Square – structural equation modeling. The findings indicate that individual attitudes toward saltwater intrusion play a significant role in shaping their perception of its impact. Notably, there is a willingness to adapt. Although subjective norms are not yet clearly expressed, this factor influences salinity intrusion awareness, meaning that people actively monitor and apply adaptive solutions to respond to environmental changes. Moreover, perceived behavioral control directly influences migration intentions, suggesting that enhanced resilience and coping strategies could mitigate migration pressures. Government policies and infrastructure play a crucial moderating role by providing essential support and adaptations, which influence residents’ responses to environmental challenges. This study underscores the need for targeted governmental and community-focused interventions to enhance resilience and reduce migration driven by environmental stressors in the Mekong Delta, contributing to the broader discourse on climate change adaptation and community resilience. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>This study uses the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine how saltwater intrusion information affects dry season migratory intentions in impacted areas. The study collected data from coastal communities in Ca Mau, Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, and Ben Tre using online and in-person questionnaires. The data that was gathered was then evaluated using Partial Least Square – structural equation modeling. The findings indicate that individual attitudes toward saltwater intrusion play a significant role in shaping their perception of its impact. Notably, there is a willingness to adapt. Although subjective norms are not yet clearly expressed, this factor influences salinity intrusion awareness, meaning that people actively monitor and apply adaptive solutions to respond to environmental changes. Moreover, perceived behavioral control directly influences migration intentions, suggesting that enhanced resilience and coping strategies could mitigate migration pressures. Government policies and infrastructure play a crucial moderating role by providing essential support and adaptations, which influence residents’ responses to environmental challenges. This study underscores the need for targeted governmental and community-focused interventions to enhance resilience and reduce migration driven by environmental stressors in the Mekong Delta, contributing to the broader discourse on climate change adaptation and community resilience.</p> ]]> Climate Change Induced Saltwater Intrusion and Migration Intentions in the Mekong Delta anh nu nguyet nguyen ninh van nguyen doi: 10.18280/ijei.070313 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 515 10.18280/ijei.070313 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070313 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070312 Dry forests are ecosystems of great importance worldwide, but in recent decades they have been affected by climate change and changes in land use. In this study, we evaluated land use and land cover changes (LULC) in dry forests in Peru between 2017 and 2021 using Sentinel-2 images, and cloud processing with Machine Learning (ML) models. The results reported a mapping with accuracies above 85% with an increase in bare soil, urban areas and open dry forest, and reduction in the area of crops and dense dry forest. Protected natural areas lost 2.47% of their conserved surface area and the areas with the greatest degree of land use impact are located in the center and north of the study area. The study provides information that can help in the management of dry forests in northern Peru. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Dry forests are ecosystems of great importance worldwide, but in recent decades they have been affected by climate change and changes in land use. In this study, we evaluated land use and land cover changes (LULC) in dry forests in Peru between 2017 and 2021 using Sentinel-2 images, and cloud processing with Machine Learning (ML) models. The results reported a mapping with accuracies above 85% with an increase in bare soil, urban areas and open dry forest, and reduction in the area of crops and dense dry forest. Protected natural areas lost 2.47% of their conserved surface area and the areas with the greatest degree of land use impact are located in the center and north of the study area. The study provides information that can help in the management of dry forests in northern Peru.</p> ]]> Cloud Computing Application for the Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Dry Forests of Peru elgar barboza wilian salazar david gálvez-paucar lamberto valqui-valqui leandro valqui luis h. zagaceta jhony gonzales héctor v. vásquez carlos i. arbizu doi: 10.18280/ijei.070312 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 505 10.18280/ijei.070312 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070312 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070311 East Rembang is an area in the Rembang district prone to disasters. Various disaster management efforts have been carried out, but disaster risk measurement at the village level has yet to be done. Therefore, this research was carried out to know hazards, vulnerability, and coping capacity so that disaster risk in East Rembang can be analyzed. This research was carried out to know hazards, vulnerability, and coping capacity so that disaster risk in East Rembang can be analyzed. The research was conducted in East Rembang, consisting of three sub-districts, namely Kragan, Sarang, and Sluke, with 27, 23, and 14 villages, respectively. This research uses mixed methods, including literature study, interviews, and observation techniques. The research results show that the disaster threat and vulnerability of villages in East Rembang based on 2020-2022 data is, on average, low, although several villages have high threat and vulnerability. This is due to the relatively high capacity of the community, which supports low disaster risks. In general, it can be seen that the average level of disaster risk in East Rembang is “Very High”. Even so, the community's capacity to face disasters could be higher. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>East Rembang is an area in the Rembang district prone to disasters. Various disaster management efforts have been carried out, but disaster risk measurement at the village level has yet to be done. Therefore, this research was carried out to know hazards, vulnerability, and coping capacity so that disaster risk in East Rembang can be analyzed. This research was carried out to know hazards, vulnerability, and coping capacity so that disaster risk in East Rembang can be analyzed. The research was conducted in East Rembang, consisting of three sub-districts, namely Kragan, Sarang, and Sluke, with 27, 23, and 14 villages, respectively. This research uses mixed methods, including literature study, interviews, and observation techniques. The research results show that the disaster threat and vulnerability of villages in East Rembang based on 2020-2022 data is, on average, low, although several villages have high threat and vulnerability. This is due to the relatively high capacity of the community, which supports low disaster risks. In general, it can be seen that the average level of disaster risk in East Rembang is “Very High”. Even so, the community's capacity to face disasters could be higher.</p> ]]> Natural Disaster Risk Mapping in Realizing Sustainable Environmental Management in the East Rembang Region, Indonesia nur hamid doi: 10.18280/ijei.070311 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 495 10.18280/ijei.070311 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070311 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070310 The growing concern about air pollution, driven by its severe impact on public health and the environment, has emphasized the need for comprehensive studies on its distribution. This study addresses the spatial location of atmospheric pollutants in Lima, Peru, with the objective of identifying patterns and areas of concentration. Advanced geospatial analysis techniques such as Stirling and Kriging algorithms were used, developing the study in five phases: data acquisition with quality control from National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru (SENAMHI), analysis of topographic and climatic parameters, interpolation of contaminant concentrations up to ten thousand meters of altitude, geospatial interpolation with Kriging, and creation and validation of the contaminant dispersion model. The results reveal that accurate and reliable data acquisition allowed measurement of key pollutants such as PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO and O3. The integration of topographic and climatic data was crucial to model the dispersion of contaminants. Vertical interpolation with Stirling showed a reduction in concentrations with altitude, while interpolation with Kriging provided accurate estimates at unsampled locations. The dispersion model developed demonstrated high precision, identifying priority areas for environmental management. In conclusion, the combination of advanced monitoring and geospatial modeling techniques provides a comprehensive understanding of pollutant distribution patterns in Lima, laying a solid foundation for effective mitigation measures and environmental policies, improving air quality and protecting public health. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The growing concern about air pollution, driven by its severe impact on public health and the environment, has emphasized the need for comprehensive studies on its distribution. This study addresses the spatial location of atmospheric pollutants in Lima, Peru, with the objective of identifying patterns and areas of concentration. Advanced geospatial analysis techniques such as Stirling and Kriging algorithms were used, developing the study in five phases: data acquisition with quality control from National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru (SENAMHI), analysis of topographic and climatic parameters, interpolation of contaminant concentrations up to ten thousand meters of altitude, geospatial interpolation with Kriging, and creation and validation of the contaminant dispersion model. The results reveal that accurate and reliable data acquisition allowed measurement of key pollutants such as PM10, PM2.5, SO₂, NO₂, CO and O₃. The integration of topographic and climatic data was crucial to model the dispersion of contaminants. Vertical interpolation with Stirling showed a reduction in concentrations with altitude, while interpolation with Kriging provided accurate estimates at unsampled locations. The dispersion model developed demonstrated high precision, identifying priority areas for environmental management. In conclusion, the combination of advanced monitoring and geospatial modeling techniques provides a comprehensive understanding of pollutant distribution patterns in Lima, laying a solid foundation for effective mitigation measures and environmental policies, improving air quality and protecting public health.</p> ]]> Spatial Localization of Air Pollutants in Lima: Air Quality Monitoring in the Troposphere alfonso a. romero-baylón jaime c. mayorga-rojas jurado carlos del valle walter j. diaz-cartagena johnny h. ccatamayo-barrios soto-juscamayta doi: 10.18280/ijei.070310 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 485 10.18280/ijei.070310 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070310 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070309 Forests play a pivotal role in environmental conservation, necessitating effective management strategies to ensure sustainability. This research aims to evaluate the potential implementation of forest endowments (waqf) through a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis. The study employs two methodologies: a comprehensive SWOT analysis to examine internal and external factors and the Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) and External Factor Evaluation (EFE) methods within the SWOT matrix framework. Data were gathered via questionnaires distributed to representatives of environmental care communities. The findings indicate that internal factors, particularly potential strengths, support the implementation of waqf forests. Internal and external factors contribute to these strengths, enhancing the potential for successful implementation. Weaknesses can be mitigated by leveraging existing strengths. External factors are categorized into opportunities, which can promote the development of waqf forest strategies, and threats, which necessitate strategic interventions. The analysis reveals that the strength factor scores higher overall than the weakness factor, suggesting a promising outlook for successful implementation. These research findings contribute to a deeper understanding of waqf forest implementation by thoroughly analyzing the relevant internal and external factors. The identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats provide valuable guidance for stakeholders aiming to optimize the use of waqf forests for environmental conservation and sustainable management. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Forests play a pivotal role in environmental conservation, necessitating effective management strategies to ensure sustainability. This research aims to evaluate the potential implementation of forest endowments (waqf) through a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis. The study employs two methodologies: a comprehensive SWOT analysis to examine internal and external factors and the Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) and External Factor Evaluation (EFE) methods within the SWOT matrix framework. Data were gathered via questionnaires distributed to representatives of environmental care communities. The findings indicate that internal factors, particularly potential strengths, support the implementation of waqf forests. Internal and external factors contribute to these strengths, enhancing the potential for successful implementation. Weaknesses can be mitigated by leveraging existing strengths. External factors are categorized into opportunities, which can promote the development of waqf forest strategies, and threats, which necessitate strategic interventions. The analysis reveals that the strength factor scores higher overall than the weakness factor, suggesting a promising outlook for successful implementation. These research findings contribute to a deeper understanding of waqf forest implementation by thoroughly analyzing the relevant internal and external factors. The identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats provide valuable guidance for stakeholders aiming to optimize the use of waqf forests for environmental conservation and sustainable management.</p> ]]> Implementing Waqf Forests in Indonesia: A SWOT and Internal-External Factor Evaluation Analysis azhar alam ahmad nashiruddin faiz adib bafana mohamed sharif bashir la ode alimusa doi: 10.18280/ijei.070309 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 475 10.18280/ijei.070309 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070309 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070308 For quite some time, Universitas Negeri Malang (UM) has paid much attention to waste management due to the rapidly increasing waste generated by campus activities, including from the offices, classes, canteens, and major events held by the university. The waste has caused issues related to environmental cleanliness and aesthetics. This research aims to 1) understand plastic waste management on the UM campus using the 4R pattern: reduce, reuse, recycle, and replace; 2) understand efforts to optimize plastic waste management on the campus through Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR); and 3) implement the OBE model with the 4R EPR pattern at UM to support the green campus initiative. This research used a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods. Data were collected through observation, interviews, documentation, and actions related to plastic waste management on the UM campus. Results show that plastic waste management on the UM campus, using the 4R (reduce, reuse, recycle, and replace) pattern, has been conducted in collaboration with leaders, lecturers, groundskeepers, and students. Efforts to optimize plastic waste management through Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) were carried out in partnership with the Malang City Waste Bank and PT Zerolim, two parties that strictly sorted waste according to type so that the waste sold could get a high price. Implementing the OBE model with the 4R EPR pattern at UM was carried out to support a Green Campus to show UM’s support for environmental sustainability. In the future, UM students can play a more active role in reducing plastic waste, such as recycling, producing creative goods from plastic waste, or developing more efficient plastic waste processing technology to support the Green Campus. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>For quite some time, Universitas Negeri Malang (UM) has paid much attention to waste management due to the rapidly increasing waste generated by campus activities, including from the offices, classes, canteens, and major events held by the university. The waste has caused issues related to environmental cleanliness and aesthetics. This research aims to 1) understand plastic waste management on the UM campus using the 4R pattern: reduce, reuse, recycle, and replace; 2) understand efforts to optimize plastic waste management on the campus through Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR); and 3) implement the OBE model with the 4R EPR pattern at UM to support the green campus initiative. This research used a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods. Data were collected through observation, interviews, documentation, and actions related to plastic waste management on the UM campus. Results show that plastic waste management on the UM campus, using the 4R (reduce, reuse, recycle, and replace) pattern, has been conducted in collaboration with leaders, lecturers, groundskeepers, and students. Efforts to optimize plastic waste management through Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) were carried out in partnership with the Malang City Waste Bank and PT Zerolim, two parties that strictly sorted waste according to type so that the waste sold could get a high price. Implementing the OBE model with the 4R EPR pattern at UM was carried out to support a Green Campus to show UM’s support for environmental sustainability. In the future, UM students can play a more active role in reducing plastic waste, such as recycling, producing creative goods from plastic waste, or developing more efficient plastic waste processing technology to support the Green Campus.</p> ]]> Implementing the OBE Model in Plastic Waste Management Using the 4R EPR Pattern for Green Campus sumarmi alfyananda k. putra alfi sahrina umar haiyat a. kohar natasya shaherani hety d. lestari adellia w. sholeha robby h. rachmadian novika a. wibowo waode y. silviariza doi: 10.18280/ijei.070308 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 455 10.18280/ijei.070308 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070308 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070307 In recent decades, the number of scientific publications on natural food consumption has increased significantly, and part of this work addressed the phenomenon of customer resistance to natural foods. Despite these studies having broad implications for understanding the mechanisms of barriers to natural food consumption, they have produced fragmented streams of knowledge. Therefore, this paper seeks to conduct a comprehensive review by using a bibliometric analysis approach to assess the historical development and design future agenda for upcoming research in this field. Consequently, 155 Scopus publications from 1989 to 2023 were included based on the inclusion criteria. Furthermore, the analysis tools (e.g., VOSviewer and Harzing’s Publish or Perish apps) are used in analysis phase to visualize the conceptual framework of the study. The findings unveil the publications’ production related to the impact of consumption barriers in the natural food context is still in its early stages. In addition, the main gaps (i.e., number of publications, research design, and contextual gaps) in the published literature are identified. The findings offer several meaningful insights for scholars and marketers in the natural food setting. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>In recent decades, the number of scientific publications on natural food consumption has increased significantly, and part of this work addressed the phenomenon of customer resistance to natural foods. Despite these studies having broad implications for understanding the mechanisms of barriers to natural food consumption, they have produced fragmented streams of knowledge. Therefore, this paper seeks to conduct a comprehensive review by using a bibliometric analysis approach to assess the historical development and design future agenda for upcoming research in this field. Consequently, 155 Scopus publications from 1989 to 2023 were included based on the inclusion criteria. Furthermore, the analysis tools (e.g., VOSviewer and Harzing’s Publish or Perish apps) are used in analysis phase to visualize the conceptual framework of the study. The findings unveil the publications’ production related to the impact of consumption barriers in the natural food context is still in its early stages. In addition, the main gaps (i.e., number of publications, research design, and contextual gaps) in the published literature are identified. The findings offer several meaningful insights for scholars and marketers in the natural food setting.</p> ]]> Mapping the Landscape of Natural Food Consumption Barriers: A Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Publications nabil elgaar norazlyn kamal basha haslinda hashim doi: 10.18280/ijei.070307 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 445 10.18280/ijei.070307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070306 Sustainable village development in West Sumatra Province has not been implemented optimally, so that many people are still below the poverty line. This can be seen from the Village Development Index for West Sumatra Province, where many villages are still very underdeveloped and disadvantaged. This study aims to analyze the influence of Village development characteristics in the perspective of sustainable development in West Sumatra Province. This research is a quantitative causal research. The population in this study was 846 villages in West Sumatra Province. Samples were taken using multistage sampling techniques with a total of 272 villages. Data was collected using a questionnaire. The data analysis applied was multiple regression. This study found that Institutional influence on sustainable village development (0.183); education level influences sustainable village development (0.777); community participation has an impact on sustainable village development (0.110); utilization of natural resources has an impact on sustainable village development (0.281) and poverty affects sustainable village development (-0.025). 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Sustainable village development in West Sumatra Province has not been implemented optimally, so that many people are still below the poverty line. This can be seen from the Village Development Index for West Sumatra Province, where many villages are still very underdeveloped and disadvantaged. This study aims to analyze the influence of Village development characteristics in the perspective of sustainable development in West Sumatra Province. This research is a quantitative causal research. The population in this study was 846 villages in West Sumatra Province. Samples were taken using multistage sampling techniques with a total of 272 villages. Data was collected using a questionnaire. The data analysis applied was multiple regression. This study found that Institutional influence on sustainable village development (0.183); education level influences sustainable village development (0.777); community participation has an impact on sustainable village development (0.110); utilization of natural resources has an impact on sustainable village development (0.281) and poverty affects sustainable village development (-0.025).</p> ]]> Characteristics of Village Development in the Perspective of Sustainable Development in West Sumatra Province, Indonesia marliosni syamsul amar alpon satrianto doi: 10.18280/ijei.070306 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 435 10.18280/ijei.070306 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070306 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070305 Macroinvertebrate metrics are excellent tools for assessing water quality due to the sensitivity of biotic and abiotic parameters of their environment. The work aimed to assess the water quality of the Vilcanota River using aquatic macroinvertebrates and biological indices: Andean Biotic Index (ABI), Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) score, and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) index. Macroinvertebrates were sampled at four sampling points (P1, P2, P3, and P4) during dry and wet seasons using Surber traps along a 600 m linear transect. In total, 1631 specimens belonging to 04 classes, 11 orders, and 24 families were found. The class Insecta presented the highest values with 1078 specimens (66.1%), six orders (54.5%), and 19 families (79.2%). The evaluation of the water quality of the Vilcanota River showed that the points during the wet season have questionable water quality for the BMWP and ABI indices. In the dry season, most sampling points (except P1, classified as questionable) showed critical water quality in both the BMWP and ABI index. Similarly, the ETP index revealed regular water quality in the wet season, while in the dry season was bad water quality for most sampling (except P2) points. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Macroinvertebrate metrics are excellent tools for assessing water quality due to the sensitivity of biotic and abiotic parameters of their environment. The work aimed to assess the water quality of the Vilcanota River using aquatic macroinvertebrates and biological indices: Andean Biotic Index (ABI), Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) score, and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) index. Macroinvertebrates were sampled at four sampling points (P1, P2, P3, and P4) during dry and wet seasons using Surber traps along a 600 m linear transect. In total, 1631 specimens belonging to 04 classes, 11 orders, and 24 families were found. The class Insecta presented the highest values with 1078 specimens (66.1%), six orders (54.5%), and 19 families (79.2%). The evaluation of the water quality of the Vilcanota River showed that the points during the wet season have questionable water quality for the BMWP and ABI indices. In the dry season, most sampling points (except P1, classified as questionable) showed critical water quality in both the BMWP and ABI index. Similarly, the ETP index revealed regular water quality in the wet season, while in the dry season was bad water quality for most sampling (except P2) points.</p> ]]> Benthic Macroinvertebrates as Bioindicators of Water Quality in the Vilcanota River, Cusco-Peru vilma quispe-illa clarence perez-aguilar jael calla-calla ronald jacobi lorenzo armando calcina colqui geovany vilchez casas andrés camargo caysahuana julio mariños alfaro alex huamán de la cruz doi: 10.18280/ijei.070305 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 425 10.18280/ijei.070305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070304 Producing clean water from sources unfit for use, both for drinking and bathing, washing and purifying purposes, requires efforts to treat the water to meet the quality standards set by the Government. One effective method is filtration, with the primary material being filter media. This research focuses on analyzing the mineral content of Nambo sand as a filter media to purify well water using microwave activation and the addition of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4). The objectives of this research are: (1) Analyze the mineral content, grain morphology and micropores of Nambo sand; (2) Optimizing the characteristics of Nambo sand through microwave activation; (3) Apply Nambo active sand to reduce iron and manganese levels in healthy water. The findings show that: (1) Nambo Sand has high potential as a source of silica sand because of its high Si and SiO2 content; (2) Microwave activation to a maximum temperature of 400℃ increases the concentration of Si and SiO2 reduces impurities and increases the number and area of pores on the sand surface, which is effective in reducing the levels of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn); (3) The addition of 5% KMnO4 to sand activated by microwave at a maximum temperature of 400℃ reduces Fe and Mn levels in healthy water to the lowest level of 0.01 mg/L. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Producing clean water from sources unfit for use, both for drinking and bathing, washing and purifying purposes, requires efforts to treat the water to meet the quality standards set by the Government. One effective method is filtration, with the primary material being filter media. This research focuses on analyzing the mineral content of Nambo sand as a filter media to purify well water using microwave activation and the addition of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄). The objectives of this research are: (1) Analyze the mineral content, grain morphology and micropores of Nambo sand; (2) Optimizing the characteristics of Nambo sand through microwave activation; (3) Apply Nambo active sand to reduce iron and manganese levels in healthy water. The findings show that: (1) Nambo Sand has high potential as a source of silica sand because of its high Si and SiO₂ content; (2) Microwave activation to a maximum temperature of 400℃ increases the concentration of Si and SiO₂ reduces impurities and increases the number and area of pores on the sand surface, which is effective in reducing the levels of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn); (3) The addition of 5% KMnO4 to sand activated by microwave at a maximum temperature of 400℃ reduces Fe and Mn levels in healthy water to the lowest level of 0.01 mg/L.</p> ]]> Microwave Activation Innovation in Nambo Sand: The Latest Solution for Filter Media in Clean Water Treatment la aba alimin wa ode sukmawati arsyad la ode muh. munadi fitria dewi doi: 10.18280/ijei.070304 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 417 10.18280/ijei.070304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070303 The existence of community activities in an area and the management carried out can determine whether the resulting Forest Health Value is good or bad. This research aims to analyze the relationship between Forest Health Values and the management system implemented in the TAHURA WAR (Wan Abdul Rachman Forest Park) Utilization Block. The methods used include measuring forest health using the FHM method and conducting interviews using a Likert scale. Data analysis of the relationship between forest health and management systems is conducted using Rank Spearmen. The results showed that the overall forest health condition was moderate, with a relatively high level of farmers’ participation in its management was quite high, indicating effective management. The level of farmer participation at the implementation stage shows a significant relationship with forest health, as indicated by a coefficient of 0.049, while other stages such as planning (0.276), maintenance (0.379), utilization (0.485), and protection (0.307) show a lower relationship. Nevertheless, the value of 0.466 indicates a lack of a notable relationship between forest health and management effectiveness. One of the factors causing the insignificance is the internal factors of farmers, such as land ownership. Therefore, the relationship between forest health and the overall management system is not significant. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The existence of community activities in an area and the management carried out can determine whether the resulting Forest Health Value is good or bad. This research aims to analyze the relationship between Forest Health Values and the management system implemented in the TAHURA WAR (Wan Abdul Rachman Forest Park) Utilization Block. The methods used include measuring forest health using the FHM method and conducting interviews using a Likert scale. Data analysis of the relationship between forest health and management systems is conducted using Rank Spearmen. The results showed that the overall forest health condition was moderate, with a relatively high level of farmers’ participation in its management was quite high, indicating effective management. The level of farmer participation at the implementation stage shows a significant relationship with forest health, as indicated by a coefficient of 0.049, while other stages such as planning (0.276), maintenance (0.379), utilization (0.485), and protection (0.307) show a lower relationship. Nevertheless, the value of 0.466 indicates a lack of a notable relationship between forest health and management effectiveness. One of the factors causing the insignificance is the internal factors of farmers, such as land ownership. Therefore, the relationship between forest health and the overall management system is not significant.</p> ]]> Analysis of Relationships Between Forest Health Values and the Management System in the TAHURA WAR Utilization Block rahmat safe’i sepia tapasya machya kartika tsani doi: 10.18280/ijei.070303 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 409 10.18280/ijei.070303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070302 The industrial sector often generates wastewaters contaminated with various pollutants, contingent upon the industry type such as textile, food, petroleum, tannery and others. These pollutants pose a real threat to public health and the environment, so their removal is necessary to minimize their harmful effects. Many treatment methods are used to remove these pollutants by physical, chemical and biological techniques. Among these methods, the membrane separation process is the most efficient and less cost This review addresses the types of industrial water treatment methods, membrane filtration systems, and how to overcome the challenges facing the membrane technology. The main disadvantage of membrane process, which cause a decrease in membrane performance and increase the maintenance cost, is fouling problems. Many strategies can be employed to minimize fouling, such as grafting polymers with hydrophilic additives, applying hydrophilic coatings, using negatively charged membranes to decrease the adsorption rate of organic matter and microbial attachment, or utilizing plasma treatment to enhance surface charge or hydrophobicity. The addition of hydrophilic additives is more effective than the other methods because of its flexibility and reliability. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The industrial sector often generates wastewaters contaminated with various pollutants, contingent upon the industry type such as textile, food, petroleum, tannery and others. These pollutants pose a real threat to public health and the environment, so their removal is necessary to minimize their harmful effects. Many treatment methods are used to remove these pollutants by physical, chemical and biological techniques. Among these methods, the membrane separation process is the most efficient and less cost This review addresses the types of industrial water treatment methods, membrane filtration systems, and how to overcome the challenges facing the membrane technology. The main disadvantage of membrane process, which cause a decrease in membrane performance and increase the maintenance cost, is fouling problems. Many strategies can be employed to minimize fouling, such as grafting polymers with hydrophilic additives, applying hydrophilic coatings, using negatively charged membranes to decrease the adsorption rate of organic matter and microbial attachment, or utilizing plasma treatment to enhance surface charge or hydrophobicity. The addition of hydrophilic additives is more effective than the other methods because of its flexibility and reliability.</p> ]]> Polymeric Membranes for Industrial Wastewater Treatment: A Review zahraa salah jassim auda jabbar braihi kadhum m. shabeeb doi: 10.18280/ijei.070302 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 395 10.18280/ijei.070302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070301 In the era of environmental crises and human challenges amidst rapid technological advancements, geography is an increasingly urgent discipline in comprehending the spatio-temporal dimensions of environmental sustainability. Therefore, effective, innovative, and collaborative implementation of geography learning in schools is essential. This goal can be achieved by emphasizing students’ critical thinking, problem-solving, and spatial thinking skills. The researcher designed an environmental problem-solving learning model to address this need. The environmental problem-solving learning model embraces problem-based learning focused on contextual environmental issues. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of implementing the environmental problem-solving learning model with GIS-based learning media. The study employs an experimental design that utilizes a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The study group in this research was purposively selected, including 33 students from an urban area school, SMA Negeri 3 Semarang, and 35 students from a rural area school, SMA Negeri 1 Beringin. Data collection involved test methods, observations, and literature review. Qualitative data analysis was performed using an interactive method, while quantitative data analysis employed descriptive statistical analysis and a one-paired sample t-test. This research indicates that the environmental problem-solving learning model with GIS-based learning media effectively improves student learning outcomes. This model promotes active, student-centered learning, encourages collaboration and cooperation among students, and positions students as the primary subjects in the learning process. Furthermore, it fosters the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills in students. The findings of this research underscore the potential of the environmental problem-solving learning model to be implemented in geography education. Various stakeholders play a crucial role as change agents in promoting innovative transformations in geography learning, including encouraging the realization of GIS-based environmental problem-solving models in various educational contexts. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>In the era of environmental crises and human challenges amidst rapid technological advancements, geography is an increasingly urgent discipline in comprehending the spatio-temporal dimensions of environmental sustainability. Therefore, effective, innovative, and collaborative implementation of geography learning in schools is essential. This goal can be achieved by emphasizing students’ critical thinking, problem-solving, and spatial thinking skills. The researcher designed an environmental problem-solving learning model to address this need. The environmental problem-solving learning model embraces problem-based learning focused on contextual environmental issues. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of implementing the environmental problem-solving learning model with GIS-based learning media. The study employs an experimental design that utilizes a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The study group in this research was purposively selected, including 33 students from an urban area school, SMA Negeri 3 Semarang, and 35 students from a rural area school, SMA Negeri 1 Beringin. Data collection involved test methods, observations, and literature review. Qualitative data analysis was performed using an interactive method, while quantitative data analysis employed descriptive statistical analysis and a one-paired sample t-test. This research indicates that the environmental problem-solving learning model with GIS-based learning media effectively improves student learning outcomes. This model promotes active, student-centered learning, encourages collaboration and cooperation among students, and positions students as the primary subjects in the learning process. Furthermore, it fosters the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills in students. The findings of this research underscore the potential of the environmental problem-solving learning model to be implemented in geography education. Various stakeholders play a crucial role as change agents in promoting innovative transformations in geography learning, including encouraging the realization of GIS-based environmental problem-solving models in various educational contexts.</p> ]]> Environmental Problem-Solving Learning Model with Geographic Information System-Based Learning Media edi kurniawan mohammad syifauddin muh. sholeh sriyanto siti nurindah sari doi: 10.18280/ijei.070301 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-29-2024 2024 7 3 Article 381 10.18280/ijei.070301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_3/ijei.070301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070220 Gated communities have emerged as significant features of contemporary urban landscapes, prompting extensive scholarly inquiry into their socio-economic, cultural, and environmental dimensions. This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of gated community research to elucidate its interdisciplinary nature, global perspectives, institutional affiliations, and emerging areas of interest. Methodologically, a systematic search within the Scopus database yielded 471 relevant articles published between 1996 and May 2024. Analysis revealed a notable upward trend in publication volume, predominantly comprising peer-reviewed journal articles (73.7%), followed by book chapters (15.7%) and conference papers (4%). Interdisciplinary collaboration was evident, with Social Sciences (47.1%) leading disciplinary contributions, followed by Environmental Science (13.4%) and Engineering (9.9%). Top platforms for dissemination included Housing Studies, Cities, and Urban Studies. Global perspectives showcased contributions primarily from the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and Canada. Institutional analysis highlighted leading contributors such as The City University of New York and University College London. Top researchers included Blandy, Roitman, and Landman, among others. Emerging thematic clusters were visualized, indicating evolving research trajectories and areas of interest, from foundational concepts to niche explorations. This bibliometric analysis provides a roadmap for future research endeavors, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to address the multifaceted challenges and opportunities presented by gated communities in contemporary urban environments. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Gated communities have emerged as significant features of contemporary urban landscapes, prompting extensive scholarly inquiry into their socio-economic, cultural, and environmental dimensions. This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of gated community research to elucidate its interdisciplinary nature, global perspectives, institutional affiliations, and emerging areas of interest. Methodologically, a systematic search within the Scopus database yielded 471 relevant articles published between 1996 and May 2024. Analysis revealed a notable upward trend in publication volume, predominantly comprising peer-reviewed journal articles (73.7%), followed by book chapters (15.7%) and conference papers (4%). Interdisciplinary collaboration was evident, with Social Sciences (47.1%) leading disciplinary contributions, followed by Environmental Science (13.4%) and Engineering (9.9%). Top platforms for dissemination included Housing Studies, Cities, and Urban Studies. Global perspectives showcased contributions primarily from the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and Canada. Institutional analysis highlighted leading contributors such as The City University of New York and University College London. Top researchers included Blandy, Roitman, and Landman, among others. Emerging thematic clusters were visualized, indicating evolving research trajectories and areas of interest, from foundational concepts to niche explorations. This bibliometric analysis provides a roadmap for future research endeavors, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to address the multifaceted challenges and opportunities presented by gated communities in contemporary urban environments.</p> ]]> A Bibliometric Analysis on Gated Community edi purwanto issa samichat ismail tafridj rahma purisari teguh prasetio asniza hamimi abdul tharim asmalia che ahmad doi: 10.18280/ijei.070220 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 367 10.18280/ijei.070220 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070220 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070219 The Junin region, located in the central Andes of Peru, boasts a great diversity of natural resources and commercial flows. This region has reported a high number of positive COVID-19 cases in a short period, which raises interest in understanding the most significant factors influencing the spread of this epidemic. Meteorological variables influencing the spread of COVID-19 in a commercial and Andean-Amazonian region of Peru were analyzed. Secondary data on epidemiology, climate, and social aspects from 124 districts in Junin were used to analyze the evolution and territorial distribution patterns of positive COVID-19 cases from March 10 to November 27, 2020. This was achieved through correlations and multiple regression (α = 0.05) between temperature, absolute humidity, solar radiation, altitude, population density, number of markets, poverty, and elementary occupations with infection rates. All variables showed significant correlations (p 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The Junin region, located in the central Andes of Peru, boasts a great diversity of natural resources and commercial flows. This region has reported a high number of positive COVID-19 cases in a short period, which raises interest in understanding the most significant factors influencing the spread of this epidemic. Meteorological variables influencing the spread of COVID-19 in a commercial and Andean-Amazonian region of Peru were analyzed. Secondary data on epidemiology, climate, and social aspects from 124 districts in Junin were used to analyze the evolution and territorial distribution patterns of positive COVID-19 cases from March 10 to November 27, 2020. This was achieved through correlations and multiple regression (α = 0.05) between temperature, absolute humidity, solar radiation, altitude, population density, number of markets, poverty, and elementary occupations with infection rates. All variables showed significant correlations (p < 0.01) except for solar radiation (r = 0.08). The most important factors were temperature (r = 0.39; p = 0.006) and the number of markets (r = 0.61; p < 0.001). The results suggest that one of the most important factors in the spread of COVID-19 in a commercial region is the number of local markets, which are key social interaction spaces and primary hotspots for respiratory pandemic infections.</span></p> ]]> Meteorological Variables in the Spread of COVID-19 in a Commercial and Andean-Amazonian Region of Peru daniel álvarez-tolentino cintya sanchez-chumpitasi manuel reategui-inga de gelmore unchupaico payano delia gamarra-gamarra peter coaguila-rodriguez geider falcón-paredes alizon cisneros-de la cruz casiano aguirre-escalante doi: 10.18280/ijei.070219 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 347 10.18280/ijei.070219 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070219 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070218 This study uses a quantitative technique and questionnaires to assess geo-disaster literacy among Cameron Highlands schoolchildren, where flash floods and landslides are common. Simple random sampling with descriptive and inferential analysis (ANOVA and Spearman’s Rho correlation) was used to sample 327 Form 3 students. The findings demonstrate strong knowledge, attitude, and practice (M=4.34, SP=2.08). A one-way ANOVA study reveals a significant difference between knowledge and attitude (F=6.372, P= 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study uses a quantitative technique and questionnaires to assess geo-disaster literacy among Cameron Highlands schoolchildren, where flash floods and landslides are common. Simple random sampling with descriptive and inferential analysis (ANOVA and Spearman’s Rho correlation) was used to sample 327 Form 3 students. The findings demonstrate strong knowledge, attitude, and practice (M=4.34, SP=2.08). A one-way ANOVA study reveals a significant difference between knowledge and attitude (F=6.372, P=<0.001, p-value < 0.05). A one-way ANOVA analysis shows a significant relationship between geo-disaster knowledge and practice (F=7.901, P=0.001, p-value 0.05). Additionally, One-way ANOVA analysis reveals a significant difference in geo-disaster attitudes and practices (F=4.106, P=<0.001). Spearman’s Rho analysis indicates a weak positive correlation (r=.406, p<0.001) between knowledge and attitude. The association between knowledge and practice is moderate (r=.412, p0.001) and positive. A moderate positive connection exists between attitude and practice (r=.415, p0.001). In conclusion, students understand and practice geo-disasters. Students are exposed to geo-disaster literacy. The government must create a geo-disaster literacy program.</span></p> ]]> Investigating Geo-disaster Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices among Secondary School Students in Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia nasir nayan aimuni syarah abdullah hanifah mahat mohmadisa hashim yazid saleh zahid mat said nurul khotimah edi kurniawan doi: 10.18280/ijei.070218 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 339 10.18280/ijei.070218 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070218 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070217 The impacts of heavy metal pollution on the planet are among the major environmental problems, with oil facilities having been singled out as the key origin of the heavy metal emissions. Hence, the current study was conducted to investigate the levels of heavy metals in the soil of oil installations and centers for distribution of Anbar Province, Iraq. The samples of soil were done and performed by AAS (Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy). Additionally, some environmental pollution indicators were measured to find their origins over space and time. The results reveal that the average heavy metal concentrations exceeded the limit value set by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, respectively. Pollution indicators, such as Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), were used to examine the level of contamination, which revealed that the area is either uncontaminated or moderately contaminated. Human activities, particularly the increase in air pollution driven by rapid population growth, have been identified as the primary contributors to soil contamination. This research sheds light on the nature and the sources of heavy metal pollution in oil facility sites, exploring the possible solutions to this environmental problem. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The impacts of heavy metal pollution on the planet are among the major environmental problems, with oil facilities having been singled out as the key origin of the heavy metal emissions. Hence, the current study was conducted to investigate the levels of heavy metals in the soil of oil installations and centers for distribution of Anbar Province, Iraq. The samples of soil were done and performed by AAS (Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy). Additionally, some environmental pollution indicators were measured to find their origins over space and time. The results reveal that the average heavy metal concentrations exceeded the limit value set by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, respectively. Pollution indicators, such as Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), were used to examine the level of contamination, which revealed that the area is either uncontaminated or moderately contaminated. Human activities, particularly the increase in air pollution driven by rapid population growth, have been identified as the primary contributors to soil contamination. This research sheds light on the nature and the sources of heavy metal pollution in oil facility sites, exploring the possible solutions to this environmental problem.</span></p> ]]> Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution and Risk Assessment in Soil of Oil Depots and Distribution Centers in Anbar Governorate, Iraq bahaa ahmed samir anmar dherar kosaj doi: 10.18280/ijei.070217 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 329 10.18280/ijei.070217 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070217 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070216 Remediate groundwater (GW) contaminants (anions, T.D.S, Cr6) to utilize (GW) for irrigation purposes, and implement experimental findings using adsorption technology to minimize pollutants concentration in (GW). Banana peels activated carbon (BPAC) modified to flash as-synthesized graphene (FG) adsorbent. Synthesization of (FG) by transmutation (BPAC) into graphene in a burst of light through an electro-flash reactor technique producing (5gm) of (FG) each time by exposing (BPAC) to manual circuit break of (8 - 10) shocks in the reactor. The adsorption process in batch mode remediates the (GW) samples stabilizing one parameter either (FG) dosage, agitation speed, PH value, or contact time for each experiment and varying the others. Characterization of (FG) The samples’ composition is analyzed using an FTIR spectrometer, SEM, and XRD analysis. Adsorption capacity improved by creating a high internal pores structure with a powerful capacity of adsorption due to its functional surface area. (0.717 m2/gm), and Remediation conducted for (T.D.S, SO4, NO3, and Cr6) values to be proportion to Iraqi’s and FAO standards of irrigation water. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Remediate groundwater (GW) contaminants (anions, T.D.S, Cr</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">6</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) to utilize (GW) for irrigation purposes, and implement experimental findings using adsorption technology to minimize pollutants concentration in (GW). Banana peels activated carbon (BPAC) modified to flash as-synthesized graphene (FG) adsorbent. Synthesization of (FG) by transmutation (BPAC) into graphene in a burst of light through an electro-flash reactor technique producing (5gm) of (FG) each time by exposing (BPAC) to manual circuit break of (8 - 10) shocks in the reactor. The adsorption process in batch mode remediates the (GW) samples stabilizing one parameter either (FG) dosage, agitation speed, PH value, or contact time for each experiment and varying the others. Characterization of (FG) The samples’ composition is analyzed using an FTIR spectrometer, SEM, and XRD analysis. Adsorption capacity improved by creating a high internal pores structure with a powerful capacity of adsorption due to its functional surface area. (0.717 m</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">/gm), and Remediation conducted for (T.D.S, SO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">4</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, NO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">3</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, and Cr</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">6</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) values to be proportion to Iraqi’s and FAO standards of irrigation water.</span></p> ]]> Ground Water Remediation Using Flash Graphene Produced from Banana Peels: Batch Mode noora subhi raheem hayder m abdul-hameed doi: 10.18280/ijei.070216 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 319 10.18280/ijei.070216 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070216 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070215 Food waste is a social problem as it reduces safe, nutritious food, increases contamination risks through improper disposal, attracts pests, promotes harmful bacteria growth, and heightens environmental issues that threaten agricultural productivity. The study’s goals are to look into how hospital food waste can be turned into nutrient-rich animal feed and fertiliser by setting standards based on the amount of food waste from inpatients, seeing how different waste treatment methods affect the growth and uptake of nutrients by larvae, and and assess the optimization of bioconversion processes through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The data analysis employed Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and WarpPLS (Warp Partial Least Squares) Path Analysis, using Black Soldier Fly (BSF) as the bioreactor medium. Although the C/N ratio does not meet the standards set by the Indonesian Minister of Agriculture, results show that BSF larvae consuming rice and non-rice waste can serve as alternative raw materials for animal feed and fertilizer. Implementing Hermetia illucens or BSF for organic waste management is a creative solution that can reduce methane emissions and contribute to sustainable waste management. Using SEM to convert hospital waste into high-value products and minimize disposal supports sustainable waste management and a circular economy. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times, serif">Food waste is a social problem as it reduces safe, nutritious food, increases contamination risks through improper disposal, attracts pests, promotes harmful bacteria growth, and heightens environmental issues that threaten agricultural productivity. The study’s goals are to look into how hospital food waste can be turned into</span><span style="color: rgb(23, 43, 77); font-family: Roboto"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, serif">nutrient-rich animal feed and fertiliser by setting standards based on the amount of food waste from inpatients, seeing how different waste treatment methods affect the growth and uptake of nutrients by larvae, and and assess the optimization of bioconversion processes through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The data analysis employed Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and WarpPLS (Warp Partial Least Squares) Path Analysis, using Black Soldier Fly (BSF) as the bioreactor medium. Although the C/N ratio does not meet the standards set by the Indonesian Minister of Agriculture, results show that BSF larvae consuming rice and non-rice waste can serve as alternative raw materials for animal feed and fertilizer. Implementing </span><em><span style="font-family: Times, serif">Hermetia illucens </span></em><span style="font-family: Times, serif">or BSF for organic waste management is a creative solution that can reduce methane emissions and contribute to sustainable waste management. Using SEM to convert hospital waste into high-value products and minimize disposal supports sustainable waste management and a circular economy.</span></p> ]]> Modelling Bioconversion Processes in Hospital Food Waste Management Using Black Soldier Fly Larvae bagus dadang prasetiyo qomariyatus sholihah aulanni’am harsuko riniwati doi: 10.18280/ijei.070215 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 305 10.18280/ijei.070215 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070215 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070214 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ ]]> Spatial Assessment of Illegal Plastic Waste Dumping and Environmental Impacts in Babakan and Cikarawang in Bogor Regency oscar umwanzisiwemuremyi zaenal abidin yudi setiawan doi: 10.18280/ijei.070214 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 293 10.18280/ijei.070214 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070214 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070213 Clearly climate change is one of the most significant hazards to mankind nowadays. And daily the situation has become worse. No other way characterises climate change except through changes in the patterns of temperature and weather. Human activity generates the primary greenhouse gas emissions. Among these activities are burning coal, oil, natural gas, as well as other fuels; agricultural techniques, industrial operations, deforestation, burning coal, oil. Mostly resulting from human activities, the average temperature of the planet has significantly increased by almost 1.1 degrees Celsius since the late 1800s. One theory holds that internal combustion engines affect roughly thirteen percent. The objective of this work is to do an analysis of a complicated dataset involving fuel consumption in urban and highway environments as well as mixed combinations since the relevance of these variables in modelling attempts dictates. Reduced CO2 emissions emissions and environmental impact follow from reduced fuel use. The project used numerous machine learning and deep learning approaches to comprehend data analysis. Moreover, this work investigates the dataset to acquire knowledge and concurrently solves problems such overfitting and outliers. Control of complexity is achieved using several methods like VIF, PCA, and Cross-Validation. Models combining CNN and RNN performed really well with an accuracy of 0.99. The R-squared metrics are utilized in order to do the evaluation of the model. Apart from linear regression, support vector machines, Elastic Net with a rewardable accuracy, random forest was applied. It has rather good 0.98 accuracy. We can therefore state that our model analyzed the data properly and generated accurate output since the results we obtained during the assessment phase exactly the same ones we obtained during the training stage. Mass data cleansing is required as well as further study to increase machine learning model accuracy and performance. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Clearly climate change is one of the most significant hazards to mankind nowadays. And daily the situation has become worse. No other way characterises climate change except through changes in the patterns of temperature and weather. Human activity generates the primary greenhouse gas emissions. Among these activities are burning coal, oil, natural gas, as well as other fuels; agricultural techniques, industrial operations, deforestation, burning coal, oil. Mostly resulting from human activities, the average temperature of the planet has significantly increased by almost 1.1 degrees Celsius since the late 1800s. One theory holds that internal combustion engines affect roughly thirteen percent. The objective of this work is to do an analysis of a complicated dataset involving fuel consumption in urban and highway environments as well as mixed combinations since the relevance of these variables in modelling attempts dictates. Reduced CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> emissions emissions and environmental impact follow from reduced fuel use. The project used numerous machine learning and deep learning approaches to comprehend data analysis. Moreover, this work investigates the dataset to acquire knowledge and concurrently solves problems such overfitting and outliers. Control of complexity is achieved using several methods like VIF, PCA, and Cross-Validation. Models combining CNN and RNN performed really well with an accuracy of 0.99. The R-squared metrics are utilized in order to do the evaluation of the model. Apart from linear regression, support vector machines, Elastic Net with a rewardable accuracy, random forest was applied. It has rather good 0.98 accuracy. We can therefore state that our model analyzed the data properly and generated accurate output since the results we obtained during the assessment phase exactly the same ones we obtained during the training stage. Mass data cleansing is required as well as further study to increase machine learning model accuracy and performance.</span></p> ]]> Machine Learning and Deep Learning Analysis of Vehicle Carbon Footprint dhyan r helen k joy sridevi r electa alice jayarani a vanusha d doi: 10.18280/ijei.070213 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 287 10.18280/ijei.070213 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070213 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070212 Amid increasing global awareness of the urgency of climate change and limited energy resources, designing strategies to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions are crucial, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. With its growing per capita energy use and significant carbon emission burden, Indonesia faces a dual challenge: meeting its growing energy needs while minimizing environmental impacts. This study integrates Knowledge of Energy-Saving Labels (KEL) into the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to explore the purchasing behavior of Energy-Efficient Home Appliances (EHAs) on Java Island, which is the region with the highest domestic energy consumption in Indonesia. Data from 239 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach through Smart-PLS version 4 software. The findings show that consumer attitudes (CA), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and subjective norms (SN) significantly influence the intention to purchase EHAs. Likewise, KEL significantly influences CA, PBC, and SN. This research not only confirms the applicability of the TPB in analyzing the behavior of Indonesian consumers towards EHAs but also provides practical insights for policymakers and industry to formulate more effective strategies to increase awareness and adoption of energy-efficient household products. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Amid increasing global awareness of the urgency of climate change and limited energy resources, designing strategies to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions are crucial, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. With its growing per capita energy use and significant carbon emission burden, Indonesia faces a dual challenge: meeting its growing energy needs while minimizing environmental impacts. This study integrates Knowledge of Energy-Saving Labels (KEL) into the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to explore the purchasing behavior of Energy-Efficient Home Appliances (EHAs) on Java Island, which is the region with the highest domestic energy consumption in Indonesia. Data from 239 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach through Smart-PLS version 4 software. The findings show that consumer attitudes (CA), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and subjective norms (SN) significantly influence the intention to purchase EHAs. Likewise, KEL significantly influences CA, PBC, and SN. This research not only confirms the applicability of the TPB in analyzing the behavior of Indonesian consumers towards EHAs but also provides practical insights for policymakers and industry to formulate more effective strategies to increase awareness and adoption of energy-efficient household products.</span></p><p></p><p></p> ]]> <a id="_Hlk168238420"></a>From Awareness to Action: How Knowledge of Energy-Saving Labels Drives Sustainable Consumer Behavior Towards Energy-Efficient Home Appliances in Indonesia andika nadia della nanda luthfiana nobel kristian tripandoyo tampubolon bimo harnaji danang wahyudi doi: 10.18280/ijei.070212 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 277 10.18280/ijei.070212 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070212 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070211 The industrial revolution had begun in the 20th century, which resulted in pollution, the appearance of epidemics and diseases, and a demand for sustainability. Numerous cities have adopted the smart city concept to improve energy efficiency, manage services, improve the quality of life for users, and lessen and resolve environmental problems. Since it may be a route to the smart city, a smart university can be thought of as a mini city, and smart city strategies can be implemented in it. Digitization is a catalyst for transforming a traditional university that is based primarily on human practices into a smart university that uses artificial intelligence integrating intelligent learning platforms. The Smart Campus initiative aims to create a university where technology aids academics, staff, students, and visitors in performing daily responsibilities more efficiently and effectively and makes life inside a modern-campus easier. The smart campus has to be understood to identify and validate a framework and ultimately apply it to a university using the smart infrastructure technologies. In this Research; a comprehensive review of retrofitting universities to reflect the modern worldwide technological movement in renovating a sustainable technological architectural design and construction for a university to create a smart educational environment. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The industrial revolution had begun in the 20th century, which resulted in pollution, the appearance of epidemics and diseases, and a demand for sustainability. Numerous cities have adopted the smart city concept to improve energy efficiency, manage services, improve the quality of life for users, and lessen and resolve environmental problems. Since it may be a route to the smart city, a smart university can be thought of as a mini city, and smart city strategies can be implemented in it. Digitization is a catalyst for transforming a traditional university that is based primarily on human practices into a smart university that uses artificial intelligence integrating intelligent learning platforms. The Smart Campus initiative aims to create a university where technology aids academics, staff, students, and visitors in performing daily responsibilities more efficiently and effectively and makes life inside a modern-campus easier. The smart campus has to be understood to identify and validate a framework and ultimately apply it to a university using the smart infrastructure technologies. In this Research; a comprehensive review of retrofitting universities to reflect the modern worldwide technological movement in renovating a sustainable technological architectural design and construction for a university to create a smart educational environment.</span></p> ]]> A Framework Transformation of a Traditional Campus into a Bio-Tech Smart-Digital Campus radwa a. elshapasy shimaa f. mohamed doi: 10.18280/ijei.070211 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 269 10.18280/ijei.070211 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070211 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070210 This study aims to identify the concentration levels of physical-chemical, inorganic and organic parameters through hydrochemistry, determining their origin, abundance, distribution and migration in the Pachapaqui mining unit. Methodologically, a detailed study was carried out that included ground and surface water sampling, chemical analysis to determine water quality, measurements of levels and flow rates, using different hydrogeological modelling diagrams to understand the dynamics of water flow in the study area. The main results revealed, through Piper's diagram, that the waters of the mine mouths contain predominantly Ca and SO4 ions, classifying them as sulphate (CaSO4). This composition, consistent with the local geology, was confirmed by the Stiff diagram. In addition, significant variability in SO4 levels was observed, suggesting the influence of factors such as lithology and acid mine drainage. The final conclusion indicates that the hydrochemical studies of the mine mouth waters are predominantly sulphate (CaSO4), influenced by geological factors and acid mine drainage. These findings, crucial for groundwater resource management, do not imply significant risks for the construction of pit plugs. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study aims to identify the concentration levels of physical-chemical, inorganic and organic parameters through hydrochemistry, determining their origin, abundance, distribution and migration in the Pachapaqui mining unit. Methodologically, a detailed study was carried out that included ground and surface water sampling, chemical analysis to determine water quality, measurements of levels and flow rates, using different hydrogeological modelling diagrams to understand the dynamics of water flow in the study area. The main results revealed, through Piper's diagram, that the waters of the mine mouths contain predominantly Ca and SO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">4</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> ions, classifying them as sulphate (CaSO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">4</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">). This composition, consistent with the local geology, was confirmed by the Stiff diagram. In addition, significant variability in SO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">4</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> levels was observed, suggesting the influence of factors such as lithology and acid mine drainage. The final conclusion indicates that the hydrochemical studies of the mine mouth waters are predominantly sulphate (CaSO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">4</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), influenced by geological factors and acid mine drainage. These findings, crucial for groundwater resource management, do not imply significant risks for the construction of pit plugs.</span></p> ]]> Mining Effluent Control: Hydrogeological Integration for the Protection of Groundwater Sources sisley rosario baez-mauricio jaime césar mayorga-rojas jaime césar mayorga-rojas marilú calderon-celis nora malca-casavilc johnny henrry ccatamayo-barrios luis miguel soto-juscamayta alfonso romero-baylón doi: 10.18280/ijei.070210 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 259 10.18280/ijei.070210 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070210 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070209 Given mounting concerns surrounding the escalating greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) associated with fossil fuel extraction, production, and utilization by both Russian and global oil and gas corporations, devising novel strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change is imperative. This study is underpinned by a comprehensive review and analysis of global trends in greenhouse gas emissions, diverse decarbonization methods applicable to the oil and gas industry, and established approaches to assess decarbonization initiatives in this sector. These insights underscore the need to advance conceptual frameworks to refine the analysis of decarbonization efforts undertaken by Russian oil and gas enterprises. This study makes a valuable scientific and methodological contribution toward fostering sustainable low-carbon development within the oil and gas industry. This goal is achieved through the implementation of a comprehensive model that passes the ecological and economic impacts of decarbonization initiatives at Russian oil and gas companies. The model proposes an approach to evaluate the effects of these initiatives on the competitiveness of the oil and gas sector using a Balanced Scorecard (BSC) approach supplemented with a range of ecologic metrics. Additionally, the model introduces an integral indicator to quantify the influence of the Balanced Scorecard on key operations of an oil and gas company during decarbonization efforts. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Given mounting concerns surrounding the escalating greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) associated with fossil fuel extraction, production, and utilization by both Russian and global oil and gas corporations, devising novel strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change is imperative. This study is underpinned by a comprehensive review and analysis of global trends in greenhouse gas emissions, diverse decarbonization methods applicable to the oil and gas industry, and established approaches to assess decarbonization initiatives in this sector. These insights underscore the need to advance conceptual frameworks to refine the analysis of decarbonization efforts undertaken by Russian oil and gas enterprises. This study makes a valuable scientific and methodological contribution toward fostering sustainable low-carbon development within the oil and gas industry. This goal is achieved through the implementation of a comprehensive model that passes the ecological and economic impacts of decarbonization initiatives at Russian oil and gas companies. The model proposes an approach to evaluate the effects of these initiatives on the competitiveness of the oil and gas sector using a Balanced Scorecard (BSC) approach supplemented with a range of ecologic metrics. Additionally, the model introduces an integral indicator to quantify the influence of the Balanced Scorecard on key operations of an oil and gas company during decarbonization efforts.</span></p> ]]> A Comprehensive Model for Evaluating Ecological and Economic Effectiveness of Decarbonization Measures for Russian Oil and Gas Enterprises nikolay kulyasov nikolay dorogov liliya babynina julia bronskaya yuri selyavskiy nikolay puzyrnyy doi: 10.18280/ijei.070209 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 245 10.18280/ijei.070209 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070209 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070208 This study examines the delicate balance between cultural practices and environmental conservation in Bali through the use of turtles in Balinese Hindu rites. Due to cultural value, traditional usage persists notwithstanding Government Regulation Number 7 of 1999 and international accords like CITES. The Turtle Conservation and Education Centre (TCEC) in Serangan Village, known as Turtle Island, educates the community, preserves local traditions, and promotes sustainable tourism to conserve turtles. We assessed turtle conservation programmes and their effects on local traditions through interviews with key community members and village observations. 75% of respondents indicated that they would continue to use turtles in traditional ceremonies. While some argue that the law permits the offering of turtles in traditional ceremonies due to their holy status, others hold a different view. The findings indicate that this society values cultural heritage and biodiversity conservation, yet they frequently clash. The perspectives of the Serangan Islanders on TCEC show that it is possible to effectively conserve turtles while simultaneously fulfilling economic needs and preserving traditional events. This study emphasises the need for socio-culturally adaptive conservation techniques to protect endangered turtle species. It requires increased community engagement and education to link traditional practices with conservation demands to preserve culture and the environment. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study examines the delicate balance between cultural practices and environmental conservation in Bali through the use of turtles in Balinese Hindu rites. Due to cultural value, traditional usage persists notwithstanding Government Regulation Number 7 of 1999 and international accords like CITES. The Turtle Conservation and Education Centre (TCEC) in Serangan Village, known as Turtle Island, educates the community, preserves local traditions, and promotes sustainable tourism to conserve turtles. We assessed turtle conservation programmes and their effects on local traditions through interviews with key community members and village observations. 75% of respondents indicated that they would continue to use turtles in traditional ceremonies. While some argue that the law permits the offering of turtles in traditional ceremonies due to their holy status, others hold a different view. The findings indicate that this society values cultural heritage and biodiversity conservation, yet they frequently clash. The perspectives of the Serangan Islanders on TCEC show that it is possible to effectively conserve turtles while simultaneously fulfilling economic needs and preserving traditional events. This study emphasises the need for socio-culturally adaptive conservation techniques to protect endangered turtle species. It requires increased community engagement and education to link traditional practices with conservation demands to preserve culture and the environment.</span></p> ]]> Balancing Tradition and Conservation: The Use of Turtles in Balinese Ceremonies and Its Environmental Implications edi susilo andik isdianto i nyoman yoga parawangsa aulia lanudia fathah berlania mahardika putri doi: 10.18280/ijei.070208 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 233 10.18280/ijei.070208 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070208 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070207 Environmental issues have become a pressing global concern due to the increasingly consumptive human lifestyle. High levels of environmental literacy and responsibility are essential for reducing the rate of environmental damage, particularly among students studying Geography Education at Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) who are future educators. This study analyzes students’ environmental literacy and responsibility in the UNNES Geography Education program. Employing a quantitative approach, the study assessed environmental literacy variables, including indicators of knowledge, competence, affective, behavior, and environmental responsibility variables. A sample of 168 UNNES Geography Education students from semesters 4, 6, and 8 participated in the study, selected using the proportional stratified random sampling method. Data collection methods included tests, questionnaires, observations, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive percentage analysis techniques. The study findings indicate that the environmental literacy level of UNNES Geography Education students falls within the moderate category, with an average score of 50.86. Similarly, the level of environmental responsibility is categorized as moderate, with an average value of 82.04. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Environmental issues have become a pressing global concern due to the increasingly consumptive human lifestyle. High levels of environmental literacy and responsibility are essential for reducing the rate of environmental damage, particularly among students studying Geography Education at Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) who are future educators. This study analyzes students’ environmental literacy and responsibility in the UNNES Geography Education program. Employing a quantitative approach, the study assessed environmental literacy variables, including indicators of knowledge, competence, affective, behavior, and environmental responsibility variables. A sample of 168 UNNES Geography Education students from semesters 4, 6, and 8 participated in the study, selected using the proportional stratified random sampling method. Data collection methods included tests, questionnaires, observations, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive percentage analysis techniques. The study findings indicate that the environmental literacy level of UNNES Geography Education students falls within the moderate category, with an average score of 50.86. Similarly, the level of environmental responsibility is categorized as moderate, with an average value of 82.04.</span></p> ]]> Environmental Literacy and Responsibility Level of Students in the Geography Education Study Program in Universitas Negeri Semarang as Prospective Teachers edi kurniawan zacky setiawan saputra muhammad akhyar doi: 10.18280/ijei.070207 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 221 10.18280/ijei.070207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070206 This paper aims to analyze the success of applying the Carbon Exchange policy in supporting the green banking concept in Indonesia. The Indonesian Carbon Exchange is a commitment of the government to fight against climate change by ratified the Paris Agreement and legalized Financial Service Authority Regulation (FSAR) No. 14 of 2023 on Carbon Trade through Carbon Exchange, where the results of carbon trade will be reinvested for projects to decrease emissions. This research employed in-depth socio-legal method. Research results showed that based on these six banks’ sustainability report of 2022, they have allocated funding to the Sustainable Business Activity Category sector which significantly increased from 2020 to 2022 as the banks’ contribution to support the green banking concept. Thus, it is certain that the Carbon Exchange policy has an effective role in increasing the portfolio of banks’ sustainable funding in the year 2023 as banks buy carbon units from companies that work in the Sustainable Business Activity Category sector. Based on the six green banking indicators of six banks, it was shown that carbon emission and paperwork or paperless aspects experienced an increase in 2022. Therefore, banks made efforts by buying carbon units from Carbon Exchange. Unfortunately, the green banking concept in Indonesia is yet to be measured precisely because it is still in the early stages of implementation. Therefore, support and collaboration from government, banking industry and society is an essential effort to accelerate Carbon Exchange policy. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This paper aims to analyze the success of applying the Carbon Exchange policy in supporting the green banking concept in Indonesia. The Indonesian Carbon Exchange is a commitment of the government to fight against climate change by ratified the Paris Agreement and legalized Financial Service Authority Regulation (FSAR) No. 14 of 2023 on Carbon Trade through Carbon Exchange, where the results of carbon trade will be reinvested for projects to decrease emissions. This research employed in-depth socio-legal method. Research results showed that based on these six banks’ sustainability report of 2022, they have allocated funding to the Sustainable Business Activity Category sector which significantly increased from 2020 to 2022 as the banks’ contribution to support the green banking concept. Thus, it is certain that the Carbon Exchange policy has an effective role in increasing the portfolio of banks’ sustainable funding in the year 2023 as banks buy carbon units from companies that work in the Sustainable Business Activity Category sector. Based on the six green banking indicators of six banks, it was shown that carbon emission and paperwork or paperless aspects experienced an increase in 2022. Therefore, banks made efforts by buying carbon units from Carbon Exchange. Unfortunately, the green banking concept in Indonesia is yet to be measured precisely because it is still in the early stages of implementation. Therefore, support and collaboration from government, banking industry and society is an essential effort to accelerate Carbon Exchange policy.</span></p> ]]> The Carbon Exchange Policy in Supporting the Green Banking Concept: An Indonesian Perspective wardah yuspin wulan kusumawardani ata fauzie doi: 10.18280/ijei.070206 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 205 10.18280/ijei.070206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070205 Preservation of the quality of the environment and the safety of human life depend on a multitude of factors. Recently, one of the most significant of these factors has been increasing carbon dioxide content in the Earth’s atmosphere and the air in industrial facilities and residential and public buildings. Capturing CO2 to lower its content in the air is among the most topical issues in current scientific studies. The presented study demonstrates the adverse effects of CO2 on human health and climate change. The authors conduct a patent search and an analysis of literary sources on methods of CO2 removal and systematize and substantiate the expediency of further experimental studies on improving sorption-based removal. The study presents a specially developed toolkit, including an experimental setup for testing various substances and reagent solutions for efficiency of CO2 capturing in indoor spaces, a program methodology of respective experiments, and a dedicated software program “Processing of the results of experimental studies of the properties of CO2 absorbers”. The research findings indicate that all the examined solutions can be used to reduce CO2 concentration in the air in indoor spaces, although the most efficient of these is a solution of caustic soda. The obtained results are of undoubted interest for the development of technologies and methods of capturing CO2 to reduce its concentration in the air in residential, public, and industrial buildings, in emergency shelters, and in the atmosphere. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Preservation of the quality of the environment and the safety of human life depend on a multitude of factors. Recently, one of the most significant of these factors has been increasing carbon dioxide content in the Earth’s atmosphere and the air in industrial facilities and residential and public buildings. Capturing CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> to lower its content in the air is among the most topical issues in current scientific studies. The presented study demonstrates the adverse effects of CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> on human health and climate change. The authors conduct a patent search and an analysis of literary sources on methods of CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> removal and systematize and substantiate the expediency of further experimental studies on improving sorption-based removal. The study presents a specially developed toolkit, including an experimental setup for testing various substances and reagent solutions for efficiency of CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> capturing in indoor spaces, a program methodology of respective experiments, and a dedicated software program “Processing of the results of experimental studies of the properties of CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> absorbers”. The research findings indicate that all the examined solutions can be used to reduce CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> concentration in the air in indoor spaces, although the most efficient of these is a solution of caustic soda. The obtained results are of undoubted interest for the development of technologies and methods of capturing CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> to reduce its concentration in the air in residential, public, and industrial buildings, in emergency shelters, and in the atmosphere.</span></p> ]]> Reducing the Concentration of Carbon Dioxide in Indoor Air Using Absorption-Based Capture marina grafkina evgeniya sviridova elena vasilyeva oleg vinogradov doi: 10.18280/ijei.070205 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 197 10.18280/ijei.070205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070204 This study examines how Somalia’s economic growth is impacted by climate change. We employ time series data from 1991 to 2022 and the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) model to investigate the impact of temperature, CO2 emissions, and rainfall on real GDP both in the short and long terms. The findings reveal a significant negative impact of climate change on Somalia’s long-term economic growth. However, the short-term effects seem less pronounced. Based on these results, the study recommends focusing on emission reduction through sustainable practices and renewable energy, alongside developing adaptation strategies for managing rainfall variability and promoting drought-resistant agriculture. Additionally, long-term planning that incorporates climate change considerations and fosters international collaboration is crucial. While limitations like data accuracy and the exclusion of other influencing factors exist, the study offers valuable insights for policymakers and future research directions to further explore this complex relationship. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>This study examines how Somalia’s economic growth is impacted by climate change. We employ time series data from 1991 to 2022 and the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) model to investigate the impact of temperature, CO₂ emissions, and rainfall on real GDP both in the short and long terms. The findings reveal a significant negative impact of climate change on Somalia’s long-term economic growth. However, the short-term effects seem less pronounced. Based on these results, the study recommends focusing on emission reduction through sustainable practices and renewable energy, alongside developing adaptation strategies for managing rainfall variability and promoting drought-resistant agriculture. Additionally, long-term planning that incorporates climate change considerations and fosters international collaboration is crucial. While limitations like data accuracy and the exclusion of other influencing factors exist, the study offers valuable insights for policymakers and future research directions to further explore this complex relationship.</p> ]]> The Impact of Climate Change on Economic Growth in Somalia abdi majid yusuf ibey ali farah abdullahi mukhtar ibei omar mahdi mohamed omar doi: 10.18280/ijei.070204 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 191 10.18280/ijei.070204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070203 Bali is one of the areas in Indonesia prone to water crisis due to the ever-increasing demand for water in line with population growth and economic activity. The cultural values of Tri Hita Karana and Sad Kertih inspire the Balinese perception of water. This study aims to evaluate water management policies in Badung Regency, Bali Province, by incorporating the cultural values of Tri Hita Karana and Sad Kertih. This research used qualitative methods, and the data analysis used document analysis and environmental discourse methods. The results of this study indicate that water governance in Badung is not optimal because it is still centralized and needs to involve cultural roles in the local community. This study concludes that the involvement of local communities, especially customary villages, is essential to realize sustainable water governance in an integrated manner. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the appreciation of the values of Tri Hita Karana and Sad Kertih, which support the principles of environmental sustainability. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Bali is one of the areas in Indonesia prone to water crisis due to the ever-increasing demand for water in line with population growth and economic activity. The cultural values of Tri Hita Karana and Sad Kertih inspire the Balinese perception of water. This study aims to evaluate water management policies in Badung Regency, Bali Province, by incorporating the cultural values of Tri Hita Karana and Sad Kertih. This research used qualitative methods, and the data analysis used document analysis and environmental discourse methods. The results of this study indicate that water governance in Badung is not optimal because it is still centralized and needs to involve cultural roles in the local community. This study concludes that the involvement of local communities, especially customary villages, is essential to realize sustainable water governance in an integrated manner. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the appreciation of the values of Tri Hita Karana and Sad Kertih, which support the principles of environmental sustainability.</p> ]]> Sustainable Water Governance Based on the Local Wisdom of Tri Hita Karana and Sad Kertih Values: Impact for Environmental Sustainability i.g.ng.g.a pradipta l.g. saraswati putri doi: 10.18280/ijei.070203 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 181 10.18280/ijei.070203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070202 Climate change’s impact can negatively influence human life, such as increasing temperatures and sea levels. This research aims to analyze the impact of climate change on air temperature during the rainy and dry seasons in East Java, specifically the Wlingi Reservoir area. Daily temperature observation data from 1990-2023 will be analyzed spatially using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation and statistically through analysis of long-term variability, rate of change in annual and seasonal scales and climate anomalies that occur. The results show a positive pattern of increase from 1990-2023, both on an annual and seasonal scale. The average temperature change rate at East Java climate stations increased to more than 1℃/34 years, with the most significant climate anomaly occurring in 2016. The humidity caused by the rain causes the temperature to be warmer than in the dry season. Thinner air pressure in mountainous areas causes cooler temperatures than coastal areas. During the 34 years of observation, the earth’s surface has warmed over the years and may continue to rise. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Climate chan</span>ge’s impact can negatively influence human life, such as increasing temperatures and sea levels. This research aims to analyze the impact of climate change on air temperature during the rainy and dry seasons in East Java, specifically the Wlingi Reservoir area. Daily temperature observation data from 1990-2023 will be analyzed spatially using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation and statistically through analysis of long-term variability, rate of change in annual and seasonal scales and climate anomalies that occur. The results show a positive pattern of increase from 1990-2023, both on an annual and seasonal scale. The average temperature change rate at East Java climate stations increased to more than 1℃/34 years, with the most significant climate anomaly occurring in 2<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">016. The humidity caused by the rain causes the temperature to be warmer than in the dry season. Thinner air pressure in mountainous areas causes cooler temperatures than coastal areas. During the 34 years of observation, the earth’s surface has warmed over the years and may continue to rise.</span></p> ]]> The Impact of Climate Change on Air Temperature in the Rainy and Dry Seasons in East Java, Indonesia: A Case Study of Climate Change in the Wlingi Dam Area muhammad irfan ananta lily montarcih limantara widandi soetopo doi: 10.18280/ijei.070202 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 169 10.18280/ijei.070202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070201 In Canada, Indigenous peoples have been managing fires for generations. Challenges and alternatives related to power, jurisdiction, legislation, accreditation, liabilities, and resources exist in identifying and protecting forests from wildfires. Cultural burning can benefit community welfare, biodiversity, and wildfire risk reduction. This study compares Indigenous fire stewardship (IFS) in Canada with cultural burning practices in Indonesia, using literature and comparative research methodologies. Both countries face challenges to this issue. Canada allows cultural burning on reserves with supervision, while Indonesia permits local communities to burn up to two hectares without supervision. Community empowerment, Indigenous Ecological Knowledge (IEK), and fire management are crucial in both nations. Comparative analysis informs future cultural burning policies, emphasizing local expertise in risk reduction. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">In Canada, Indigenous peoples have been managing fires for generations. Challenges and alternatives related to power, jurisdiction, legislation, accreditation, liabilities, and resources exist in identifying and protecting forests from wildfires. Cultural burning can benefit community welfare, biodiversity, and wildfire risk reduction. This study compares Indigenous fire stewardship (IFS) in Canada with cultural burning practices in Indonesia, using literature and comparative research methodologies. Both countries face challenges to this issue. Canada allows cultural burning on reserves with supervision, while Indonesia permits local communities to burn up to two hectares without supervision. Community empowerment, Indigenous Ecological Knowledge (IEK), and fire management are crucial in both nations. Comparative analysis informs future cultural burning policies, emphasizing local expertise in risk reduction.</span></p> ]]> Identifying and Addressing the Right to Burn for Indigenous-Led Fire Stewardship Practices trisia megawati kusuma dewi herdis herdiansyah tri edhi budhi soesilo anter venus doi: 10.18280/ijei.070201 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2024 2024 7 2 Article 159 10.18280/ijei.070201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_2/ijei.070201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070117 This research aims to analyze the characteristics of consumer behavior regarding the use of shopping bags and the factors that influence it based on an environmental approach. The method in this research is based on ten (10) factors from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model to understand the behavior of carrying shopping bags instead of using plastic bags based on ten (10) variables namely; 1) Attitude (AT); 2) Subjective Norms (SN); 3) Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC); 4) Environmental Concern (EC); 5) Personal Norms (PN); 6) Response Efficacy (RE); 7) Self-efficacy (SE); 8) Behavioral Intention (BI); 9) Anti-Plastic Bag Behavior (APB); and 10) Behavioral Willingness (BW). The results show a significant relationship between trustworthy AT, SN, PBC, EC, PN, and SE. This is evident from the significance value (sig) which is less than 0.05, indicating a fairly high level of confidence. Overall, the results of the research provide a better understanding of the factors that influence consumer decisions in carrying shopping bags, especially among BI consumers. The implications of these findings can be used as a basis for developing more effective strategies for promoting more eco-friendly and sustainable behavior in the future. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research aims to analyze the characteristics of consumer behavior regarding the use of shopping bags and the factors that influence it based on an environmental approach. The method in this research is based on ten (10) factors from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model to understand the behavior of carrying shopping bags instead of using plastic bags based on ten (10) variables namely; 1) Attitude (AT); 2) Subjective Norms (SN); 3) Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC); 4) Environmental Concern (EC); 5) Personal Norms (PN); 6) Response Efficacy (RE); 7) Self-efficacy (SE); 8) Behavioral Intention (BI); 9) Anti-Plastic Bag Behavior (APB); and 10) Behavioral Willingness (BW). The results show a significant relationship between trustworthy AT, SN, PBC, EC, PN, and SE. This is evident from the significance value (sig) which is less than 0.05, indicating a fairly high level of confidence. Overall, the results of the research provide a better understanding of the factors that influence consumer decisions in carrying shopping bags, especially among BI consumers. The implications of these findings can be used as a basis for developing more effective strategies for promoting more eco-friendly and sustainable behavior in the future.</span></p> ]]> Consumer Behavior Towards Environmental Policy for Paid Plastic Shopping Bags in Traditional Markets of Padang City henny yulius indang dewata nurhasan syah aprizon putra mira hasti hasmira aldri frinaldi doi: 10.18280/ijei.070117 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 151 10.18280/ijei.070117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070116 The study was initiated focusing on the rising concerns of the fisher community and environmental activists that construction of 600×2 MW Matarbari Ultra Super Critical Coal-fired power project and construction of 6.5km access road over the foreshore is filling the riverbed and impacting to the aquatic ecosystem of the Kohelia River. The study was carried out to identify the impact issues, to assess the project’s wastewater discharge quality, surface water quality, primary productivity status, and fishery status during dry season. From the primary drain, labor camp wastewater samples were collected, and overflow dredging water samples were taken from the immediate discharge point. Three sites in the Kohelia River had their surface water quality examined between January and March of 2022. Samples were collected by using statistical sampling techniques, stored, and transported to a facility for analysis. By evaluating numerous physicochemical and biological indicators, this monitoring attempts to shed light on the environmental circumstances surrounding the river. Standard procedures were adopted to conduct the Fish Catch Assessment survey to find out the status of fish diversity and catch composition of dry season. Study found that concentrations of COD and Fecal Coliform in labor camp wastewater were significantly higher than national standards. On the other hand, discharged overflow dredging water contained high load of turbidity and TSS that caused significant increase in turbidity and TSS levels of surface water. Compared to the baseline data (EIA 2013), noticeable decline in water level and increase in salinity level of surface water also were observed. Due to wastewater discharge, no variations were observed for other surface water quality parameters i.e. pH, temperature, DO, BOD, COD, Nitrate, Oil and grease, and Fecal Coliform. The study on biological characteristics of the Kohelia River found both abundance and species diversity of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos community recorded higher than baseline study (EIA 2013) period. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The study was initiated focusing on the rising concerns of the fisher community and environmental activists that construction of 600×2 MW Matarbari Ultra Super Critical Coal-fired power project and construction of 6.5km access road over the foreshore is filling the riverbed and impacting to the aquatic ecosystem of the Kohelia River. The study was carried out to identify the impact issues, to assess the project’s wastewater discharge quality, surface water quality, primary productivity status, and fishery status during dry season. From the primary drain, labor camp wastewater samples were collected, and overflow dredging water samples were taken from the immediate discharge point. Three sites in the Kohelia River had their surface water quality examined between January and March of 2022. Samples were collected by using statistical sampling techniques, stored, and transported to a facility for analysis. By evaluating numerous physicochemical and biological indicators, this monitoring attempts to shed light on the environmental circumstances surrounding the river. Standard procedures were adopted to conduct the Fish Catch Assessment survey to find out the status of fish diversity and catch composition of dry season. Study found that concentrations of COD and Fecal Coliform in labor camp wastewater were significantly higher than national standards. On the other hand, discharged overflow dredging water contained high load of turbidity and TSS that caused significant increase in turbidity and TSS levels of surface water. Compared to the baseline data (EIA 2013), noticeable decline in water level and increase in salinity level of surface water also were observed. Due to wastewater discharge, no variations were observed for other surface water quality parameters i.e. pH, temperature, DO, BOD, COD, Nitrate, Oil and grease, and Fecal Coliform. The study on biological characteristics of the Kohelia River found both abundance and species diversity of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos community recorded higher than baseline study (EIA 2013) period.</span></p> ]]> Impacts of Construction Activities on Aquatic Environment: A Case of the Kohelia River, Moheshkhali, Cox’s Bazar shabbir ahmed jewel md. iqbal hasan doi: 10.18280/ijei.070116 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 141 10.18280/ijei.070116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070115 Detecting and managing coastal water pollution is crucial for preserving ecological functions and ecosystem services. However, it is challenging due to the complex nature of the coastal environment, large spatio-temporal scales, and high operational costs. To improve situational awareness, this study used a top-down approach, integrating multi-spectral data from satellites and drones with different resolutions. By combining these data sources, the researchers obtained complementary results and were able to focus on the same phenomenon from multiple perspectives. The study successfully applied this approach to monitor a polluted water plume in the Domitia coast, Italy, originating from wastewater plants and illicit discharges. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method in assessing water quality and increasing situational awareness in coastal areas. Implementing this approach can aid in the proper management of water resources. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times, serif">Detecting and managing coastal water pollution is crucial for preserving ecological functions and ecosystem services. However, it is challenging due to the complex nature of the coastal environment, large spatio-temporal scales, and high operational costs. To improve situational awareness, this study used a top-down approach, integrating multi-spectral data from satellites and drones with different resolutions. By combining these data sources, the researchers obtained complementary results and were able to focus on the same phenomenon from multiple perspectives. The study successfully applied this approach to monitor a polluted water plume in the Domitia coast, Italy, originating from wastewater plants and illicit discharges. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method in assessing water quality and increasing situational awareness in coastal areas. Implementing this approach can aid in the proper management of water resources.</span></p> ]]> Coastal Water Pollution Characterization: Enhanced Situational Awareness Through Multiscale Data Acquisition and Analysis massimiliano lega gabriele medio vincenzo severino marco casazza theodore endreny roberta teta doi: 10.18280/ijei.070115 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 133 10.18280/ijei.070115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070114 The purpose of the research presented in the article is to analyze and determine the most significant factors of digital technologies and e-commerce law affecting the environment and the development of eco-business. For this purpose, we will take the environment of Jordan as the object of study. The scientific task is to determine the level of influence of digital technology factors affecting the environment and eco-business and sustainable development in Jordan. The research methodology involves the use of PESTLE analysis, a system analysis method with determination of the utility function, and a method of multicriteria selection of alternatives based on a fuzzy advantage ratio. As a result, we presented an innovative methodological approach that allows us to determine the level of influence of the four most significant factors of digital technologies affecting the environment, eco-business, and sustainable development. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The purpose of the research presented in the article is to analyze and determine the most significant factors of digital technologies and e-commerce law affecting the environment and the development of eco-business. For this purpose, we will take the environment of Jordan as the object of study. The scientific task is to determine the level of influence of digital technology factors affecting the environment and eco-business and sustainable development in Jordan. The research methodology involves the use of PESTLE analysis, a system analysis method with determination of the utility function, and a method of multicriteria selection of alternatives based on a fuzzy advantage ratio. As a result, we presented an innovative methodological approach that allows us to determine the level of influence of the four most significant factors of digital technologies affecting the environment, eco-business, and sustainable development.</span></p> ]]> Assessing the Role of Digital Technologies and E-Commercial Law in Environmental Sustainability: A Case of the Eco-Business Development in Jordan bassam mustafa abdel-rahman tubishat doi: 10.18280/ijei.070114 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 121 10.18280/ijei.070114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070113 Teachers are essential in creating awareness among students about protecting the environment. Climate Change Education (CCE) can be used as an alternative approach to raise awareness of climate change. This research examines the impact of teacher motivation on student awareness and thinking skills in the context of CCE. The study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze the data. A total of 254 students were selected using simple random sampling to participate in the research. The results indicate that teacher motivation significantly and positively impacts student awareness and thinking skills. This suggests that teacher motivation and strategies are critical in improving the effectiveness of environmental education. The research provides valuable insights into the factors that enhance teacher motivation in the context of CCE, which can inform the development of innovative approaches and teaching methods. The pedagogical model produced by this research can serve as a starting point for developing more targeted models in further research related to CCE studies. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times, serif">Teachers are essential in creating awareness among students about protecting the environment. Climate Change Education (CCE) can be used as an alternative approach to raise awareness of climate change. This research examines the impact of teacher motivation on student awareness and thinking skills in the context of CCE. The study employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze the data. A total of 254 students were selected using simple random sampling to participate in the research. The results indicate that teacher motivation significantly and positively impacts student awareness and thinking skills. This suggests that teacher motivation and strategies are critical in improving the effectiveness of environmental education. The research provides valuable insights into the factors that enhance teacher motivation in the context of CCE, which can inform the development of innovative approaches and teaching methods. The pedagogical model produced by this research can serve as a starting point for developing more targeted models in further research related to CCE studies.</span></p> ]]> Teacher Effort in Strengthening Student’s Thinking Skill and Awareness upon Environment Conservation: PLS-SEM of Climate Change Education (CCE) Study angga hadiapurwa mohammad ali eero ropo asep herry hernawan doi: 10.18280/ijei.070113 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 111 10.18280/ijei.070113 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070113 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070112 The dog is considered the man’s best friend, and noise can significantly affect its behavior. In this context, the aim of the research was to determine the effects of fireworks noise on dogs. The methodology applied was the PRISMA 2020 statement; the literature review was conducted on digital databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, and Ebsco, the annual growth of scientific production was calculated using the digital tool Calcuvio, and data analysis was carried out using Microsoft Office Excel and VOSviewer. The annual growth of production (between 1965 and 2023) was 6.11%, the highest scientific production per year was concentrated in 2018 and 2020, and the pioneering country in scientific production was the United States, the keywords with the highest number of appearances are ‘dog’ and ‘magnetic resonance imaging’. The study concludes that the effects of fireworks noise on dogs were observed in changes in behavior and physiological responses. Furthermore, specific regulations should be in place to help reduce the hearing damage to which dogs are exposed and thus improve people’s emotional relationships with their pets. It is recommended that future research determine the effects on different breeds of dogs. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The dog is considered the man’s best friend, and noise can significantly affect its behavior. In this context, the aim of the research was to determine the effects of fireworks noise on dogs. The methodology applied was the PRISMA 2020 statement; the literature review was conducted on digital databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, and Ebsco, the annual growth of scientific production was calculated using the digital tool Calcuvio, and data analysis was carried out using Microsoft Office Excel and VOSviewer. The annual growth of production (between 1965 and 2023) was 6.11%, the highest scientific production per year was concentrated in 2018 and 2020, and the pioneering country in scientific production was the United States, the keywords with the highest number of appearances are ‘dog’ and ‘magnetic resonance imaging’. The study concludes that the effects of fireworks noise on dogs were observed in changes in behavior and physiological responses. Furthermore, specific regulations should be in place to help reduce the hearing damage to which dogs are exposed and thus improve people’s emotional relationships with their pets. It is recommended that future research determine the effects on different breeds of dogs.</span></p> ]]> A Systematic Review of the Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Fireworks Noise on Domestic Dogs manuel reategui-inga wilfredo alva valdiviezo josé kalión guerra lu peter coaguila-rodriguez ronald panduro durand geovany vilchez casas reiner reategui-inga alizon cisneros-de la cruz daniel álvarez-tolentino doi: 10.18280/ijei.070112 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 101 10.18280/ijei.070112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070111 The purpose of the research presented in the article is to identify and analyze the most significant and influential environmental factors that influence sustainable development. To do this, we take the system of sustainable development of eco-business in Jordan as the object of study. The scientific task is to determine the level of influence of environmental factors affecting the sustainable development of business in the region. The research methodology involves the use of SWOT analysis, Saaty’s hierarchical analysis and the method of paired comparison and expert research. As a result, we presented a methodological approach that allows us to determine the level of influence of environmental factors affecting the sustainable development of business in Jordan and to model in detail ways to optimize the most important of them. We emphasize that, as an innovation, we have proposed a new approach to identifying and organizing a number of environmental factors that influence sustainable development. At the same time, we emphasize that the limitations in the article are present in the form of accounting for the eco-business of the country of Jordan. At the same time, further research will be aimed at building a mechanism for responding to those factors. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The purpose of the research presented in the article is to identify and analyze the most significant and influential environmental factors that influence sustainable development. To do this, we take the system of sustainable development of eco-business in Jordan as the object of study. The scientific task is to determine the level of influence of environmental factors affecting the sustainable development of business in the region. The research methodology involves the use of SWOT analysis, Saaty’s hierarchical analysis and the method of paired comparison and expert research. As a result, we presented a methodological approach that allows us to determine the level of influence of environmental factors affecting the sustainable development of business in Jordan and to model in detail ways to optimize the most important of them. We emphasize that, as an innovation, we have proposed a new approach to identifying and organizing a number of environmental factors that influence sustainable development. At the same time, we emphasize that the limitations in the article are present in the form of accounting for the eco-business of the country of Jordan. At the same time, further research will be aimed at building a mechanism for responding to those factors.</span></p> ]]> Impact of External Environmental Factors on Sustainable Commercial Development in the Jordan: The Case of Legal Aspect of the Eco-Business hisham jadallah mansour shakhatreh doi: 10.18280/ijei.070111 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 93 10.18280/ijei.070111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070110 This study examines how top management’s environmental awareness and green innovation mediate the effects of digital transformation on sustainable development performance. The current study also looks at the institutional environment’s moderating role in the relationship between mediators (i.e., green innovation and top management’s environmental awareness) and digital transformation. The research uses regression analysis to examine hypotheses on how digital transformation affects firms’ sustainable development performance. It does this by using an imbalanced panel dataset including 1,805 Chinese publicly listed manufacturing companies from 2010 to 2021. The findings reveal that digital transformation is positively related to sustainable development performance. Besides, the relationship between digital transformation and sustainable development performance is mediated by increased green innovation and environmental awareness among top management. Furthermore, a supportive institutional environment enhances the impact of digital transformation on top management’s environmental awareness and green innovation. The study provides new insights into the mechanisms by which digital transformation promotes economic and environmental sustainability in China’s industrial sector. The findings have important implications for businesses looking to use digital technology to increase competitiveness while also achieving China’s "dual carbon" aims of green innovation and environmentally responsible leadership. Theoretical contributions include integrating an institution-based perspective to better comprehend contextual implications on long-term digital transformation. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study examines how top management’s environmental awareness and green innovation mediate the effects of digital transformation on sustainable development performance. The current study also looks at the institutional environment’s moderating role in the relationship between mediators (i.e., green innovation and top management’s environmental awareness) and digital transformation. The research uses regression analysis to examine hypotheses on how digital transformation affects firms’ sustainable development performance. It does this by using an imbalanced panel dataset including 1,805 Chinese publicly listed manufacturing companies from 2010 to 2021. The findings reveal that digital transformation is positively related to sustainable development performance. Besides, the relationship between digital transformation and sustainable development performance is mediated by increased green innovation and environmental awareness among top management. Furthermore, a supportive institutional environment enhances the impact of digital transformation on top management’s environmental awareness and green innovation. The study provides new insights into the mechanisms by which digital transformation promotes economic and environmental sustainability in China’s industrial sector. The findings have important implications for businesses looking to use digital technology to increase competitiveness while also achieving China’s "dual carbon" aims of green innovation and environmentally responsible leadership. Theoretical contributions include integrating an institution-based perspective to better comprehend contextual implications on long-term digital transformation.</span></p> ]]> A Study on the Mechanism of the Impact of Digital Transformation in Manufacturing Enterprises on Sustainable Development Performance jianjing li doi: 10.18280/ijei.070110 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 81 10.18280/ijei.070110 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070110 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070109 The objectives of this research are: (1) identify the community’s willingness to pay (WTP) for domestic water environmental services and their WTP value; (2) analyze the factors that influence the domestic water WTP value; (3) analyze the potential for self-financing for water conservation; and (4) formulate mechanisms and strategies for the management of conservation self-help funds. This research was conducted in the upstream area of the Renggung Watershed with 30 sample households. Data were analyzed using a mathematical approach to calculate the WTP value and multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors influencing WTP. The research results are as follows: (1) the majority (83.33%) of the community is willing to pay for domestic water environmental services with an average WTP value for each household of IDR 6,633 per month; (2) there are three factors that have a significant influence (p 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The objectives of this research are: (1) identify the community’s willingness to pay (WTP) for domestic water environmental services and their WTP value; (2) analyze the factors that influence the domestic water WTP value; (3) analyze the potential for self-financing for water conservation; and (4) formulate mechanisms and strategies for the management of conservation self-help funds. This research was conducted in the upstream area of the Renggung Watershed with 30 sample households. Data were analyzed using a mathematical approach to calculate the WTP value and multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors influencing WTP. The research results are as follows: (1) the majority (83.33%) of the community is willing to pay for domestic water environmental services with an average WTP value for each household of IDR 6,633 per month; (2) there are three factors that have a significant influence (p<0.10) on the WTP value, namely: age of the head of the family, household expenditure, and education of the head of the family; (3) the potential for self-help conservation funds sourced from domestic water WTP is IDR 744,001,115 per year; and (4) mechanisms and strategies for managing conservation self-help funds are carried out by empowering BUMDES as managers and local non-governmental organizations as supervisors.</span></p> ]]> Self-Financing Strategy for Water Conservation Through Payment of Environmental Services for Domestic Water Users in the Upper Areas of Renggung Watershed lalu sukardi addinul yakin amiruddin doi: 10.18280/ijei.070109 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 75 10.18280/ijei.070109 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070109 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070108 Culture or local wisdom is very important for environmental sustainability in areas such as Jember, where the ecological potential is that there are many “Gumuk” fields that used to stand strong but are now starting to be eroded or exploited by local and foreign communities. This research aims to analyze the role of local wisdom in preserving “Gumuk” in Kaliwates District, Jember Regency, and develop a concept for local wisdom-based community education for “Gumuk” conservation in Jember. This research was carried out using phenomenological methods and descriptive analysis, and then the Likert scale became the data analysis technique used in this research. This research shows that local wisdom is valuable and benefits people’s lives. Local wisdom is part of life’s way of solving all life’s problems. There needs to be a role for local wisdom of the community to maintain and preserve existing “Gumuk” so that they are not continuously exploited following the increasing needs of the community. Applying local wisdom in keeping “Gumuk” is the government’s basis for creating conservation policies. Community-based education is a mechanism that provides opportunities for everyone in society to enrich knowledge and technology through lifelong learning. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Culture or local wisdom is very important for environmental sustainability in areas such as Jember, where the ecological potential is that there are many “Gumuk” fields that used to stand strong but are now starting to be eroded or exploited by local and foreign communities. This research aims to analyze the role of local wisdom in preserving “Gumuk” in Kaliwates District, Jember Regency, and develop a concept for local wisdom-based community education for “Gumuk” conservation in Jember. This research was carried out using phenomenological methods and descriptive analysis, and then the Likert scale became the data analysis technique used in this research. This research shows that local wisdom is valuable and benefits people’s lives. Local wisdom is part of life’s way of solving all life’s problems. There needs to be a role for local wisdom of the community to maintain and preserve existing “Gumuk” so that they are not continuously exploited following the increasing needs of the community. Applying local wisdom in keeping “Gumuk” is the government’s basis for creating conservation policies. Community-based education is a mechanism that provides opportunities for everyone in society to enrich knowledge and technology through lifelong learning.</span></p> ]]> Sustainable “Gumuk” Land Management Based on Local Wisdom in Jember, Indonesia mochamad ainul yaqin suyahmo puji hardati hamdan tri atmaja nur hamid doi: 10.18280/ijei.070108 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 65 10.18280/ijei.070108 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070108 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070107 Water governance becomes essential to meet societal needs despite water scarcity. However, in Indonesia, disparities in water governance, especially in the area of water quality perception, continue to exist. Therefore, this study investigates how water quality perception is influenced by examining key factors such as satisfaction, trust, and socio-economic status. This study was conducted in Jakarta by surveying through a questionnaire. This study employed satisfaction, trust, and socio-economic status as independent variables and the perception of water quality as a dependent variable. Also, the chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression were employed to test the hypothesis and the significance between independent and dependent variables. Chi-square tests reveal correlations between trust, socioeconomic status, and perception of water quality. However, regression analysis highlights socio-economic status and trust as the primary influential factors. The study provides evidence of unequal access to water across different socio-economic statuses and demonstrates how the need for government transparency and trust in water institutions affects urban communities' perceptions of water quality. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Water governance becomes essential to meet societal needs despite water scarcity. However, in Indonesia, disparities in water governance, especially in the area of water quality perception, continue to exist. Therefore, this study investigates how water quality perception is influenced by examining key factors such as satisfaction, trust, and socio-economic status. This study was conducted in Jakarta by surveying through a questionnaire. This study employed satisfaction, trust, and socio-economic status as independent variables and the perception of water quality as a dependent variable. Also, the chi-square test and ordinal logistic regression were employed to test the hypothesis and the significance between independent and dependent variables. Chi-square tests reveal correlations between trust, socioeconomic status, and perception of water quality. However, regression analysis highlights socio-economic status and trust as the primary influential factors. The study provides evidence of unequal access to water across different socio-economic statuses and demonstrates how the need for government transparency and trust in water institutions affects urban communities' perceptions of water quality.</span></p> ]]> Investigating the Factor of Water Consumption Regarding the Impact and Implementation of Water Governance in Urban Areas iwan juwana sinan vidi lazuardi herdis herdiansyah doi: 10.18280/ijei.070107 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 55 10.18280/ijei.070107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070106 The use of pesticides in the agricultural sector has become a major concern today, especially with the increasing worries about environmental, health, and sustainability impacts. A similar situation is also a focus in Indonesia, known as an agrarian country. Therefore, the objective of this research is to comprehend farmers’ intentions in using pesticides through the planned behavior theory perspective. The method employed in this study is quantitative, utilizing a questionnaire as the research instrument. The questionnaire was developed from 25 research indicators using a seven-point Likert scale. This research adopts the "rule of thumb" formula to determine the sample size, recommending that the sample size should be more significant than 10 times the number of manifest variables. Consequently, the resulting sample size is 250 respondents. The data analysis technique in this research employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the SmartPLS software. The findings of this study highlight a strong relationship between knowledge, attitude, and perceived behavioral control with the intention of pesticide use. In this context, knowledge plays a central role in shaping a positive attitude, while perceived behavioral control is also significant. Although subjective norms do not significantly influence individual intentions to use pesticides, subjective norms remain an essential element in understanding individual behavior because they essentially reflect social pressure and norms accepted by individuals from their environment. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The use of pesticides in the agricultural sector has become a major concern today, especially with the increasing worries about environmental, health, and sustainability impacts. A similar situation is also a focus in Indonesia, known as an agrarian country. Therefore, the objective of this research is to comprehend farmers’ intentions in using pesticides through the planned behavior theory perspective. The method employed in this study is quantitative, utilizing a questionnaire as the research instrument. The questionnaire was developed from 25 research indicators using a seven-point Likert scale. This research adopts the "rule of thumb" formula to determine the sample size, recommending that the sample size should be more significant than 10 times the number of manifest variables. Consequently, the resulting sample size is 250 respondents. The data analysis technique in this research employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the SmartPLS software. The findings of this study highlight a strong relationship between knowledge, attitude, and perceived behavioral control with the intention of pesticide use. In this context, knowledge plays a central role in shaping a positive attitude, while perceived behavioral control is also significant. Although subjective norms do not significantly influence individual intentions to use pesticides, subjective norms remain an essential element in understanding individual behavior because they essentially reflect social pressure and norms accepted by individuals from their environment.</span></p> ]]> Understanding Farmers’ Intentions in Pesticide Application: Insights from the Theory of Planned Behavior nugrahini susantinah wisnujati suwandi s. sangadji gancar candra premananto doi: 10.18280/ijei.070106 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 47 10.18280/ijei.070106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070105 Waste oil represents a major challenge to soil quality and environmental sustainability. This study was conducted to determine the environmental impact of refinery effluent on the soil within the refinery site and surrounding area. Six different test sites were selected to measure soil pollutant concentrations according to their distance from the untreated effluent discharge lagoon. The study period lasted six months, as the testing work began in April and ended in September 2023. Standard methods were used to determine the physical, chemical, and biological pollutants of the soil, and soil pollution indices (PLI, CF, and Igeo) were adopted in determining soil quality. The results showed a clear effect of untreated wastewater on soil properties. The soil of the testing sites near the refinery appeared to be highly contaminated with organic pollutants (O&G, TOC, and phenol) and gradually decreased towards the city. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil were less than the permissible limit of WHO at the various testing sites, with the exception of the concentrations of Cd and Pb. The Cd concentration was approximately 200% higher than the permissible limit, while the Pb concentration was close to the permissible limit or slightly more. Generally, the measured concentrations of these metals followed the order: Nigeo) indicated that the soil was highly polluted with cadmium, while it did not indicate contamination with other heavy metals. The study recommends that in order to reduce pollution from refinery effluent, the responsible administration must implement waste drainage networks, establish a treatment plant for the untreated effluent, and also use modern technologies to reduce gaseous emissions and their deposits on the soil. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Waste oil represents a major challenge to soil quality and environmental sustainability. This study was conducted to determine the environmental impact of refinery effluent on the soil within the refinery site and surrounding area. Six different test sites were selected to measure soil pollutant concentrations according to their distance from the untreated effluent discharge lagoon. The study period lasted six months, as the testing work began in April and ended in September 2023. Standard methods were used to determine the physical, chemical, and biological pollutants of the soil, and soil pollution indices (PLI, CF, and I</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">geo</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) were adopted in determining soil quality. The results showed a clear effect of untreated wastewater on soil properties. The soil of the testing sites near the refinery appeared to be highly contaminated with organic pollutants (O&G, TOC, and phenol) and gradually decreased towards the city. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil were less than the permissible limit of WHO at the various testing sites, with the exception of the concentrations of Cd and Pb. The Cd concentration was approximately 200% higher than the permissible limit, while the Pb concentration was close to the permissible limit or slightly more. Generally, the measured concentrations of these metals followed the order: Ni<Pb<Co<Cd<Cu, while there was no effect of other heavy metals or biological contamination at all testing sites. The refinery soil and the surrounding area were classified according to index (PLI) within the baseline level in terms of heavy metals, while index (CF) indicated that it was highly contaminated with cadmium and had little contamination with other heavy metals. The index (I</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">geo</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) indicated that the soil was highly polluted with cadmium, while it did not indicate contamination with other heavy metals. The study recommends that in order to reduce pollution from refinery effluent, the responsible administration must implement waste drainage networks, establish a treatment plant for the untreated effluent, and also use modern technologies to reduce gaseous emissions and their deposits on the soil.</span></p> ]]> An Investigation on the Environmental Impact of Petroleum Refinery Effluent on Soil Pollution abdul razzaq m. khalefah isam i. omran maki j.m. al-waily doi: 10.18280/ijei.070105 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 41 10.18280/ijei.070105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070104 The Provincial Government of Bali is committed to applying the Tri Hita Karana concept in every spatial development of Bali province, including residential, hospitality, and agriculture. The Balinese believe that the Tri Hita Karana concept guides them. They will form an urban spatial structure that is far from damaged and sustainable. Therefore, it is necessary to harmonize national and regional regulations to implement the Tri Hita Karana concept into the urban spatial development process in the province of Bali. This article will assess whether the concept of Tri Hita Karana has been accommodated in the spatial planning of Bali province. As well as the challenges in applying the concept of Tri Hita in this modern era. This research uses a qualitative descriptive analysis and normative juridical method. The collected legal materials were analyzed using a qualitative method by describing legal principles, views of legal experts, and normative provisions regarding spatial planning of cities/regions in realizing the spatial planning of Bali with the Tri Hita Karana perspective. This study concludes that the concept of Tri Hita Karana has been accommodated in the spatial planning of Bali province. The evolving manifestation of Tri Hita Karana within the Hindu residential communities of Denpasar, hospitality, and agriculture encompasses the aspects of palemahan, pawongan, and parahyangan. Initially, in the reals of palemahan, there was a transformation from agricultural to non-agricultural land use. This shift primarily serves the purpose of establishing residential zones, constructing housing developments by real estate developers, and facilitating commercial activities. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The Provincial Government of Bali is committed to applying the Tri Hita Karana concept in every spatial development of Bali province, including residential, hospitality, and agriculture. The Balinese believe that the Tri Hita Karana concept guides them. They will form an urban spatial structure that is far from damaged and sustainable. Therefore, it is necessary to harmonize national and regional regulations to implement the Tri Hita Karana concept into the urban spatial development process in the province of Bali. This article will assess whether the concept of Tri Hita Karana has been accommodated in the spatial planning of Bali province. As well as the challenges in applying the concept of Tri Hita in this modern era. This research uses a qualitative descriptive analysis and normative juridical method. The collected legal materials were analyzed using a qualitative method by describing legal principles, views of legal experts, and normative provisions regarding spatial planning of cities/regions in realizing the spatial planning of Bali with the Tri Hita Karana perspective. This study concludes that the concept of Tri Hita Karana has been accommodated in the spatial planning of Bali province. The evolving manifestation of Tri Hita Karana within the Hindu residential communities of Denpasar, hospitality, and agriculture encompasses the aspects of palemahan, pawongan, and parahyangan. Initially, in the reals of palemahan, there was a transformation from agricultural to non-agricultural land use. This shift primarily serves the purpose of establishing residential zones, constructing housing developments by real estate developers, and facilitating commercial activities.</span></p> ]]> Tri Hita Karana in the Spatial Planning of Bali Province in National and Regional Regulations as an Environmental Conservation Effort i wayan wiryawan ninin ernawati doi: 10.18280/ijei.070104 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 31 10.18280/ijei.070104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070103 The forest fire phenomenon is severe and requires appropriate handling. This analysis aims to understand legal developments, strict liability, and compensation in the context of civil environmental law enforcement. This research employs a normative juridical legal approach. Data were obtained from the texts of court decisions, including the Pangkalan Bun District Court Decision, Palangkaraya High Court Decision, Supreme Court Cassation Decision, and Supreme Court Judicial Review Decision. Data are analyzed through selecting relevant decisions, analyzing legal texts, and comparing these decisions. The research results illustrate the progression of the PT. Kumai Sentosa case through a series of judicial decisions. The Pangkalan Bun District Court’s decision initially determined strict liability for PT. Kumai Sentosa. However, the Palangkaraya High Court decision annulled the decision because PT. Kumai Sentosa was not responsible for the land fire. The Supreme Court Cassation Decision confirmed this decision. However, in the Judicial Review Decision of the Supreme Court, this case was re-examined and again determined the absolute responsibility of PT. Kumai Sentosa. This Judicial Review Decision confirms that PT. Kumai Sentosa is responsible for the land fire and must pay material compensation. Affirming strict liability in the Supreme Court’s Judicial Review Decision has significant implications for enforcing civil environmental law in Indonesia. This case shows the importance of accountability in cases of environmental damage and compensation as an incentive for companies to be more careful in protecting the environment. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The forest fire phenomenon is severe and requires appropriate handling. This analysis aims to understand legal developments, strict liability, and compensation in the context of civil environmental law enforcement. This research employs a normative juridical legal approach. Data were obtained from the texts of court decisions, including the Pangkalan Bun District Court Decision, Palangkaraya High Court Decision, Supreme Court Cassation Decision, and Supreme Court Judicial Review Decision. Data are analyzed through selecting relevant decisions, analyzing legal texts, and comparing these decisions. The research results illustrate the progression of the PT. Kumai Sentosa case through a series of judicial decisions. The Pangkalan Bun District Court’s decision initially determined strict liability for PT. Kumai Sentosa. However, the Palangkaraya High Court decision annulled the decision because PT. Kumai Sentosa was not responsible for the land fire. The Supreme Court Cassation Decision confirmed this decision. However, in the Judicial Review Decision of the Supreme Court, this case was re-examined and again determined the absolute responsibility of PT. Kumai Sentosa. This Judicial Review Decision confirms that PT. Kumai Sentosa is responsible for the land fire and must pay material compensation. Affirming strict liability in the Supreme Court’s Judicial Review Decision has significant implications for enforcing civil environmental law in Indonesia. This case shows the importance of accountability in cases of environmental damage and compensation as an incentive for companies to be more careful in protecting the environment.</span></p> ]]> Legal Dynamics in Environmental Accountability: A Case Study of Forest Fire Litigation in Indonesia edi purwanto rachman sjarief mohamad zein saleh doi: 10.18280/ijei.070103 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 25 10.18280/ijei.070103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070102 The purpose of the article is to propose a new methodological approach to optimizing ecological taxation by determining its role in environmental protection. The object of study is the environment and ecological taxation. The scientific question is to establish how to optimize ecological taxation in such a way as to ensure a high level of environmental safety. For this purpose, simulation modeling and correlation and regression analysis were carried out. Based on the results, it was determined that it was the scenario of increasing revenues from emissions into the atmosphere, from discharges into water bodies, and from the ecological taxation that is levied for the generation of radioactive waste that is the best in terms of optimization. It was proposed to increase revenues from emissions into the atmosphere, from discharges into water bodies, and the ecological taxation levied for the generation of radioactive waste: a review and increase in tax rates on pollutant emissions. The study is limited by taking into account the specifics of only one country during optimization and therefore the variables are selected only after this. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The purpose of the article is to propose a new methodological approach to optimizing ecological taxation by determining its role in environmental protection. The object of study is the environment and ecological taxation. The scientific question is to establish how to optimize ecological taxation in such a way as to ensure a high level of environmental safety. For this purpose, simulation modeling and correlation and regression analysis were carried out. Based on the results, it was determined that it was the scenario of increasing revenues from emissions into the atmosphere, from discharges into water bodies, and from the ecological taxation that is levied for the generation of radioactive waste that is the best in terms of optimization. It was proposed to increase revenues from emissions into the atmosphere, from discharges into water bodies, and the ecological taxation levied for the generation of radioactive waste: a review and increase in tax rates on pollutant emissions. The study is limited by taking into account the specifics of only one country during optimization and therefore the variables are selected only after this.</span></p> ]]> Optimization of Ecological Taxation: Role in the Formation of Environmental Protection Budgets tetyana medynska nataliia loboda nataliia nohinova nadiya oliynyk yuliia borutska doi: 10.18280/ijei.070102 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 17 10.18280/ijei.070102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070101 This study investigates the influence of culture on the utilization of natural resources with particular attention to the fisheries industry. The fisheries sector is significantly affected by externalities resulting from unsustainable fishing practices. In order to overcome this, the fishing environment needs to be preserved and protected. This study explores the role of Indonesian local wisdom in achieving sustainable fisheries. The role of local wisdom, encompassing cultural capabilities, technological and knowledge systems, religion, traditions, social capital including ethics, environmental wisdom, norms, and legal institutions, is crucial in resource utilization, this mainly explains that farmers’ lifestyles cannot be completely replaced. Local wisdom has both direct and indirect economic effects and it has contributed to the conservation of the environment and the prevention of environmental degradation. This cultural practice is used to balance exploitation and capture with potential for processing, making it a vital factor for local communities striving for fisheries sustainability. The aim of this study is to assess sustainability in the presence of local wisdom and to develop scenarios for the achievement of sustainability. "We employed Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) with the RAPFISH application and Participatory Prospective Analysis (PPA) to assess the sustainability status and identify the main attributes that have a dominant contribution to the economic, technological, social, ethical and governance dimensions. This research has identified and measured the sustainability status of the fisheries sector, which has not been done in previous studies. The sustainability score resulting from this analysis is 49.67, indicating poor sustainability performance, highlighting the importance of local knowledge and mitigation of ecosystem damage. Empowering customary rules and local wisdom, alongside mitigating ecosystem damage, is crucial; therefore, a deeper analysis is required to formulate effective fisheries mitigation strategies. This research shows that West Pasaman Regency in West Sumatra Province is a highly suitable location for the development of a Minapolitan area. Its distinctiveness arises from the local wisdom, which satisfies the criteria for being designated as a Minapolitan zone according to the guidelines set out in Regulation No. 12 of 2010, as articulated by the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Minapolitan incorporates region-specific fisheries development principles that combine economic and social elements to provide a practical, long-term solution to achieving sustainable fisheries. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study investigates the influence of culture on the utilization of natural resources with particular attention to the fisheries industry. The fisheries sector is significantly affected by externalities resulting from unsustainable fishing practices. In order to overcome this, the fishing environment needs to be preserved and protected. This study explores the role of Indonesian local wisdom in achieving sustainable fisheries. The role of local wisdom, encompassing cultural capabilities, technological and knowledge systems, religion, traditions, social capital including ethics, environmental wisdom, norms, and legal institutions, is crucial in resource utilization, this mainly explains that farmers’ lifestyles cannot be completely replaced. Local wisdom has both direct and indirect economic effects and it has contributed to the conservation of the environment and the prevention of environmental degradation. This cultural practice is used to balance exploitation and capture with potential for processing, making it a vital factor for local communities striving for fisheries sustainability. The aim of this study is to assess sustainability in the presence of local wisdom and to develop scenarios for the achievement of sustainability. "We employed Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) with the RAPFISH application and Participatory Prospective Analysis (PPA) to assess the sustainability status and identify the main attributes that have a dominant contribution to the economic, technological, social, ethical and governance dimensions. This research has identified and measured the sustainability status of the fisheries sector, which has not been done in previous studies. The sustainability score resulting from this analysis is 49.67, indicating poor sustainability performance, highlighting the importance of local knowledge and mitigation of ecosystem damage. Empowering customary rules and local wisdom, alongside mitigating ecosystem damage, is crucial; therefore, a deeper analysis is required to formulate effective fisheries mitigation strategies. This research shows that West Pasaman Regency in West Sumatra Province is a highly suitable location for the development of a Minapolitan area. Its distinctiveness arises from the local wisdom, which satisfies the criteria for being designated as a Minapolitan zone according to the guidelines set out in Regulation No. 12 of 2010, as articulated by the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Minapolitan incorporates region-specific fisheries development principles that combine economic and social elements to provide a practical, long-term solution to achieving sustainable fisheries.</span></p> ]]> Re-Thinking Indonesian Fisheries Policy: Empowerment of a Hidden Asset for Sustainable Fisheries in West Pasaman District, West Sumatra, Indonesia baginda parsaulian agus irianto hasdi aimon doi: 10.18280/ijei.070101 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2024 2024 7 1 Article 1 10.18280/ijei.070101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2024_7_1/ijei.070101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060408 Sand mining has gained popularity in rural South African communities, as a result of the growing need for building materials in the surrounding villages and as a source of income for rural communities. Consequently, sand is a vital natural resource for every civilization in the world. Despite the growing dependence of rural communities on sand, communities involved in this industry will face significant obstacles if it is not regulated. The link between environmental concerns and sand mining in South Africa has remained a contentious issue and an under-researched field, despite the existence of literature indicating an increase in environmental awareness among some mining operations. Therefore, the review paper seeks to give a detailed review of t degradation of land due to illegal sand mining in South Africa’s rural areas, as well as a lack of formalization in the industry, contribute to land degradation. The development of a passive regulatory agenda for sand mining makes enforcement tough and complex. The absence of defined criteria for dealing with sand mining operations and the inability of regulatory bodies result in unscrupulous sand mining and environmental destruction. It is advised that local governments enact rules to maintain the biological beauty of their towns, even though there are now no regulations in existence. The communities in the area of the extraction sites should undergo environmental awareness training, and there should be a clear check on the regulatory bodies in order to discourage unlawful sand mining. Consequently, there is a need to regulate sand mining in both national and international rivers, and it should only be permitted after a comprehensive scientific investigation demonstrates that there will be no negative environmental impact. Greater consideration of alternatives and utilization of resources more sustainably could significantly reduce environmental impact. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Sand mining has gained popularity in rural South African communities, as a result of the growing need for building materials in the surrounding villages and as a source of income for rural communities. Consequently, sand is a vital natural resource for every civilization in the world. Despite the growing dependence of rural communities on sand, communities involved in this industry will face significant obstacles if it is not regulated. The link between environmental concerns and sand mining in South Africa has remained a contentious issue and an under-researched field, despite the existence of literature indicating an increase in environmental awareness among some mining operations. Therefore, the review paper seeks to give a detailed review of t degradation of land due to illegal sand mining in South Africa’s rural areas, as well as a lack of formalization in the industry, contribute to land degradation. The development of a passive regulatory agenda for sand mining makes enforcement tough and complex. The absence of defined criteria for dealing with sand mining operations and the inability of regulatory bodies result in unscrupulous sand mining and environmental destruction. It is advised that local governments enact rules to maintain the biological beauty of their towns, even though there are now no regulations in existence. The communities in the area of the extraction sites should undergo environmental awareness training, and there should be a clear check on the regulatory bodies in order to discourage unlawful sand mining. Consequently, there is a need to regulate sand mining in both national and international rivers, and it should only be permitted after a comprehensive scientific investigation demonstrates that there will be no negative environmental impact. Greater consideration of alternatives and utilization of resources more sustainably could significantly reduce environmental impact.</p> ]]> Land Degradation Associated with Illegal Sand Mining in Rural Areas and Lack of Formalization of the Industry in South Africa: A review thabang maphanga enett siyabonga madonsela doi: 10.18280/ijei.060408 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 2023 6 4 Article 251 10.18280/ijei.060408 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060408 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060407 The urban fringe area is a transitional area between urban and rural areas which supports urban ecological functioning. Vegetation is an element of biodiversity that is important for the sustainability of urban life. The balance of the ecosystem is maintained with the help of the biodiversity of the urban fringe area where environmental functions and services will be able to run optimally. The important value index (IVI) in the vegetation structure is a quantitative measurement used to assess the health of vegetation in an area. Vegetation in the urban fringe region of Surakarta is dominated by types of Tectona grandis, Senna siamea, Mangifera indica, Switenia macrophylla and Leucaena leucocephala. Tectona grandis (220.02%), Falctaria moluccana (164.63%) and Pterocarpus indicus (142.55%) have the highest IVI vegetation in Karanganyar District. In Sukoharjo Regency, variations for the highest IVI were diverse with the highest IVI being Falcataria mollucana (171.49%), Tectona grandis (97.46%) and Gluta rengas (89.54%). Tectona grandis (230.99%) and Mangifera indica (145.53%) are the species with the highest IVI in Boyolali District. The high importance of Tectona grandis is based on the IVI count. The dominance of vegetation species in urban fringe is considered to be of high economic value for the community. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>The urban fringe area is a transitional area between urban and rural areas which supports urban ecological functioning. Vegetation is an element of biodiversity that is important for the sustainability of urban life. The balance of the ecosystem is maintained with the help of the biodiversity of the urban fringe area where environmental functions and services will be able to run optimally. The important value index (IVI) in the vegetation structure is a quantitative measurement used to assess the health of vegetation in an area. Vegetation in the urban fringe region of Surakarta is dominated by types of Tectona grandis, Senna siamea, Mangifera indica, Switenia macrophylla and Leucaena leucocephala. Tectona grandis (220.02%), Falctaria moluccana (164.63%) and Pterocarpus indicus (142.55%) have the highest IVI vegetation in Karanganyar District. In Sukoharjo Regency, variations for the highest IVI were diverse with the highest IVI being Falcataria mollucana (171.49%), Tectona grandis (97.46%) and Gluta rengas (89.54%). Tectona grandis (230.99%) and Mangifera indica (145.53%) are the species with the highest IVI in Boyolali District. The high importance of Tectona grandis is based on the IVI count. The dominance of vegetation species in urban fringe is considered to be of high economic value for the community.</p> ]]> Spatial Pattern Analysis of Vegetation on Surakarta Urban Fringe Area cynthia permata sari sigit heru murti budi santosa djoko marsono doi: 10.18280/ijei.060407 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 2023 6 4 Article 235 10.18280/ijei.060407 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060407 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060406 This review evaluates polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) analytical methods, occurrence and concentrations in major food groups from studies published worldwide over the last 20 years. The review reveals that in many developing countries the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) plus dl-PCBs may be increasing due to rudimentary practices during thermal process including waste incinerations, metal industries, recycling and dumpsites. The review heightened the need to develop and capacitate laboratories from developing world for PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs monitoring as most of the analysis were performed in laboratories from developed worlds even on sentinels from developing countries, especially those of Africa. The review concluded that further data still need to be generated from other regions to complete the chemical inventories. It was concluded that, strict environmental controls of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs emissions remain a priority, however reduction of these contaminants require global monitoring coordination. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>This review evaluates polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) analytical methods, occurrence and concentrations in major food groups from studies published worldwide over the last 20 years. The review reveals that in many developing countries the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) plus dl-PCBs may be increasing due to rudimentary practices during thermal process including waste incinerations, metal industries, recycling and dumpsites. The review heightened the need to develop and capacitate laboratories from developing world for PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs monitoring as most of the analysis were performed in laboratories from developed worlds even on sentinels from developing countries, especially those of Africa. The review concluded that further data still need to be generated from other regions to complete the chemical inventories. It was concluded that, strict environmental controls of PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs emissions remain a priority, however reduction of these contaminants require global monitoring coordination.</p> ]]> A Review of PCDD/F and dl-PCB Contamination in Foods and Dietary Exposure Assessment nomathemba themba tlou b. chokwe linda l. sibali doi: 10.18280/ijei.060406 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 2023 6 4 Article 215 10.18280/ijei.060406 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060406 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060405 At present, green marketing attract the attention of academics and professionals around the world. Research on green marketing/sustainable marketing has increased in recent years. Through a systematics review, this study aims to analyze the development and trends of research with the theme customer loyalty within the scope of green marketing/sustainable marketing last 10 years (2013-2023). This study uses Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. Analysis is carried out based on productive countries, authors, institutions, journals, and distribution phrases. This study also analyzed articles based on the methods and variables used, along with outcomes. 33 selected documents were analysed using Wordstat. The results showed that United States is the most productive country that publishes articles on related topics. Green marketing, customer loyalty, customer satisfaction, green products, green image are phrases that often appear with a frequency limit of 200. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is a method that is often used. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>At present, green marketing attract the attention of academics and professionals around the world. Research on green marketing/sustainable marketing has increased in recent years. Through a systematics review, this study aims to analyze the development and trends of research with the theme customer loyalty within the scope of green marketing/sustainable marketing last 10 years (2013-2023). This study uses Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. Analysis is carried out based on productive countries, authors, institutions, journals, and distribution phrases. This study also analyzed articles based on the methods and variables used, along with outcomes. 33 selected documents were analysed using Wordstat. The results showed that United States is the most productive country that publishes articles on related topics. Green marketing, customer loyalty, customer satisfaction, green products, green image are phrases that often appear with a frequency limit of 200. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is a method that is often used.</p> ]]> Customer Loyalty in Green Marketing Research: A Systematic Review adimas rois adnan retno widowati nuryakin doi: 10.18280/ijei.060405 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 2023 6 4 Article 207 10.18280/ijei.060405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060404 One form of mangrove ecosystem service is carbon sequestration. The issue of carbon is an important concern for the climate change response. The purpose of this study is to determine the comparison of stand carbon stock estimates in mangrove ecosystems on the coast of East Lampung Regency (Kuala Penet Resort Mangrove Forest, Lampung Mangrove Center (LMC) Mangrove Forest, and Register 15 Mangrove Forest). The stages of research include: determination of data collection based on purposive sampling and Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) techniques; stand biomass and carbon calculations using allometric equations and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); descriptive data analysis; and a literature study. Based on the results of the study, the highest stand carbon was in LMC (144.56 tons per ha), and the lowest was in Kuala Penet Resort (19.19 tons/ha). These conditions are influenced by stand structure factors (growing conditions, tree age, and microclimate conditions) and management schemes. The partnership is a form of stakeholder commitment as a way to maintain mangrove ecosystem services. Thus, carbon stands in coastal mangrove ecosystems of East Lampung Regency, namely Kuala Penet Resort (19.19 tons/ha), Register 15 (9.66 tons/ha), and LMC (144.56 tons/ha). 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>One form of mangrove ecosystem service is carbon sequestration. The issue of carbon is an important concern for the climate change response. The purpose of this study is to determine the comparison of stand carbon stock estimates in mangrove ecosystems on the coast of East Lampung Regency (Kuala Penet Resort Mangrove Forest, Lampung Mangrove Center (LMC) Mangrove Forest, and Register 15 Mangrove Forest). The stages of research include: determination of data collection based on purposive sampling and Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) techniques; stand biomass and carbon calculations using allometric equations and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); descriptive data analysis; and a literature study. Based on the results of the study, the highest stand carbon was in LMC (144.56 tons per ha), and the lowest was in Kuala Penet Resort (19.19 tons/ha). These conditions are influenced by stand structure factors (growing conditions, tree age, and microclimate conditions) and management schemes. The partnership is a form of stakeholder commitment as a way to maintain mangrove ecosystem services. Thus, carbon stands in coastal mangrove ecosystems of East Lampung Regency, namely Kuala Penet Resort (19.19 tons/ha), Register 15 (9.66 tons/ha), and LMC (144.56 tons/ha).</p> ]]> Optimization of Mangrove Ecosystem Services Based on Comparison of Stand Carbon Stock Estimates in Climate Change Mitigation rahmat safe’i a. nizam syahiib doi: 10.18280/ijei.060404 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 2023 6 4 Article 197 10.18280/ijei.060404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060403 Climate change and environmental deterioration pose significant threats to the long-term well-being of our planet. The study focuses on measuring the impact of Carbon Pricing Mechanism on financial flows toward sustainable projects. To meet the research objectives, the first questionnaire was developed by conducting the factor analysis of the variables framed after a review of the literature, and then PLS-SEM was applied to a sample size of 363. On running the analysis of SMART-PLS 4, it was found that there is a strong relation between dependent and independent variables but a weak relation of moderation. The analysis covered in this research has important consequences for efficient corporate management. It offers a strategic plan for making well-informed decisions, which is the foundation of effective management. From a managerial perspective, the findings underscore the critical significance of policy interventions, specifically carbon pricing mechanisms, in shaping the flow of financial resources towards sustainability initiatives. Businesses should recognize that these policies possess the capacity to significantly impact public comprehension and perception of climate change. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Climate change and environmental deterioration pose significant threats to the long-term well-being of our planet. The study focuses on measuring the impact of Carbon Pricing Mechanism on financial flows toward sustainable projects. To meet the research objectives, the first questionnaire was developed by conducting the factor analysis of the variables framed after a review of the literature, and then PLS-SEM was applied to a sample size of 363. On running the analysis of SMART-PLS 4, it was found that there is a strong relation between dependent and independent variables but a weak relation of moderation. The analysis covered in this research has important consequences for efficient corporate management. It offers a strategic plan for making well-informed decisions, which is the foundation of effective management. From a managerial perspective, the findings underscore the critical significance of policy interventions, specifically carbon pricing mechanisms, in shaping the flow of financial resources towards sustainability initiatives. Businesses should recognize that these policies possess the capacity to significantly impact public comprehension and perception of climate change.</span></p> ]]> The Effectiveness of Carbon Pricing Mechanism in Steering Financial Flows Toward Sustainable Projects mukul bhatnagar sanjay taneja pawan kumar doi: 10.18280/ijei.060403 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 2023 6 4 Article 183 10.18280/ijei.060403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060402 This study discusses government policy, focusing on political-ecological commitment to licensing and tax collection for non-metallic mineral and rock mining, which is spread across almost 30 regional government areas in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Based on existing data, there are 700 mines that are not licensed, operate freely and without supervision by the government, causing serious environmental damage and state financial losses from the mining tax sector. The research method uses qualitative with purposive (exclusive) sampling and field studies. The research results showed that the commitment to managing permits and taxation of non-metal minerals and rocks continues to be problematic, and includes the non-implementation of supervision of mining permits and tax collection and the lack of special policies and handling procedures by regional and central governments. Handling internal mining governance policies and the monitoring process requires assistance from law enforcement officials such as the Regional Police and Corruption Eradication Commission to prevent fraud in granting mining business permits. Through this assistance mechanism, examples of sustainable mining monitoring and supervision will be produced that are useful for the government so that mining business actors can continue to be supervised with official permits. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>This study discusses government policy, focusing on political-ecological commitment to licensing and tax collection for non-metallic mineral and rock mining, which is spread across almost 30 regional government areas in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Based on existing data, there are 700 mines that are not licensed, operate freely and without supervision by the government, causing serious environmental damage and state financial losses from the mining tax sector. The research method uses qualitative with purposive (exclusive) sampling and field studies. The research results showed that the commitment to managing permits and taxation of non-metal minerals and rocks continues to be problematic, and includes the non-implementation of supervision of mining permits and tax collection and the lack of special policies and handling procedures by regional and central governments. Handling internal mining governance policies and the monitoring process requires assistance from law enforcement officials such as the Regional Police and Corruption Eradication Commission to prevent fraud in granting mining business permits. Through this assistance mechanism, examples of sustainable mining monitoring and supervision will be produced that are useful for the government so that mining business actors can continue to be supervised with official permits.</p> ]]> Mining Management of Nonmetallic Minerals and Rocks Based on Government Policy mohammad jhanattan bambang shergi laksmono dwi nowo martono herdis herdiansyah doi: 10.18280/ijei.060402 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 2023 6 4 Article 165 10.18280/ijei.060402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060401 The purpose of the article is to improve the state management of the system of rational environmental use in the context of commercial development of the bioeconomy. The focus of the study is the system of state management of rational environmental use. The scientific task is to model the process of making and implementing managerial decisions on the implementation of state management of the system of rational environmental use in the context of commercial development of the bioeconomy. Modelling was used within the context of commercial development of the bioeconomy for EU member. To achieve this task, two key methodologies were used: The modeling method BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation) and the method of hierarchy analysis (MHA). Thus, using the BPMN method and the MHA, we have modelled the stages of environmental management in the context of commercial development of the bioeconomy for EU member states by using key criteria. Based on these results, a number of management solutions were proposed. The innovativeness of the study lies in the fact that a qualitatively new modeling method was used to improve the implementation of the state management of the system of rational environmental use in the context of commercial development of the bioeconomy. In addition, a model specific to EU countries has been developed but with limited scope of use. In future studies, it is planned to expand the list of criteria that will be used to further develop the model, as well as unify it for a larger number of countries. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>The purpose of the article is to improve the state management of the system of rational environmental use in the context of commercial development of the bioeconomy. The focus of the study is the system of state management of rational environmental use. The scientific task is to model the process of making and implementing managerial decisions on the implementation of state management of the system of rational environmental use in the context of commercial development of the bioeconomy. Modelling was used within the context of commercial development of the bioeconomy for EU member. To achieve this task, two key methodologies were used: The modeling method BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation) and the method of hierarchy analysis (MHA). Thus, using the BPMN method and the MHA, we have modelled the stages of environmental management in the context of commercial development of the bioeconomy for EU member states by using key criteria. Based on these results, a number of management solutions were proposed. The innovativeness of the study lies in the fact that a qualitatively new modeling method was used to improve the implementation of the state management of the system of rational environmental use in the context of commercial development of the bioeconomy. In addition, a model specific to EU countries has been developed but with limited scope of use. In future studies, it is planned to expand the list of criteria that will be used to further develop the model, as well as unify it for a larger number of countries.</p> ]]> State Management of the System of Rational Environmental Use in the Context of Commercial Development of the Bioeconomy: Ecological Aspect farouq ahmad faleh alazzam khaled khalaf abed raboo aldrou zinoviy berezivskyy andrij zaverbnyj yuliia borutska doi: 10.18280/ijei.060401 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 12-27-2023 2023 6 4 Article 155 10.18280/ijei.060401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_4/ijei.060401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060307 The following paper is intended to characterize microlitter occurrence in resident fish, bivalves and crustaceans collected from multiple sites NE Baltic Sea-Gulf of Finland, NE Gulf of Riga (Pärnu Bay), and western Estonia (including eastern Baltic Proper, archipelago area, and western coastal area of mainland) according to regionally coordinated Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) methodology. Marine litter and microplastics in gastrointestinal tracts from 11 fish and 6 benthic invertebrate species collected during the period 2019-2020 were evaluated. Analyses of microlitter were based on the suggestions given in Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas and Monitoring Micro-Litter Ingestion in Marine Fish: a harmonized protocol for Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and Regional Sea Conventions (RSCs) areas. All species contained microlitter (over 30% of samples from all individuals, N=1332). Highest microlitter concentrations were found in perch Perca fluviatilis (44%, N=106) and blue mussel Mytilus trossulus (42%, N=241). For Harris mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii the percentage was 23% (N=123). Among the three litter categories found, fibers accounted for the highest percentage - 46-100% for fish, 88-91% for bivalves and 75% for crabs. On average the abundance of recorded items was as follows: 0.54 (fish), 0.47 (bivalves) and crabs (0.33) per individual. In majority of analysed bivalves (69.6%, N=675) and fish (61%, N=524) that contained microlitter one microparticle per individual was detected. In case of most fish species, higher number of microlitter was associated with larger size (0.3-5mm) of the ingested particles. Our results reveal the ubiquitous presence of microplastics or other microlitter in organisms across multiple habitats in the NE Baltic Sea. The study identifies potential bioindicator species and provides an important baseline to monitor microplastic pollution in accordance with the MSFD. Among studied species, blue mussel (M. trossulus), Baltic macoma (M. balthica), Harris mud crab (R. harrisii), perch (P. fluviatilis), flounder (P. flesus), and Baltic herring (C. h. membras) were proposed as target species for assessment of ingested litter among invertebrate and fish in NE Baltic Sea. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The following paper is intended to characterize microlitter occurrence in resident fish, bivalves and crustaceans collected </span><span>from multiple sites NE Baltic Sea-Gulf of Finland, NE Gulf of Riga (Pärnu Bay), and western Estonia (including eastern Baltic Proper, archipelago area, and western coastal area of mainland) according to regionally coordinated Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) methodology. </span>Marine litter and microplastics in gastrointestinal tracts from 11 fish and 6 benthic invertebrate species collected during the period 2019-2020 were evaluated. A<span>nalyses of microlitter were based on the suggestions given in Guidance on Monitoring of Marine Litter in European Seas and Monitoring Micro-Litter Ingestion in Marine Fish: a harmonized protocol for Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and Regional Sea Conventions (RSCs) areas.</span> All species contained microlitter (over 30% of samples from all individuals, <span>N=1332</span>). Highest microlitter concentrations were found in perch <em>Perca fluviatilis</em> (<span>44</span>%, <span>N=106</span>) and blue mussel <em>Mytilus trossulus</em> (<span>42</span>%, <span>N=241</span>). For Harris mud crab <em>Rhithropanopeus harrisii</em> the percentage was <span>23</span>% (<span>N=123</span>). Among the three litter categories found, fibers accounted for the highest percentage - <span>46</span>-100% for fish, <span>88-91</span>% for bivalves and 75% for crabs. On average the abundance of recorded items was as follows: 0.54 (fish), 0.47 (bivalves) and crabs (0.33) per individual. In majority of analysed bivalves (69.6%,<span> N=675</span>) and fish (61%, <span>N=524</span>) that contained microlitter one microparticle per individual was detected. In case of most fish species, higher number of microlitter was associated with larger size (0.3-5mm) of the ingested particles. <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Our results reveal the ubiquitous presence of microplastics or other microlitter in organisms across multiple habitats in the NE Baltic Sea. The study identifies potential bioindicator species and provides an important baseline to monitor microplastic pollution in accordance with the MSFD. Among studied species, blue mussel (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">M. trossulus</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), Baltic macoma (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">M. balthica</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), Harris mud crab (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">R. harrisii</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), perch (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">P. fluviatilis</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), flounder (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">P. flesus</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">), and Baltic herring (</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">C. h. membras</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) were proposed as target species for assessment of ingested litter among invertebrate and fish</span><span> </span>in NE Baltic Sea.</p> ]]> Microlitter in Fish and Benthic Invertebrates of the NE Baltic Sea: Abundance, Composition and Bioindicators maria põldma kaire torn lauri saks doi: 10.18280/ijei.060307 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 2023 6 3 Article 143 10.18280/ijei.060307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060306 Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a serious environmental challenge that many nations, particularly developing ones are currently experiencing. As a result, information about the amount and type of MSW is needed to establish an effective waste management strategy. In addition, the amount and type of MSW may change from place to place and season to season. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the amount of MSW recovered in the O.R. Tambo District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South African. The first objective of this study was to determine the effect of season on the amount of each waste type (aluminium cans, bottles, cardboards and plastics) recovered. The second objective was to compare the amount of each waste type recovered among the five local municipalities (Ingquza Hill, King Sabatha Dalindyebo, Mhlontlo, Nyandeni and Port St. Johns (PSJ)). The study, which focused on MSW recovered over a two-year period (September 2019 to August 2021), revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the amount of MSW recovered among the four seasons. However, the type of waste recovered mostly varied significantly across the local municipalities. For example, PSJ had the highest recovery of bottles, while Mhlontlo had the highest recovery of other types of waste. We can conclude that solid waste recovery is crucial since it reduces the amount of waste that must be disposed of in landfills and saves more natural resources. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a serious environmental challenge that many nations, particularly developing ones are currently experiencing. As a result, information about the amount and type of MSW is needed to establish an effective waste management strategy. In addition, the amount and type of MSW may change from place to place and season to season. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the amount of MSW recovered in the O.R. Tambo District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South African. The first objective of this study was to determine the effect of season on the amount of each waste type (aluminium cans, bottles, cardboards and plastics) recovered. The second objective was to compare the amount of each waste type recovered among the five local municipalities (Ingquza Hill, King Sabatha Dalindyebo, Mhlontlo, Nyandeni and Port St. Johns (PSJ)). The study, which focused on MSW recovered over a two-year period (September 2019 to August 2021), revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the amount of MSW recovered among the four seasons. However, the type of waste recovered mostly varied significantly across the local municipalities. For example, PSJ had the highest recovery of bottles, while Mhlontlo had the highest recovery of other types of waste. We can conclude that solid waste recovery is crucial since it reduces the amount of waste that must be disposed of in landfills and saves more natural resources.</p> ]]> Amount and Seasonality of Urban Solid Waste Recovery: A Case Study of O.R Tambo District Municipality, South Africa asabonga mngeni nelisa tembani zendy magayiyana doi: 10.18280/ijei.060306 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 2023 6 3 Article 135 10.18280/ijei.060306 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060306 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060305 The escalating impacts of anthropogenic activities and natural disasters, aggravated by economic crises, have amplified the vulnerability of environmental and territorial systems, leading to significant urban planning and social implications. Consequently, numerous public and private buildings have been abandoned, necessitating crucial reorganizations or repurposing to prevent degradation and obsolescence due to disuse. The imperative goal is to foster resilience within territories, primarily by enhancing the adaptability of urban assets to altered conditions induced by both natural and anthropogenic disturbances, thereby increasing their inherent flexibility to offer functional responses to disruptions. This approach aims to mitigate adverse effects, expedite restoration of the status quo or augment the adaptability of structures, particularly public and strategic ones, during extraordinary phases. The proposed methodology for fortifying solidity and fostering resistance to change in the built environment involves digital cataloguing of heritage through the creation of three-dimensional models of structures. This process, known as Building Information Modelling (BIM), is predicated on a preliminary analysis of structural, architectural, and plant engineering data, which is beneficial for both ordinary and atypical management. The result is an efficient system that offers facility management opportunities for structures throughout their lifecycle and facilitates optimization of resource use. It aids in evaluating the extraordinary use of assets, examining various performance hypotheses for each scenario, understanding the time required for system setup, and determining relative economic indicators until the restoration of the preceding state. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>The escalating impacts of anthropogenic activities and natural disasters, aggravated by economic crises, have amplified the vulnerability of environmental and territorial systems, leading to significant urban planning and social implications. Consequently, numerous public and private buildings have been abandoned, necessitating crucial reorganizations or repurposing to prevent degradation and obsolescence due to disuse. The imperative goal is to foster resilience within territories, primarily by enhancing the adaptability of urban assets to altered conditions induced by both natural and anthropogenic disturbances, thereby increasing their inherent flexibility to offer functional responses to disruptions. This approach aims to mitigate adverse effects, expedite restoration of the status quo or augment the adaptability of structures, particularly public and strategic ones, during extraordinary phases. The proposed methodology for fortifying solidity and fostering resistance to change in the built environment involves digital cataloguing of heritage through the creation of three-dimensional models of structures. This process, known as Building Information Modelling (BIM), is predicated on a preliminary analysis of structural, architectural, and plant engineering data, which is beneficial for both ordinary and atypical management. The result is an efficient system that offers facility management opportunities for structures throughout their lifecycle and facilitates optimization of resource use. It aids in evaluating the extraordinary use of assets, examining various performance hypotheses for each scenario, understanding the time required for system setup, and determining relative economic indicators until the restoration of the preceding state.</p> ]]> Digital Optimization of Public Assets for Enhanced Resilience to Socioeconomic and Environmental Disruptions mario rainaldi doi: 10.18280/ijei.060305 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 2023 6 3 Article 129 10.18280/ijei.060305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060304 Disposal of solid waste is a major challenge in towns and cities due to waste being dumped at an unacceptable site. The designation of a landfill site is a challenge in Thohoyandou town. The purpose of this study was to determine a user-friendly landfill site location for Thohoyandou town. The study also intended to examine the social implications of the existing landfill site location on the communities. Data was gathered using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Data was acquired using questionnaire surveys, interviews, field survey, observations, and secondary sources. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists, and the Chi-square test. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) constitute the major methods used to determine an acceptable site for the disposal of solid waste generated in study area. The existing landfill site in the study area is not in line with environmental and social standards due to waste being dumped at an unacceptable site. The study revealed social problems such as bad smell, diseases, noise, dust and decline of standards of living in which all have emerged because of the Thohoyandou Block J landfill site. To overcome these challenges, this study incorporated six environmental parameters, including: proximity to road networks, slope, soil, land use/land cover, and built-up areas; surface water, to determine the best suitable landfill site in the study area. According to the findings of this study, out of five potential landfill sites, the site which had the highest rankings following the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was selected as the most suitable landfill site. As a result, the research recommends that Thulamela Local Municipality contemplate terminating its existing landfill site to relocate to one of the alternative acceptable sites identified by this study. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Disposal of solid waste is a major challenge in towns and cities due to waste being dumped at an unacceptable site. The designation of a landfill site is a challenge in Thohoyandou town. The purpose of this study was to determine a user-friendly landfill site location for Thohoyandou town. The study also intended to examine the social implications of the existing landfill site location on the communities. Data was gathered using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Data was acquired using questionnaire surveys, interviews, field survey, observations, and secondary sources. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists, and the Chi-square test. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) constitute the major methods used to determine an acceptable site for the disposal of solid waste generated in study area. The existing landfill site in the study area is not in line with environmental and social standards due to waste being dumped at an unacceptable site. The study revealed social problems such as bad smell, diseases, noise, dust and decline of standards of living in which all have emerged because of the Thohoyandou Block J landfill site. To overcome these challenges, this study incorporated six environmental parameters, including: proximity to road networks, slope, soil, land use/land cover, and built-up areas; surface water, to determine the best suitable landfill site in the study area. According to the findings of this study, out of five potential landfill sites, the site which had the highest rankings following the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was selected as the most suitable landfill site. As a result, the research recommends that Thulamela Local Municipality contemplate terminating its existing landfill site to relocate to one of the alternative acceptable sites identified by this study.</p> ]]> Landfill Site Suitability Analysis Using Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing for Thohoyandou Town, South Africa clever tadya ratshalingwa mulaudzi fannie machate doi: 10.18280/ijei.060304 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 2023 6 3 Article 121 10.18280/ijei.060304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060303 Sustainable development is growth that respects, without compromising, the needs of present and future society. Such sustainability is currently implemented in our society, which has absorbed and processed resources unconsciously for decades. The main objective of this research is to evaluate water sustainability in Panama through the Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Social and Economic Metabolism (MuSIASEM) or MuSIASEM scheme, which allows interrelating aspects of Panamanian society to create a metabolic pattern from 2004 to 2019. This methodology analyzes the country's economic, water and demographic variables, studying their interrelation to generate the socioeconomic metabolism. Thus, water consumption, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the Panamanian population were studied for the selected period. From the database, Panamanian demography has grown linearly during the period studied with a service economy mostly. Concerning the interrelation of the variables, except for the government sector, all sectors showed a correlation between the variables. This correlation reveals the influence between economic growth and water consumption. In conclusion, we emphasize the influence of the State in water sustainability, implementing measures to make efficient use of resources and enhance the economy-also the capacity of the MuSIASEM grammar as a holistic tool for such analysis. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Sustainable development is growth that respects, without compromising, the needs of present and future society. Such sustainability is currently implemented in our society, which has absorbed and processed resources unconsciously for decades. The main objective of this research is to evaluate water sustainability in Panama through the Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Social and Economic Metabolism (MuSIASEM) or MuSIASEM scheme, which allows interrelating aspects of Panamanian society to create a metabolic pattern from 2004 to 2019. This methodology analyzes the country's economic, water and demographic variables, studying their interrelation to generate the socioeconomic metabolism. Thus, water consumption, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the Panamanian population were studied for the selected period. From the database, Panamanian demography has grown linearly during the period studied with a service economy mostly. Concerning the interrelation of the variables, except for the government sector, all sectors showed a correlation between the variables. This correlation reveals the influence between economic growth and water consumption. In conclusion, we emphasize the influence of the State in water sustainability, implementing measures to make efficient use of resources and enhance the economy-also the capacity of the MuSIASEM grammar as a holistic tool for such analysis.</p> ]]> Water Sustainability: A Socioeconomic Analysis of Panama Using MuSIASEM Approach lucila chang-fossatti nathalia tejedor-flores doi: 10.18280/ijei.060303 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 2023 6 3 Article 113 10.18280/ijei.060303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060302 This study aimed to examine the effect of environmental awareness on attitudes and intentions to reduce food waste, as well as the impact of intention to reduce food waste on behavior to reduce food waste among Generation Z in Indonesia. Given this generation's critical role in shaping sustainable practices for the future, understanding their attitudes and behaviors toward food waste is vital. By addressing this gap in the literature, the research aims to contribute to more effective strategies for promoting environmentally conscious behaviors among Gen Z, ultimately leading to a reduction in food waste and its associated environmental impacts. This study applies the convenience sampling technique. The questionnaires were distributed online via a google form. The respondents came from several big cities on the island of Java, such as Jakarta, Tangerang City, South Tangerang City, Bekasi City, Depok, Bogor City, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Semarang, and Surabaya. The total population on the island of Java is 151.6 million, which means 55 percent of Indonesia's 273.5 million total population. The total sample collected and analyzed in this study was 1,000 samples. The study's results prove that environmental awareness has a positive and significant effect on attitude (the T-statistics value of 14,286 > 1.96, and the p-value is 0.00 1.96 and the p-value is 0.00 1.96, and the p-value is 0.00 1.96, and the p-value was 0.00 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>This study aimed to examine the effect of environmental awareness on attitudes and intentions to reduce food waste, as well as the impact of intention to reduce food waste on behavior to reduce food waste among Generation Z in Indonesia. Given this generation's critical role in shaping sustainable practices for the future, understanding their attitudes and behaviors toward food waste is vital. By addressing this gap in the literature, the research aims to contribute to more effective strategies for promoting environmentally conscious behaviors among Gen Z, ultimately leading to a reduction in food waste and its associated environmental impacts. This study applies the convenience sampling technique. The questionnaires were distributed online via a google form. The respondents came from several big cities on the island of Java, such as Jakarta, Tangerang City, South Tangerang City, Bekasi City, Depok, Bogor City, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Semarang, and Surabaya. The total population on the island of Java is 151.6 million, which means 55 percent of Indonesia's 273.5 million total population. The total sample collected and analyzed in this study was 1,000 samples. The study's results prove that environmental awareness has a positive and significant effect on attitude (the T-statistics value of 14,286 > 1.96, and the p-value is 0.00 < 0.05) and intention to reduce food waste (the T-statistics value of 3.845 > 1.96 and the p-value is 0.00 < 0.05). Then, the attitude was also proven to have a positive and significant effect on the intention to reduce food waste (the T-statistics value of 11.579 > 1.96, and the p-value is 0.00 < 0.05). Finally, the intention to reduce food waste is proven to have a positive and significant effect on behavior to reduce food waste (the T-statistics value was 14,000 > 1.96, and the p-value was 0.00 < 0.05). This study contributes to the literature by investigating the relationship between environmental awareness, attitudes, intentions, and behavior toward food waste reduction among Gen Z in Indonesia. The findings highlight environmental awareness's positive and significant effects on attitudes, intentions, and subsequent behaviors to reduce food waste, providing valuable insights for developing targeted interventions and campaigns to promote sustainable practices among Gen Z.</p> ]]> Environmental Awareness and Food Waste Reduction Among Generation Z in Indonesia edi purwanto naurissa biasini aries yulianto carles sitompul theresia gunawan doi: 10.18280/ijei.060302 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 2023 6 3 Article 101 10.18280/ijei.060302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060301 Peri-urban agriculture potentially serves as an essential green infrastructure, facilitating sustainable transitions within cities by providing crucial local food ecosystem services to urban populations. This study centers on L’Horta de València, a historically significant agricultural area surrounding the city of Valencia, Spain, which has been operational for an extended period. Legislative protection for the area was established in 2018, followed by the approval of a management plan in 2019, both formulated to regulate land use and stimulate agricultural activities. While it remains premature to assess the outcomes of these measures, an evaluation of the ongoing positive and negative transformations is feasible. This paper presents research aimed at addressing this objective and poses the question: To what extent are the newly implemented tools rectifying the originally identified issues? The study employed a semi-structured survey, administered to key specialists who were directly involved in the formulation process of the approved plans and represent a diverse array of stakeholders. The survey concentrated on a SWOT analysis, with the results organized along the following themes: governance of the agricultural area, behavior of major powers, social agent behavior, agricultural profitability, agrarian policy, market knowledge, farmer-society communication, environmental concerns, technical innovation, new transport infrastructure and urban development, and cultural services. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Peri-urban agriculture potentially serves as an essential green infrastructure, facilitating sustainable transitions within cities by providing crucial local food ecosystem services to urban populations. This study centers on L’Horta de València, a historically significant agricultural area surrounding the city of Valencia, Spain, which has been operational for an extended period. Legislative protection for the area was established in 2018, followed by the approval of a management plan in 2019, both formulated to regulate land use and stimulate agricultural activities. While it remains premature to assess the outcomes of these measures, an evaluation of the ongoing positive and negative transformations is feasible. This paper presents research aimed at addressing this objective and poses the question: To what extent are the newly implemented tools rectifying the originally identified issues? The study employed a semi-structured survey, administered to key specialists who were directly involved in the formulation process of the approved plans and represent a diverse array of stakeholders. The survey concentrated on a SWOT analysis, with the results organized along the following themes: governance of the agricultural area, behavior of major powers, social agent behavior, agricultural profitability, agrarian policy, market knowledge, farmer-society communication, environmental concerns, technical innovation, new transport infrastructure and urban development, and cultural services.</p> ]]> Challenges and Opportunities in Managing Peri-Urban Agriculture: A Case Study of L’Horta de València, Spain josep lluís miralles-garcia doi: 10.18280/ijei.060301 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 09-26-2023 2023 6 3 Article 89 10.18280/ijei.060301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_3/ijei.060301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_2/ijei.060204 Stable and active microbiological community of the activated sludge is essential for waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) to treat wastewater. The microbial community of activated sludge could be affected by the uncontrolled industrial discharges containing excess organic load with low nutrients or toxic compounds, consequently, it may have a negative impact in the purification of wastewater in WWTP. The effects of the industrial pollutants on biological treatment include: the inhibition of bacteria that biodegrade organic matter and remove nutrients; the reduction of the efficiency of solids separation and deterioration of settling properties of the flocs; and, eventually, a discharge of unfavorable effluent to the receiving environment. In this research, metabarcoding technology was used to elucidate the effect of industrial components on microbial communities in four plants treating municipal that were exposed to different spills: tannery, cannery, textile and fruit products industries. 06-29-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Stable and active microbiological community of the activated sludge is essential for waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) to treat wastewater. The microbial community of activated sludge could be affected by the uncontrolled industrial discharges containing excess organic load with low nutrients or toxic compounds, consequently, it may have a negative impact in the purification of wastewater in WWTP. The effects of the industrial pollutants on biological treatment include: the inhibition of bacteria that biodegrade organic matter and remove nutrients; the reduction of the efficiency of solids separation and deterioration of settling properties of the flocs; and, eventually, a discharge of unfavorable effluent to the receiving environment. In this research, metabarcoding technology was used to elucidate the effect of industrial components on microbial communities in four plants treating municipal that were exposed to different spills: tannery, cannery, textile and fruit products industries.</p> ]]> Microbial Community of Activated Sludge in Four Wastewater Treatment Plants Affected by Industrial Spills ángela baeza-serrano nuria oliver feliu sempere tatiana montoya doi: 10.18280/ijei.060204 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2023 2023 6 2 Article 81 10.18280/ijei.060204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_2/ijei.060204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_2/ijei.060203 Hazaribagh is a major source of pollution and a center for the leather industry in Bangladesh. It is home to 1.2 million people and has 185 shoe factories. People who live in Hazaribagh consume surface water and groundwater for drinking and household activities. Implementation of a new law and government pressure has forced several tanneries to shift to areas allocated to industrial parks, but many others have remained. Our research set out to determine the impact of the tanning process on the surface water and groundwater of this area. In this study, surface and groundwater samples (a total of 42) from 6 different points around the tannery complex were analyzed during December 2019 and August 2020 in dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Our main purpose of this study was to find out the quality of the surface and groundwater in the sampling area, as well evaluate the seasonal change of different parameters. During the sampling, we set a route from the tannery source points to the Buriganga River, which is where the tannery effluents end up. The water’s chemical and physicochemical parameters were measured in accordance with the accepted protocol. Our main concern was the presence and concentration of heavy metals which were found to be significantly higher in the first three sampling locations. We also found that heavy metal concentrations dropped dramatically from the river’s upstream source to its final destination, the river Buriganga. Increasing distance from the source site and wastewater percolation to groundwater via soil may have caused this geographical variation in metal concentration. Although, rainwater may have diluted heavy metal concentrations, their levels were still above the permissible level. Heavy metals and other physicochemical parameters, like pH, DO, BOD, TDS, TSS, EC, Cl``, and Na, were found in all surface and groundwater samples above national (DoE) and international (WHO) standards. 06-29-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Hazaribagh is a major source of pollution and a center for the leather industry in Bangladesh. It is home to 1.2 million people and has 185 shoe factories. People who live in Hazaribagh consume surface water and groundwater for drinking and household activities. Implementation of a new law and government pressure has forced several tanneries to shift to areas allocated to industrial parks, but many others have remained. Our research set out to determine the impact of the tanning process on the surface water and groundwater of this area. In this study, surface and groundwater samples (a total of 42) from 6 different points around the tannery complex were analyzed during December 2019 and August 2020 in dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Our main purpose of this study was to find out the quality of the surface and groundwater in the sampling area, as well evaluate the seasonal change of different parameters. During the sampling, we set a route from the tannery source points to the Buriganga River, which is where the tannery effluents end up. The water’s chemical and physicochemical parameters were measured in accordance with the accepted protocol. Our main concern was the presence and concentration of heavy metals which were found to be significantly higher in the first three sampling locations. We also found that heavy metal concentrations dropped dramatically from the river’s upstream source to its final destination, the river Buriganga. Increasing distance from the source site and wastewater percolation to groundwater via soil may have caused this geographical variation in metal concentration. Although, rainwater may have diluted heavy metal concentrations, their levels were still above the permissible level. Heavy metals and other physicochemical parameters, like pH, DO, BOD, TDS, TSS, EC, Cl</span><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">``</span></sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, and Na, were found in all surface and groundwater samples above national (DoE) and international (WHO) standards.</span></p> ]]> Effects of Tanning on Seasonal Variation in the Physiochemical Quality of Surface and Groundwater and Including an Analysis of Trace Metals in Hazaribagh asia akter mokter hossain redwan ahmad khan syed mohammed abul faiz doi: 10.18280/ijei.060203 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2023 2023 6 2 Article 73 10.18280/ijei.060203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_2/ijei.060203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_2/ijei.060202 Over the past 35 years, Idaho has implemented a comprehensive water outreach program aimed at addressing water resource challenges. This study employs a repeated measures survey strategy to assess the program's effectiveness. Initiated in 1987, a mail-based survey was designed to investigate various aspects, including water issues, satisfaction with drinking water, consumer observations of surface and groundwater quality, voluntary actions taken to protect and conserve water, and sources of water resource information accessed by Idaho citizens. The survey, featuring consistent questions, has been administered at five-year intervals (1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012, 2017, 2022) to a sample of over 2,000 Idaho residents. The resulting 35-year longitudinal dataset provides valuable insights into key water issues within the state. Significant findings include a high level of satisfaction with drinking water among Idahoans, a substantial increase in voluntary actions to protect water quality (from 12.6% in 1987 to over 63% in 2022), and a growing adoption of voluntary actions to conserve water quantity (from 16.4% in 1987 to 64% in 2022). The study recognizes the success of citizen-led efforts to protect water resources and utilizes this extensive dataset to inform future water education priorities in Idaho. 06-29-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Over the past 35 years, Idaho has implemented a comprehensive water outreach program aimed at addressing water resource challenges. This study employs a repeated measures survey strategy to assess the program's effectiveness. Initiated in 1987, a mail-based survey was designed to investigate various aspects, including water issues, satisfaction with drinking water, consumer observations of surface and groundwater quality, voluntary actions taken to protect and conserve water, and sources of water resource information accessed by Idaho citizens. The survey, featuring consistent questions, has been administered at five-year intervals (1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012, 2017, 2022) to a sample of over 2,000 Idaho residents. The resulting 35-year longitudinal dataset provides valuable insights into key water issues within the state. Significant findings include a high level of satisfaction with drinking water among Idahoans, a substantial increase in voluntary actions to protect water quality (from 12.6% in 1987 to over 63% in 2022), and a growing adoption of voluntary actions to conserve water quantity (from 16.4% in 1987 to 64% in 2022). The study recognizes the success of citizen-led efforts to protect water resources and utilizes this extensive dataset to inform future water education priorities in Idaho.</span></p> ]]> Public Perceptions and Responses to Water Resource Issues over the Last 35 Years in Idaho, USA robert l. mahler nav ghimire doi: 10.18280/ijei.060202 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2023 2023 6 2 Article 65 10.18280/ijei.060202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_2/ijei.060202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_2/ijei.060201 This study endeavors to elucidate the intricate relationships and impacts of energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in India, spanning from 1975 through 2019. Data for this analysis is procured from the World Bank. An application of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) tests the long-term relationships between these variables. Additional verification of causality is sought through the Granger causality test. The study reveals unidirectional causalities: energy consumption and economic growth both lead to increased CO2 emissions. In the short run, our findings indicate a causality flow from Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and energy consumption to CO2 emissions, while urbanization does not significantly contribute to this causality. The results of the VECM, Granger causality, and Wald tests corroborate the existence of a long-term causal relationship between energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth on CO2 emissions in India. Based on these findings, the study proposes that India should focus on the introduction and rejuvenation of energy resources that can address the country's escalating energy demand. A shift from conventional energy sources including coal, hydro, oil, and gas to renewable, environmentally-friendly alternatives is recommended. This transition would contribute to a reduction in CO2 emissions, thus promoting sustainable economic growth for India in the long run. 06-29-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study endeavors to elucidate the intricate relationships and impacts of energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth on carbon dioxide (CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">) emissions in India, spanning from 1975 through 2019. Data for this analysis is procured from the World Bank. An application of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) tests the long-term relationships between these variables. Additional verification of causality is sought through the Granger causality test. The study reveals unidirectional causalities: energy consumption and economic growth both lead to increased CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> emissions. In the short run, our findings indicate a causality flow from Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and energy consumption to CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> emissions, while urbanization does not significantly contribute to this causality. The results of the VECM, Granger causality, and Wald tests corroborate the existence of a long-term causal relationship between energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth on CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> emissions in India. Based on these findings, the study proposes that India should focus on the introduction and rejuvenation of energy resources that can address the country's escalating energy demand. A shift from conventional energy sources including coal, hydro, oil, and gas to renewable, environmentally-friendly alternatives is recommended. This transition would contribute to a reduction in CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> emissions, thus promoting sustainable economic growth for India in the long run.</span></p> ]]> <a id="_Hlk138594967"></a>An Econometric Analysis of India's Urbanization, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO₂ Emission tanushree sharma mridu sharma shweta mehrotra simon grima doi: 10.18280/ijei.060201 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2023 2023 6 2 Article 57 10.18280/ijei.060201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_2/ijei.060201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_1/ijei.060106 Avoidance of impacts on areas of environmental significance is a desired outcome of environmental planning. This paper describes the process of constraint mapping that was used in the route selection for the Moomba to Stony Point hydrocarbon liquids pipeline in South Australia. The Flinders Ranges were on the direct line between Moomba and Stony Point so alternative alignments to the west and east of the ranges were considered as well as alternative crossings of the ranges for eastern alignments. Constraint mapping provided an effective tool for comparing the alignment alternatives and for identifying areas requiring more detailed impact evaluation. The aftermath of route selection was based on a major review of environmental impacts undertaken 25 years after construction and annual reporting of environmental incidents. Analysis of the aftermath confirms many of the considerations used in constraint mapping. It indicated that revegetation over the buried pipeline had occurred and that erosion at creek crossings was the major operational issue. The access road has more permanent impacts than the pipeline right-of-way while maintenance activities involving excavation and hydrocarbon release required effective management. With pipeline alignment selection through constraint mapping avoiding sensitive areas and effective management of operation and maintenance activities, the pipeline has been classified as ‘low impact’ by the regulator. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Avoidance of impacts on areas of environmental significance is a desired outcome of environmental planning. This paper describes the process of constraint mapping that was used in the route selection for the Moomba to Stony Point hydrocarbon liquids pipeline in South Australia. The Flinders Ranges were on the direct line between Moomba and Stony Point so alternative alignments to the west and east of the ranges were considered as well as alternative crossings of the ranges for eastern alignments. Constraint mapping provided an effective tool for comparing the alignment alternatives and for identifying areas requiring more detailed impact evaluation. The aftermath of route selection was based on a major review of environmental impacts undertaken 25 years after construction and annual reporting of environmental incidents. Analysis of the aftermath confirms many of the considerations used in constraint mapping. It indicated that revegetation over the buried pipeline had occurred and that erosion at creek crossings was the major operational issue. The access road has more permanent impacts than the pipeline right-of-way while maintenance activities involving excavation and hydrocarbon release required effective management. With pipeline alignment selection through constraint mapping avoiding sensitive areas and effective management of operation and maintenance activities, the pipeline has been classified as ‘low impact’ by the regulator.</span></p> ]]> Constraint Mapping for Avoiding Adverse Effects of Development: The Application to the Moomba to Stony Point Pipeline and Its Aftermath bryan r jenkins doi: 10.18280/ijei.060106 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2023 6 1 Article 49 10.18280/ijei.060106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_1/ijei.060106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_1/ijei.060105 Air quality monitoring is fundamental to mitigating the impacts of air pollution on human health and the environment. This ensures that air quality management is effective and that the potential negative effects on the environment and human health associated with poor air quality are understood and mitigated. Despite this, Africa continues to struggle with a lack of sufficient air pollution exposure data that can influence the understanding of air pollution status. The purpose of this research is to look at the progress made by African countries in developing monitoring techniques for pollutants such as particulate matter and nitrogen oxides in urban settings. The study conducted meta-analyses of studies that looked at technological advancements in monitoring PM and NOx exposure levels on the African continent. Every country in the African continent that has monitored both PM and NOx ambient pollutants was included in the review. Furthermore, in an attempt to include the most recent studies that monitored PM and NOx only ambient air quality studies published between 2010 to 2022 were eligible for inclusion in the current study. From eligible studies, authors, publication year, exposure characterization method, study setting, pollutants and technique used were extracted. Microsoft Excel 2019 was used for data analysis. To this end, the data was presented using graphs and numerical techniques. The results of this study show that 67% of African countries use fixed monitoring systems, which has a serious limitation. Whilst, on the other hand only 10% of the countries, geographically located within North Africa (Tunisia, and Algeria), and Southern Africa (South Africa) regions used the mixed monitoring techniques, such as active sampling and remote sensing. In conclusion, most African regions rarely conduct air quality exposure assessments that incorporate air quality modelling techniques. 03-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Air quality monitoring is fundamental to mitigating the impacts of air pollution on human health and the environment. This ensures that air quality management is effective and that the potential negative effects on the environment and human health associated with poor air quality are understood and mitigated. Despite this, Africa continues to struggle with a lack of sufficient air pollution exposure data that can influence the understanding of air pollution status. The purpose of this research is to look at the progress made by African countries in developing monitoring techniques for pollutants such as particulate matter and nitrogen oxides in urban settings. The study conducted meta-analyses of studies that looked at technological advancements in monitoring PM and NO</span>_{<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">x</span>}<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> exposure levels on the African continent. Every country in the African continent that has monitored both PM and NO</span>_{<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">x</span>}<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> ambient pollutants was included in the review. Furthermore, in an attempt to include the most recent studies that monitored PM and NO</span>_{<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">x</span>}<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> only ambient air quality studies published between 2010 to 2022 were eligible for inclusion in the current study. From eligible studies, authors, publication year, exposure characterization method, study setting, pollutants and technique used were extracted. Microsoft Excel 2019 was used for data analysis. To this end, the data was presented using graphs and numerical techniques. The results of this study show that 67% of African countries use fixed monitoring systems, which has a serious limitation. Whilst, on the other hand only 10% of the countries, geographically located within North Africa (Tunisia, and Algeria), and Southern Africa (South Africa) regions used the mixed monitoring techniques, such as active sampling and remote sensing. In conclusion, most African regions rarely conduct air quality exposure assessments that incorporate air quality modelling techniques.</span></p> ]]> Advancement in the Monitoring Techniques of Particulate Matter and Nitrogen Oxides in African States: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis benett siyabonga madonsela tsidiso maphanga gugulethu mahlakwana doi: 10.18280/ijei.060105 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2023 2023 6 1 Article 37 10.18280/ijei.060105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_1/ijei.060105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_1/ijei.060104 Systems Thinking and adequate modelling skills related to System Dynamics (SD) are essential for sustainable functioning of human society. The process of learning these skills can be considerably facilitated through hands-on experience with modern interactive tools in a play-like activity. Here we present a concise hands-on course on SD Modelling and Systems Thinking, give a brief description of its teaching materials (available online for free download), and discuss its potential developments, overall relevance and further implications. The course contains a session on ‘Systems Thinking’, and two hands-on sessions aiming to provide basic and more advanced modelling skills. Central to the latter are the examples of structural modifications for the Ebbsfleet Garden City water management model. The model represents complex processes associated with a multitude of interconnected social, technical and environmental issues. This publication provides both an important update of this model incorporating a dimensional analysis and the hands-on teaching support designed to aid knowledge transfer. It is envisaged that, with modifications, this freely downloadable course could be of use for modules related to a wide range of fundamental and applied disciplines, including e.g., Ecology, Geography, Engineering, Social and Environmental Sciences. It is expected that University students and other users will not only benefit from enhancing their understanding of the complexity of the specific problems considered by the examples used, but will also gain valuable basic system modelling skills through ‘learning by doing’. The teaching materials presented here may be particularly useful for environmental projects involving participatory approaches. 03-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Systems Thinking and adequate modelling skills related to System Dynamics (SD) are essential for sustainable functioning of human society. The process of learning these skills can be considerably facilitated through hands-on experience with modern interactive tools in a play-like activity. Here we present a concise hands-on course on SD Modelling and Systems Thinking, give a brief description of its teaching materials (available online for free download), and discuss its potential developments, overall relevance and further implications. The course contains a session on ‘Systems Thinking’, and two hands-on sessions aiming to provide basic and more advanced modelling skills. Central to the latter are the examples of structural modifications for the Ebbsfleet Garden City water management model. The model represents complex processes associated with a multitude of interconnected social, technical and environmental issues. This publication provides both an important update of this model incorporating a dimensional analysis and the hands-on teaching support designed to aid knowledge transfer. It is envisaged that, with modifications, this freely downloadable course could be of use for modules related to a wide range of fundamental and applied disciplines, including e.g., Ecology, Geography, Engineering, Social and Environmental Sciences. It is expected that University students and other users will not only benefit from enhancing their understanding of the complexity of the specific problems considered by the examples used, but will also gain valuable basic system modelling skills through ‘learning by doing’. The teaching materials presented here may be particularly useful for environmental projects involving participatory approaches.</p> ]]> Teaching Systems Thinking and System Dynamics in Engineering, Ecology and Environmental Sciences: A Concise Course Based on the Water Management and Population Dynamics Models vladimir krivtsov irene pluchinotta alessandro pagano doi: 10.18280/ijei.060104 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2023 2023 6 1 Article 25 10.18280/ijei.060104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_1/ijei.060104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_1/ijei.060103 The concentration of pharmaceutical compounds and nutrients present in perennial streams, springs and a lake on the island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i were measured under drought conditions between 2020 and 2022. The combined island-wide daily release of wastewater to the environment on O‘ahu from the continued use of legacy On-Site Sewage Disposal Systems (OSDS) and from exfiltration from the 3,400-kilometer network of underground sewer lines has been estimated to be about 80 million liter per day (mld), or around 3.9% of the total island-wide groundwater flux to the ocean. The 36 streams and 11 springs sampled were located down-gradient of areas with varying densities of OSDS and sewage lines while the lake sampled (Lake Wilson) receives direct input from the wastewater treatment plant that serves Central O‘ahu. Average pharmaceutical and nutrient levels in streams and springs sampled in areas with high densities of OSDS and sewer lines were slightly higher, but not statistically different than concentration levels measured in streams and springs in areas with low densities of OSDS and low sewer line densities. The average sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine levels measured in Lake Wilson, the only water body on O‘ahu where treated wastewater is discharged into fresh water, are three to four times higher than average levels measured in the island’s streams and springs. The presence of elevated concentrations of nitrate and silica in some streams and springs on O‘ahu predominately reflects the impact of the historical use of up-gradient lands for sugarcane cultivation rather than wastewater input. The trace levels of pharmaceuticals detected in O‘ahu streams and springs under baseflow conditions suggest that the actual combined input of wastewater to the environment from legacy OSDS and exfiltration from sewer lines is less than 20% the wastewater flux previously estimated. 03-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The concentration of pharmaceutical compounds and nutrients present in perennial streams, springs and a lake on the island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i were measured under drought conditions between 2020 and 2022. The combined island-wide daily release of wastewater to the environment on O‘ahu from the continued use of legacy On-Site Sewage Disposal Systems (OSDS) and from exfiltration from the 3,400-kilometer network of underground sewer lines has been estimated to be about 80 million liter per day (mld), or around 3.9% of the total island-wide groundwater flux to the ocean. The 36 streams and 11 springs sampled were located down-gradient of areas with varying densities of OSDS and sewage lines while the lake sampled (Lake Wilson) receives direct input from the wastewater treatment plant that serves Central O‘ahu. Average pharmaceutical and nutrient levels in streams and springs sampled in areas with high densities of OSDS and sewer lines were slightly higher, but not statistically different than concentration levels measured in streams and springs in areas with low densities of OSDS and low sewer line densities. The average sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine levels measured in Lake Wilson, the only water body on O‘ahu where treated wastewater is discharged into fresh water, are three to four times higher than average levels measured in the island’s streams and springs. The presence of elevated concentrations of nitrate and silica in some streams and springs on O‘ahu predominately reflects the impact of the historical use of up-gradient lands for sugarcane cultivation rather than wastewater input. The trace levels of pharmaceuticals detected in O‘ahu streams and springs under baseflow conditions suggest that the actual combined input of wastewater to the environment from legacy OSDS and exfiltration from sewer lines is less than 20% the wastewater flux previously estimated.</span></p> ]]> Impact to Stream Water Quality from Sewage Exfiltration and Legacy On-Site Disposal Systems on the Island of O‘Ahu, Hawaii steven spengler marvin heskett doi: 10.18280/ijei.060103 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2023 2023 6 1 Article 13 10.18280/ijei.060103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_1/ijei.060103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_1/ijei.060102 Incineration is any procedure, technique or method that transforms waste to flue gases and by-products by means of oxidation. Although the recommended way of treating healthcare risk waste is through incineration, the utilization of incinerators is still disputable. The fundamental problem for incinerators in the Republic of South Africa started with the new amended Section 21 of the National Environmental Management Act: Air Quality Act known as NEMA: AQA 39 of 2004 that requires stack emissions to be reduced by almost 50%. Since the promulgation of the standard, incineration facilities have not been complying with the emissions standard. This study was conducted to investigate the optimum hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2] dosage required to reduce acid gas emissions to the required level. The dosage rate was then raised and kept between 2.5 and 3.5 kg/h. This technology was able to achieve a high removal efficiency of 97% for HCl, 86% for HF, 83% for NO, 87% for SO2 and 74% for NO2. The optimum emissions removal temperature for HCl was between 1190°C and 1200°C, 1020°C for SO2 and NO2, and between 1120°C and 1200°C for NO2. The optimum Ca(OH)2 dosage for maximum NO removal was 3.1 kg/h, HF was 2.9 kg/h, SO2 was 2.8 kg/h, NOx was 2.8 kg/h and HCl was 3.2 kg/h. <![CDATA[ <p>Incineration is any procedure, technique or method that transforms waste to flue gases and by-products by means of oxidation. Although the recommended way of treating healthcare risk waste is through incineration, the utilization of incinerators is still disputable. The fundamental problem for incinerators in the Republic of South Africa started with the new amended Section 21 of the National Environmental Management Act: Air Quality Act known as NEMA: AQA 39 of 2004 that requires stack emissions to be reduced by almost 50%. Since the promulgation of the standard, incineration facilities have not been complying with the emissions standard. This study was conducted to investigate the optimum hydrated lime [Ca(OH)₂] dosage required to reduce acid gas emissions to the required level. The dosage rate was then raised and kept between 2.5 and 3.5 kg/h. This technology was able to achieve a high removal efficiency of 97% for HCl, 86% for HF, 83% for NO, 87% for SO₂ and 74% for NO₂. The optimum emissions removal temperature for HCl was between 1190°C and 1200°C, 1020°C for SO₂ and NO₂, and between 1120°C and 1200°C for NO₂. The optimum Ca(OH)₂ dosage for maximum NO removal was 3.1 kg/h, HF was 2.9 kg/h, SO₂ was 2.8 kg/h, NOx was 2.8 kg/h and HCl was 3.2 kg/h.</p> ]]> Evaluating Optimum Hydrated Lime Dosage in Reducing Stack Emissions During Incineration of Waste nomathemba themba muchaiteyi togo khomotso semenya doi: 10.18280/ijei.060102 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2023 6 1 Article 7 10.18280/ijei.060102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_1/ijei.060102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_1/ijei.060101 Rain runoff exceeding river channel capacities has been increasing in Japan. Although excess runoff events are still local and not very frequent, this trend is thought to be growing due to global climate change, and the government is discussing the need for flexible disaster mitigation measures by allowing river overflow to enter floodplains. However, the framework for formulating facility design based on this policy has not yet been established. Nevertheless, civil engineers of the early modern age developed flood control systems to avoid catastrophic flooding in important areas by inducing deliberate and safe river overflows without knowledge of modern hydraulics. This paper discusses the flood control strategy common in early modern times using numerical case studies with a shallow water model on three typical types of flood control systems. The results suggest that civil engineers at that time understood the natural flow tendency during flooding based on floodplain topography measurements together with flood trace inspections, allowing them to deal with excess runoff. 03-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Rain runoff exceeding river channel capacities has been increasing in Japan. Although excess runoff events are still local and not very frequent, this trend is thought to be growing due to global climate change, and the government is discussing the need for flexible disaster mitigation measures by allowing river overflow to enter floodplains. However, the framework for formulating facility design based on this policy has not yet been established. Nevertheless, civil engineers of the early modern age developed flood control systems to avoid catastrophic flooding in important areas by inducing deliberate and safe river overflows without knowledge of modern hydraulics. This paper discusses the flood control strategy common in early modern times using numerical case studies with a shallow water model on three typical types of flood control systems. The results suggest that civil engineers at that time understood the natural flow tendency during flooding based on floodplain topography measurements together with flood trace inspections, allowing them to deal with excess runoff.</p> ]]> Flood Disaster Mitigation Strategy in the Early Modern Age in Japan (The Beginning of 17th to the Mid-19th Century) tadaharu ishikawa ryosuke akoh hiroshi senoo doi: 10.18280/ijei.060101 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2023 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 03-30-2023 2023 6 1 Article 1 10.18280/ijei.060101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2023_6_1/ijei.060101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-362-374 Satellite remote sensing techniques have been proved to be capable of quantifying chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) levels by estimating algal concentrations in water bodies. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) pose a signifcant threat to many water bodies in South africa. This study aimed at using a remote sensing solution to estimate chlorophyll concentrations in water bodies of vhembe district municipality using Landsat 8 OLI. This study seeks to provide quantitative water quality information for the vhembe region’s water bodies from a time series of satellite remotely sensed data and in-situ laboratory data. The 30 meters spatial resolution multispectral Landsat 8 OLI for 2016, 2017 and 2018 were used to derive Chl-a esti- mate at three water bodies, namely, nandoni, albasini and vondo reserviors. The Chl-a concentrations obtained from Landsat 8 (OLI) satellite were compared with the laboratory analysis using the Kappa coeffcient statistical analysis. This study show that landsat derived chl-a estimates have a high positive correlation of 80–90% accurate with feld measurements. In all the reservoirs, it was detected that there is low content of HABs and thus the water bodies are in good condition since the chl-a concentrations were very low. In conclusion, it can be stated that Landsat 8 OLI sensor can be used to map and monitor inland water bodies dominated by algal blooms to a certain extent. <![CDATA[ <p>Satellite remote sensing techniques have been proved to be capable of quantifying chlorophyll-a (Chl-<em>a</em>) levels by estimating algal concentrations in water bodies. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) pose a signifcant threat to many water bodies in South africa. This study aimed at using a remote sensing solution to estimate chlorophyll concentrations in water bodies of vhembe district municipality using Landsat 8 OLI. This study seeks to provide quantitative water quality information for the vhembe region’s water bodies from a time series of satellite remotely sensed data and in-situ laboratory data. The 30 meters spatial resolution multispectral Landsat 8 OLI for 2016, 2017 and 2018 were used to derive Chl-<em>a </em>esti- mate at three water bodies, namely, nandoni, albasini and vondo reserviors. The Chl-<em>a </em>concentrations obtained from Landsat 8 (OLI) satellite were compared with the laboratory analysis using the Kappa coeffcient statistical analysis. This study show that landsat derived chl-<em>a </em>estimates have a high positive correlation of 80–90% accurate with feld measurements. In all the reservoirs, it was detected that there is low content of HABs and thus the water bodies are in good condition since the chl-<em>a </em>concentrations were very low. In conclusion, it can be stated that Landsat 8 OLI sensor can be used to map and monitor inland water bodies dominated by algal blooms to a certain extent.</p> ]]> Satellite Derived Estimation of Chlorophyll-A on Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in Selected Dams of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province linton f. munyai farai dondofema kawawa banda mulalo i. mutoti jabulani r. gumbo doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-362-374 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 4 Article 362 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-362-374 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-362-374 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-350-361 Climate change has led to triple digit temperatures globally, notably along the western coast of the United states. These changes have produced intense weather-related events such as fires and landslides. Green roofs are one strategy to mitigate these high temperatures. For this report, several studies were compiled, using data found from physical green roof models as well as on-site data from the Javits Center Green Roof. At the Javits Green Roof, an infrared camera was used to collect thermal images at various parts of the roof, to determine its effectiveness for thermal buffering. Off site, a rain simulator was used on model green roof and a control roof, to determine change in retention and peak runoff rate. The green roof was able to retain 2%–22% of rainfall and reduce peak runoff by 19%–28%. From the graph comparing roof temperatures, there were higher temperatures on the black top roof in comparison to the green roof, and the slopes of the lines indicated the mitigating effect of the green roof on heat waves. These models were also analysed with an infrared camera, which showed that green roofs can be, as much as 25°f cooler than their standard roof counterparts, providing valuable evidence for the usefulness of green roofs to combat heat waves. Runoff quality was experimentally measured using a green roof model, where nitrogen concentration is measured before and after to determine change in runoff quality. This concept is based on studies which claim that the addition of wood mulch to soil can reduce nitrogen content. This experiment revealed a 23% reduction in runoff nitrates for the wood-mulch treated soil, in comparison to a 6.5% reduction for the control roof. Furthermore, a mathematical model was used to determine the ceiling temperature of the Javits Center within 3%. <![CDATA[ <p>Climate change has led to triple digit temperatures globally, notably along the western coast of the United states. These changes have produced intense weather-related events such as fires and landslides. Green roofs are one strategy to mitigate these high temperatures. For this report, several studies were compiled, using data found from physical green roof models as well as on-site data from the Javits Center Green Roof. At the Javits Green Roof, an infrared camera was used to collect thermal images at various parts of the roof, to determine its effectiveness for thermal buffering. Off site, a rain simulator was used on model green roof and a control roof, to determine change in retention and peak runoff rate. The green roof was able to retain 2%–22% of rainfall and reduce peak runoff by 19%–28%. From the graph comparing roof temperatures, there were higher temperatures on the black top roof in comparison to the green roof, and the slopes of the lines indicated the mitigating effect of the green roof on heat waves. These models were also analysed with an infrared camera, which showed that green roofs can be, as much as 25°f cooler than their standard roof counterparts, providing valuable evidence for the usefulness of green roofs to combat heat waves. Runoff quality was experimentally measured using a green roof model, where nitrogen concentration is measured before and after to determine change in runoff quality. This concept is based on studies which claim that the addition of wood mulch to soil can reduce nitrogen content. This experiment revealed a 23% reduction in runoff nitrates for the wood-mulch treated soil, in comparison to a 6.5% reduction for the control roof. Furthermore, a mathematical model was used to determine the ceiling temperature of the Javits Center within 3%.</p> ]]> Laboratory Experiments and Modelling to Determine the Profiles of the Javits Center Green Roof harsho sanyal joseph cataldo doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-350-361 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 4 Article 350 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-350-361 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-350-361 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-342-349 The objective of this work is to evaluate the amount of CH4, CO2 and SO2 that is currently emitted by the Hulene dump into the atmosphere. The work consisted in measuring these three gases using an S360 multigasometer that simultaneously measures eight gases. Measurements were made in April, May, June, July, August and September, which are considered the dry season in Maputo city. Measurements were made at 18 points of gas release pipes installed by the Municipality of Maputo. Point P10, presents the highest value of 2.56 and 2.59 (% vol of CH4), respectively in the months of April and May. Point P14 had the highest value of 2.95 (% vol of CH4) in April and 2.28 (% vol of CH4) in May. Point P15 presented values of 2.78 and 2.72 (% vol of CH4), respectively in the months of August and September.Points P10, P14 and P15 showed higher values of CH4 in April, May, August and September. Points P9 to P13 showed marked variations of CO2 in the months of July, August and September. Point P10 presented the highest value of 2.56 and 2.59 (ppm of CO2), respectively in the months of April and May. Point P14 showed the highest value of 2.95 (ppm CO2) in April and 2.28 (ppm CO2) in May. Point P15 presented the highest value of 5,000 ppm of CO2 in August and September. In April, points P1 to P6 showed values above 100 ppm of SO2 and dropped drastically from point P7 to 3 ppm of SO2. In April, P6 reached 137 ppm of SO2. In August and September, the values gradually increased, reaching 178 ppm of SO2 at point P18. <![CDATA[ <p>The objective of this work is to evaluate the amount of CH₄, CO₂ and SO₂ that is currently emitted by the Hulene dump into the atmosphere. The work consisted in measuring these three gases using an S360 multigasometer that simultaneously measures eight gases. Measurements were made in April, May, June, July, August and September, which are considered the dry season in Maputo city. Measurements were made at 18 points of gas release pipes installed by the Municipality of Maputo. Point P10, presents the highest value of 2.56 and 2.59 (% vol of CH₄), respectively in the months of April and May. Point P14 had the highest value of 2.95 (% vol of CH₄) in April and 2.28 (% vol of CH₄) in May. Point P15 presented values of 2.78 and 2.72 (% vol of CH₄), respectively in the months of August and September.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Points P10, P14 and P15 showed higher values of CH4 in April, May, August and September. Points P9 to P13 showed marked variations of CO₂ in the months of July, August and September. Point P10 presented the highest value of 2.56 and 2.59 (ppm of CO₂), respectively in the months of April and May. Point P14 showed the highest value of 2.95 (ppm CO₂) in April and 2.28 (ppm CO₂) in May. Point P15 presented the highest value of 5,000 ppm of CO₂ in August and September. In April, points P1 to P6 showed values above 100 ppm of SO₂ and dropped drastically from point P7 to 3 ppm of SO₂. In April, P6 reached 137 ppm of SO₂. In August and September, the values gradually increased, reaching 178 ppm of SO₂ at point P18.</p> ]]> CH₄, CO₂ and SO₂ Emissions from the Hulene Dump, Municipality of Maputo amad h. a. gani farisse j. chirindja antónio g. j. dias antónio a. r. monjane doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-342-349 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 4 Article 342 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-342-349 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-342-349 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-331-341 Constructed wetlands (CW) can be considered an efficient municipal wastewater treatment technology, suitable to be used on a local level in both rural and urban environments. This technology is popular and normally used in Europe having the attributes of a success story – cheap in investment and simple in operation. Nevertheless, the transfer of this technology to developing countries is a challenge of some kind, the main reason being a different technological and cultural context there. The paper discusses the implementation process of CWs in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, the East. The concept of diffusion of innovation is used as the guideline, namely two of its perspectives – motivation of end-users to implement the technology, and the way the information about the technology is spread. Empirical data were obtained by use of semi-standardized interviews with the three types of stakeholders involved, the end-users themselves, local authorities, and pertinent NGOs. On this basis, three main reasons (moti- vations) to implement CWs for municipal sewage water treatment were found, which can appear in a combination – environmental-religious, pragmatical and prestigious. In parallel, three communication channels were identified which can be metaphorically named professional enlightenment, peer influence (or exempla trahunt) and direct external aid. 10-11-2022 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Constructed wetlands (CW) can be considered an efficient municipal wastewater treatment technology, suitable to be used on a local level in both rural and urban environments. This technology is popular and normally used in Europe having the attributes of a success story – cheap in investment and simple in operation. Nevertheless, the transfer of this technology to developing countries is a challenge of some kind, the main reason being a different technological and cultural context there. The paper discusses the implementation process of CWs in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, the East. The concept of diffusion of innovation is used as the guideline, namely two of its perspectives – motivation of end-users to implement the technology, and the way the information about the technology is spread. Empirical data were obtained by use of semi-standardized interviews with the three types of stakeholders involved, the end-users themselves, local authorities, and pertinent NGOs. On this basis, three main reasons (moti- vations) to implement CWs for municipal sewage water treatment were found, which can appear in a combination – environmental-religious, pragmatical and prestigious. In parallel, three communication channels were identified which can be metaphorically named professional enlightenment, peer influence (or exempla trahunt) and direct external aid.</span></p> ]]> Diffusion of Innovation – Implementation of Constructed Wetlands in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal z. boukalová j. tešitel b. d. gurung doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-331-341 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-11-2022 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 10-11-2022 2022 5 4 Article 331 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-331-341 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-331-341 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-316-330 Rajang River Basin (RRB) comprise about 40% of the Sarawak State area in Malaysia. Any extreme storm event in the Upper RRB may cause a flood, affecting the downstream communities and infra- structures of the Rajang River. There are two large dams in a cascade scheme at upper RRB, Murum Dam and Bakun Dam. With the concern of changing climate impact, the future peak precipitation and peak river discharge are analysed in this study to assess the potential flood impact along the Rajang River. This study focused on developing flood modelling for downstream of Bakun Dam down to Be- laga Town. The peak rainfall analysis was carried out to generate peak discharge for the return period of 1 in 50 and 1 in 100 years of historical and projected future storm events. The corresponding flood- plains map pre- and post-Bakun Dam operations were generated using GeoHECRAS software. The study results show that the projected peak rainfall and peak discharge under future changing climate are increased between 6–27% and 7–30%, respectively, and this warrants attention from the relevant authorities and parties to access the flood risk downstream Bakun Dam continuously. The generated maps of pre- and post-Bakun Dam operation show that Bakun Dam can mitigate the flood from impacting the downstream structures and communities. The outcome from this study can be useful information to educate the local people and public about the benefit of having a Dam, not only for the source of power generation but also for flood mitigation. <![CDATA[ <p>Rajang River Basin (RRB) comprise about 40% of the Sarawak State area in Malaysia. Any extreme storm event in the Upper RRB may cause a flood, affecting the downstream communities and infra- structures of the Rajang River. There are two large dams in a cascade scheme at upper RRB, Murum Dam and Bakun Dam. With the concern of changing climate impact, the future peak precipitation and peak river discharge are analysed in this study to assess the potential flood impact along the Rajang River. This study focused on developing flood modelling for downstream of Bakun Dam down to Be- laga Town. The peak rainfall analysis was carried out to generate peak discharge for the return period of 1 in 50 and 1 in 100 years of historical and projected future storm events. The corresponding flood- plains map pre- and post-Bakun Dam operations were generated using GeoHECRAS software. The study results show that the projected peak rainfall and peak discharge under future changing climate are increased between 6–27% and 7–30%, respectively, and this warrants attention from the relevant authorities and parties to access the flood risk downstream Bakun Dam continuously. The generated maps of pre- and post-Bakun Dam operation show that Bakun Dam can mitigate the flood from impacting the downstream structures and communities. The outcome from this study can be useful information to educate the local people and public about the benefit of having a Dam, not only for the source of power generation but also for flood mitigation.</p> ]]> Assessing Downstream Flood Risk Under Changing Climate for Bakun Dam in Sarawak jerry betie chin husna binti takaijudin siti habibah binti shafiai doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-316-330 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 4 Article 316 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-316-330 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-316-330 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-306-315 Environmental problems have been increasing at a disproportionate rate, contributing to global warming, one of humanity’s greatest challenges. As stated in the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ‘climate change is widespread, rapid and intensifying’ and there is certainty that this is a result of human activity. In this context, environmental social responsibility is fundamental to prevent, mitigate or repair the environmental damage generated by productive activity. This obliges us to take concrete actions and thus move from a linear economy approach to a circular economy approach that allows for sustainable development, where waste and pollution are eliminated from the design stage and materials are used for as long as possible. Chile must implement actions that allow it to meet the commitments obtained in its Nationally Determined Contribution of 2020, and move towards sustainable development. The Chilean case is interesting to study because it is a highly exposed and fragile country in the face of climate change. The purpose of this publication is to highlight the current problem of climate change and the threat it poses to our planet, to understand that the circular economy approach as a business model allows for a long-term solution to this problem, to understand the consequences of climate change in Chile and to know the current situation in terms of strategic planning at the country level in relation to the circular economy. <![CDATA[ <p>Environmental problems have been increasing at a disproportionate rate, contributing to global warming, one of humanity’s greatest challenges. As stated in the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ‘climate change is widespread, rapid and intensifying’ and there is certainty that this is a result of human activity. In this context, environmental social responsibility is fundamental to prevent, mitigate or repair the environmental damage generated by productive activity. This obliges us to take concrete actions and thus move from a linear economy approach to a circular economy approach that allows for sustainable development, where waste and pollution are eliminated from the design stage and materials are used for as long as possible. Chile must implement actions that allow it to meet the commitments obtained in its Nationally Determined Contribution of 2020, and move towards sustainable development. The Chilean case is interesting to study because it is a highly exposed and fragile country in the face of climate change. The purpose of this publication is to highlight the current problem of climate change and the threat it poses to our planet, to understand that the circular economy approach as a business model allows for a long-term solution to this problem, to understand the consequences of climate change in Chile and to know the current situation in terms of strategic planning at the country level in relation to the circular economy.</p> ]]> Climate Change in Chile, Strategic Plan and Circular Economy valeria scapini priscilla berrios doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-306-315 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 4 Article 306 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-306-315 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-306-315 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-291-305 Paired catchment experiments is the method that estimates the change of runoff due to forest change by comparisons between runoff data from two or more adjacent catchments and evaluations the change of their relative relations between two periods when forest changes in catchments. The increase in volume of maximum daily runoff due to forest degradation was estimated in three treatment catchments in Japan using paired catchment experiments. In one catchment, slope failure occurred and 20% of the catchment area became bare, after which maximum daily runoff increased by approximately 1.1-fold. In the two other catchments, slope failure did not occur, while maximum daily runoff increased by only 6–8 mm day−1. This increase was irrespective of the rainfall volume. slope failure and the transition to bare land were identified as causes of the degradation of the flood mitigation function. The causes of slope failure were identified as inadequate forest management, such as clear-cutting in areas with high slope failure risk, simultaneous clear-cutting throughout a catchment, and delayed replanting after clear-cutting. Therefore, forest management strategies for the flood mitigation function of forests could include the avoidance of logging in locations with a high risk of slope failure, limits concerning the amount of logging, and prompt replanting after logging. <![CDATA[ <p>Paired catchment experiments is the method that estimates the change of runoff due to forest change by comparisons between runoff data from two or more adjacent catchments and evaluations the change of their relative relations between two periods when forest changes in catchments. The increase in volume of maximum daily runoff due to forest degradation was estimated in three treatment catchments in Japan using paired catchment experiments. In one catchment, slope failure occurred and 20% of the catchment area became bare, after which maximum daily runoff increased by approximately 1.1-fold. In the two other catchments, slope failure did not occur, while maximum daily runoff increased by only 6–8 mm day−1. This increase was irrespective of the rainfall volume. slope failure and the transition to bare land were identified as causes of the degradation of the flood mitigation function. The causes of slope failure were identified as inadequate forest management, such as clear-cutting in areas with high slope failure risk, simultaneous clear-cutting throughout a catchment, and delayed replanting after clear-cutting. Therefore, forest management strategies for the flood mitigation function of forests could include the avoidance of logging in locations with a high risk of slope failure, limits concerning the amount of logging, and prompt replanting after logging.</p> ]]> Forest Management for the Flood Mitigation Function of Forests koji tamai doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-291-305 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 4 Article 291 10.2495/EI-V5-N4-291-305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_4/EI-V5-N4-291-305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-271-283 Air pollution is one of the most dynamically developing problems of the contemporary world. Due to constantly present threat of air pollution, it is essential for the society to be aware of this issue and to be able to trace the individual factors influencing the existence of smog, as well as to predict the state of air quality in the following hours and days. This paper aims to determine the feasibility of cascading prediction of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) values for several consecutive days, and then use this information to synthesize a prediction procedure for harmful smog particulate matter (PM10) for several days as well. Various prediction methods are used in the current study, among which the linear regression algorithm proves to be the most effective. Herein, the simulations concerning the investigated prediction algorithms are based on real data provided by the Airly company network of pollution measurement stations as well as ABL from the Copernicus Climate Data Sore. Evaluation of the obtained results is carried out using such measures as mean squared error, mean absolute error, Pearson correlation coefficient R, and index of agreement. As a result of the simulation, ABL and then PM10 predictors are synthesized for three consecutive days. The latter is characterized by an average daily mean absolute error in the range of 8-10 µg/m3, and index of agreement 0.88-0.89 depending on the day of the prediction and the variants of the prediction algorithm selected <![CDATA[ <p>Air pollution is one of the most dynamically developing problems of the contemporary world. Due to constantly present threat of air pollution, it is essential for the society to be aware of this issue and to be able to trace the individual factors influencing the existence of smog, as well as to predict the state of air quality in the following hours and days. This paper aims to determine the feasibility of cascading prediction of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) values for several consecutive days, and then use this information to synthesize a prediction procedure for harmful smog particulate matter (PM10) for several days as well. Various prediction methods are used in the current study, among which the linear regression algorithm proves to be the most effective. Herein, the simulations concerning the investigated prediction algorithms are based on real data provided by the Airly company network of pollution measurement stations as well as ABL from the Copernicus Climate Data Sore. Evaluation of the obtained results is carried out using such measures as mean squared error, mean absolute error, Pearson correlation coefficient R, and index of agreement. As a result of the simulation, ABL and then PM10 predictors are synthesized for three consecutive days. The latter is characterized by an average daily mean absolute error in the range of 8-10 µg/m3, and index of agreement 0.88-0.89 depending on the day of the prediction and the variants of the prediction algorithm selected</p> ]]> Estimation of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Values in the Context of the Daily Prediction of PM10 Air Pollution piotr a. kowalski maciej kusy marcin szwagrzyk jan izydorczyk doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-271-283 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 3 Article 271 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-271-283 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-271-283 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-259-270 In low-income countries, the organic is the prevalent fraction of the municipal solid waste (MSW) and its decomposition can create problems with processing, odour, biogas and leachate. On the other side it is an important resource because rich in organic matter and nutrients, which can be properly recycled. Therefore, it is essential to correctly send the organic fraction to a dedicated collection and valorisation flow. Within the LimpaMOS MOÇambique project, which is taking place in the cities of Beira and Nampula, numerous Italian and Mozambican actors from the public, private and no-profit sectors are involved. The project is mainly co-financed by the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation. One of the objectives of the project is to strengthen the proper management, separation, valorisation and disposal of MSW. The composting process is a valid solution for the treatment of the organic fraction as it allows a substantial reduction in the volume of putrescible material stored in landfills, and at the same time it makes it possible to produce and sell a good quality soil conditioner. The research work carried out in this study focuses mainly on two aims: an analysis of the management of the Composting Centre (CeCom) which will be built in the city of Beira, and an investigation on the organic waste collection by local communities. In order to move the organic fraction further away from the urban context, a sub- sequent expansion of the input matrix of the CeCom is essential. The study wants to involve the city’s second main market, some restaurants and the harbour canteen in the process of separating, collecting and managing the organic fraction. However, this expansion cannot take place without the creation of institutionalised, trained and remunerated groups of local workers. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">In low-income countries, the organic is the prevalent fraction of the municipal solid waste (MSW) and its decomposition can create problems with processing, odour, biogas and leachate. On the other side it is an important resource because rich in organic matter and nutrients, which can be properly recycled. Therefore, it is essential to correctly send the organic fraction to a dedicated collection and valorisation flow. Within the LimpaMOS MOÇambique project, which is taking place in the cities of Beira and Nampula, numerous Italian and Mozambican actors from the public, private and no-profit sectors are involved. The project is mainly co-financed by the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation. One of the objectives of the project is to strengthen the proper management, separation, valorisation and disposal of MSW. The composting process is a valid solution for the treatment of the organic fraction as it allows a substantial reduction in the volume of putrescible material stored in landfills, and at the same time it makes it possible to produce and sell a good quality soil conditioner. The research work carried out in this study focuses mainly on two aims: an analysis of the management of the Composting Centre (CeCom) which will be built in the city of Beira, and an investigation on the organic waste collection by local communities. In order to move the organic fraction further away from the urban context, a sub- sequent expansion of the input matrix of the CeCom is essential. The study wants to involve the city’s second main market, some restaurants and the harbour canteen in the process of separating, collecting and managing the organic fraction. However, this expansion cannot take place without the creation of institutionalised, trained and remunerated groups of local workers.</span></p> ]]> Collection and Composting of Organic Waste: A Case Study In the City of Beira, Mozambique valentina caminati marco ragazzi silvia silvestri federico berghi dario guirreri ada castellucci isacco rama doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-259-270 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 3 Article 259 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-259-270 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-259-270 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-249-258 Covid-19 has triggered the scholars to think about how to improve the city’s ability to respond to public health emergencies. from the perspective of the community, this article reviews the risk cases in Wuhan chenjiadun community and other communities under the epidemic, and analyzes the response to public health emergencies such as infectious disease outbreaks in the excellent cases of resilient epidemic prevention communities. Then, combined with the planning of the life circle, it demonstrates the necessity of integrating the concept of resilience into the 15-minute community life circle to make up for the shortcomings of infectious disease prevention. finally, it is proposed to strictly control the source and tail of the epidemic in the layout of the life circle, daily health and epidemic emergency should be taken into account in planning, community medical resources should be decentralized in management, and the application of smart technologies in the planning of life circle should be fully emphasized, so as to improve the community’s ability to respond to public health emergencies. <![CDATA[ <p><span>Covid-19 has triggered the scholars to think about how to improve the city’s ability to respond to public health emergencies. from the perspective of the community, this article reviews the risk cases in Wuhan chenjiadun community and other communities under the epidemic, and analyzes the response to public health emergencies such as infectious disease outbreaks in the excellent cases of resilient epidemic prevention communities. Then, combined with the planning of the life circle, it demonstrates the necessity of integrating the concept of resilience into the 15-minute community life circle to make up for the shortcomings of infectious disease prevention. finally, it is proposed to strictly control the source and tail of the epidemic in the layout of the life circle, daily health and epidemic emergency should be taken into account in planning, community medical resources should be decentralized in management, and the application of smart technologies in the planning of life circle should be fully emphasized, so as to improve the community’s ability to respond to public health emergencies.</span></p> ]]> Strategies for Building Resilience of 15-Minute Community Life Circles from the Perspective of Pandemic siyuan cai wenyong tan doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-249-258 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 3 Article 249 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-249-258 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-249-258 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-236-248 The reverse logistics (RL) performance of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) differs significantly between countries. Although some countries are successfully circular, other countries are still far behind; with C&DW being largely directed to landfills or being illegally dumped. There is a lack of guidelines on the requirements for transitioning countries towards C&DW diversion, and little attention has been given to the factors that influence the success of C&DW RL and increased circularity. This study aims to develop a framework that helps in structuring and assessing the success of C&DW RL on a regional level and serves as a guide for transitioning developing countries towards implementing such operations. Since the framework should help evaluate where interventions are needed to enhance performance, the exact domains to be used and their priorities should be identified. A systematic litera- ture review was conducted to identify the critical factors that affect the outcome of RL operations. After their identification, the interrelationships between the factors and the dependence and driving power of each are examined through interpretive structural modelling. This analysis provides valuable insights and thus, allows for the establishment of a hierarchy of factors that can serve as a guide for decision-makers. The developed framework can be utilized for enhancing the efficiency of current RL operations as well as for identifying the direction of action and efforts needed to shift developing countries towards the implementation of circular economy in the sector of C&DW. <![CDATA[ <p>The reverse logistics (RL) performance of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) differs significantly between countries. Although some countries are successfully circular, other countries are still far behind; with C&DW being largely directed to landfills or being illegally dumped. There is a lack of guidelines on the requirements for transitioning countries towards C&DW diversion, and little attention has been given to the factors that influence the success of C&DW RL and increased circularity. This study aims to develop a framework that helps in structuring and assessing the success of C&DW RL on a regional level and serves as a guide for transitioning developing countries towards implementing such operations. Since the framework should help evaluate where interventions are needed to enhance performance, the exact domains to be used and their priorities should be identified. A systematic litera- ture review was conducted to identify the critical factors that affect the outcome of RL operations. After their identification, the interrelationships between the factors and the dependence and driving power of each are examined through interpretive structural modelling. This analysis provides valuable insights and thus, allows for the establishment of a hierarchy of factors that can serve as a guide for decision-makers. The developed framework can be utilized for enhancing the efficiency of current RL operations as well as for identifying the direction of action and efforts needed to shift developing countries towards the implementation of circular economy in the sector of C&DW.</p> ]]> Examining the Critical Factors That Influence the Success of Construction and Demolition Waste Reverse Logistics Operations boushra barakat antoinette abou jaoude konstantinos mantalovas iain peter dunn francesco acuto oumaya yazoghli-marzouk gaetano di mino issam srour doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-236-248 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 3 Article 236 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-236-248 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-236-248 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-227-235 Riparian forests or gallery forests are groups that are distributed throughout a body of water, it fulfils important ecological functions and at the same time supplies communities with the vital liquid. The objective of this work is to evaluate the ecological status of the forests in the sites of the river margins (Pacora, Juan Díaz and Matasnillo) applying the QBR index to the transept of 50 linear meters in each one of the rivers to be studied. This being a pioneering study in the country, the results that will be obtained will be a record for future studies in Latin America. It was carried out using the field form, which consists of four blocks that allow the quality of the riparian forest, rated according to degree of cover of the riverside area, structure of the roof, quality of the roof and degree of naturalness of the river channel. The lowest indices were obtained by the Matasnillo river with percentages of 5%, 10% and 15%, and the highest percentages in the Juan Diaz river basin and the Pacora river with 100% in the headwaters; identifying that the watersheds that have less anthropic intervention have a better forest quality; concluding that the results of the ecological status of the evaluated basins show that in places with greater human settlements, the degradation of the riparian forest increases. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Riparian forests or gallery forests are groups that are distributed throughout a body of water, it fulfils important ecological functions and at the same time supplies communities with the vital liquid. The objective of this work is to evaluate the ecological status of the forests in the sites of the river margins (Pacora, Juan Díaz and Matasnillo) applying the QBR index to the transept of 50 linear meters in each one of the rivers to be studied. This being a pioneering study in the country, the results that will be obtained will be a record for future studies in Latin America. It was carried out using the field form, which consists of four blocks that allow the quality of the riparian forest, rated according to degree of cover of the riverside area, structure of the roof, quality of the roof and degree of naturalness of the river channel. The lowest indices were obtained by the Matasnillo river with percentages of 5%, 10% and 15%, and the highest percentages in the Juan Diaz river basin and the Pacora river with 100% in the headwaters; identifying that the watersheds that have less anthropic intervention have a better forest quality; concluding that the results of the ecological status of the evaluated basins show that in places with greater human settlements, the degradation of the riparian forest increases.</span></p> ]]> Evaluation of the Ecological Status in Riverbank Sites (Pacora, Juan Díaz and Matasnillo) using the QBR Riparian Forest Index in the Province of Panama, Panama jennyfer montiel hayde osorio andres fraiz arturo dominici-arosemena adrian ramos-merchante quiriatjaryn m ortega-samaniego pedro caballero doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-227-235 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 3 Article 227 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-227-235 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-227-235 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-216-226 The borough of Venustiano Carranza has an area of 33.42 km² (8,258 acres), which is 2.24% of the total area of Mexico City. It is in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, in a land of 3,341 ha (8255.79 acres) where there are mainly lake deposits. To the north of the borough, there stands a structure of 2,290 m.a.s.l. which pertains to what is referred to as Peñón de los Baños. Since the COVID-19 pandemic got to Mexico in 2020, there was a general change throughout the country in the population behaviour regarding their daily life. However, an analysis should be made on how risk is understood in times of COVID-19 in towns where risk-related problems normally occur. For the perception analysis, the town Peñón de los Baños was used a sample. In this town, floods are recurring during the rainy season, and it is one of the towns that was most affected by the pandemic during the first wave (April and May 2020), as more than 100 individuals died in just 2 months. The purpose of this analysis is to know how the population perceives the flood risk and behaves in an emergency phase, in the midst of a pandemic that entails sanitary and social restrictions, i.e., how is the population facing both problems: material losses and fear of getting infected. Both problems put people’s lives at risk, but the results show the priorities and the response process in the emergency phase that is currently implemented by the population. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The borough of Venustiano Carranza has an area of 33.42 km² (8,258 acres), which is 2.24% of the total area of Mexico City. It is in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, in a land of 3,341 ha (8255.79 acres) where there are mainly lake deposits. To the north of the borough, there stands a structure of 2,290 m.a.s.l. which pertains to what is referred to as Peñón de los Baños. Since the COVID-19 pandemic got to Mexico in 2020, there was a general change throughout the country in the population behaviour regarding their daily life. However, an analysis should be made on how risk is understood in times of COVID-19 in towns where risk-related problems normally occur. For the perception analysis, the town Peñón de los Baños was used a sample. In this town, floods are recurring during the rainy season, and it is one of the towns that was most affected by the pandemic during the first wave (April and May 2020), as more than 100 individuals died in just 2 months. The purpose of this analysis is to know how the population perceives the flood risk and behaves in an emergency phase, in the midst of a pandemic that entails sanitary and social restrictions, i.e., how is the population facing both problems: material losses and fear of getting infected. Both problems put people’s lives at risk, but the results show the priorities and the response process in the emergency phase that is currently implemented by the population. </span></p> ]]> Flood risk in times of COVID-19, Peñón de los Baños, Venustiano Carranza, Mexico City, Mexico edith montesinos-pedro norberto domínguez-ramírez milton montejano-castillo doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-216-226 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 3 Article 216 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-216-226 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-216-226 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-205-215 The purpose of this paper is to examine how the public perceives several levels of government address- ing environmental issues in the Pacific Northwest. In 1987, a set of survey questions was designed to address the following: (1) how different levels of government address the environment, (2) public satis- faction with the government at fulfilling their environmental responsibilities, (3) the level of government that should be most responsible for protecting water quality, (4) the amount of money spent protecting the environment and (5) individual and public participation in environmental activities. These survey questions were inserted into a large mail-based survey that was sent to over 3,000 members of the public in 1987, 1992, 1998, 2002, 2007, 2012, 2017 and 2021. Public response rates exceeding 50% were obtained in each survey year. In 1987, 24.1% of the survey respondents felt that government and elected officials did not place enough emphasis on the environment. However, by 2021, this value more than doubled to 58.8%. In 2021, residents younger than 40 years old and respondents from Washington and Oregon were most likely to say that there was not enough governmental emphasis on the environment. By 2021, a majority of survey respondents felt that state, county, city and town governments were doing a good or a very good job of protecting water resources, while only 36% of residents felt that the federal government was doing a good or very good job protecting water. County and state governments were each viewed by over 35% of residents as should having the most responsibility for protecting water in their communities during the entire 34-year survey period. Conversely, never more than 12% of surveyed residents thought that the federal government should have a primary role. The percentages of the public saying that their state of residence spends less money on the environment than it should in 1987, 1998, 2007, 2017 and 2021 was 28.7%, 33.2%, 36.9%, 41.3% and 45.1%, respectively. The three important observations made about public participation in environmental activities were: (1) about half of the surveyed public never took part in an environmental activity, (2) depending on the survey year, between 20.1% and 30.3% participated more than once in an environmental activity and (3) no evidence in upward or downward participation trends were observed over this 34-year study. <![CDATA[ <p>The purpose of this paper is to examine how the public perceives several levels of government address- ing environmental issues in the Pacific Northwest. In 1987, a set of survey questions was designed to address the following: (1) how different levels of government address the environment, (2) public satis- faction with the government at fulfilling their environmental responsibilities, (3) the level of government that should be most responsible for protecting water quality, (4) the amount of money spent protecting the environment and (5) individual and public participation in environmental activities. These survey questions were inserted into a large mail-based survey that was sent to over 3,000 members of the public in 1987, 1992, 1998, 2002, 2007, 2012, 2017 and 2021. Public response rates exceeding 50% were obtained in each survey year. In 1987, 24.1% of the survey respondents felt that government and elected officials did not place enough emphasis on the environment. However, by 2021, this value more than doubled to 58.8%. In 2021, residents younger than 40 years old and respondents from Washington and Oregon were most likely to say that there was not enough governmental emphasis on the environment. By 2021, a majority of survey respondents felt that state, county, city and town governments were doing a good or a very good job of protecting water resources, while only 36% of residents felt that the federal government was doing a good or very good job protecting water. County and state governments were each viewed by over 35% of residents as should having the most responsibility for protecting water in their communities during the entire 34-year survey period. Conversely, never more than 12% of surveyed residents thought that the federal government should have a primary role. The percentages of the public saying that their state of residence spends less money on the environment than it should in 1987, 1998, 2007, 2017 and 2021 was 28.7%, 33.2%, 36.9%, 41.3% and 45.1%, respectively. The three important observations made about public participation in environmental activities were: (1) about half of the surveyed public never took part in an environmental activity, (2) depending on the survey year, between 20.1% and 30.3% participated more than once in an environmental activity and (3) no evidence in upward or downward participation trends were observed over this 34-year study.</p> ]]> Public Perceptions of the Role and Competency of Government to Deal with Water-Related Issues over a 34-Year Period in the Pacific Northwest, USA robert l. mahler doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-205-215 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 3 Article 205 10.2495/EI-V5-N3-205-215 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_3/EI-V5-N3-205-215 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-185-196 This paper is mainly concerned with providing a safe workplace in future pandemics which are likely to be similar to the present COVID-19 crisis. It concentrates on methods to avoid expensive future lockdowns. More advanced air conditioners are considered which exclude the effects of dangerous viruses. Such designs which have these beneficial qualities depend on adequate basic data concerning viruses. This information is vital for adequate design of engineered equipment. These requirements are also specified here. The general insufficiency of this information is also examined. the airline industry faces a particularly complicated set of problems which are treated in more extensive depth with recommendations for an acceptable new system up to 2050. Our civil airline industry is probably the most vulnerable in a future pandemic. By exploiting the nature of modern industrial development, it is recommended that the economically destructive effects of extensive lockdowns can be largely avoided in modern economies. For want of a better name (ID-LID?), the recommended system is called ID-LIP which stands for: “inherently down-lockable industrial plant”. This approach is advantageous for the wholesale side of a nation’s economy. however, because retailing is associated closely with human sociability, which viruses also exploit, improving this commercial aspect requires different remedial methods. One of these is the more extensive use of on-line retailing. <![CDATA[ <p>This paper is mainly concerned with providing a safe workplace in future pandemics which are likely to be similar to the present COVID-19 crisis. It concentrates on methods to avoid expensive future lockdowns. More advanced air conditioners are considered which exclude the effects of dangerous viruses. Such designs which have these beneficial qualities depend on adequate basic data concerning viruses. This information is vital for adequate design of engineered equipment. These requirements are also specified here. The general insufficiency of this information is also examined. the airline industry faces a particularly complicated set of problems which are treated in more extensive depth with recommendations for an acceptable new system up to 2050. Our civil airline industry is probably the most vulnerable in a future pandemic. By exploiting the nature of modern industrial development, it is recommended that the economically destructive effects of extensive lockdowns can be largely avoided in modern economies. For want of a better name (ID-LID?), the recommended system is called ID-LIP which stands for: “inherently down-lockable industrial plant”. This approach is advantageous for the wholesale side of a nation’s economy. however, because retailing is associated closely with human sociability, which viruses also exploit, improving this commercial aspect requires different remedial methods. One of these is the more extensive use of on-line retailing.</p> ]]> Forward Planning for the Next Pandemic rockley g. boothroyd doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-185-196 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 2 Article 185 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-185-196 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-185-196 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-173-184 A vast amount of biomass is produced by India in the form of waste products from agriculture and forests. To solve the problem of waste disposal, they need to be put to good use. As a carbon source, biomass can be used to make low-cost phenol adsorbents. Three biomasses were chosen for investigation: the Acacia nilotica branches (AC), the Lantana camera (LA) and the rice husk (RI). Because the amount of phenol removed by these biomasses was small, they had to be activated through a thermo- chemical process. As a result, their characteristics as adsorbents improved tremendously. They were named activated AC (ACC), LA (LAC), and RI (RIC). The percentage removal of phenol by these adsorbents improved dramatically. Phenol removal by ACC was highest with a value of 97% removal. Further adsorption studies were focused on ACC. Scanning electron microstructure studies were applied to observe the change in the structure of the adsorbent after activation. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed the significant adsorption of phenol on the adsorbent. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models were used to examine the mechanism of the adsorption process. <![CDATA[ <p>A vast amount of biomass is produced by India in the form of waste products from agriculture and forests. To solve the problem of waste disposal, they need to be put to good use. As a carbon source, biomass can be used to make low-cost phenol adsorbents. Three biomasses were chosen for investigation: the Acacia nilotica branches (AC), the Lantana camera (LA) and the rice husk (RI). Because the amount of phenol removed by these biomasses was small, they had to be activated through a thermo- chemical process. As a result, their characteristics as adsorbents improved tremendously. They were named activated AC (ACC), LA (LAC), and RI (RIC). The percentage removal of phenol by these adsorbents improved dramatically. Phenol removal by ACC was highest with a value of 97% removal. Further adsorption studies were focused on ACC. Scanning electron microstructure studies were applied to observe the change in the structure of the adsorbent after activation. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed the significant adsorption of phenol on the adsorbent. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models were used to examine the mechanism of the adsorption process.</p> ]]> Comparison of Biomasses and Study of Acacia Nilotica Branches as an Adsorbent Material for Phenol Removal pushpa jha doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-173-184 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 2 Article 173 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-173-184 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-173-184 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-161-172 The 2030 Agenda shows the path to achieve the sustainable development goals. in addition, the Inter national Paris Agreement, the IPCC reports on climate change and the recent COP26 in Glasgow urge the international community to decarbonize their economies and move towards carbon neutral countries by 2050. As urban designers, willing to meet these international commitments through our profession, Green Urban Infrastructure Solutions (GUIS) evidence cost-efficient policy tools to respond to climate change. This paper includes the implementation of gUis in two pilot projects in the Basque country. In addition, the environmental benefits derived from such green intervention are analyzed, in terms of climate change adaptation, including the amelioration of stormwater runoff, reduction of urban hot spots and improvement of urban air quality. The paper also highlights the barriers and difficulties encountered when implementing these GUIS into practice. This includes the skepticism about innovative urban solutions and the lack of experience in GUIS. Therefore, the paper proposes an urban participation, research and regulation method in order to overcome current barriers and enhance a broad implementation of GUIS to comply with international commitments. <![CDATA[ <p>The 2030 Agenda shows the path to achieve the sustainable development goals. in addition, the Inter national Paris Agreement, the IPCC reports on climate change and the recent COP26 in Glasgow urge the international community to decarbonize their economies and move towards carbon neutral countries by 2050. As urban designers, willing to meet these international commitments through our profession, Green Urban Infrastructure Solutions (GUIS) evidence cost-efficient policy tools to respond to climate change. This paper includes the implementation of gUis in two pilot projects in the Basque country. In addition, the environmental benefits derived from such green intervention are analyzed, in terms of climate change adaptation, including the amelioration of stormwater runoff, reduction of urban hot spots and improvement of urban air quality. The paper also highlights the barriers and difficulties encountered when implementing these GUIS into practice. This includes the skepticism about innovative urban solutions and the lack of experience in GUIS. Therefore, the paper proposes an urban participation, research and regulation method in order to overcome current barriers and enhance a broad implementation of GUIS to comply with international commitments.</p> ]]> Urban Participation + Research + Regulation Method (PRRM) to broadly Implement Green Urban Infrastructure Solutions jon laurenz jone belausteguigoitia daniel roehr doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-161-172 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 2 Article 161 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-161-172 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-161-172 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-146-160 Environmental and Social Impact Statement (ESIS) for a proposed development is vital in guiding decision makers arrive at an informed decision. Many studies have analysed ESIS quality using qualitative methods with limited statistical analysis. In this paper, we present findings of a statistical analysis of qualitative data of ESIS using Somers’ delta test (Somers’d). We report on how public participation and analysis of alternatives influence the quality of ESIS. Results show that there is a strong and positive correlation between the quality of ESIS and public participation and also between the quality of ESIS and the analysis of alternatives, which is statistically significant, p d = 0.676 and p d = 0.682, respectively. <![CDATA[ <p>Environmental and Social Impact Statement (ESIS) for a proposed development is vital in guiding decision makers arrive at an informed decision. Many studies have analysed ESIS quality using qualitative methods with limited statistical analysis. In this paper, we present findings of a statistical analysis of qualitative data of ESIS using Somers’ delta test (Somers’<em>d</em>). We report on how public participation and analysis of alternatives influence the quality of ESIS. Results show that there is a strong and positive correlation between the quality of ESIS and public participation and also between the quality of ESIS and the analysis of alternatives, which is statistically significant, <em>p </em>< 0.0005, Somers’ <em>d </em>= 0.676 and <em>p </em>< 0.0005, Somers’ <em>d </em>= 0.682, respectively.</p> ]]> Social Impact Assessment Reports: A Statistical Analysis philip manyi omenge gilbert onacha obwoyere george were eshiamwata stanley maingi makindi jathin nathwani doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-146-160 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 2 Article 146 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-146-160 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-146-160 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-128-145 This paper highlights the urgent need to increase the understanding and uptake of positive messaging, metrics and analysis to facilitate learning across all areas of community and professional environmental education. It examines the failures of current environmental sustainability reporting, communication and learning frameworks to inspire and engage people. It then shows the quantification of ‘unsustainability’ inherent in the development of world-first automated whole-building Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) software. By focussing on a negative range that stops at zero, LCIA excludes positive gains in security of supply, climate, habitat and wellness. Through case studies, the authors show how practitioners sought to improve sustainability education. They also sought to measure positive gains by developing Life Cycle Benefit Analysis (LCBA ) compiled to quantify positive development gains within planetary boundaries’ safe operating space. LCBA was tested in third-party-certified Environmental Product Declarations and building projects. Case studies compare benefit and damage metrics for supply, climate, habitat and wellness outcomes, carbon drawdown ratings and circularity scores. The authors report what consultants, teachers, interns and clients learnt about gaps in environmental education frameworks in other institutions. They reflect on how to expand positive sustainability messaging and learning across industry, community and education from primary to post-graduate and professional accreditation. Of vital significance is the need to address youth and student anger and apathy in response to the locked-in devastating climate change and wildlife extinctions they have inherited. The authors assert the critical need to engage people of all generations in counting benefits and gains and offer positive sustainability development strategies to this end. Among the recommendations is the need for positive climate and habitat security narratives to activate interest, empower responses and motivate teaching and learning. <![CDATA[ <p>This paper highlights the urgent need to increase the understanding and uptake of positive messaging, metrics and analysis to facilitate learning across all areas of community and professional environmental education. It examines the failures of current environmental sustainability reporting, communication and learning frameworks to inspire and engage people. It then shows the quantification of ‘unsustainability’ inherent in the development of world-first automated whole-building Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) software. By focussing on a negative range that stops at zero, LCIA excludes positive gains in security of supply, climate, habitat and wellness. Through case studies, the authors show how practitioners sought to improve sustainability education. They also sought to measure positive gains by developing Life Cycle Benefit Analysis (LCBA ) compiled to quantify positive development gains within planetary boundaries’ safe operating space. LCBA was tested in third-party-certified Environmental Product Declarations and building projects. Case studies compare benefit and damage metrics for supply, climate, habitat and wellness outcomes, carbon drawdown ratings and circularity scores. The authors report what consultants, teachers, interns and clients learnt about gaps in environmental education frameworks in other institutions. They reflect on how to expand positive sustainability messaging and learning across industry, community and education from primary to post-graduate and professional accreditation. Of vital significance is the need to address youth and student anger and apathy in response to the locked-in devastating climate change and wildlife extinctions they have inherited. The authors assert the critical need to engage people of all generations in counting benefits and gains and offer positive sustainability development strategies to this end. Among the recommendations is the need for positive climate and habitat security narratives to activate interest, empower responses and motivate teaching and learning.</p> ]]> Learning to Quantify Positive Futures delwyn jones mathilde vlieg shloka ashar lesley friend ceclia costa gomez doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-128-145 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 2 Article 128 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-128-145 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-128-145 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-116-127 Over 20,000,000 tourists visit Idaho every year generating more than $3,700,000,000 in income. Over the last decade, tourism revenue has increased at an annual rate of 7%. Tourism directly and indirectly provides 63,000 jobs. A large portion of Idaho’s tourism is considered sustainable as non-consumptive outdoor recreational activities are the primary reason people visit the state. Many of the sustainable activities are associated with the 80+ mountain ranges in the state. Popular tourist activities include: camping/hiking/backpacking, white-water rafting, wildlife viewing, skiing, fishing, extreme sports and viewing natural wonders. Up to now, agriculture and associated food processing, the state’s largest industry, has contributed very little to tourism. Idaho agriculture consists of 25,000 farms and ranches that cover 5,000,000 ha. Idaho produces over 185 different commodities and has a large food processing industry. The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential for agriculture to significantly contribute to sustainable tourism by: (1) using public surveys about the understanding and use of agriculture and its products to promote tourism, (2) understanding the potential and developing strategies to use agricultural commodities to enhance tourism in Idaho and (3) evaluating the agricultural sector’s support for tourism. Surveys showed that a large majority of Idahoans currently believe that agriculture contributes less than 1% of the monetary value generated by tourism every year. This study showed that many leaders in the agricultural industry strongly back sustainable tourism. The most viable agricultural components that can contribute to sustainable tourism include: the state’s vineyards and wineries (wine tasting and wine sales), the hops and barley commodities (breweries and micro-breweries), the dairy industries (cheese, cheese products and famous yogurts), specialty commodities, local farmers markets and the nationally famous Idaho potatoes (museums, signage and processing plants). These ideas have the potential for the agricultural sector to become a more important part of Idaho’s sustainable tourist industry. <![CDATA[ <p>Over 20,000,000 tourists visit Idaho every year generating more than $3,700,000,000 in income. Over the last decade, tourism revenue has increased at an annual rate of 7%. Tourism directly and indirectly provides 63,000 jobs. A large portion of Idaho’s tourism is considered sustainable as non-consumptive outdoor recreational activities are the primary reason people visit the state. Many of the sustainable activities are associated with the 80+ mountain ranges in the state. Popular tourist activities include: camping/hiking/backpacking, white-water rafting, wildlife viewing, skiing, fishing, extreme sports and viewing natural wonders. Up to now, agriculture and associated food processing, the state’s largest industry, has contributed very little to tourism. Idaho agriculture consists of 25,000 farms and ranches that cover 5,000,000 ha. Idaho produces over 185 different commodities and has a large food processing industry. The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential for agriculture to significantly contribute to sustainable tourism by: (1) using public surveys about the understanding and use of agriculture and its products to promote tourism, (2) understanding the potential and developing strategies to use agricultural commodities to enhance tourism in Idaho and (3) evaluating the agricultural sector’s support for tourism. Surveys showed that a large majority of Idahoans currently believe that agriculture contributes less than 1% of the monetary value generated by tourism every year. This study showed that many leaders in the agricultural industry strongly back sustainable tourism. The most viable agricultural components that can contribute to sustainable tourism include: the state’s vineyards and wineries (wine tasting and wine sales), the hops and barley commodities (breweries and micro-breweries), the dairy industries (cheese, cheese products and famous yogurts), specialty commodities, local farmers markets and the nationally famous Idaho potatoes (museums, signage and processing plants). These ideas have the potential for the agricultural sector to become a more important part of Idaho’s sustainable tourist industry.</p> ]]> Adding an Agricultural Component To Sustainable Tourism In Idaho, USA robert l. mahler nav ghimire ariel agenbroad doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-116-127 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 2 Article 116 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-116-127 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-116-127 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-105-115 Increasing trend of littering of coastal areas and marine environment is recognized globally. In the European Union, 80–85% of marine litter is plastic, among which single-use plastic (SUP) products represent 50%. The study confirmed that the primary source of SUP items on urban beaches of Tallinn, Estonia, is direct littering by beach visitors. The level of littering is highly dependent on the intensity of beach use. In total, 1492 macrolitter items per 100 m of beach length were registered at urban beach Russalka, while remarkably lower values were registered at semi-urban beach Kakum . The most frequently found SUP items at urban beach were cigarette butts, followed by various packages and sweet wrappers. To assess how quickly the fragmentation of selected SUP products takes place in the natural environment, field experiments were carried out. The degradation of disposable paper plates, biodegradable plates and biodegradable waste bags was studied in two terrestrial (open-air vs. buried in soil) and two marine (submerged in seawater above sediment vs. buried in sediment) treatments. The experiment showed that the degradation of biodegradable SUP items is limited in natural environmentand varied depending on the character of the material of the product and the environment it was exposed to. The studied biodegradable plates had the fastest degradation rate (4 months) and the loss of material was the highest during the first months. In open-air conditions, the degradation process was the slowest. For the biodegradable plastic bags, noticeable decomposition took place only in the seawater above sediment; in other environments, the degradation was slower. Therefore, to decrease the impact of plastic, instead of using biodegradable material, the guidance of consumers toward reducing, reusing and recycling of plastic should be promoted. <![CDATA[ <p>Increasing trend of littering of coastal areas and marine environment is recognized globally. In the European Union, 80–85% of marine litter is plastic, among which single-use plastic (SUP) products represent 50%. The study confirmed that the primary source of SUP items on urban beaches of Tallinn, Estonia, is direct littering by beach visitors. The level of littering is highly dependent on the intensity of beach use. In total, 1492 macrolitter items per 100 m of beach length were registered at urban beach Russalka, while remarkably lower values were registered at semi-urban beach Kakum . The most frequently found SUP items at urban beach were cigarette butts, followed by various packages and sweet wrappers. To assess how quickly the fragmentation of selected SUP products takes place in the natural environment, field experiments were carried out. The degradation of disposable paper plates, biodegradable plates and biodegradable waste bags was studied in two terrestrial (open-air vs. buried in soil) and two marine (submerged in seawater above sediment vs. buried in sediment) treatments. The experiment showed that the degradation of biodegradable SUP items is limited in natural environmentand varied depending on the character of the material of the product and the environment it was exposed to. The studied biodegradable plates had the fastest degradation rate (4 months) and the loss of material was the highest during the first months. In open-air conditions, the degradation process was the slowest. For the biodegradable plastic bags, noticeable decomposition took place only in the seawater above sediment; in other environments, the degradation was slower. Therefore, to decrease the impact of plastic, instead of using biodegradable material, the guidance of consumers toward reducing, reusing and recycling of plastic should be promoted.</p> ]]> Occurrence and Degradation of Single-Use Plastic in Coastal Area kaire torn tiia moller-raid georg martin doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-105-115 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 2 Article 105 10.2495/EI-V5-N2-105-115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_2/EI-V5-N2-105-115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-82-94 Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have to treat sewage 24 h/365 days a year. Uncontrolled toxic spills can affect the microbial community in activated sludge and thus the biological treatment performance. Water below the quality requirements, established in the legislation could be, therefore released to the receiving environment, contributing to the loss of biological diversity, degradation of water resources and generating public health threats.This study aims to analyse the community changes that occurred in an activated sludge as conse- quence of an insecticide spill in a laboratory-scale reactor. Next-generation sequencing was applied to identify genera that could serve as key indicators of a negative biological process affection.The bench-scale system consisted of a 10-litre biological reactor with intermittent aeration cycles to remove organic matter and nutrients, which was fed with primary settled sewage, follow by a secondary clarifier with manual purging and an external recirculation to the biological reactor. Both settled sewage and mixed liquor were obtained from the same WWTP.The effect of an artificial spill of insecticide containing D-tetramethrin, cyphenothrin and pyriproxy- fen on the activated sludge biomass was studied through both, respirometry and microbiome analysis.The toxic effect on the activated sludge community demonstrated to be significant, completely inhibiting nitrifying activity and changing the distribution of the microbiome. Results show that relative abundance of certain groups increased after the spill, being then the new conditions favourable for the development of these groups. By contrast, others groups are shown to be extremely sensitive to the toxic effect, such that their disappearance can act as a key indicator of an insecticide spill occurrence in a WWTP. however, the abundance of nitrifying bacteria was not affected. <![CDATA[ <p>Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have to treat sewage 24 h/365 days a year. Uncontrolled toxic spills can affect the microbial community in activated sludge and thus the biological treatment performance. Water below the quality requirements, established in the legislation could be, therefore released to the receiving environment, contributing to the loss of biological diversity, degradation of water resources and generating public health threats.</p><p style="text-align: justify">This study aims to analyse the community changes that occurred in an activated sludge as conse- quence of an insecticide spill in a laboratory-scale reactor. Next-generation sequencing was applied to identify genera that could serve as key indicators of a negative biological process affection.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The bench-scale system consisted of a 10-litre biological reactor with intermittent aeration cycles to remove organic matter and nutrients, which was fed with primary settled sewage, follow by a secondary clarifier with manual purging and an external recirculation to the biological reactor. Both settled sewage and mixed liquor were obtained from the same WWTP.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The effect of an artificial spill of insecticide containing D-tetramethrin, cyphenothrin and pyriproxy- fen on the activated sludge biomass was studied through both, respirometry and microbiome analysis.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The toxic effect on the activated sludge community demonstrated to be significant, completely inhibiting nitrifying activity and changing the distribution of the microbiome. Results show that relative abundance of certain groups increased after the spill, being then the new conditions favourable for the development of these groups. By contrast, others groups are shown to be extremely sensitive to the toxic effect, such that their disappearance can act as a key indicator of an insecticide spill occurrence in a WWTP. however, the abundance of nitrifying bacteria was not affected.</p> ]]> Microbiome and Respirometry Analysis of the Bacterial Community in a Bench-Scale Activated Sludge Reactor Exposed to Insecticide ángela baeza-serrano maria josé tárrega juan f. martínez-blanch antonia rojas marta tortajada tatiana montoya gloria fayos doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-82-94 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 1 Article 82 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-82-94 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-82-94 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-65-81 Oil contributes to about 25% of GDP, 95% of annual foreign revenue and 65% of Nigeria’s annual budgetary projections. Nigerian territorial waters and exclusive economic zone harbor over 30 offshore oil fields, 620 deepwater and offshore oil wells, leading to widespread oil exploration, exploitation and production activities. The recent widespread offshore and deepwater oil activities expose the marine waters and their ecosystems to potential risks of diverse degrees of oil spills which degrade the marine ecosystem services and function, as well as huge socio-economic loss to the nation. For instance, in 2011, a well blowout at the Shell Nigeria Petroleum Company Bonga Oilfield spilled about 40,000 barrels of oil into the Atlantic Ocean, which impacted coastal settlements, ground and surface water, fish- ing grounds and farmlands. This paper reports on the theoretical basis for Offshore Oil Spill Response Base in the context of published literature (secondary sources), conventions and conference/workshop resolutions, as well as reflecting on the inadequacies of the existing regulations to sufficiently address pollution in Nigerian marine waters and the Gulf of Guinea. Our study reveals the dominance of studies on causes, impacts, risks, vulnerability, prevention and remediation of oil spills, especially in onshore areas, with paucity of research on offshore oil spill preparedness, prevention, control and response, especially in developing contexts like Nigeria. This paper also outlines the basis for integrating Offshore Oil Spill Response Base into the management strategies for deepwater oil development to significantly minimize/respond to offshore oil spills, which will contribute to environmental sustainability of the Niger-Delta and the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem towards realizing sustainable development goals 14 targets. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Oil contributes to about 25% of GDP, 95% of annual foreign revenue and 65% of Nigeria’s annual budgetary projections. Nigerian territorial waters and exclusive economic zone harbor over 30 offshore oil fields, 620 deepwater and offshore oil wells, leading to widespread oil exploration, exploitation and production activities. The recent widespread offshore and deepwater oil activities expose the marine waters and their ecosystems to potential risks of diverse degrees of oil spills which degrade the marine ecosystem services and function, as well as huge socio-economic loss to the nation. For instance, in 2011, a well blowout at the Shell Nigeria Petroleum Company Bonga Oilfield spilled about 40,000 barrels of oil into the Atlantic Ocean, which impacted coastal settlements, ground and surface water, fish- ing grounds and farmlands. This paper reports on the theoretical basis for Offshore Oil Spill Response Base in the context of published literature (secondary sources), conventions and conference/workshop resolutions, as well as reflecting on the inadequacies of the existing regulations to sufficiently address pollution in Nigerian marine waters and the Gulf of Guinea. Our study reveals the dominance of studies on causes, impacts, risks, vulnerability, prevention and remediation of oil spills, especially in onshore areas, with paucity of research on offshore oil spill preparedness, prevention, control and response, especially in developing contexts like Nigeria. This paper also outlines the basis for integrating Offshore Oil Spill Response Base into the management strategies for deepwater oil development to significantly minimize/respond to offshore oil spills, which will contribute to environmental sustainability of the Niger-Delta and the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem towards realizing sustainable development goals 14 targets.</span></p> ]]> Offshore Oil Spill Response Base and Management of Deepwater/Offshore Oil Resources in the Nigerian Marine Waters: A Review josiah c. ogbuka emmanuel e. nwanmuoh anastasia i. ogbo fred e. achoru doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-65-81 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 1 Article 65 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-65-81 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-65-81 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-51-64 The magnitude of the Amazon basin, associated with geological, geomorphological and hydrological factors, as well as the distribution of rainfall, contribute to the existence of large rivers, both in extension and flow, such as the Negro and Solimões rivers, which are selected to be evaluated in this study. Manaus city is bathed by the Negro river, near the confluence of the two rivers, in which the water level of Negro river is controlled by Solimões river level. This study proposes to analyse a project named Negro River Flood Warning System that presents a river level or stage forecast about Negro river by the Geological Survey of Brazil in Manaus since 1989, where the annual flood and ebb monitoring process is performed in the Solimões, Negro and Amazonas hydrological system. Flood forecasting models are important for the composition of extreme events alerts, as well as for the knowledge of decision-makers, representatives of public agencies and affected communities. Many factors contribute to the flooding event: how the various tributaries are integrated down the river main stem and how the basin behaves during the six months of flooding in the rainy season. For the forecast, it is important to monitor the evolution of the level of rivers such as Negro and Solimões, understanding the dynamics of the basin and also the events associated with major floods that have already occurred, as recorded in the historical series of the port of Manaus, all this combined with a statistical methodological approach. In the Manaus alert system, linear regression analysis is used. According to results obtained for the past 15 years, the flood forecast interval reveals that the forecast in 87% of cases has fulfilled the objective of presenting a stage very close to the water level peak. Furthermore, it was noticed that a height of 27m in Negro river turned to be an alert quota with a return period of 10 years. Once the river water level reaches a height of 29m, it can be considered a ‘severe flood water level’ with a return period of 17 years. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The magnitude of the Amazon basin, associated with geological, geomorphological and hydrological factors, as well as the distribution of rainfall, contribute to the existence of large rivers, both in extension and flow, such as the Negro and Solimões rivers, which are selected to be evaluated in this study. Manaus city is bathed by the Negro river, near the confluence of the two rivers, in which the water level of Negro river is controlled by Solimões river level. This study proposes to analyse a project named Negro River Flood Warning System that presents a river level or stage forecast about Negro river by the Geological Survey of Brazil in Manaus since 1989, where the annual flood and ebb monitoring process is performed in the Solimões, Negro and Amazonas hydrological system. Flood forecasting models are important for the composition of extreme events alerts, as well as for the knowledge of decision-makers, representatives of public agencies and affected communities. Many factors contribute to the flooding event: how the various tributaries are integrated down the river main stem and how the basin behaves during the six months of flooding in the rainy season. For the forecast, it is important to monitor the evolution of the level of rivers such as Negro and Solimões, understanding the dynamics of the basin and also the events associated with major floods that have already occurred, as recorded in the historical series of the port of Manaus, all this combined with a statistical methodological approach. In the Manaus alert system, linear regression analysis is used. According to results obtained for the past 15 years, the flood forecast interval reveals that the forecast in 87% of cases has fulfilled the objective of presenting a stage very close to the water level peak. Furthermore, it was noticed that a height of 27m in Negro river turned to be an alert quota with a return period of 10 years. Once the river water level reaches a height of 29m, it can be considered a ‘severe flood water level’ with a return period of 17 years.</span></p> ]]> Analysing the Flood Warning of Negro River in Manaus jussara socorro cury maciel luna gripp simões alves daniel garcia de oliveira bruno gabriel santos corrêa iraúna maiconã rodrigues de carvalho doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-51-64 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 1 Article 51 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-51-64 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-51-64 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-38-50 Green infrastructures inside cities represent an effective strategy to face with the increasingly urgent environmental problems. Green systems applied to building envelope are among the most applicable and useful solutions. These provide many significant advantages at different scales. Green façades (GF) are a typology of vertical green systems, applied to the vertical components of the building envelope. GF allow to save energy for air conditioning, by improving the envelope thermal performances. Energy behaviour of GF has been more deeply studied in warm periods, than in cold ones. This paper aims to analyse wintertime energy performances of GF. Evaluations were carried out based on the experimental data collected on two GF, in Bari (Italy), under mediterranean climatic conditions. The experimental set-up included also a bare wall (BW), used as control. The heating effect provided by the greenery was pointed out through statistical and energy analyses. At night-time, the covered walls (CW) were warmer than the bare one up to 3.5°c. The dependence of night-time heating effect on microclimate parameters, as external air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, was studied. External air temperature was found to be the most influencing factor: as it dropped, the heating effect increased. Overall energy transfer through the CW was lower than through the BW at night-time. The long-wave infrared energy radiative losses were reduced thanks to the green layer, which acted as a thermal barrier. These findings proved that GF improve winter night-time thermal performance by reducing energy losses. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Green infrastructures inside cities represent an effective strategy to face with the increasingly urgent environmental problems. Green systems applied to building envelope are among the most applicable and useful solutions. These provide many significant advantages at different scales. Green façades (GF) are a typology of vertical green systems, applied to the vertical components of the building envelope. GF allow to save energy for air conditioning, by improving the envelope thermal performances. Energy behaviour of GF has been more deeply studied in warm periods, than in cold ones. This paper aims to analyse wintertime energy performances of GF. Evaluations were carried out based on the experimental data collected on two GF, in Bari (Italy), under mediterranean climatic conditions. The experimental set-up included also a bare wall (BW), used as control. The heating effect provided by the greenery was pointed out through statistical and energy analyses. At night-time, the covered walls (CW) were warmer than the bare one up to 3.5°c. The dependence of night-time heating effect on microclimate parameters, as external air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, was studied. External air temperature was found to be the most influencing factor: as it dropped, the heating effect increased. Overall energy transfer through the CW was lower than through the BW at night-time. The long-wave infrared energy radiative losses were reduced thanks to the green layer, which acted as a thermal barrier. These findings proved that GF improve winter night-time thermal performance by reducing energy losses.</span></p> ]]> Thermal Behaviour of Green Façades in Winter Climatic Conditions fabiana convertino ileana blanco giuliano vox evelia schettini doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-38-50 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 1 Article 38 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-38-50 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-38-50 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-23-37 Urban areas around the world are attracting more a more people due to increased economic, educational, health, social and cultural opportunities. With the growing urban population, there is a need for undertaking creative measures to strengthen food production and distribution systems, and cities as major consumers can contribute more to this matter. Food production in cities has been a long tradition and a mainstream activity in many countries around the world, and it is experiencing a comeback. While Kosovo has been supporting agricultural development, especially in rural areas, urban areas continue to experience agricultural land loss (specifically, conversion to construction land), degradation beyond repair, and contamination. Institutional support (technical capacities, grant schemes and other investments) is contributing towards increased agricultural productivity in general, but tailored policies and programmes supporting the needs of the urban population (especially the poor) should be undertaken as well. While the extent of urban agriculture in Kosovo is unknown, this research aims to review the current policy environment for urban agriculture development, including agricultural and spatial planning-related legal framework, strategies, and key related reports, studies and official related data. It tries to identify the extent and development trend of small-scale agriculture in Kosovo, barriers hindering its expansion to urban areas, and based on the findings, the paper provides potential policy interventions to utilize the role of urban agriculture on sustainable urban development, as a source of fresh food but also a mechanism for alleviating urban poverty and inequalities, increasing community well-being, environmental performance and climate resilience. <![CDATA[ <p>Urban areas around the world are attracting more a more people due to increased economic, educational, health, social and cultural opportunities. With the growing urban population, there is a need for undertaking creative measures to strengthen food production and distribution systems, and cities as major consumers can contribute more to this matter. Food production in cities has been a long tradition and a mainstream activity in many countries around the world, and it is experiencing a comeback. While Kosovo has been supporting agricultural development, especially in rural areas, urban areas continue to experience agricultural land loss (specifically, conversion to construction land), degradation beyond repair, and contamination. Institutional support (technical capacities, grant schemes and other investments) is contributing towards increased agricultural productivity in general, but tailored policies and programmes supporting the needs of the urban population (especially the poor) should be undertaken as well. While the extent of urban agriculture in Kosovo is unknown, this research aims to review the current policy environment for urban agriculture development, including agricultural and spatial planning-related legal framework, strategies, and key related reports, studies and official related data. It tries to identify the extent and development trend of small-scale agriculture in Kosovo, barriers hindering its expansion to urban areas, and based on the findings, the paper provides potential policy interventions to utilize the role of urban agriculture on sustainable urban development, as a source of fresh food but also a mechanism for alleviating urban poverty and inequalities, increasing community well-being, environmental performance and climate resilience.</p> ]]> Prospects for Mainstreaming Urban Agriculture in Kosovo in Support of Sustainable Urban Development fjollë caka doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-23-37 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 1 Article 23 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-23-37 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-23-37 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-15-22 The use of low-cost devices for air quality monitoring is rapidly growing, and the reason behind the growth might (at least partially) be the real-time monitoring at a lower fixed and operating cost, ease of use and portability. nevertheless, the poor data reliability of low-cost sensors (LCS) remains a considerable challenge, especially when deployed in real-world conditions. This study aimed to evaluate and improve the performance of two commercially available indoor air quality monitoring LCS devices: AirVisual Pro and uRAD Monitor A3 (uRAD), which were used to monitor CO2 via non-dispersive infrared technology. The analysis took place from June to July 2019 in several classrooms of an urban school in Porto city. Machine learning techniques such as multivariate linear, support vector, gradient boosting and XGBoost regression models were used to perform an on-field calibration for improving the data accuracy of the devices. The results showed that although both the devices showed a strong linear correlation (r > 0.9) with the reference device, they might indicate deviated CO2 concentrations if used in their advertised plug and play format. Specifically, uRAD showed a steady offset compared to the reference values, while AirVisual Pro showed lower deviations than uRAD. The on-field calibration models improved the reliability and showed low root mean square error values (around 30 mg/m3) and a high coefficient of determination (0.99). <![CDATA[ <p>The use of low-cost devices for air quality monitoring is rapidly growing, and the reason behind the growth might (at least partially) be the real-time monitoring at a lower fixed and operating cost, ease of use and portability. nevertheless, the poor data reliability of low-cost sensors (LCS) remains a considerable challenge, especially when deployed in real-world conditions. This study aimed to evaluate and improve the performance of two commercially available indoor air quality monitoring LCS devices: AirVisual Pro and uRAD Monitor A3 (uRAD), which were used to monitor CO2 via non-dispersive infrared technology. The analysis took place from June to July 2019 in several classrooms of an urban school in Porto city. Machine learning techniques such as multivariate linear, support vector, gradient boosting and XGBoost regression models were used to perform an on-field calibration for improving the data accuracy of the devices. The results showed that although both the devices showed a strong linear correlation (r > 0.9) with the reference device, they might indicate deviated CO2 concentrations if used in their advertised plug and play format. Specifically, uRAD showed a steady offset compared to the reference values, while AirVisual Pro showed lower deviations than uRAD. The on-field calibration models improved the reliability and showed low root mean square error values (around 30 mg/m3) and a high coefficient of determination (0.99).</p> ]]> On-Field Performance Test and Calibration of Two Commercially Available Low-Cost Sensors Devices for CO2 Monitoring h. chojer p.t.b.s. branco f.g. martins s.i.v. sousa doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-15-22 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 1 Article 15 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-15-22 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-15-22 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-1-14 The climate change challenges call for innovative and sustainable policies and governance models, capable of achieving adaptation and mitigation goals working on a necessary behavioural societal change, both at individual and collective levels. Cities and their public spaces represent an ideal ground for the implementation of innovative strategies, which combine participatory and engagement practices to physical transformations of urban areas in a regenerative perspective. Co-design and participatory paths can trigger reactivation and re-appropriation of underused spaces, generate new dynamics in the public space use and provide effective solutions to tackle climate change, improving outdoor microclimatic comfort conditions. The implementation of demonstrative and temporary interventions – based on greening actions co-created with local administrations, stakeholders and citizens and supported by technologies – represents a viable and effective practice in order to experiment, test, monitor and evaluate shared pathways to more liveable, resilient and sustainable cities. This combined approach was experimented in the Bologna University area by the EU Horizon 2020 project ROCK – Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural Heritage in Creative and Knowledge Cities (GA 730280) – through a series of pilot actions aimed at public open space utilization and potential enhancement in particular in the historical city centres, generating new resilient processes in terms of environmental sustainability and social inclusion. <![CDATA[ <p>The climate change challenges call for innovative and sustainable policies and governance models, capable of achieving adaptation and mitigation goals working on a necessary behavioural societal change, both at individual and collective levels. Cities and their public spaces represent an ideal ground for the implementation of innovative strategies, which combine participatory and engagement practices to physical transformations of urban areas in a regenerative perspective. Co-design and participatory paths can trigger reactivation and re-appropriation of underused spaces, generate new dynamics in the public space use and provide effective solutions to tackle climate change, improving outdoor microclimatic comfort conditions. The implementation of demonstrative and temporary interventions – based on greening actions co-created with local administrations, stakeholders and citizens and supported by technologies – represents a viable and effective practice in order to experiment, test, monitor and evaluate shared pathways to more liveable, resilient and sustainable cities. This combined approach was experimented in the Bologna University area by the EU Horizon 2020 project ROCK – <em>Regeneration and Optimisation of Cultural Heritage in Creative and Knowledge Cities</em> (GA 730280) – through a series of pilot actions aimed at public open space utilization and potential enhancement in particular in the historical city centres, generating new resilient processes in terms of environmental sustainability and social inclusion.</p> ]]> Community Engagement and Greening Strategies as Enabling Practices for Inclusive and Resilient Cities andrea boeri danila longo serena orlandi rossella roversi giulia turci doi: 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-1-14 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2022 5 1 Article 1 10.2495/EI-V5-N1-1-14 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2022_5_1/EI-V5-N1-1-14 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-388-399 Inland aquaculture systems are on the rise worldwide, including in South Africa to provide affordable fish and promote local economic growth. But the main cost input, is the supply of fish feed. Thus, there is a need to develop local fish feed to offset the rising cost of commercial fish feed. The study was aimed at assessing the effects of a local low-cost pigeon pea feed on the limnology of aquaculture systems using three types of feed, viz. commercial feed (control), pigeon pea feed (one roasted and one raw). The results as computed by the Czekanowski coefficient statistical analysis showed that the commercial and low-cost feed had similar environmental impacts (p <![CDATA[ <p>Inland aquaculture systems are on the rise worldwide, including in South Africa to provide affordable fish and promote local economic growth. But the main cost input, is the supply of fish feed. Thus, there is a need to develop local fish feed to offset the rising cost of commercial fish feed. The study was aimed at assessing the effects of a local low-cost pigeon pea feed on the limnology of aquaculture systems using three types of feed, viz. commercial feed (control), pigeon pea feed (one roasted and one raw). The results as computed by the Czekanowski coefficient statistical analysis showed that the commercial and low-cost feed had similar environmental impacts (p < 0.05). When environmental fac- tors fluctuated, there was a fluctuation in phytoplankton composition which led to the proliferation of cyanobacteria species in all the aquaculture tanks. A total of 446 phytoplankton species were identified in the commercial feed tank, 601 species in the roasted fish feed and 630 species in the raw fish feed. Phytoplankton spectra were recorded from six taxonomic groups namely: Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Dinophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chryasophyta and Cyanophyta (the dominant taxonomic group). Most of the physio-chemical parameters were within the recommended aquaculture guidelines of the Department of Water & Forestry, making the feed suitable for fish feeding. The results show that the three fish feeds (commercial feed, roasted pigeon pea feed and raw pigeon pea feed) all influenced the health of the aquaculture system with both beneficial and harmful algae growing in the system. This shows that the pigeon pea formula has similar impacts on the aquatic health of aquaculture tanks.</p> ]]> Impact of Pigeon Pea Fish Feed Formula on the Limnology of Small-Holder Aquaculture Systems During Tilapia Fish Feeding Trials, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province sinthumule hangwelani mokgoebo matjutla john gumbo jabulani ray doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-388-399 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 4 Article 388 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-388-399 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-388-399 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-375-387 Air pollution is a major environmental cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, representing a top public health objective, especially in areas interested by the presence of anthropic emissions sources. Correctly assessing how pollutant emissions influence the air quality is, therefore, crucial for the design and/or implementation of effective measures from the public health perspectives. The impact of local emission sources on air quality is strongly modulated by meteorological conditions, which can mask the real trends in the observed pollutant concentrations. However, the confounding effect of meteorology in air quality time series can be accounted for by techniques of meteorological normalisation. In this study, the performances of a meteorological normalisation technique based on machine learning (ML) algorithms were investigated. To these purposes, two Ml models (gradient boosted regression (GBM) and random forest (RF)) were developed and subsequently used to calculate meteorologically normalised trends of nitrogen oxide (NOx ) concentrations time series. Both models were trained on daily averaged data of NOx concentrations and meteorological parameters, as well as on temporal variables; data were acquired, over the 2013–2019 period, in a rural area affected by anthropic sources of air pollutants. Results obtained show that both models are able to explain more than 70% of the variance in the NOx observed concentrations and that the meteorological normalization technique based on both algorithms represent a robust method to account for the confounding effect of meteorology in air quality time series. Moreover, the GBM/RF ML models allowed to analyse the dependence of the observed concentrations on each explanatory variables used in the models, shedding light on the role of local meteorological processes in the observed pollutant concentrations. This knowledge can help in defining air pollution control strategies that are increasingly effective in preventing and/or mitigating health damage associated with exposure to atmospheric pollution. <![CDATA[ <p>Air pollution is a major environmental cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, representing a top public health objective, especially in areas interested by the presence of anthropic emissions sources. Correctly assessing how pollutant emissions influence the air quality is, therefore, crucial for the design and/or implementation of effective measures from the public health perspectives. The impact of local emission sources on air quality is strongly modulated by meteorological conditions, which can mask the real trends in the observed pollutant concentrations. However, the confounding effect of meteorology in air quality time series can be accounted for by techniques of meteorological normalisation. In this study, the performances of a meteorological normalisation technique based on machine learning (ML) algorithms were investigated. To these purposes, two Ml models (gradient boosted regression (GBM) and random forest (RF)) were developed and subsequently used to calculate meteorologically normalised trends of nitrogen oxide (NOx ) concentrations time series. Both models were trained on daily averaged data of NOx concentrations and meteorological parameters, as well as on temporal variables; data were acquired, over the 2013–2019 period, in a rural area affected by anthropic sources of air pollutants. Results obtained show that both models are able to explain more than 70% of the variance in the NOx observed concentrations and that the meteorological normalization technique based on both algorithms represent a robust method to account for the confounding effect of meteorology in air quality time series. Moreover, the GBM/RF ML models allowed to analyse the dependence of the observed concentrations on each explanatory variables used in the models, shedding light on the role of local meteorological processes in the observed pollutant concentrations. This knowledge can help in defining air pollution control strategies that are increasingly effective in preventing and/or mitigating health damage associated with exposure to atmospheric pollution.</p> ]]> Machine Learning Meteorological Normalization Models for Trend Analysis of Air Quality Time Series roberta valentina gagliardi claudio andenna doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-375-387 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 4 Article 375 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-375-387 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-375-387 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-363-374 Constructed wetlands can be considered as a strategic nature-based wastewater treatment technology for Nepal, where the discharge of untreated wastewater into rivers, lakes or any other water body is a common practice and where the big wastewater treatment plants are not well functioning or are not sufficiently used. The successful implementation of constructed wetlands in Nepal is conditioned by many factors, which should be considered. Legislation is weak and hygienic standards are low; therefore, wastewater treatment is usually not a priority for city governments and private or public institutions, as well as for communities themselves. Under these circumstances, it is not an exception that it might be difficult to convince people to pay for constructed wetlands implementation and maintenance. Our paper discusses conditions influencing the applicability of constructed wetlands in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, by empirically analysing the best and bad practices of their application. The focus is paid to present the social situation and history of analysed communities and organisations. Implementation of constructed wetlands for schools is discussed as a special case, as well as the change of the communities’ approach towards constructed wetlands’ importance, as it appeared during the pandemic situation of COVID-19 in 2020. <![CDATA[ <p>Constructed wetlands can be considered as a strategic nature-based wastewater treatment technology for Nepal, where the discharge of untreated wastewater into rivers, lakes or any other water body is a common practice and where the big wastewater treatment plants are not well functioning or are not sufficiently used. The successful implementation of constructed wetlands in Nepal is conditioned by many factors, which should be considered. Legislation is weak and hygienic standards are low; therefore, wastewater treatment is usually not a priority for city governments and private or public institutions, as well as for communities themselves. Under these circumstances, it is not an exception that it might be difficult to convince people to pay for constructed wetlands implementation and maintenance. Our paper discusses conditions influencing the applicability of constructed wetlands in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, by empirically analysing the best and bad practices of their application. The focus is paid to present the social situation and history of analysed communities and organisations. Implementation of constructed wetlands for schools is discussed as a special case, as well as the change of the communities’ approach towards constructed wetlands’ importance, as it appeared during the pandemic situation of COVID-19 in 2020. </p> ]]> Constructed Wetlands Implementation In Kathmandu Valley, Nepal zuzana boukalová jan těšitel binod das gurung doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-363-374 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 4 Article 363 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-363-374 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-363-374 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-351-362 The study illustrated in the paper was carried out in the framework of the ISMed-CNR research titled Analysis and design of the contemporary territory: identity, health and urban liveability for resilient and sustainable places, the INU Community Public Space, both coordinated by the author, and Urban Maestro. New Governance Strategies for Urban Design Horizon 2020 research project. The ISMed-CNR research aims at identifying methodologies, databases and guidelines to support policy makers, professionals and scholars in the realization of healthy and liveable public spaces. The Community Public Space has the objective to collect best practices of public space in Italy, starting from the Charter of Public Space adopted during the second Biennial of Public Space held in Rome in 2013. The Urban Maestro Project – coordinated by the UCL and in partnership with UN-Habitat – ‘looks at the ways European cities are being designed and financed, focusing on innovative ways of generating and implementing urban spatial quality’. Among the objectives, the project has the comparison of the experiences in Europe to international practices. Accordingly, the author, as a member of the Advisory and Support Group, shared the Italian good practices in the public space field. Starting from these premises, the main results of this study will be illustrated. The Charter of Public Space is a sort of guidelines for liveable and sustainable public spaces. In order to comprehend the relationships between theory and practice and verify the validity of the Charter after 10 years of its creation, about 30 Italian case studies were collected. Of these, emblematic case studies with particular attention to the sustainability meant in its three-fold meaning will complete the paper. <![CDATA[ <p>The study illustrated in the paper was carried out in the framework of the ISMed-CNR research titled Analysis and design of the contemporary territory: identity, health and urban liveability for resilient and sustainable places, the INU Community Public Space, both coordinated by the author, and Urban Maestro. New Governance Strategies for Urban Design Horizon 2020 research project. The ISMed-CNR research aims at identifying methodologies, databases and guidelines to support policy makers, professionals and scholars in the realization of healthy and liveable public spaces. The Community Public Space has the objective to collect best practices of public space in Italy, starting from the Charter of Public Space adopted during the second Biennial of Public Space held in Rome in 2013. The Urban Maestro Project – coordinated by the UCL and in partnership with UN-Habitat – ‘looks at the ways European cities are being designed and financed, focusing on innovative ways of generating and implementing urban spatial quality’. Among the objectives, the project has the comparison of the experiences in Europe to international practices. Accordingly, the author, as a member of the Advisory and Support Group, shared the Italian good practices in the public space field. Starting from these premises, the main results of this study will be illustrated. The Charter of Public Space is a sort of guidelines for liveable and sustainable public spaces. In order to comprehend the relationships between theory and practice and verify the validity of the Charter after 10 years of its creation, about 30 Italian case studies were collected. Of these, emblematic case studies with particular attention to the sustainability meant in its three-fold meaning will complete the paper.</p> ]]> Identity, Health and Urban Liveability: Creating Spaces for People m. sepe doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-351-362 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 4 Article 351 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-351-362 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-351-362 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-340-350 Healthcare waste (HCW) generation is influenced by myriad of factors. This paper presents empirical results on the factors that influence health care waste generation at Ehlanzeni District Municipality. In assessing these factors, the paper begins by examining the concept of HCW, their implication and classification criteria. Empirical data from 57 healthcare facilities were collected and analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of this study confirmed, among others that the number of patients served per day (inpatients and outpatients), the number of personnel (staff), have an influence on the amount of HCW generated per day per kg, at different correlational levels. The number of patients served per day have proved a strong correlation with the amount of HCW generated per day per kg, as compared to the number of personnel. Among other findings, the study revealed that there are numerous factors that influence HCW generation at varying the degrees. <![CDATA[ <p>Healthcare waste (HCW) generation is influenced by myriad of factors. This paper presents empirical results on the factors that influence health care waste generation at Ehlanzeni District Municipality. In assessing these factors, the paper begins by examining the concept of HCW, their implication and classification criteria. Empirical data from 57 healthcare facilities were collected and analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of this study confirmed, among others that the number of patients served per day (inpatients and outpatients), the number of personnel (staff), have an influence on the amount of HCW generated per day per kg, at different correlational levels. The number of patients served per day have proved a strong correlation with the amount of HCW generated per day per kg, as compared to the number of personnel. Among other findings, the study revealed that there are numerous factors that influence HCW generation at varying the degrees.</p> ]]> Influencers of Health Care Waste Generation at Enhlazeni District Municipality, South Africa m. machate lz. maduna k. semenya ndl. thabethe doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-340-350 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 4 Article 340 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-340-350 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-340-350 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-323-339 This paper provides a summary of ecological functioning, biodiversity and water chemistry of two sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) ponds, and compares the level of ecosystem services with those attainable by retrofitting green roofs (GRs) in the ponds’ catchments. These study sites are characterised by relatively high diversity of habitats, including aquatic, mesic and terrestrial; the importance of the latter is highlighted using the analysis of vascular plants and calcicolous lichens. Both SuDS sites provide valuable multiple benefits related to the enhancement of local biodiversity, water quality improvement and alleviation of flood risk, and the retrofitting of GRs would further enhance flood resilience and biodiversity of the area. However, there might be potentially negative effects on the runoff water quality and hydrobiological community composition of the receiving ponds. Changes in the runoff chemistry combined with the decreases in flush rate of high-flow events would increase the risk of cyanobacterial dominance during late summer and autumn. Such trade-offs should be carefully considered in planning any practical actions. This study elucidates indirect effects by following the methodological framework of comparative ecosystem analysis, which will be of use for any research and applications considering implementation of complex nature-based solutions (NBS), including those within the context of sustainable development of blue-green cities (BGC). <![CDATA[ <p>This paper provides a summary of ecological functioning, biodiversity and water chemistry of two sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) ponds, and compares the level of ecosystem services with those attainable by retrofitting green roofs (GRs) in the ponds’ catchments. These study sites are characterised by relatively high diversity of habitats, including aquatic, mesic and terrestrial; the importance of the latter is highlighted using the analysis of vascular plants and calcicolous lichens. Both SuDS sites provide valuable multiple benefits related to the enhancement of local biodiversity, water quality improvement and alleviation of flood risk, and the retrofitting of GRs would further enhance flood resilience and biodiversity of the area. However, there might be potentially negative effects on the runoff water quality and hydrobiological community composition of the receiving ponds. Changes in the runoff chemistry combined with the decreases in flush rate of high-flow events would increase the risk of cyanobacterial dominance during late summer and autumn. Such trade-offs should be carefully considered in planning any practical actions. This study elucidates indirect effects by following the methodological framework of comparative ecosystem analysis, which will be of use for any research and applications considering implementation of complex nature-based solutions (NBS), including those within the context of sustainable development of blue-green cities (BGC).</p> ]]> Comparative Ecosystem Analysis of Urban Ponds: Implications for Synergistic Benefits and Potential Trade-Offs Resulting from Retrofitting of Green Roofs in Their Catchments vladimir krivtsov steve birkinshaw rebecca yahr valerie olive doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-323-339 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 4 Article 323 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-323-339 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-323-339 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-309-322 Alejandro Zohn (1930–2000) was one of the most important architects in the second half of 20th century in Guadalajara, Jalisco. Their work in public space is linked to the most important spaces in the city, although the studies about him have left most of his process and architectural and spatial comprehen- sion. With well-known teachers and references like Mathias Goeritz, Félix Candela or Eduardo Torroja, Alejandro developed a design process based on arithmetic compositions using geometric pure volumes, in most of the cases in concrete. Alejandro Zohn’s commitment with mathematical and geometric purity relates him with nature and its rules, also depending on mathematics and fractal growth, what leads his designs to a good public appreciation although the state of conservation is quite disturbing in some of the cases due to administration neglect. In the case of the works for public spaces studied in this paper, Alejandro Zohn generated a fractal growth in order to balance the volumes, weights and dimensions, with the use of hyperbolic paraboloid to lead the structural stress of the demanding forms to the floor with the highest lightness possible. In order to achieve a full vision of this growth and balance, this work focuses in showing the volumes used in the composition transforming them from the two usual dimension of floor and elevation to three-dimensional volumes, showing the conceptual complexity of this two apparently simple shapes. <![CDATA[ <p>Alejandro Zohn (1930–2000) was one of the most important architects in the second half of 20th century in Guadalajara, Jalisco. Their work in public space is linked to the most important spaces in the city, although the studies about him have left most of his process and architectural and spatial comprehen- sion. With well-known teachers and references like Mathias Goeritz, Félix Candela or Eduardo Torroja, Alejandro developed a design process based on arithmetic compositions using geometric pure volumes, in most of the cases in concrete. Alejandro Zohn’s commitment with mathematical and geometric purity relates him with nature and its rules, also depending on mathematics and fractal growth, what leads his designs to a good public appreciation although the state of conservation is quite disturbing in some of the cases due to administration neglect. In the case of the works for public spaces studied in this paper, Alejandro Zohn generated a fractal growth in order to balance the volumes, weights and dimensions, with the use of hyperbolic paraboloid to lead the structural stress of the demanding forms to the floor with the highest lightness possible. In order to achieve a full vision of this growth and balance, this work focuses in showing the volumes used in the composition transforming them from the two usual dimension of floor and elevation to three-dimensional volumes, showing the conceptual complexity of this two apparently simple shapes.</p> ]]> Alejandro Zohn’s Mathematical Design Process, Approach through Three-Dimensional Analysis alfred esteller agustí isamar a. herrera piñuelas adolfo vigil de insausti doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-309-322 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 4 Article 309 10.2495/EI-V4-N4-309-322 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_4/EI-V4-N4-309-322 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-289-301 Sporting events with a large number of people are an important source of waste. Marathon running is a popular sporting event that attracts competitive runners. Therefore, the race venues are major sources of waste and are difficult to manage. This research aimed to study the management of solid waste from an international marathon running event in phuket. The data comprised the types and compositions of the waste, the characteristics of waste containers, waste storage and collection, waste transfer and transport, and waste disposal. data of the waste materials were recorded on 7–9 June 2019 from two mains activities, 14 sub-activities and 6 distance running events. The total amount of waste within 3 days was 4,168.20 kg which included 3,737.20 and 431.00 kg that were related directly to the marathon running and not related directly to the marathon running, respectively. The rate of waste based on the amount per person was 0.31–0.37 kg/person/day. All waste was separately recorded into compostable waste, general waste, recyclable waste and hazardous waste for each main activity. general waste was the greatest amount and hazardous waste was the lowest amount in each group. Some containers and vehicles did not follow the laws. The waste workers wore unsuitable personal protective equipment. the waste materials were separated into two main groups for disposal: (1) compostable waste, general waste and hazardous waste that were mixed without separation before transfer for disposal and (2) recyclable waste that was separated at the sources before transfer. The first group of waste was removed for incineration and the recyclable waste was taken to recycling shops. However, all waste at a race venue needs to be reduced and classified at the source before transfer for disposal or recycling for the best solid waste management at a marathon. <![CDATA[ <p>Sporting events with a large number of people are an important source of waste. Marathon running is a popular sporting event that attracts competitive runners. Therefore, the race venues are major sources of waste and are difficult to manage. This research aimed to study the management of solid waste from an international marathon running event in phuket. The data comprised the types and compositions of the waste, the characteristics of waste containers, waste storage and collection, waste transfer and transport, and waste disposal. data of the waste materials were recorded on 7–9 June 2019 from two mains activities, 14 sub-activities and 6 distance running events. The total amount of waste within 3 days was 4,168.20 kg which included 3,737.20 and 431.00 kg that were related directly to the marathon running and not related directly to the marathon running, respectively. The rate of waste based on the amount per person was 0.31–0.37 kg/person/day. All waste was separately recorded into compostable waste, general waste, recyclable waste and hazardous waste for each main activity. general waste was the greatest amount and hazardous waste was the lowest amount in each group. Some containers and vehicles did not follow the laws. The waste workers wore unsuitable personal protective equipment. the waste materials were separated into two main groups for disposal: (1) compostable waste, general waste and hazardous waste that were mixed without separation before transfer for disposal and (2) recyclable waste that was separated at the sources before transfer. The first group of waste was removed for incineration and the recyclable waste was taken to recycling shops. However, all waste at a race venue needs to be reduced and classified at the source before transfer for disposal or recycling for the best solid waste management at a marathon.</p> ]]> Management of Solid Waste from Phuket International Marathon Running Event sineenart puangmanee malik saearlee doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-289-301 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 3 Article 289 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-289-301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-289-301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-276-288 The digitisation of urban cultural heritage (CH) is recognised within EU (European Union) policies as an opportunity to make CH a driver for urban transformation towards a sustainable and inclusive future. Various digital platforms are emerging as tools not only to store, retrieve, compare and process different kind of data related to CH for the use of urban planners and administrators, but also as participative tools for distributed decision-making.The increasing integration between the physical and digital realm through various digital instruments such as the Internet of things, virtual and augmented reality, machine learning and natural language processing, has led designers to conceptualise the necessity of merging different smart city dashboards and platforms into an integrated system known as the urban digital twin (DW). This task can be made possible only through the construction of a shared ontology of the city, which allows the interoperability of different data systems.The DWs, originally developed in mechanical and process engineering, allow to construct a digital model of a physical object or process, to monitor its real-time performance, to perform maintenance tasks and to test the effects of planned changes. However, when extending the notion of the DW to complex cultural and social entities such as cities, it is important to consider also issues of inclusivity and citizen participation. How can the DW be conceptualised not only as a tool of technological control or narrative, but as an instrument to empower not only institutions but also citizens? The experience gath- ered in the construction of the ROCK platform and its participatory ontology, developed within the Horizon 2020 (H2020) funded project ROCK (GA 730280), becomes an important precedent in this task. <![CDATA[ <p>The digitisation of urban cultural heritage (CH) is recognised within EU (European Union) policies as an opportunity to make CH a driver for urban transformation towards a sustainable and inclusive future. Various digital platforms are emerging as tools not only to store, retrieve, compare and process different kind of data related to CH for the use of urban planners and administrators, but also as participative tools for distributed decision-making.</p><p>The increasing integration between the physical and digital realm through various digital instruments such as the Internet of things, virtual and augmented reality, machine learning and natural language processing, has led designers to conceptualise the necessity of merging different smart city dashboards and platforms into an integrated system known as the urban digital twin (DW). This task can be made possible only through the construction of a shared ontology of the city, which allows the interoperability of different data systems.</p><p>The DWs, originally developed in mechanical and process engineering, allow to construct a digital model of a physical object or process, to monitor its real-time performance, to perform maintenance tasks and to test the effects of planned changes. However, when extending the notion of the DW to complex cultural and social entities such as cities, it is important to consider also issues of inclusivity and citizen participation. How can the DW be conceptualised not only as a tool of technological control or narrative, but as an instrument to empower not only institutions but also citizens? The experience gath- ered in the construction of the ROCK platform and its participatory ontology, developed within the Horizon 2020 (H2020) funded project ROCK (GA 730280), becomes an important precedent in this task.</p> ]]> Cultural Heritage and Digital Tools: The ROCK Interoperable Platform b. turillazzi g. leoni j. gaspari m. massari s. o. m. boulanger doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-276-288 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 3 Article 276 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-276-288 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-276-288 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-262-275 Due to the ‘El Niño’ phenomenon, intense rains occur from January to March on the entire coast of Peru, producing mudflows which flood the coastal valleys, generating great problems for the agriculture of the place by flooding the crops, as well as the obstruction of one of the main highways that connect this part of the country. In this research, a two-dimensional computational simulation of this mudflow flood is carried out, in a Valley called ‘Los Pescadores’. Previously, for this simulation, information and data from the valley were collected, such as the topography, rheology, roughness of soils, as well as the hydrology of the basin of this valley. The flooding flow is a concentration of water and sediment; this corresponds to a non-Newtonian flow. After calibrating the simulation, a solution proposal is presented, in which it is proposed to channel the river that crosses this valley with an embankment dam and the construction of a bridge over the main road. Subsequently, the mudflow was simulated again with the proposed hydraulic structures, obtaining a satisfactory solution. With the final simulation, the magnitude of the flow, the depth, flow velocities and the length of the dike were calculated, as well as the length of the bridge. Finally, the cost of the proposed solution was determined. <![CDATA[ <p>Due to the ‘El Niño’ phenomenon, intense rains occur from January to March on the entire coast of Peru, producing mudflows which flood the coastal valleys, generating great problems for the agriculture of the place by flooding the crops, as well as the obstruction of one of the main highways that connect this part of the country. In this research, a two-dimensional computational simulation of this mudflow flood is carried out, in a Valley called ‘Los Pescadores’. Previously, for this simulation, information and data from the valley were collected, such as the topography, rheology, roughness of soils, as well as the hydrology of the basin of this valley. The flooding flow is a concentration of water and sediment; this corresponds to a non-Newtonian flow. After calibrating the simulation, a solution proposal is presented, in which it is proposed to channel the river that crosses this valley with an embankment dam and the construction of a bridge over the main road. Subsequently, the mudflow was simulated again with the proposed hydraulic structures, obtaining a satisfactory solution. With the final simulation, the magnitude of the flow, the depth, flow velocities and the length of the dike were calculated, as well as the length of the bridge. Finally, the cost of the proposed solution was determined.</p> ]]> Mudflow Flooding Simulation and Solution Proposal in a Valley in the South of Peru andrés v. pérez reyna huancara flor cutire nataly perez anai perez doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-262-275 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 3 Article 262 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-262-275 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-262-275 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-243-261 A large portion of the most agriculturally-viable land in Canada is in the province of Ontario, particularly within the Greenbelt. Within Ontario, municipal governments are the primary mechanism by which provincial land-use policy is implemented, and virtually all agricultural production happens within the boundaries of an upper-tier municipal government. This means that municipal governments (local and regional governments) are the most local level of government responsible for making decisions and implementing programs and policies related to the agriculture and agri-food sector. However, little is known about the structure, knowledge base, and capacity of municipal governments to respond to agricultural and agri-food priorities and issues. This paper presents the results of research identifying a number of positive and negative factors that contribute to municipal capacity. This capacity is varied and relates directly to the ability to address emerging agricultural priorities. Governments and decision-makers who affect the agriculture and agri-food industry must have the capacity and knowl- edge to support the sector and respond to critical issues as they arise. The decisions of elected officials, the resources that municipalities have, and the expertise of staff are all key elements that affect the implementation of provincial priorities and the consideration given to agriculture when creating policies, programs, and initiatives. <![CDATA[ <p>A large portion of the most agriculturally-viable land in Canada is in the province of Ontario, particularly within the Greenbelt. Within Ontario, municipal governments are the primary mechanism by which provincial land-use policy is implemented, and virtually all agricultural production happens within the boundaries of an upper-tier municipal government. This means that municipal governments (local and regional governments) are the most local level of government responsible for making decisions and implementing programs and policies related to the agriculture and agri-food sector. However, little is known about the structure, knowledge base, and capacity of municipal governments to respond to agricultural and agri-food priorities and issues. This paper presents the results of research identifying a number of positive and negative factors that contribute to municipal capacity. This capacity is varied and relates directly to the ability to address emerging agricultural priorities. Governments and decision-makers who affect the agriculture and agri-food industry must have the capacity and knowl- edge to support the sector and respond to critical issues as they arise. The decisions of elected officials, the resources that municipalities have, and the expertise of staff are all key elements that affect the implementation of provincial priorities and the consideration given to agriculture when creating policies, programs, and initiatives.</p> ]]> Municipal Capacity: A Case Study of Ontario’s Greenbelt to Respond to Emerging Agriculture and Agri-Food Priorities wayne caldwell elise geschiere emily sousa regan zink doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-243-261 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 3 Article 243 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-243-261 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-243-261 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-231-242 Global markets foster economic growth, but production of traded goods also impacts water resource use. This is especially true for semiarid regions, given that increasing agricultural exports is a crucial pro-poor development strategy. The aim of this paper is to quantify the contribution of agricultural trade in terms of virtual water flows – blue, green and grey – between the state of Ceará-Brazil and its international partners from 1997 to 2012 and to analyse its impacts in the state’s water resources policy. Essentially, all virtual water exported and imported by ceará in agricultural products came from cashew nuts and wheat, corresponding in both cases up to 72% of green water. interestingly, virtual green water has an important role in production but has been underestimated in the state’s water resources management model, which despite successful focuses exclusively on blue water. The results show that the commercial balance of the total virtual water was always negative, meaning that Ceará imported more virtual water than it exported; this outcome is aligned with its water-scarce condition. <![CDATA[ <p>Global markets foster economic growth, but production of traded goods also impacts water resource use. This is especially true for semiarid regions, given that increasing agricultural exports is a crucial pro-poor development strategy. The aim of this paper is to quantify the contribution of agricultural trade in terms of virtual water flows – blue, green and grey – between the state of Ceará-Brazil and its international partners from 1997 to 2012 and to analyse its impacts in the state’s water resources policy. Essentially, all virtual water exported and imported by ceará in agricultural products came from cashew nuts and wheat, corresponding in both cases up to 72% of green water. interestingly, virtual green water has an important role in production but has been underestimated in the state’s water resources management model, which despite successful focuses exclusively on blue water. The results show that the commercial balance of the total virtual water was always negative, meaning that Ceará imported more virtual water than it exported; this outcome is aligned with its water-scarce condition.</p> ]]> The Virtual Water Flow of Crops in Semiarid Ceará, Brazil: The Impacts on the State’s Water Resources Management sérgio rodrigues rocha ticiana de carvalho studart maria manuela portela martina zelenakova doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-231-242 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 3 Article 231 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-231-242 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-231-242 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-219-230 The sprawling of urban areas combined with the intensification of extreme storm events increases the frequency of floods. The Milan metropolitan area, Italy, is a glaring example of this condition, where floods occur on average two times a year and a new approach for urban water management is required. In recent years sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDs) have been spreading in many cities for lo- cal stormwater runoff reduction, in order to reduce the risk of overloading receiving water bodies and sewerage systems. These natural-based techniques also present advantages in terms of water quality improvement and in some cases also provide benefits at the ecological level. For an optimal river basin management, it is necessary to adopt holistic approaches including river restoration measures and SuDs for the hydraulic risk mitigation and the water and environmental quality enhancement. Previous research analysed the impact of re-naturalization measures on a stretch of the Seveso river on the flood risk for the urban area in Milan (Italy). Particularly, a potential reduction of 16% on the extent of the flooded area for 10 years return period events was assessed. In this case study benefits of additional measures of urban retrofitting based on parking areas de-sealing were investigated. To assess the effects, a rainfall-runoff process and a 2D flow simulation using SWMM and HEC-RAS software respectively were used. Results show, in particular, that transforming only the 2% of the Bresso municipality paved surfaces into permeable ones would achieve a reduction of both the peak and the volume of stormwater runoff, equal to 6.5% and 7.6% respectively, for 10-year return period events. Moreover, a consequent reduction of 3 ha of flooded areas at the river watershed-scale was observed. Management of flood risk by a combination of river restoration and sustainable drainage systems is then confirmed to be a reli- able strategy for the transition towards water sensitive cities also in very dense urban contexts as in the Milan area. <![CDATA[ <p>The sprawling of urban areas combined with the intensification of extreme storm events increases the frequency of floods. The Milan metropolitan area, Italy, is a glaring example of this condition, where floods occur on average two times a year and a new approach for urban water management is required. In recent years sustainable urban drainage systems (SuDs) have been spreading in many cities for lo- cal stormwater runoff reduction, in order to reduce the risk of overloading receiving water bodies and sewerage systems. These natural-based techniques also present advantages in terms of water quality improvement and in some cases also provide benefits at the ecological level. For an optimal river basin management, it is necessary to adopt holistic approaches including river restoration measures and SuDs for the hydraulic risk mitigation and the water and environmental quality enhancement. Previous research analysed the impact of re-naturalization measures on a stretch of the Seveso river on the flood risk for the urban area in Milan (Italy). Particularly, a potential reduction of 16% on the extent of the flooded area for 10 years return period events was assessed. In this case study benefits of additional measures of urban retrofitting based on parking areas de-sealing were investigated. To assess the effects, a rainfall-runoff process and a 2D flow simulation using SWMM and HEC-RAS software respectively were used. Results show, in particular, that transforming only the 2% of the Bresso municipality paved surfaces into permeable ones would achieve a reduction of both the peak and the volume of stormwater runoff, equal to 6.5% and 7.6% respectively, for 10-year return period events. Moreover, a consequent reduction of 3 ha of flooded areas at the river watershed-scale was observed. Management of flood risk by a combination of river restoration and sustainable drainage systems is then confirmed to be a reli- able strategy for the transition towards water sensitive cities also in very dense urban contexts as in the Milan area.</p> ]]> Urban Flood Risk Management: Impact of Combined Strategies franco raimondi mariana lobo marchioni claudia dresti dario kian stefano mambretti gianfranco becciu doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-219-230 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 3 Article 219 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-219-230 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-219-230 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-207-218 The purpose of this paper is to examine public perceptions and the voluntary actions that have been taken to address the quality and quantity of water resources over a 32-year period in the Pacific North-west. Mail-based surveys were used to collect data in 1988, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2019 in the states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. In each survey year, the minimum sample size was 400 adult residents and appropriate statistics were used to evaluate survey answers. Since 1988, a majority of surveyed residents have considered (1) drinking water, (2) wetlands, (3) snowpack, (4) power generation, (5) commerce, (6) industry and (7) aquatic organisms very important. Compared with data initially collected in 1988 (21.6%), over 92% of the survey respondents undertook at least one voluntary action to address water quantity such as installing in-home water- saving devices, reducing water use in the home, reducing water use in the yard and/or changing the way vehicles were washed by 2019. Compared with 1988 (16.2%), over 72% of the survey respondents took one or more actions to protect water quality by 2019. Some of these voluntary actions to protect water quality included better disposal of hazardous household and/or yard chemicals, improved use of fertilizers and pesticides in yards, reduction in yard watering practices to reduce chemical leaching or erosion and proper disposal of used automobile/truck oil products. These surveys conducted over a 32-year period show that less than 10 and 8% of the surveyed public have not taken at least one action to positively address water quantity and water quality issues, respectively. These results are impressive because they show that the public have been engaged in protecting their water resources. Any activity that protects water quality and/or reduces water use makes the water resources of this region, which encompasses more than 26% of the USA’s land area more sustainable. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The purpose of this paper is to examine public perceptions and the voluntary actions that have been taken to address the quality and quantity of water resources over a 32-year period in the Pacific North-west. Mail-based surveys were used to collect data in 1988, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2019 in the states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. In each survey year, the minimum sample size was 400 adult residents and appropriate statistics were used to evaluate survey answers. Since 1988, a majority of surveyed residents have considered (1) drinking water, (2) wetlands, (3) snowpack, (4) power generation, (5) commerce, (6) industry and (7) aquatic organisms very important. Compared with data initially collected in 1988 (21.6%), over 92% of the survey respondents undertook at least one voluntary action to address water quantity such as installing in-home water- saving devices, reducing water use in the home, reducing water use in the yard and/or changing the way vehicles were washed by 2019. Compared with 1988 (16.2%), over 72% of the survey respondents took one or more actions to protect water quality by 2019. Some of these voluntary actions to protect water quality included better disposal of hazardous household and/or yard chemicals, improved use of fertilizers and pesticides in yards, reduction in yard watering practices to reduce chemical leaching or erosion and proper disposal of used automobile/truck oil products. These surveys conducted over a 32-year period show that less than 10 and 8% of the surveyed public have not taken at least one action to positively address water quantity and water quality issues, respectively. These results are impressive because they show that the public have been engaged in protecting their water resources. Any activity that protects water quality and/or reduces water use makes the water resources of this region, which encompasses more than 26% of the USA’s land area more sustainable.</span></p> ]]> Long-Term Perceptions and Actions of the Public to Address Sustainable Water Resource Management in the Pacific Northwest, USA robert l. mahler doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-207-218 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 3 Article 207 10.2495/EI-V4-N3-207-218 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_3/EI-V4-N3-207-218 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-186-196 The public in the Pacific Northwest considers the quality of their drinking water the most important aspect of water resources. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to examine public perceptions of drinking water quality over a 32-year period between 1988 and 2019 in the states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Mail-based surveys were used to collect data in 1988, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2019. In each survey year, the minimum sample size was 400 adult residents. Residents were asked about their perceptions of: (1) drinking water safety and satisfaction, (2) use of in-home water filters, (3) use of bottled water, (4) water testing, and (5) water pollutants. Over 10,400 residents completed surveys over this 32-year period. Over 80% of the residents obtained their tap water from a city or community water system that was nationally regulated. Over this 32-year period, more than 78% of residents considered their drinking water safe; however, trends show that the perceived safety of drinking water has declined from 92.8% in 1998 to less than 79% in 2019. The use of secondary in-home water filters has increased from 18.2% in 1998 to 35.4% in 2019. The use of bottled water peaked at 34.9% in 2007 but has declined since and dropped to less than 17% of the public by 2019. In the last 32 years only about 15% of residents have had their drinking water tested at least once every 5 years. As far as contaminants in drinking water quality is concerned the major complaint over the last 32 years was hard water. Survey respondents over the age of 50 were more likely than residents younger than 35 to consider their drinking water safe and pollution-free, while younger residents were more likely to use bottled water and a secondary in-home water filter. Respondents that were male, older than 70, college educated, from Idaho or Alaska and from communities of more than 7,000 residents were most likely to consider drinking water safe. From a trend standpoint, more residents have thought that their drinking water has become less safe and fewer people are using bottled water compared to 32 years go. Conversely, the use of secondary in-home filters has substantially increased in the last 32 years. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The public in the Pacific Northwest considers the quality of their drinking water the most important aspect of water resources. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to examine public perceptions of drinking water quality over a 32-year period between 1988 and 2019 in the states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Mail-based surveys were used to collect data in 1988, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2019. In each survey year, the minimum sample size was 400 adult residents. Residents were asked about their perceptions of: (1) drinking water safety and satisfaction, (2) use of in-home water filters, (3) use of bottled water, (4) water testing, and (5) water pollutants. Over 10,400 residents completed surveys over this 32-year period. Over 80% of the residents obtained their tap water from a city or community water system that was nationally regulated. Over this 32-year period, more than 78% of residents considered their drinking water safe; however, trends show that the perceived safety of drinking water has declined from 92.8% in 1998 to less than 79% in 2019. The use of secondary in-home water filters has increased from 18.2% in 1998 to 35.4% in 2019. The use of bottled water peaked at 34.9% in 2007 but has declined since and dropped to less than 17% of the public by 2019. In the last 32 years only about 15% of residents have had their drinking water tested at least once every 5 years. As far as contaminants in drinking water quality is concerned the major complaint over the last 32 years was hard water. Survey respondents over the age of 50 were more likely than residents younger than 35 to consider their drinking water safe and pollution-free, while younger residents were more likely to use bottled water and a secondary in-home water filter. Respondents that were male, older than 70, college educated, from Idaho or Alaska and from communities of more than 7,000 residents were most likely to consider drinking water safe. From a trend standpoint, more residents have thought that their drinking water has become less safe and fewer people are using bottled water compared to 32 years go. Conversely, the use of secondary in-home filters has substantially increased in the last 32 years.</span></p> ]]> Public Perception Trends of Drinking Water Quality over a 32-Year Period in the Pacific Northwest, USA robert l. mahler doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-186-196 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 2 Article 186 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-186-196 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-186-196 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-172-185 Triage, typically, is an approach to rapid assessment of a natural disaster or crisis and delivery of emergency aid when resources are limited. The same philosophy is also used in environmental conservation and can be applied to managing waterway health by recognizing the unique needs of each section of the waterway and matching it with the most appropriate treatment strategy. This strategic approach can improve the net gains when compared to the current approach in Queensland, Australia. In Queensland, all new development is required by legislation to reduce stormwater pollutant loads discharging to the creek (in Brisbane, for example, total suspended solids needs to be reduced by 80%, total phosphorus by 60% and total nitrogen by 45%). Whilst these simple targets have driven millions of dollars of investment throughout the state and are a much-needed step to limiting our ecological impact, recent research by Healthy Land and Water (HLW) suggests that there is room for improving the way we deal with risk and distribute resources to protect our waterway assets. The current approach places no incentive to avoid or minimize pollution and other waterway threats, it does not adjust pollution controls to match the downstream waterway condition and it provides no opportunity to invest in waterway restoration or conservation efforts. To address these issues HLW have created Strategic Waterways, a tool for categorizing and prioritizing waterway investments based on triage principles. The tool uses a risk-benefit model to assess, diagnose and then plan the treatment of various waterway ailments. It allows for nine unique strategies to managing waterway value where previously there has been only one or two. This paper discusses three applications of the Strategic Waterways tool to support decision-makers including: how GIS can be used to rapidly assess very large areas of catchment; a methodology (triage) for prioritizing project sites and setting initial project budgets and a methodology for monitoring the state of the waterway and catchment. This tool can empower waterway managers to build a balanced portfolio of waterway investments to create the biggest possible ecological return on investment. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Triage, typically, is an approach to rapid assessment of a natural disaster or crisis and delivery of emergency aid when resources are limited. The same philosophy is also used in environmental conservation and can be applied to managing waterway health by recognizing the unique needs of each section of the waterway and matching it with the most appropriate treatment strategy. This strategic approach can improve the net gains when compared to the current approach in Queensland, Australia. In Queensland, all new development is required by legislation to reduce stormwater pollutant loads discharging to the creek (in Brisbane, for example, total suspended solids needs to be reduced by 80%, total phosphorus by 60% and total nitrogen by 45%). Whilst these simple targets have driven millions of dollars of investment throughout the state and are a much-needed step to limiting our ecological impact, recent research by Healthy Land and Water (HLW) suggests that there is room for improving the way we deal with risk and distribute resources to protect our waterway assets. The current approach places no incentive to avoid or minimize pollution and other waterway threats, it does not adjust pollution controls to match the downstream waterway condition and it provides no opportunity to invest in waterway restoration or conservation efforts. To address these issues HLW have created Strategic Waterways, a tool for categorizing and prioritizing waterway investments based on triage principles. The tool uses a risk-benefit model to assess, diagnose and then plan the treatment of various waterway ailments. It allows for nine unique strategies to managing waterway value where previously there has been only one or two. This paper discusses three applications of the Strategic Waterways tool to support decision-makers including: how GIS can be used to rapidly assess very large areas of catchment; a methodology (triage) for prioritizing project sites and setting initial project budgets and a methodology for monitoring the state of the waterway and catchment. This tool can empower waterway managers to build a balanced portfolio of waterway investments to create the biggest possible ecological return on investment.</span></p> ]]> Waterway Triage: Investment Strategies to Limit Pollution and Maximize Value glenn browning doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-172-185 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 2 Article 172 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-172-185 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-172-185 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-157-171 This paper describes a hydrochemical study held at Lambari river, a tributary of Paraíba do Sul river that is located at São José dos Campos city, São Paulo State, Brazil. Such drainage crosses the installations of the Henrique Lage Oil Refinery (REVAP), allowing identify possible pollutants inputs on the water resources due to the development of the industrial activities taking place there. Two sampling campaigns were realized in the wet seasons of 2019 and 2020 aiming to collect rainwater and surface water samples in 32 monitoring points. physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, redox potential (Eh), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity and dissolved oxygen), as well hydrochemical parameters (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, alkalinity, Cl-, No3-, SO42-, surfactants, tannin–lignin, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) and other organic compounds) and dissolved radon (222Rn) provided a robust dataset for understanding the major processes related to modifications in the water quality. Direct relationship was found between EC and total dissolved solids (TDS) in the waters of Lambari river as often described elsewhere. Sodium and chloride were the two dominant ions that justified the EC–TDS relationship. Additionally, both EC and TDS as well correlated significantly with alkalinity (bicarbonate). The rainwater is impoverished in the dissolved constituents relatively to the surface waters, which acquire them during the rainfall interactions with the soil covers/rock surfaces or anthropogenic inputs into the Lambari river channel. The piper diagram highlighted that the hydrochemical facies of rainwater and surface waters are the same, i.e. sodium bicarbonate. The Gibbs boomerang diagrams suggested dominant influence of the dilution effects by rainwater in the hydrochemical composition of the surface waters of Lambari river. Dissolved oxygen and radon correlated significantly, while the analytical data did not indicate changes in the concentration of BTEX and other organic compounds in the waters of Lambari river due to the industrial activities developed by REVAP. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">This paper describes a hydrochemical study held at Lambari river, a tributary of Paraíba do Sul river that is located at São José dos Campos city, São Paulo State, Brazil. Such drainage crosses the installations of the Henrique Lage Oil Refinery (REVAP), allowing identify possible pollutants inputs on the water resources due to the development of the industrial activities taking place there. Two sampling campaigns were realized in the wet seasons of 2019 and 2020 aiming to collect rainwater and surface water samples in 32 monitoring points. physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, redox potential (Eh), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity and dissolved oxygen), as well hydrochemical parameters (Na</span>⁺<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">, K</span>⁺<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">, Ca</span>²⁺<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">, Mg</span>²⁺<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">, alkalinity, Cl</span>^-<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">, No</span>₃^-<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">, SO</span>₄^2-<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">, surfactants, tannin–lignin, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) and other organic compounds) and dissolved radon (</span>²²²<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Rn) provided a robust dataset for understanding the major processes related to modifications in the water quality. Direct relationship was found between EC and total dissolved solids (TDS) in the waters of Lambari river as often described elsewhere. Sodium and chloride were the two dominant ions that justified the EC–TDS relationship. Additionally, both EC and TDS as well correlated significantly with alkalinity (bicarbonate). The rainwater is impoverished in the dissolved constituents relatively to the surface waters, which acquire them during the rainfall interactions with the soil covers/rock surfaces or anthropogenic inputs into the Lambari river channel. The piper diagram highlighted that the hydrochemical facies of rainwater and surface waters are the same, i.e. sodium bicarbonate. The Gibbs boomerang diagrams suggested dominant influence of the dilution effects by rainwater in the hydrochemical composition of the surface waters of Lambari river. Dissolved oxygen and radon correlated significantly, while the analytical data did not indicate changes in the concentration of BTEX and other organic compounds in the waters of Lambari river due to the industrial activities developed by REVAP.</span></p> ]]> Hydrochemical Evaluation at Lambari River, São José dos Campos (SP), Brazil isabella g. lee daniel m. bonotto doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-157-171 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 2 Article 157 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-157-171 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-157-171 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-141-156 Stream, streambed sediment and suspended sediment sampling for the herbicide Glyphosate was conducted in a small, 4.05-square kilometer suburban watershed on the island of Oahu, Hawaii between December 2017 and April 2020. Over this 2.5-year study period, a total of 188 stream samples (142 runoff conditions, 46 baseflow conditions), 81 streambed sediment samples, and 9 suspended sediment samples were collected and analysed for glyphosate and a subset of sediment samples were analysed for its degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA).The glyphosate concentration levels measured during stormwater runoff conditions within Kawa stream were significantly higher than levels measured under groundwater dominant baseflow conditions. The mean and median glyphosate concentrations (µg/l) and the frequency of glyphosate detection (reporting limit 0.075 µg/l) measured in Kawa stream under runoff and baseflow conditions were 0.98/0.51/92% and 0.10/0.035/28%, respectively. the glyphosate concentrations measured in this small suburban tropical stream were significantly higher than mean levels measured by the USGS between 2014 and 2020 in streams that drain small urban watersheds throughout the continental United States. The glyphosate concentration levels measured in riverbed and suspended sediments in Kawa stream were generally two to three orders of magnitude higher than levels measured in stream-water.The majority of glyphosate ( > 90%) was transported to Kaneohe Bay in the dissolved phase and originated from residential areas within the contributory watershed. The mean mass flux of glyphosate measured entering the near coastal environment under baseflow conditions was around 0.16 mg/min, while the mean mass flux during runoff conditions was 106 mg/min. The estimated median half-lives of glyphosate and AMPA measured in streambed sediments during this study were 4.7 and 6.2 days, respectively. This short half-life (4.7 days) along with the high-frequency (92%) of glyphosate detection in Hawaiian streams under runoff conditions illustrates the steady, unceasing input of glyphosate to Hawaiian streams. <![CDATA[ <p>Stream, streambed sediment and suspended sediment sampling for the herbicide Glyphosate was conducted in a small, 4.05-square kilometer suburban watershed on the island of Oahu, Hawaii between December 2017 and April 2020. Over this 2.5-year study period, a total of 188 stream samples (142 runoff conditions, 46 baseflow conditions), 81 streambed sediment samples, and 9 suspended sediment samples were collected and analysed for glyphosate and a subset of sediment samples were analysed for its degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA).</p><p style="text-align: justify">The glyphosate concentration levels measured during stormwater runoff conditions within Kawa stream were significantly higher than levels measured under groundwater dominant baseflow conditions. The mean and median glyphosate concentrations (µg/l) and the frequency of glyphosate detection (reporting limit 0.075 µg/l) measured in Kawa stream under runoff and baseflow conditions were 0.98/0.51/92% and 0.10/0.035/28%, respectively. the glyphosate concentrations measured in this small suburban tropical stream were significantly higher than mean levels measured by the USGS between 2014 and 2020 in streams that drain small urban watersheds throughout the continental United States. The glyphosate concentration levels measured in riverbed and suspended sediments in Kawa stream were generally two to three orders of magnitude higher than levels measured in stream-water.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The majority of glyphosate ( > 90%) was transported to Kaneohe Bay in the dissolved phase and originated from residential areas within the contributory watershed. The mean mass flux of glyphosate measured entering the near coastal environment under baseflow conditions was around 0.16 mg/min, while the mean mass flux during runoff conditions was 106 mg/min. The estimated median half-lives of glyphosate and AMPA measured in streambed sediments during this study were 4.7 and 6.2 days, respectively. This short half-life (4.7 days) along with the high-frequency (92%) of glyphosate detection in Hawaiian streams under runoff conditions illustrates the steady, unceasing input of glyphosate to Hawaiian streams.</p> ]]> Occurrence and Persistence of the Herbicide Glyphosate in a Suburban Tropical Watershed steven r. spengler marvin d. heskett samuel c. spengler doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-141-156 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 2 Article 141 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-141-156 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-141-156 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-127-140 This paper is focused on assessing the effects of floods on selected components of the environment. The components include the impact of floods on the population, water conditions, soil, fauna, flora and their habitats, the structure and use of the landscape, protected areas and their protection zones, for the territorial system of ecological stability, for the urban complex and land use, for cultural and historical monuments, cultural values of an intangible nature and for archaeological and paleontological sites and important geological localities. The basic principle of the methodology is the calculation of the risk index – an estimate of the level of risk that the proposed activity represents for the environment. The risk analysis is based on the principle that stressors are associated with the proposed activity, which poses a certain risk to the components of the environment. This can be quantified by calculating the individual risk for each identified environmental impact of the stressor. In summary, the total risk can be calculated, which represents what risk the proposed activity poses to the environment and human health. The calculated value of total risk represents very low level of risk in the addressed river basin. As a proposal for measures in the event of floods, a Draft Protocol providing health and social care in case of floods is created. The Draft Protocol may be used as a supplement to the Flood Management Plan from the point of view of providing health and social care. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">This paper is focused on assessing the effects of floods on selected components of the environment. The components include the impact of floods on the population, water conditions, soil, fauna, flora and their habitats, the structure and use of the landscape, protected areas and their protection zones, for the territorial system of ecological stability, for the urban complex and land use, for cultural and historical monuments, cultural values of an intangible nature and for archaeological and paleontological sites and important geological localities. The basic principle of the methodology is the calculation of the risk index </span><em>– </em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">an estimate of the level of risk that the proposed activity represents for the environment. The risk analysis is based on the principle that stressors are associated with the proposed activity, which poses a certain risk to the components of the environment. This can be quantified by calculating the individual risk for each identified environmental impact of the stressor. In summary, the total risk can be calculated, which represents what risk the proposed activity poses to the environment and human health. The calculated value of total risk represents very low level of risk in the addressed river basin. As a proposal for measures in the event of floods, a Draft Protocol providing health and social care in case of floods is created. The Draft Protocol may be used as a supplement to the Flood Management Plan from the point of view of providing health and social care.</span></p> ]]> Support for Crisis Management at the Time of Floods martina zeleňáková mária šugareková peter mésároš doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-127-140 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 2 Article 127 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-127-140 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-127-140 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-113-126 This article is an independent study of Moscow residents’ extent of awareness of the urban environmental programs. The aim of the study is to develop measures to support the urban ecology by schools of architecture. In 2019, the authors carried out a sociological survey with participation of several socially active groups: students of Moscow schools of architecture, participants of the Moscow Longevity Project and schoolchildren. The survey results showed that respondents are nearly unaware of the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation, the UN Sustainable Development Goals and urban development programs. And, this is an impediment to implementation of environmental projects. Since the success and speed of implementation of environmental projects today to a greater extent depends on the combined actions of professionals: engineers, architects, economists, transport specialists, administrative workers and other persons who are ‘line of duty’ responsible for the quality of the urban life. And, support of residents who live, work and rest in the city space. The influence of residents on the final decision is really great, and they can be called ‘non-professional players’ of architectural and urban planning activities. Due to mismatching local and global interests, the desire to preserve the prevailing everyday habits and poor understanding of the long-term benefits from implementation of large-scale projects, residents’ opinion concerning the prospects for urban development may not coincide with the opinion of professionals. And then conflicts arise. Environmental upbringing and education, covering all social groups of the urban population and including various types of activities, are today recognized as the most effective way to promote environmental projects. The survey proves that the respondents are well informed about the environmental problems of the city and unanimously believe that the responsibility for the implementation of the Projects lies with the city administration. They are ready to embrace an ‘ecological lifestyle’ if it brings economic benefits and does not disturb the customary lifestyle. It is concluded that in order to attract Moscow residents to implementation of environmental programs, it is necessary to be increasingly cognizant of the differences in the interests of social groups, replace economic pressure with economic benefits, and upscale an ecological lifestyle via media and public additional education. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">This article is an independent study of Moscow residents’ extent of awareness of the urban environmental programs. The aim of the study is to develop measures to support the urban ecology by schools of architecture. In 2019, the authors carried out a sociological survey with participation of several socially active groups: students of Moscow schools of architecture, participants of the Moscow Longevity Project and schoolchildren. The survey results showed that respondents are nearly unaware of the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation, the UN Sustainable Development Goals and urban development programs. And, this is an impediment to implementation of environmental projects. Since the success and speed of implementation of environmental projects today to a greater extent depends on the combined actions of professionals: engineers, architects, economists, transport specialists, administrative workers and other persons who are ‘line of duty’ responsible for the quality of the urban life. And, support of residents who live, work and rest in the city space. The influence of residents on the final decision is really great, and they can be called ‘non-professional players’ of architectural and urban planning activities. Due to mismatching local and global interests, the desire to preserve the prevailing everyday habits and poor understanding of the long-term benefits from implementation of large-scale projects, residents’ opinion concerning the prospects for urban development may not coincide with the opinion of professionals. And then conflicts arise. Environmental upbringing and education, covering all social groups of the urban population and including various types of activities, are today recognized as the most effective way to promote environmental projects. The survey proves that the respondents are well informed about the environmental problems of the city and unanimously believe that the responsibility for the implementation of the Projects lies with the city administration. They are ready to embrace an ‘ecological lifestyle’ if it brings economic benefits and does not disturb the customary lifestyle. It is concluded that in order to attract Moscow residents to implementation of environmental programs, it is necessary to be increasingly cognizant of the differences in the interests of social groups, replace economic pressure with economic benefits, and upscale an ecological lifestyle via media and public additional education.</span></p> ]]> Potential of Public and Professional Communications in Implementation of Urban Environmental Programs irina topchiy alina fatkullina doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-113-126 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 2 Article 113 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-113-126 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-113-126 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-101-112 The global COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 triggered disruption in almost all areas of the Food Supply Chain (FSC). During this year many confounding factors contributed to the disruption of the normal FSC and impacted the system adversely. This includes the agricultural food production system, the first phase of the FSC, to the final delivery of food to consumers. Food was lost or wasted as farmers were unable to transfer and distribute the food to retailers. Food shortages became problematic and consumers were not able to obtain necessary staples. Then consumers started to purchase too much (hoarding), as they feared shortages, which resulted in both rises in food prices and in higher food waste by consumers. Several reports indicated that food waste during this period was remarkably more than in pre-pandemic times. These situations were worsened as the pandemic continued. In this paper we define food loss as occurring mostly during the agricultural food production and food waste that mostly happening during distribution of food at the retailer and consumer levels. The food loss and waste (FLW) both have been shown to add to the diminution of the natural resources and the rise in greenhouse gas emissions. The high level of greenhouse gas in turn can harm the environment. In the United States (U.S.), similar to other countries, natural resources such as land (about 50%) and water (67%) are used for agriculture and food production. The main objective of this paper is therefore, to emphasize some of the current findings on the potential impact of the pandemic on the FSC which resulted in more FLW. Many reports suggest every stage of the FSC can be a significant contributor of FLW and environmental resource depletion. Long-term strategies must be implemented to keep the FSC robust, stable and sustainable during unfavorable circumstances and crises. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The global COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 triggered disruption in almost all areas of the Food Supply Chain (FSC). During this year many confounding factors contributed to the disruption of the normal FSC and impacted the system adversely. This includes the agricultural food production system, the first phase of the FSC, to the final delivery of food to consumers. Food was lost or wasted as farmers were unable to transfer and distribute the food to retailers. Food shortages became problematic and consumers were not able to obtain necessary staples. Then consumers started to purchase too much (hoarding), as they feared shortages, which resulted in both rises in food prices and in higher food waste by consumers. Several reports indicated that food waste during this period was remarkably more than in pre-pandemic times. These situations were worsened as the pandemic continued. In this paper we define food loss as occurring mostly during the agricultural food production and food waste that mostly happening during distribution of food at the retailer and consumer levels. The food loss and waste (FLW) both have been shown to add to the diminution of the natural resources and the rise in greenhouse gas emissions. The high level of greenhouse gas in turn can harm the environment. In the United States (U.S.), similar to other countries, natural resources such as land (about 50%) and water (67%) are used for agriculture and food production. The main objective of this paper is therefore, to emphasize some of the current findings on the potential impact of the pandemic on the FSC which resulted in more FLW. Many reports suggest every stage of the FSC can be a significant contributor of FLW and environmental resource depletion. Long-term strategies must be implemented to keep the FSC robust, stable and sustainable during unfavorable circumstances and crises.</span></p> ]]> Food Supply Chain During Pandemic: Changes in Food Production, Food Loss and Waste shahla m. wunderlich doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-101-112 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 2 Article 101 10.2495/EI-V4-N2-101-112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_2/EI-V4-N2-101-112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-77-89 Climate change effect on water quality performance of lakes, rivers and streams is a significant concern for watershed planning and management. Climate change characteristics may potentially increase the likelihood that waterbodies will fail to meet established water quality standards, often obligating watershed managers to undertake expensive monitoring and load allocation studies for possible remedies against such impairment. One such load allocation study involves the implementation of water quality trading (WQt), which often is proposed as a mechanism for improving surface water quality goals under a socially and economically feasible manner. However, while future growth and land use change is incorporated through a margin of safety, WQt markets do not typically incorporate the characteristics of climate change that have been suggested to exhibit strong linkages against achieving the desired levels of water quality benefit. Consequently, this modelling study evaluates the characteristics of climate change upon the levels of water quality benefit along a river system subject to distinct load removal exercises: a) removal upon point sources only and b) removal based on a point–nonpoint source trad- ing mechanism under a theoretical WQt program. this study applies such assessments upon the load allocation exercises through carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand reduction for addressing a recognized dissolved oxygen problem along the Jordan river in Utah, conducting such analyses through selected climate change projections described by the representative concentration pathways. For achieving such tasks, separate simulations are conducted through the Water Quality Assessment simulation program, evaluating the performance of such trading mechanisms under observed meteorological data against modelled climate data through selected representative concentration pathway projections under a historical period from Water year 2007 to 2009. This exercise assesses the performance of such load allocation studies subject to climatic characteristics toward suggesting linkages among climate change, water quality benefit and the effectiveness of a theoretical WQt mechanism. <![CDATA[ <p>Climate change effect on water quality performance of lakes, rivers and streams is a significant concern for watershed planning and management. Climate change characteristics may potentially increase the likelihood that waterbodies will fail to meet established water quality standards, often obligating watershed managers to undertake expensive monitoring and load allocation studies for possible remedies against such impairment. One such load allocation study involves the implementation of water quality trading (WQt), which often is proposed as a mechanism for improving surface water quality goals under a socially and economically feasible manner. However, while future growth and land use change is incorporated through a margin of safety, WQt markets do not typically incorporate the characteristics of climate change that have been suggested to exhibit strong linkages against achieving the desired levels of water quality benefit. Consequently, this modelling study evaluates the characteristics of climate change upon the levels of water quality benefit along a river system subject to distinct load removal exercises: a) removal upon point sources only and b) removal based on a point–nonpoint source trad- ing mechanism under a theoretical WQt program. this study applies such assessments upon the load allocation exercises through carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand reduction for addressing a recognized dissolved oxygen problem along the Jordan river in Utah, conducting such analyses through selected climate change projections described by the representative concentration pathways. For achieving such tasks, separate simulations are conducted through the Water Quality Assessment simulation program, evaluating the performance of such trading mechanisms under observed meteorological data against modelled climate data through selected representative concentration pathway projections under a historical period from Water year 2007 to 2009. This exercise assesses the performance of such load allocation studies subject to climatic characteristics toward suggesting linkages among climate change, water quality benefit and the effectiveness of a theoretical WQt mechanism.</p> ]]> Assessing Climate Change Linkages Related to Water Quality Trading Effectiveness for Incorporating Ancillary Benefits juhn-yuan su ramesh goel steven j. burian michael e. barber doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-77-89 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 1 Article 77 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-77-89 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-77-89 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-62-76 In modern society, the analysis of human potential includes the assessment or conditional accounting of its intellectual stock and future opportunities. The problem of preserving, developing and realizing human potential is the subject of increased public attention. It is necessary to choose a new development strategy, an innovative and promising path based on the development of new technologies, where the decisive role of the intellectual forces of society. The education system is a ‘forge’ of human potential, a kind of source of unlimited resources of intelligence, thanks to which it becomes possible to form fundamentally new ecocentric values in the developing world. Awareness of the unity and balance of socio-ecological-economic interests, which are the basis of the life of mankind, led to a fundamental idea about the transition of world-management thought to a new way of making safe environmental and economic strategic decisions and the rejection of the old, extensive path that has not justified itself. Maintaining balance in the ecological and economic systems of the intensively developing techno-sphere is unacceptable without a person’s adequate understanding of the ongoing changes associated with his continuous production and economic activities. The formulated educational, ecological and economic paradigm creates at the same time a fundamental basis for the formation of the orientation of the student’s personality, capable of realizing and self-realization of his capabilities in the field of ecology and economics, socially stable and easily adaptable, capable of developing and changing his own strategy in the transforming circumstances of life. In light of the goals and objectives of the integrated environmental and economic education, it is necessary to revise generally accepted ideas about the causes of the degradation of the planet’s ecosystem and the slowdown in global economic growth, which are not so much technological progress as the person himself, his personal qualities and personality orientation, the formation of which depends on the field of education. The developed principles of integrated environmental and economic education are considered by us as an effective tool for the training of highly qualified specialists who possess the entire set of professional knowledge and value orientations that correspond to the realities of the current unstable environmental and economic state of social development. The content of ecological and economic education serves as a factor of integration of natural science and humanitarian paradigms, and the core of this integration is ecological and economic values, the orientation of which determines the appropriate human behavior. <![CDATA[ <p>In modern society, the analysis of human potential includes the assessment or conditional accounting of its intellectual stock and future opportunities. The problem of preserving, developing and realizing human potential is the subject of increased public attention. It is necessary to choose a new development strategy, an innovative and promising path based on the development of new technologies, where the decisive role of the intellectual forces of society. The education system is a ‘forge’ of human potential, a kind of source of unlimited resources of intelligence, thanks to which it becomes possible to form fundamentally new ecocentric values in the developing world. Awareness of the unity and balance of socio-ecological-economic interests, which are the basis of the life of mankind, led to a fundamental idea about the transition of world-management thought to a new way of making safe environmental and economic strategic decisions and the rejection of the old, extensive path that has not justified itself. Maintaining balance in the ecological and economic systems of the intensively developing techno-sphere is unacceptable without a person’s adequate understanding of the ongoing changes associated with his continuous production and economic activities. The formulated educational, ecological and economic paradigm creates at the same time a fundamental basis for the formation of the orientation of the student’s personality, capable of realizing and self-realization of his capabilities in the field of ecology and economics, socially stable and easily adaptable, capable of developing and changing his own strategy in the transforming circumstances of life. In light of the goals and objectives of the integrated environmental and economic education, it is necessary to revise generally accepted ideas about the causes of the degradation of the planet’s ecosystem and the slowdown in global economic growth, which are not so much technological progress as the person himself, his personal qualities and personality orientation, the formation of which depends on the field of education. The developed principles of integrated environmental and economic education are considered by us as an effective tool for the training of highly qualified specialists who possess the entire set of professional knowledge and value orientations that correspond to the realities of the current unstable environmental and economic state of social development. The content of ecological and economic education serves as a factor of integration of natural science and humanitarian paradigms, and the core of this integration is ecological and economic values, the orientation of which determines the appropriate human behavior.</p> ]]> Sociocultural Dynamics of Sustainable Development: Formation of Human Potential in the Process of Integrated Ecological and Economic Training artem salamatov daria gordeeva alexey agapov doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-62-76 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 1 Article 62 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-62-76 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-62-76 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-49-61 The Amazon is facing challenges for solid waste management, due to its social, environmental and economic vulnerabilities. The main goal of this research was to investigate barriers of integrated municipal solid waste (MSW) management for the Amazon, applying the Delphi method. A consultation with waste management experts allowed raising the main alternatives recommended for that geographical region. In addition, in loco surveys evaluated the MSW management of three cities from Southwest Brazilian Amazon (SWBRAM): Humaitá and Manicoré, in the state of Amazonas (AM), and Ariquemes, In the state of Rondônia (RO), Brazil. A total of 35 experts responded to the consultation, and there was unanimity that the prevention of solid waste generation should be encouraged in the Amazon. There was a consensus on the treatment of MSW in the Amazon: composting of organic waste (88%) and recycling of dry waste (86%), in addition to the disposal of MSW in landfills (83%). The municipalities of Humaitá and Manicoré collect and dispose MSW in dumps. However, in Manicoré, there is a Recyclable Material Collectors Cooperative that diverts about 3.0 t month-1 of recyclable waste from the dump. Ariquemes disposes its MSW in the only sanitary landfill of SWBRAM, which receives about 135 t day-1 of the MSW generated in the 14 municipalities that form an Inter-municipal Consortium. The main challenges raised for the MSW management in the Amazon were as follows: investments in preventing MSW generation; supporting the creation of Cooperatives and the social inclusion of waste collectors; improving and integrating the river and road modals; creating conditions for the commerce of materials in Manaus recycling market; and supporting the creation of Inter-municipal Consortium for landfill construction and operation. <![CDATA[ <p>The Amazon is facing challenges for solid waste management, due to its social, environmental and economic vulnerabilities. The main goal of this research was to investigate barriers of integrated municipal solid waste (MSW) management for the Amazon, applying the Delphi method. A consultation with waste management experts allowed raising the main alternatives recommended for that geographical region. In addition, in loco surveys evaluated the MSW management of three cities from Southwest Brazilian Amazon (SWBRAM): Humaitá and Manicoré, in the state of Amazonas (AM), and Ariquemes, In the state of Rondônia (RO), Brazil. A total of 35 experts responded to the consultation, and there was unanimity that the prevention of solid waste generation should be encouraged in the Amazon. There was a consensus on the treatment of MSW in the Amazon: composting of organic waste (88%) and recycling of dry waste (86%), in addition to the disposal of MSW in landfills (83%). The municipalities of Humaitá and Manicoré collect and dispose MSW in dumps. However, in Manicoré, there is a Recyclable Material Collectors Cooperative that diverts about 3.0 t month-1 of recyclable waste from the dump. Ariquemes disposes its MSW in the only sanitary landfill of SWBRAM, which receives about 135 t day-1 of the MSW generated in the 14 municipalities that form an Inter-municipal Consortium. The main challenges raised for the MSW management in the Amazon were as follows: investments in preventing MSW generation; supporting the creation of Cooperatives and the social inclusion of waste collectors; improving and integrating the river and road modals; creating conditions for the commerce of materials in Manaus recycling market; and supporting the creation of Inter-municipal Consortium for landfill construction and operation. </p> ]]> Integrated Municipal and Solid Waste Management in the Amazon: Addressing Barriers and Challenges in Using the Delphi Method benone otávio souza de oliveira gerson araujo de medeiros michel xocaira paes sandro donnini mancini doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-49-61 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 1 Article 49 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-49-61 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-49-61 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-36-48 Increasing urbanization and changing population demographics represent two golden opportunities to reimagine how humanity may influence the trajectory of the planet. Although there is substantial information about ‘the speed in which we are falling off the cliff’ with respect to the negative effects of climate change, biodiversity loss, and nitrogen and phosphorus overuse, much less is known about how humanity may transition to living within sustainable ecological and social boundaries. Transitioning to global sustainability requires a framework that integrates both fundamental ecological boundaries with social foundations that provide basic needs. One such framework is Raworth’s Doughnut Model, where the doughnut indicates a ‘sweet spot’: meeting basic social needs of all within sustainable boundaries for earth-systems processes. While there are a global and a few national level analyses of sustainability using this framework, there are no regional level assessments. We used Raworth’s Doughnut Model to assess regional level sustainability for a mid-sized metropolitan area in the Midwestern United States. We pooled county data from government and non-profit reports to quantify social foundation and ecological boundary sustainability across one of the most populous regions in the upper Midwestern United States. Our regional doughnut analysis revealed many ecological overshoots and social deficits, and identified key areas for urban, peri-urban and rural sustainability collaborations. Our analysis also revealed the importance of geospatial variation in ecological boundary overshoot and social deficits. In many ways, our study system of the upper Midwestern United States is representative of city sizes of the future and understanding these trajectories of ecological and social parameters may inform future global sustainable pathways. <![CDATA[ <p>Increasing urbanization and changing population demographics represent two golden opportunities to reimagine how humanity may influence the trajectory of the planet. Although there is substantial information about ‘the speed in which we are falling off the cliff’ with respect to the negative effects of climate change, biodiversity loss, and nitrogen and phosphorus overuse, much less is known about how humanity may transition to living within sustainable ecological and social boundaries. Transitioning to global sustainability requires a framework that integrates both fundamental ecological boundaries with social foundations that provide basic needs. One such framework is Raworth’s Doughnut Model, where the doughnut indicates a ‘sweet spot’: meeting basic social needs of all within sustainable boundaries for earth-systems processes. While there are a global and a few national level analyses of sustainability using this framework, there are no regional level assessments. We used Raworth’s Doughnut Model to assess regional level sustainability for a mid-sized metropolitan area in the Midwestern United States. We pooled county data from government and non-profit reports to quantify social foundation and ecological boundary sustainability across one of the most populous regions in the upper Midwestern United States. Our regional doughnut analysis revealed many ecological overshoots and social deficits, and identified key areas for urban, peri-urban and rural sustainability collaborations. Our analysis also revealed the importance of geospatial variation in ecological boundary overshoot and social deficits. In many ways, our study system of the upper Midwestern United States is representative of city sizes of the future and understanding these trajectories of ecological and social parameters may inform future global sustainable pathways.</p> ]]> Toward Just and Sustainable Cities: Identifying Key Areas for Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Sustainability Collaborative Initiatives eric chapman lauren rogers adam kay doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-36-48 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 1 Article 36 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-36-48 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-36-48 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-25-35 It is estimated that Japan’s population will peak in 2008 and decline thereafter. The urban structure is expected to change significantly due to this population decline. Kkanagawa prefecture in Japan, which is the target of this study, occupies a part of the Tokyo metropolitan area, and estimates have been published that show a decline in population from 2020. In response to such a future population decline, plans are being made for a compact city with the aim of optimizing the population distribution. On the other hand, Japan is a country with high potential for many natural disaster risks. In particular, the Tokyo metropolitan area has a high probability of earthquake occurrence and is an area with high earthquake risk. We analyse the change of earthquake risk due to the future population decline and the change of earthquake risk by inducing a compact city utilizing population decline. In Kanagawa prefecture in the metropolitan area of Japan, we analysed the forecast of the decrease in residential buildings due to population decline by structure, building age and building height. The seismic damage evaluation was carried out using the same three earthquake scenarios as the seismic damage assumed by Kanagawa prefecture. The number of damaged buildings in the future was calculated for each earthquake scenario. The earthquake scenarios are 1) tshin nanbu earthquake, 2) miura peninsula fault group earthquake and 3) kanto earthquake. Building damage is estimated every 10 years from 2020 to 2040 due to population decline in each scenario. Next, we analyse the change in earthquake risk caused by the compact city policy due to population decline and other disaster prevention measures. In this study, we examined the change of the earthquake risk by the compact city plan according to the future population decrease in Kanagawa prefecture. <![CDATA[ <p>It is estimated that Japan’s population will peak in 2008 and decline thereafter. The urban structure is expected to change significantly due to this population decline. Kkanagawa prefecture in Japan, which is the target of this study, occupies a part of the Tokyo metropolitan area, and estimates have been published that show a decline in population from 2020. In response to such a future population decline, plans are being made for a compact city with the aim of optimizing the population distribution. On the other hand, Japan is a country with high potential for many natural disaster risks. In particular, the Tokyo metropolitan area has a high probability of earthquake occurrence and is an area with high earthquake risk. We analyse the change of earthquake risk due to the future population decline and the change of earthquake risk by inducing a compact city utilizing population decline. In Kanagawa prefecture in the metropolitan area of Japan, we analysed the forecast of the decrease in residential buildings due to population decline by structure, building age and building height. The seismic damage evaluation was carried out using the same three earthquake scenarios as the seismic damage assumed by Kanagawa prefecture. The number of damaged buildings in the future was calculated for each earthquake scenario. The earthquake scenarios are 1) tshin nanbu earthquake, 2) miura peninsula fault group earthquake and 3) kanto earthquake. Building damage is estimated every 10 years from 2020 to 2040 due to population decline in each scenario. Next, we analyse the change in earthquake risk caused by the compact city policy due to population decline and other disaster prevention measures. In this study, we examined the change of the earthquake risk by the compact city plan according to the future population decrease in Kanagawa prefecture.</p> ]]> Analysis on Impact of Compact City Progress on Seismic Risk Fluctuation harumi yashiro takayuki hayashin doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-25-35 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 1 Article 25 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-25-35 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-25-35 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-14-24 The retrofit of Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) has been applied successfully to properties to help mitigate future flooding and to deliver other benefits to properties, such as improvements in air and wa- ter quality, economic benefits and improved business reputation. However, the uptake of SuDS retrofit has been low due to a lack of understanding of the true costs and benefits and concerns about long-term maintenance. This study presents a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of the monetary and non-monetary val- ues of SuDS retrofit in the context of an individual property, in this case, a leisure centre. A qualitative study was carried out comprising a series of interviews with stakeholders to the property, an analysis of documentary evidence and observations on the site. The findings demonstrate the importance of teamwork amongst the stakeholders during the decision-making process in helping to overcome many of the known challenges. The willingness to pay process is used to value the tangible and intangible benefits arising from the scheme. The installation would provide a net value to the client of well over £100,000 over a 10-year period versus the installation costs of £39,000 and the return on investment would be achieved in just 3 years. The findings highlight many of the apparent barriers that need to be overcome when installing retrofit schemes and clearly demonstrate the importance of the intangible benefits derived. It is recommended that these are given full consideration at the decision-making stage and in supporting the uptake of the retrofit of SuDS. <![CDATA[ <p>The retrofit of Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) has been applied successfully to properties to help mitigate future flooding and to deliver other benefits to properties, such as improvements in air and wa- ter quality, economic benefits and improved business reputation. However, the uptake of SuDS retrofit has been low due to a lack of understanding of the true costs and benefits and concerns about long-term maintenance. This study presents a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of the monetary and non-monetary val- ues of SuDS retrofit in the context of an individual property, in this case, a leisure centre. A qualitative study was carried out comprising a series of interviews with stakeholders to the property, an analysis of documentary evidence and observations on the site. The findings demonstrate the importance of teamwork amongst the stakeholders during the decision-making process in helping to overcome many of the known challenges. The willingness to pay process is used to value the tangible and intangible benefits arising from the scheme. The installation would provide a net value to the client of well over £100,000 over a 10-year period versus the installation costs of £39,000 and the return on investment would be achieved in just 3 years. The findings highlight many of the apparent barriers that need to be overcome when installing retrofit schemes and clearly demonstrate the importance of the intangible benefits derived. It is recommended that these are given full consideration at the decision-making stage and in supporting the uptake of the retrofit of SuDS.</p> ]]> Cost-Benefit Analysis (Cba) Of Sustainable Drainage Systems (Suds) Retrofit: A Case Study oluwayemi a. oladunjoye david g. proverbs beck collins hong xiao doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-14-24 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 1 Article 14 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-14-24 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-14-24 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-1-13 PEMEX Urban Park is an urban regeneration project focused on the remediation and reclamation of PEMEX’s brownfield and the adjacent natural lagoon ‘Laguna La Escondida’ located in the city of Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The 65-hectare brownfield is strategically located within the urban center, one of the causes of high levels of air and water pollutants in the city. Historically, the presence of the oil refinery generated dystopic neighbourhoods, some with no access to public spaces, others with inadequate conditions for any type of sustainable community engagement. The natural lagoon, the ‘Laguna La Escondida’, is a 152-hectare body of water, contaminated by toxic metals and chemicals produced by the refinery and the city’s uncontrolled rapid growth. Although contaminated, the lagoon is an essential resource for many local floras and migrating species of fauna. This study includes a thorough analysis of comparable precedents of industrial heritage sites, their associated values and strategies of transformation of polluted landscapes, demonstrating the needs of a broader urban-hydro-ecological approach, emerging from the desire to revive and reintegrate nature into the city. Site analysis and case studies also highlight the important role of culture, of the history embedded in the place, as well as the communities interlinked with the oil refinery. The project, implementing the transformation of PEMEX oil refinery into an urban park, will keep the refinery infrastructure untouched as a memory of the past, acting as a catalyst for eco-socio-cultural activities, providing the community with a place to reconnect as a civic society. The proposal enhances the inherent values of the site, such as history, culture and nature. While purification of water is the focus of this new urban-hydro-ecological proposal, the research suggests alternative remediation strategies that will reverse the damage without compromising future generations’ wellbeing. Phytoremediation and rhizo-filtration strategies are analysed as a technique to clean the toxins and heavy metals from the contaminated soil and water. The bioremediation of the lagoon would increase water-quality and reinstate the biodiversity. PEMEX Urban Park envisions an urban eco-hydrological future of the area and re-imagine it as a social condenser in response to capitalism as a form of urbanization. <![CDATA[ <p>PEMEX Urban Park is an urban regeneration project focused on the remediation and reclamation of PEMEX’s brownfield and the adjacent natural lagoon ‘Laguna La Escondida’ located in the city of Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The 65-hectare brownfield is strategically located within the urban center, one of the causes of high levels of air and water pollutants in the city. Historically, the presence of the oil refinery generated dystopic neighbourhoods, some with no access to public spaces, others with inadequate conditions for any type of sustainable community engagement. The natural lagoon, the ‘Laguna La Escondida’, is a 152-hectare body of water, contaminated by toxic metals and chemicals produced by the refinery and the city’s uncontrolled rapid growth. Although contaminated, the lagoon is an essential resource for many local floras and migrating species of fauna. This study includes a thorough analysis of comparable precedents of industrial heritage sites, their associated values and strategies of transformation of polluted landscapes, demonstrating the needs of a broader urban-hydro-ecological approach, emerging from the desire to revive and reintegrate nature into the city. Site analysis and case studies also highlight the important role of culture, of the history embedded in the place, as well as the communities interlinked with the oil refinery. The project, implementing the transformation of PEMEX oil refinery into an urban park, will keep the refinery infrastructure untouched as a memory of the past, acting as a catalyst for eco-socio-cultural activities, providing the community with a place to reconnect as a civic society. The proposal enhances the inherent values of the site, such as history, culture and nature. While purification of water is the focus of this new urban-hydro-ecological proposal, the research suggests alternative remediation strategies that will reverse the damage without compromising future generations’ wellbeing. Phytoremediation and rhizo-filtration strategies are analysed as a technique to clean the toxins and heavy metals from the contaminated soil and water. The bioremediation of the lagoon would increase water-quality and reinstate the biodiversity. PEMEX Urban Park envisions an urban eco-hydrological future of the area and re-imagine it as a social condenser in response to capitalism as a form of urbanization.</p> ]]> Introductory Approach to Eco-Hydrological Urbanism: The Adaptive Reuse of Pemex Former Refinery in Reynosa, Mexico jose antonio herrera doi: 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-1-13 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2021 4 1 Article 1 10.2495/EI-V4-N1-1-13 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2021_4_1/EI-V4-N1-1-13 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_4/EI-V3-N4-363-374 According to the United Nations, presently, approximately 54% of the world’s population lives in urban areas, with the number expected to increase to 66% by 2050. Urban areas that are ill prepared to deal with their present population needs will have to develop and manage housing, healthcare, education, transportation, infrastructure and food production for an additional 2.5 billion people. Because of this, managing urban areas has become one of the most important development challenges of our century. When we add to this equation climate change and shortage of land produced by the increase in the sea level, we end up with large populations with nowhere to place them. Communities near the water will have to start developing new typologies in housing designed to float as a means to adapt to the changes in the sea level produced by global warming. The following research is part of an on-going process of developing adaptable design of dwelling typologies for the immediate future. In this paper, I will be presenting a proposal for a floating dwelling typology designed to adapt to the evolution of three aspects of life: the social one, mainly dealing with how the idea of the traditional family has given way to multiple types of social micro-communities that are forcing residential design into a much more adaptable typological complexity; the labour aspect, estimating a growth on working online and of self- employment, turning their residences into offices or micro-factories where they will produce, package and sell their products with the help of the internet using online marketplaces and the food production aspect, where the next generation dwelling unit will reclaim certain elements of farming and resettle them in the city. <![CDATA[ <p>According to the United Nations, presently, approximately 54% of the world’s population lives in urban areas, with the number expected to increase to 66% by 2050. Urban areas that are ill prepared to deal with their present population needs will have to develop and manage housing, healthcare, education, transportation, infrastructure and food production for an additional 2.5 billion people. Because of this, managing urban areas has become one of the most important development challenges of our century. When we add to this equation climate change and shortage of land produced by the increase in the sea level, we end up with large populations with nowhere to place them. Communities near the water will have to start developing new typologies in housing designed to float as a means to adapt to the changes in the sea level produced by global warming. The following research is part of an on-going process of developing adaptable design of dwelling typologies for the immediate future. In this paper, I will be presenting a proposal for a floating dwelling typology designed to adapt to the evolution of three aspects of life: the social one, mainly dealing with how the idea of the traditional family has given way to multiple types of social micro-communities that are forcing residential design into a much more adaptable typological complexity; the labour aspect, estimating a growth on working online and of self- employment, turning their residences into offices or micro-factories where they will produce, package and sell their products with the help of the internet using online marketplaces and the food production aspect, where the next generation dwelling unit will reclaim certain elements of farming and resettle them in the city.</p> ]]> The Future Of Dwelling: Rocking The Houseboat camilo cerro doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N4-363-374 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 4 Article 363 10.2495/EI-V3-N4-363-374 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_4/EI-V3-N4-363-374 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_4/EI-V3-N4-352-362 Pumped-Hydro Storage (P-HS) technology has received some significant attention in energy storage. However, its application towards flood risk mitigation is a new dimension, which merits consideration given some of the technical characteristics and the system’s components. This study draws on a synthesis of the existing body of knowledge to postulate the potential nexus between P-HS operation and flood risk mitigation. This study represents the first attempt to explore the potential application of P-HS towards mitigating flood risk and also considers some of the other multiple benefits. The study raises a number of questions and considerations including, for example, what is the link between energy storage and flood risk mitigation?; what are the key areas that require consideration for the application of P-HS in flood risk mitigation?; how can the development of P-HS benefit flood risk mitigation? and how can this be achieved in a way that draws the interests of stakeholders and investors? A conceptual framework that seeks to establish these links alongside key areas that require consideration in line with the proposed application of P-HS in flood risk mitigation is presented. Thereafter, a discussion of the multiple benefits that P-HS could provide is presented, including improved environmental resilience as well as wider economic benefits. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Pumped-Hydro Storage (P-HS) technology has received some significant attention in energy storage. However, its application towards flood risk mitigation is a new dimension, which merits consideration given some of the technical characteristics and the system’s components. This study draws on a synthesis of the existing body of knowledge to postulate the potential nexus between P-HS operation and flood risk mitigation. This study represents the first attempt to explore the potential application of P-HS towards mitigating flood risk and also considers some of the other multiple benefits. The study raises a number of questions and considerations including, for example, what is the link between energy storage and flood risk mitigation?; what are the key areas that require consideration for the application of P-HS in flood risk mitigation?; how can the development of P-HS benefit flood risk mitigation? and how can this be achieved in a way that draws the interests of stakeholders and investors? A conceptual framework that seeks to establish these links alongside key areas that require consideration in line with the proposed application of P-HS in flood risk mitigation is presented. Thereafter, a discussion of the multiple benefits that P-HS could provide is presented, including improved environmental resilience as well as wider economic benefits.</span></p> ]]> Pumped-Hydro Storage Systems and Flood Risk Mitigation: A Proposed Nexus oluseye a. adebimpe david proverbs victor o. oladokun doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N4-352-362 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 4 Article 352 10.2495/EI-V3-N4-352-362 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_4/EI-V3-N4-352-362 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_4/EI-V3-N4-339-351 Mountainous forested regions are the major sources of water for meeting downstream water demands in many parts of the world, including the United States, where two-thirds of the freshwater supply is estimated to originate from these areas. Wildfires pose significant threats to downstream urban infrastructure and livelihoods by impacting the timing, quantity and quality of waters emerging from these forested ecosystems. Wildfires affect key processes of the water cycle by reducing infiltration and interception, resulting in higher runoff volumes. Predicting post-fire flood events is important for proper water management and planning, including the safety of downstream communities. The objective of the study is to determine how changes in the locations of wildfire events coupled with the type (severity) of fire events affect peak flow regimes of high mountain watersheds. American Fork, a high mountain forest watershed in Utah with an area of 60 sq. miles (155 sq. km) and elevations ranging from 5,000 ft. to 11,700 ft. (1550 m to 3600 m), is taken as the study area. A historical fire event that took place in a neighbouring watershed was superimposed on three different locations of the studying watershed with varying severity. A hydrologic model named Distributed Hydrologic Soil vegetation Model was used to predict the flows due to changes in land cover and hydrologic processes for different wildfire events. Changes in peak flow due to different wildfire events at different locations of the watershed are analysed to estimate how location and type of wildfire events affect the peak flow regimes of the watershed and how thus it affects the overall downstream water supply. This study also identifies the critical location in the watershed for which the peak flow regime of the watershed will be most vulnerable due to a certain extent of wildfire. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Mountainous forested regions are the major sources of water for meeting downstream water demands in many parts of the world, including the United States, where two-thirds of the freshwater supply is estimated to originate from these areas. Wildfires pose significant threats to downstream urban infrastructure and livelihoods by impacting the timing, quantity and quality of waters emerging from these forested ecosystems. Wildfires affect key processes of the water cycle by reducing infiltration and interception, resulting in higher runoff volumes. Predicting post-fire flood events is important for proper water management and planning, including the safety of downstream communities. The objective of the study is to determine how changes in the locations of wildfire events coupled with the type (severity) of fire events affect peak flow regimes of high mountain watersheds. American Fork, a high mountain forest watershed in Utah with an area of 60 sq. miles (155 sq. km) and elevations ranging from 5,000 ft. to 11,700 ft. (1550 m to 3600 m), is taken as the study area. A historical fire event that took place in a neighbouring watershed was superimposed on three different locations of the studying watershed with varying severity. A hydrologic model named Distributed Hydrologic Soil vegetation Model was used to predict the flows due to changes in land cover and hydrologic processes for different wildfire events. Changes in peak flow due to different wildfire events at different locations of the watershed are analysed to estimate how location and type of wildfire events affect the peak flow regimes of the watershed and how thus it affects the overall downstream water supply. This study also identifies the critical location in the watershed for which the peak flow regime of the watershed will be most vulnerable due to a certain extent of wildfire.</span></p> ]]> Determining the Impacts of Wildfires on Peak Flood Flows in High Mountain Watersheds mohammad m. hasan steven j. burian michael e. barber doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N4-339-351 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 4 Article 339 10.2495/EI-V3-N4-339-351 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_4/EI-V3-N4-339-351 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_4/EI-V3-N4-325-338 In warm locations the effect that (strong) solar radiation is first absorbed on the outer surface, then transferred through the construction materials and finally arrives at the inner surface heating it up may be remarkable. The corresponding physical models describe this dynamical thermal behaviour, which is described by the quantities decrement factor (also known as temperature-amplitude-damping) and delay. There are two measures to reduce negative effects; thermal insulation and thermal inertness (mass). The paper investigates this effect in the warm and humid climate of Sao Carlos, Brazil. A typical living room is defined and both traditional and contemporary external wall constructions are proposed and assessed in regard to their thermal behaviour.The corresponding local standards NBR 15575 and 15220 give thresholds for stationary and dynami- cal physical behaviour. The proposed constructions were assessed, and it was found they fulfil all the obligatory NBR 15575 standards (U-value and thermal storage mass) but not the wider recommendations of NBR 15220. All constructions were also assessed with the European standard ISO 13786 that describes the dynamical physical behaviour precisely, whereas the Brazilian standards use approximate formulas.The selected room was investigated with the transient simulation software Primero-Comfort and the resulting indoor operative temperatures were assessed. Traditional constructions (brick) show very good values, whereas contemporary constructions (concrete slab, hollow concrete element) do not. The differences in indoor operative temperature lie in the range of two degrees, especially for the daily peaks.Furthermore, wood-based constructions were proposed and simulated. The room already behaved better with the simplest construction (two sheets of plywood) than contemporary constructions. A filling with 5 cm thermal insulation leads to very good values.Finally, recommendations for the currently used standards are given. Only the quantities of ISO13786 correlate well with the results; it describes the physical behaviour well and should be used to derive thresholds. NBR 15220 describes the decrement delay in satisfying correlation with the results but fails in the corresponding quantity for the decrement factor. Additionally, the obligatory NBR 15575 excludes light wood-based constructions even though such constructions behave well in the regarded climate. Both standards should be adapted. <![CDATA[ <p>In warm locations the effect that (strong) solar radiation is first absorbed on the outer surface, then transferred through the construction materials and finally arrives at the inner surface heating it up may be remarkable. The corresponding physical models describe this dynamical thermal behaviour, which is described by the quantities decrement factor (also known as temperature-amplitude-damping) and delay. There are two measures to reduce negative effects; thermal insulation and thermal inertness (mass). The paper investigates this effect in the warm and humid climate of Sao Carlos, Brazil. A typical living room is defined and both traditional and contemporary external wall constructions are proposed and assessed in regard to their thermal behaviour.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The corresponding local standards NBR 15575 and 15220 give thresholds for stationary and dynami- cal physical behaviour. The proposed constructions were assessed, and it was found they fulfil all the obligatory NBR 15575 standards (U-value and thermal storage mass) but not the wider recommendations of NBR 15220. All constructions were also assessed with the European standard ISO 13786 that describes the dynamical physical behaviour precisely, whereas the Brazilian standards use approximate formulas.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The selected room was investigated with the transient simulation software Primero-Comfort and the resulting indoor operative temperatures were assessed. Traditional constructions (brick) show very good values, whereas contemporary constructions (concrete slab, hollow concrete element) do not. The differences in indoor operative temperature lie in the range of two degrees, especially for the daily peaks.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Furthermore, wood-based constructions were proposed and simulated. The room already behaved better with the simplest construction (two sheets of plywood) than contemporary constructions. A filling with 5 cm thermal insulation leads to very good values.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Finally, recommendations for the currently used standards are given. Only the quantities of ISO13786 correlate well with the results; it describes the physical behaviour well and should be used to derive thresholds. NBR 15220 describes the decrement delay in satisfying correlation with the results but fails in the corresponding quantity for the decrement factor. Additionally, the obligatory NBR 15575 excludes light wood-based constructions even though such constructions behave well in the regarded climate. Both standards should be adapted.</p> ]]> Impact of Dynamical Thermal Behaviour of External Constructions on Indoor Temperature in Warm Locations: The Case of Sao Carlos, Brazil udo dietrich doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N4-325-338 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 4 Article 325 10.2495/EI-V3-N4-325-338 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_4/EI-V3-N4-325-338 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_4/EI-V3-N4-314-324 The fifth report of the European Commission, COM (2019) 95final, on the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (Second River basin Management Plans 2000/60/EU and First Flood Risk Management Plans 2007/60/EU), in order to coordinate the authorities involved and exploit synergies, recommends that Spain considers flooding within the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. The operation of dams on the territory of the Community is proposed by Spain in the EU Guidance document No. 24 “River basin Management in a Changing Climate” (TR-2009-040) as a measure of resilience to water scarcity, accentuated by climate change.Optimal management of water resources in catchments and their surroundings ensures the different uses of water: ecological (protected areas and population supply), agricultural, industrial and recreational, as well as flood safety of people and property. Land use planning that includes areas of temporary flooding during high precipitations, run-off or overflow can contribute significantly to improve the operation of reservoirs.In this article, we analyse the flood areas of different types of watersheds, based on real cases, defined by a variety of geo-morphologies downstream of the dam (channels, gullies and flat-bottomed troughs, flood plains) and by current anthropogenic uses occupying the territory. The results are analysed with reference to their potential for synergy with the operation of the upstream water reservoir. Key trends shown are proposed to be translated into coefficients of reduction in environmental and socioeconomic damages within the model of spillways simulation. <![CDATA[ <p>The fifth report of the European Commission, COM (2019) 95final, on the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (Second River basin Management Plans 2000/60/EU and First Flood Risk Management Plans 2007/60/EU), in order to coordinate the authorities involved and exploit synergies, recommends that Spain considers flooding within the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. The operation of dams on the territory of the Community is proposed by Spain in the EU Guidance document No. 24 “River basin Management in a Changing Climate” (TR-2009-040) as a measure of resilience to water scarcity, accentuated by climate change.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Optimal management of water resources in catchments and their surroundings ensures the different uses of water: ecological (protected areas and population supply), agricultural, industrial and recreational, as well as flood safety of people and property. Land use planning that includes areas of temporary flooding during high precipitations, run-off or overflow can contribute significantly to improve the operation of reservoirs.</p><p style="text-align: justify">In this article, we analyse the flood areas of different types of watersheds, based on real cases, defined by a variety of geo-morphologies downstream of the dam (channels, gullies and flat-bottomed troughs, flood plains) and by current anthropogenic uses occupying the territory. The results are analysed with reference to their potential for synergy with the operation of the upstream water reservoir. Key trends shown are proposed to be translated into coefficients of reduction in environmental and socioeconomic damages within the model of spillways simulation.</p> ]]> Management Synergies: Water Resources and Flooding maria-carmen vicente-torres josé-sergio palencia-jiménez eric gielen doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N4-314-324 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 4 Article 314 10.2495/EI-V3-N4-314-324 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_4/EI-V3-N4-314-324 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_3/EI-V3-N3-248-259 The Snake River Plain is a rapidly growing region in southwestern Idaho, USA. The Snake River Plain is arid and receives less than 300 mm of annual precipitation. Even though this is a desert biome, irrigation water from the local mountains transforms the region into an agricultural oasis. However, there is a finite amount of available water. The region is rapidly growing as the population is annually increasing by 20,000 people. Thus, there is a rapid transformation from irrigated farmland to suburbs. The goals of this paper are to evaluate: (1) population growth, (2) public opinion about the pros and cons of population growth, (3) current agricultural crops and water use, (4) if water is actually a limited commodity and (5) strategies to optimize the population growth-agriculture nexus in southwestern Idaho. This rapid population growth is displacing traditional irrigated agriculture and shifting a portion of the water use to the urban sector. The population of the six-county region that comprises the Snake River Plain in southwestern Idaho has grown from 202,400 in 1970 to 744,800 in 2019. Most of the growth is not natural, but rather caused by in-migration from other states, especially California, Utah and Washington. The population growth rate is actually increasing. Consequently, up to 45% of the farmland in the valley may be transformed into urban/suburban housing in the next 25 years. The purpose of this paper was originally to determine the strategies needed to maintain sustainable water resources for both the urban and agricultural sectors. However, many planners are unsure of the impact of changing water use from agriculture to urban on the total amount of water that will be needed. Annual irrigation water use ranges from 400 to 1,150 mm depending on the crop. Water use differences between crops may allow for better water management as land use changes. It is unclear if the suburban/urban development of the irrigated farmland will result in an increased, decreased or unchanged demand for water use. Because of this uncertainty about water demand the proposed strategy to cope with changing land use is water neutral. Irrigated agriculture in the six-county area will lose up to 45% of its land base by 2045. To reduce the impact of the land base loss agriculture should focus on retaining or expanding its high value crops – vegetable seeds, onions, hops and mint. The agriculture industry should reduce the amount of land devoted to cereals, alfalfa and hay pastures over the net 25 years. An implemented crop selection strategy could partially offset the economic loss to agriculture associated with a major reduction of irrigated land. The best soils (capability classes 1 and 2) should be protected to continue to support irrigated agriculture. Conversely, soils with capability. <![CDATA[ <p>The Snake River Plain is a rapidly growing region in southwestern Idaho, USA. The Snake River Plain is arid and receives less than 300 mm of annual precipitation. Even though this is a desert biome, irrigation water from the local mountains transforms the region into an agricultural oasis. However, there is a finite amount of available water. The region is rapidly growing as the population is annually increasing by 20,000 people. Thus, there is a rapid transformation from irrigated farmland to suburbs. The goals of this paper are to evaluate: (1) population growth, (2) public opinion about the pros and cons of population growth, (3) current agricultural crops and water use, (4) if water is actually a limited commodity and (5) strategies to optimize the population growth-agriculture nexus in southwestern Idaho. This rapid population growth is displacing traditional irrigated agriculture and shifting a portion of the water use to the urban sector. The population of the six-county region that comprises the Snake River Plain in southwestern Idaho has grown from 202,400 in 1970 to 744,800 in 2019. Most of the growth is not natural, but rather caused by in-migration from other states, especially California, Utah and Washington. The population growth rate is actually increasing. Consequently, up to 45% of the farmland in the valley may be transformed into urban/suburban housing in the next 25 years. The purpose of this paper was originally to determine the strategies needed to maintain sustainable water resources for both the urban and agricultural sectors. However, many planners are unsure of the impact of changing water use from agriculture to urban on the total amount of water that will be needed. Annual irrigation water use ranges from 400 to 1,150 mm depending on the crop. Water use differences between crops may allow for better water management as land use changes. It is unclear if the suburban/urban development of the irrigated farmland will result in an increased, decreased or unchanged demand for water use. Because of this uncertainty about water demand the proposed strategy to cope with changing land use is water neutral. Irrigated agriculture in the six-county area will lose up to 45% of its land base by 2045. To reduce the impact of the land base loss agriculture should focus on retaining or expanding its high value crops – vegetable seeds, onions, hops and mint. The agriculture industry should reduce the amount of land devoted to cereals, alfalfa and hay pastures over the net 25 years. An implemented crop selection strategy could partially offset the economic loss to agriculture associated with a major reduction of irrigated land. The best soils (capability classes 1 and 2) should be protected to continue to support irrigated agriculture. Conversely, soils with capability.</p> ]]> The Water Nexus in Southwestern Idaho, Usa: Development Versus Agriculture robert l. mahler doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N3-248-259 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 3 Article 248 10.2495/EI-V3-N3-248-259 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_3/EI-V3-N3-248-259 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_3/EI-V3-N3-238-247 Ecosystem degradation and unsustainable use of natural resources, coupled with climate change and other environmental stressors, are putting ecosystem services under threat. Also at risk is the health of citizens who live in damaged environments with polluted air, water and soil. The related dangers to health should give particular cause for concern, especially since most 21st-century health care initiatives involve little spending on prevention and health protection. The rapid rise of China has created new challenges as political-economic drivers (urbanisation, industrialisation, mechanisation, globalisation and modernisation) multiply environmental stressors and caused mounting health problems. While there is a trade-off between ecosystem benefits and economic gain, it is essential to note that a healthy society is better able to deal with challenges as they emerge. There is a need for more investment in the monitoring of environmental stressors and climate change. This research paper addresses some of the health issues arising from environmental changes that prejudice the health and wellbeing of China’s people. Along with China’s anti-poverty measures, the situation requires multi-sectoral collaboration on multilevels within the health system. It needs to focus on disease prevention, underlying health prob- lems, and contributing elements driven by social-political-economic factors. Such features of China’s society and families as rapid population aging, the phenomenon of ‘three generations – one roof’ (elderly people, their children and grandchildren) as well as migration (rural–urban, urban–urban) need to be considered. The global challenge of the current COVID-19 pandemic is a wake-up call showing the need to pay more attention to the complexity of the system. There is a need to be conscious that the state of the ecosystem can change ‘unexpectedly’ and ‘unannounced’ in response to environmental change, causing ‘undesirable’ loss of ecological and economic resources and threatening the most basic need of the present generation, ‘food and shelter’ security. <![CDATA[ <p>Ecosystem degradation and unsustainable use of natural resources, coupled with climate change and other environmental stressors, are putting ecosystem services under threat. Also at risk is the health of citizens who live in damaged environments with polluted air, water and soil. The related dangers to health should give particular cause for concern, especially since most 21st-century health care initiatives involve little spending on prevention and health protection. The rapid rise of China has created new challenges as political-economic drivers (urbanisation, industrialisation, mechanisation, globalisation and modernisation) multiply environmental stressors and caused mounting health problems. While there is a trade-off between ecosystem benefits and economic gain, it is essential to note that a healthy society is better able to deal with challenges as they emerge. There is a need for more investment in the monitoring of environmental stressors and climate change. This research paper addresses some of the health issues arising from environmental changes that prejudice the health and wellbeing of China’s people. Along with China’s anti-poverty measures, the situation requires multi-sectoral collaboration on multilevels within the health system. It needs to focus on disease prevention, underlying health prob- lems, and contributing elements driven by social-political-economic factors. Such features of China’s society and families as rapid population aging, the phenomenon of ‘three generations – one roof’ (elderly people, their children and grandchildren) as well as migration (rural–urban, urban–urban) need to be considered. The global challenge of the current COVID-19 pandemic is a wake-up call showing the need to pay more attention to the complexity of the system. There is a need to be conscious that the state of the ecosystem can change ‘unexpectedly’ and ‘unannounced’ in response to environmental change, causing ‘undesirable’ loss of ecological and economic resources and threatening the most basic need of the present generation, ‘food and shelter’ security.</p> ]]> The Future? Let’s First Write a Narrative of Our Present nasrin sterling jianjun xu doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N3-238-247 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 3 Article 238 10.2495/EI-V3-N3-238-247 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_3/EI-V3-N3-238-247 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_3/EI-V3-N3-219-237 Adult fish health surveys are part of Canada’s Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) programs for both metal mining and pulp and paper sectors under Canada’s Fisheries Act. Similar protocols are used within the Joint Oil Sands Monitoring (JOSM) plan to develop baseline health for fish populations within the lower Athabasca River, Fort McMurray. Results reported here focus on the health of white sucker at five sites including upstream reference sites outside of the oil sands formation, a site within the formation upstream of oil sands industrial activity, and sites within the formation downstream of oil sands development. The objective here was to provide baseline data addressing questions regarding fish health based on site location. Additionally, an assessment of reproductive function (circulating steroid levels, secondary sex characteristics, gonad size and total fecundity) was conducted. To accumulate a strong baseline of fish health at the five sites, fish were collected for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Consistent changes in the health of white suckers within the formation itself were demonstrated with increased change documented downstream of oil sands development (2011–2012). Fish within the formation and downstream of oil sands development had increased condition factor and increased levels of internal fat stores relative to fish upstream of the oil sands area, changes confirmed in our 2012 collections. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in the liver was induced in fish within the formation with some increases downstream of oil sands development indicating increased exposure to inducing compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic compounds. Reproductive endpoints were not consistently al- tered in fish collected within the formation or downstream of oil sands development. Follow-up studies in 2013 identified potential improvements in fish health both within the formation and downstream of oil sands development. With a strong baseline of fish health presented here, the program will use critical effects sizes to monitor future fish health. <![CDATA[ <p>Adult fish health surveys are part of Canada’s Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) programs for both metal mining and pulp and paper sectors under Canada’s Fisheries Act. Similar protocols are used within the Joint Oil Sands Monitoring (JOSM) plan to develop baseline health for fish populations within the lower Athabasca River, Fort McMurray. Results reported here focus on the health of white sucker at five sites including upstream reference sites outside of the oil sands formation, a site within the formation upstream of oil sands industrial activity, and sites within the formation downstream of oil sands development. The objective here was to provide baseline data addressing questions regarding fish health based on site location. Additionally, an assessment of reproductive function (circulating steroid levels, secondary sex characteristics, gonad size and total fecundity) was conducted. To accumulate a strong baseline of fish health at the five sites, fish were collected for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Consistent changes in the health of white suckers within the formation itself were demonstrated with increased change documented downstream of oil sands development (2011–2012). Fish within the formation and downstream of oil sands development had increased condition factor and increased levels of internal fat stores relative to fish upstream of the oil sands area, changes confirmed in our 2012 collections. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in the liver was induced in fish within the formation with some increases downstream of oil sands development indicating increased exposure to inducing compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic compounds. Reproductive endpoints were not consistently al- tered in fish collected within the formation or downstream of oil sands development. Follow-up studies in 2013 identified potential improvements in fish health both within the formation and downstream of oil sands development. With a strong baseline of fish health presented here, the program will use critical effects sizes to monitor future fish health.</p> ]]> Baseline White Sucker Health and Reproductive Endpoints for Use in Assessment of Further Development in the Alberta Oil Sands mark e. mcmaster gerald r. tetreault thomas clark jim bennett jessie cunningham erin j. ussery marlene evans doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N3-219-237 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 3 Article 219 10.2495/EI-V3-N3-219-237 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_3/EI-V3-N3-219-237 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_3/EI-V3-N3-207-218 The Island of S. Tomé, located in the Gulf of Guinea, is part of one of the smallest countries on Earth, registering only 163,784 residents. It is also a very biodiverse equatorial environment, discovered by the Portuguese, in 1470. Exuberant native vegetation covers most of the island, even though it has suffered logging in order to give way to sugar plantations between 1494 and 1610, as well as coffee and cocoa plantations from 1780 onwards. Current submission stems from research conducted in the now independent country, in 2019, by the University of Lisbon. The objective was to find out if the depredation suffered in colonial times had any significant impacts on the environment, on food security and on the wellbeing of the Gulf of Guinea islanders. Methodology was three-fold: (1) examination of old manu- scripts and recent literature about the history of plantations, so as to enumerate the plant species existent in the beginning of colonisation and the ones introduced during colonisation; (2) survey to fifty urban residents, in modern times, so as to evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of Portuguese presence and economic management; (3) identification of flora. The in-depth interviews aimed four focus groups: (i) fruit, roots, staples, spices, and medicinal plant traders, found in markets and along the streets (74%); (ii) urban and peri-urban farmers that cultivated food plants, spices and medicinal flora (20%); (iii) traditional healers also involved in flora cultivation (4%); (iv) one touristic guide that traded medicines grown and processed in a botanical Garden, located further inland (2%). The survey accounted for 111 botanical species, some of which were native. The hope is to contribute for a better understanding of the evolution of flora consumption in Africa, and to explain why there was no serious depredation in this Gulf of Guinea Equatorial environment. <![CDATA[ <p>The Island of S. Tomé, located in the Gulf of Guinea, is part of one of the smallest countries on Earth, registering only 163,784 residents. It is also a very biodiverse equatorial environment, discovered by the Portuguese, in 1470. Exuberant native vegetation covers most of the island, even though it has suffered logging in order to give way to sugar plantations between 1494 and 1610, as well as coffee and cocoa plantations from 1780 onwards. Current submission stems from research conducted in the now independent country, in 2019, by the University of Lisbon. The objective was to find out if the depredation suffered in colonial times had any significant impacts on the environment, on food security and on the wellbeing of the Gulf of Guinea islanders. Methodology was three-fold: (1) examination of old manu- scripts and recent literature about the history of plantations, so as to enumerate the plant species existent in the beginning of colonisation and the ones introduced during colonisation; (2) survey to fifty urban residents, in modern times, so as to evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of Portuguese presence and economic management; (3) identification of flora. The in-depth interviews aimed four focus groups: (i) fruit, roots, staples, spices, and medicinal plant traders, found in markets and along the streets (74%); (ii) urban and peri-urban farmers that cultivated food plants, spices and medicinal flora (20%); (iii) traditional healers also involved in flora cultivation (4%); (iv) one touristic guide that traded medicines grown and processed in a botanical Garden, located further inland (2%). The survey accounted for 111 botanical species, some of which were native. The hope is to contribute for a better understanding of the evolution of flora consumption in Africa, and to explain why there was no serious depredation in this Gulf of Guinea Equatorial environment.</p> ]]> The Evolution of Flora in The Island of S. Tomé–the Social, Economic and Environmental Impacts of Colonisation isabel maria madaleno doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N3-207-218 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 3 Article 207 10.2495/EI-V3-N3-207-218 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_3/EI-V3-N3-207-218 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_3/EI-V3-N3-189-206 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), although necessarily focussing on the negative impacts of projects, plans or policies, can also be a tool for quickly assessing impacts and prioritising environmental actions. Nowhere is this more effective than in the grassroots context of informal settlements. Worldwide, the number of people living in informal settlements is increasing, including in the rapidly urbanising countries of south-east Asia. The informal settlement at Hue Citadel, Vietnam, a UNESCO World Heritage site, grew during the American War in Vietnam in response to displacement and the need for protection from warfare. Temporary accommodation sprung-up behind the historical fortified ramparts and moat and is often the case with informal settlements, once temporarily established it flourished. The informal settlement now comprises hundreds of combined residential and business dwellings. Without adequate access to clean water, waste management or sanitation, coupled with a lack of infrastructure, the Hue informal settlement has impacted upon the surrounding environment. A resettlement plan has now been implemented by the government which will see residents relocated several kilometres away from the Citadel. Using the Citadel as a case study, this paper considers whether formal EIA could be adapted to rapidly assess the environmental impacts of informal settlements. Based upon the outcomes of this adaptive form of EIA, socio-economic surveys and available scientific literature, consideration could be given as to whether the implementation of an environmental improvement plan might allow people to remain living in an area within which they have strong social and cultural capital. <![CDATA[ <p>Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), although necessarily focussing on the negative impacts of projects, plans or policies, can also be a tool for quickly assessing impacts and prioritising environmental actions. Nowhere is this more effective than in the grassroots context of informal settlements. Worldwide, the number of people living in informal settlements is increasing, including in the rapidly urbanising countries of south-east Asia. The informal settlement at Hue Citadel, Vietnam, a UNESCO World Heritage site, grew during the American War in Vietnam in response to displacement and the need for protection from warfare. Temporary accommodation sprung-up behind the historical fortified ramparts and moat and is often the case with informal settlements, once temporarily established it flourished. The informal settlement now comprises hundreds of combined residential and business dwellings. Without adequate access to clean water, waste management or sanitation, coupled with a lack of infrastructure, the Hue informal settlement has impacted upon the surrounding environment. A resettlement plan has now been implemented by the government which will see residents relocated several kilometres away from the Citadel. Using the Citadel as a case study, this paper considers whether formal EIA could be adapted to rapidly assess the environmental impacts of informal settlements. Based upon the outcomes of this adaptive form of EIA, socio-economic surveys and available scientific literature, consideration could be given as to whether the implementation of an environmental improvement plan might allow people to remain living in an area within which they have strong social and cultural capital.</p> ]]> Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Informal Settlements in Vietnam: The Case Study of the Hue Citadel Unesco World Heritage Site bronte nixon doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N3-189-206 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 3 Article 189 10.2495/EI-V3-N3-189-206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_3/EI-V3-N3-189-206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-168-179 Pollution of soil and water environments is mainly due to different anthropogenic factors, and the pres- ence of organic contaminants, in particular persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic ones, arouses concern for their possible effects on environment and human health. One nature-based technology that can be used in biodegradation of contaminated soil and water is microbial fuel cells (MFCs). They are also capable of producing energy and of being used as environmental sensors. In this context, this article aims at presenting the capacity of MFCs to reduce environmental pollution by exploiting the process of bioelectrochemical utilization of organic matter via microbial metabolism, to generate usable by- products, fuels and bioelectricity. The main characteristic of an MFC, when used for energy harvest- ing, is the absence of emissions of pollutant gases such as CO, CO2, SOx or NOx. This characteristic, together with the intrinsic capacity of bioreactors to decontaminate soils and water, is stimulating the research into engineering solutions exploiting the MFC potential. Among the different types of MFCs, as bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), the terrestrial microbial fuel cells and the wastewater microbial fuel cells convert energy using a biocatalyst (microorganism) and a biofuel (organic substrate) in basic environments such as soil and water. Consequently, MFCs can be used as energy sources for powering sensors with low-power and low-voltage characteristics or complete single nodes of a distributed wire- less sensor network, if coupled with smart although more complex electronic circuit. Moreover, MFCs can be environmental sensors, suited to monitoring some environmental parameters influencing MFC functional behaviours such as pH and temperature. This article introduces the polluted environment scenarios where these technologies could be suitably applied together with the description of two main types of MFC structures and their functioning. Furthermore, some case studies in which MFCs are used in decontamination of polluted environments are described. <![CDATA[ <p>Pollution of soil and water environments is mainly due to different anthropogenic factors, and the pres- ence of organic contaminants, in particular persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic ones, arouses concern for their possible effects on environment and human health. One nature-based technology that can be used in biodegradation of contaminated soil and water is microbial fuel cells (MFCs). They are also capable of producing energy and of being used as environmental sensors. In this context, this article aims at presenting the capacity of MFCs to reduce environmental pollution by exploiting the process of bioelectrochemical utilization of organic matter via microbial metabolism, to generate usable by- products, fuels and bioelectricity. The main characteristic of an MFC, when used for energy harvest- ing, is the absence of emissions of pollutant gases such as CO, CO₂, SOx or NOx. This characteristic, together with the intrinsic capacity of bioreactors to decontaminate soils and water, is stimulating the research into engineering solutions exploiting the MFC potential. Among the different types of MFCs, as bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), the terrestrial microbial fuel cells and the wastewater microbial fuel cells convert energy using a biocatalyst (microorganism) and a biofuel (organic substrate) in basic environments such as soil and water. Consequently, MFCs can be used as energy sources for powering sensors with low-power and low-voltage characteristics or complete single nodes of a distributed wire- less sensor network, if coupled with smart although more complex electronic circuit. Moreover, MFCs can be environmental sensors, suited to monitoring some environmental parameters influencing MFC functional behaviours such as pH and temperature. This article introduces the polluted environment scenarios where these technologies could be suitably applied together with the description of two main types of MFC structures and their functioning. Furthermore, some case studies in which MFCs are used in decontamination of polluted environments are described.</p> ]]> Microbial Fuel Cell: An Energy Harvesting Technique for Environmental Remediation v. ancona a. barra caracciolo d. borello v. ferrara p. grenni a. pietrelli doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-168-179 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 2 Article 168 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-168-179 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-168-179 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-155-167 The worldwide production of plastics has been reported to grow from 335 million t in 2016 up to 348 million t in 2017, giving employment to over 1.5 million people in Europe. Plastic materials have changed our way of life because of their versatility, high durability and ability to be moulded in differ- ent shapes. For that reason, when discarded in the marine environment, plastics and especially micro- plastics can become an environmental hazard.This article describes the presence and abundance of microplastics in sandy beaches of a coastal city, Cartagena (southeast Spain), surrounding the Mar Menor coastal lagoon, an important tourist destination with also local activities, mainly fishery and agriculture. Microscopic observations and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses displayed a total of 14 polymer families in the micro- plastic composition, mainly represented by low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethyl- ene, polyvinyl ester (PVE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene, nylon (NYL) and polyester (PES). The extensive amount of polymer types together with an important variety of colours demonstrates the mul- tiple origin of microplastics. LDPE in a film form proved to be a consequence of plastic greenhouses degradation, prone to cracking under environmental stress, because of their transportation through a northwest catchment down to the beach. Similarly, PVE used in naval composite structures as a primary resin proved to be higher in urban than in natural beaches because of the massive use of fishing boats and pleasure crafts. Littering and runoff were the main sources for other microplastic particles, mainly PP, NYL and PES. <![CDATA[ <p><span>The worldwide production of plastics has been reported to grow from 335 million t in 2016 up to 348 million t in 2017, giving employment to over 1.5 million people in Europe. Plastic materials have changed our way of life because of their versatility, high durability and ability to be moulded in differ- ent shapes. For that reason, when discarded in the marine environment, plastics and especially micro- plastics can become an environmental hazard.</span></p><p><span>This article describes the presence and abundance of microplastics in sandy beaches of a coastal city, Cartagena (southeast Spain), surrounding the Mar Menor coastal lagoon, an important tourist destination with also local activities, mainly fishery and agriculture. Microscopic observations and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses displayed a total of 14 polymer families in the micro- plastic composition, mainly represented by low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethyl- ene, polyvinyl ester (PVE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene, nylon (NYL) and polyester (PES). The extensive amount of polymer types together with an important variety of colours demonstrates the mul- tiple origin of microplastics. LDPE in a film form proved to be a consequence of plastic greenhouses degradation, prone to cracking under environmental stress, because of their transportation through a northwest catchment down to the beach. Similarly, PVE used in naval composite structures as a primary resin proved to be higher in urban than in natural beaches because of the massive use of fishing boats and pleasure crafts. Littering and runoff were the main sources for other microplastic particles, mainly PP, NYL and PES.</span></p> ]]> Microplastic Pollution on the Strandline of Urban and Natural City Beaches: The Role of Local Activities javier bayo dolores rojo sonia olmos miriam lópez doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-155-167 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 2 Article 155 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-155-167 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-155-167 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-143-154 Roadside air pollution is a major issue due to its adverse effects on human health and the environment. This highlights the need for parsimonious and robust forecasting tools that help vulnerable members of the public reduce their exposure to harmful air pollutants. Recent results in air pollution forecasting applications include the use of hybrid models based on non-linear autoregressive artificial neural networks (ANN) with exogenous multi-variable inputs (NARX) and wavelet decomposition techniques. However, attempts employing both methods into one hybrid modelling system have not been widely made. Hence, this work further investigates the utilisation of wavelet-based NARX-ANN models in the shortand long-term prediction of hourly NO2 concentration levels. The models were trained using emissions and meteorological data collected from a busy roadside site in Central London, United Kingdom from January to December 2015. A discrete wavelet transformation technique was then implemented to address the highly variable characteristic of the collected NO2 concentration data. Overall results exhibit the superiority of the wavelet-based NARX-ANN models improving the accuracy of the benchmark NARX-ANN model results by up to 6% in terms of explained variance. The proposed models also provide fairly accurate long-term forecasts, explaining 68–76% of the variance of actual NO2 data. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrate the high potential of wavelet-based NARX-ANN models as alternative tools in short- and long-term forecasting of air pollutants in urban environments. <![CDATA[ <p>Roadside air pollution is a major issue due to its adverse effects on human health and the environment. This highlights the need for parsimonious and robust forecasting tools that help vulnerable members of the public reduce their exposure to harmful air pollutants. Recent results in air pollution forecasting applications include the use of hybrid models based on non-linear autoregressive artificial neural networks (ANN) with exogenous multi-variable inputs (NARX) and wavelet decomposition techniques. However, attempts employing both methods into one hybrid modelling system have not been widely made. Hence, this work further investigates the utilisation of wavelet-based NARX-ANN models in the shortand long-term prediction of hourly NO2 concentration levels. The models were trained using emissions and meteorological data collected from a busy roadside site in Central London, United Kingdom from January to December 2015. A discrete wavelet transformation technique was then implemented to address the highly variable characteristic of the collected NO2 concentration data. Overall results exhibit the superiority of the wavelet-based NARX-ANN models improving the accuracy of the benchmark NARX-ANN model results by up to 6% in terms of explained variance. The proposed models also provide fairly accurate long-term forecasts, explaining 68–76% of the variance of actual NO2 data. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrate the high potential of wavelet-based NARX-ANN models as alternative tools in short- and long-term forecasting of air pollutants in urban environments.</p> ]]> Short-and Long-Term Forecasting of Ambient Air Pollution Levels Using Wavelet-Based Non-Linear Autoregressive Artificial Neural Networks with Exogenous Inputs sheen mclean cabaneros john kaiser calautit ben hughes doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-143-154 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 2 Article 143 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-143-154 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-143-154 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-132-142 The Mediterranean region, being the area well known for its predominantly mild climate, has been subject to human intervention for millennia. The fast population growth and its intense rural and transportation activities are the main responsible factors that contribute to increasing anthropogenic airborne pollutant emissions. In addition to anthropogenic emissions, the area is influenced also by natural emissions such as episodes of wind-blown mineral dust from the Sahara desert. In order to assess and speciate the growing emissions over the Mediterranean region, we used WRF-Chem chemical transport model. One-year modellings based on two distinct simulations, have been carried out: the first considering only mineral dust (‘DUSTONLY’ simulation) and the second one considering othertypes of emissions, such as biogenic and anthropogenic (‘MOZMOSAIC’ simulation). Both simulations use the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport dust emission scheme. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis data were used to assess the accuracy of simulated meteorological fields such as temperature, relative humidity and wind speed and direction, showing a great capability of WRF-Chem to model the experimental fields and their spatial trends. The comparison between the modelled dust column mass density and the same field calculated through the corresponding Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA2) reanalysis showed an evident dust load overestimate over North Africa. Such overestimate is confirmed by the comparison of both simulations with the AERONET aerosol optical depth (AOD) (550 nm) products: Rome and Naples stations have nearly the same trend and AOD peaks are captured well, but the dust concentrations are overestimated from both simulations <![CDATA[ <p>The Mediterranean region, being the area well known for its predominantly mild climate, has been subject to human intervention for millennia. The fast population growth and its intense rural and transportation activities are the main responsible factors that contribute to increasing anthropogenic airborne pollutant emissions. In addition to anthropogenic emissions, the area is influenced also by natural emissions such as episodes of wind-blown mineral dust from the Sahara desert. In order to assess and speciate the growing emissions over the Mediterranean region, we used WRF-Chem chemical transport model. One-year modellings based on two distinct simulations, have been carried out: the first considering only mineral dust (‘DUSTONLY’ simulation) and the second one considering othertypes of emissions, such as biogenic and anthropogenic (‘MOZMOSAIC’ simulation). Both simulations use the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport dust emission scheme. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis data were used to assess the accuracy of simulated meteorological fields such as temperature, relative humidity and wind speed and direction, showing a great capability of WRF-Chem to model the experimental fields and their spatial trends. The comparison between the modelled dust column mass density and the same field calculated through the corresponding Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA2) reanalysis showed an evident dust load overestimate over North Africa. Such overestimate is confirmed by the comparison of both simulations with the AERONET aerosol optical depth (AOD) (550 nm) products: Rome and Naples stations have nearly the same trend and AOD peaks are captured well, but the dust concentrations are overestimated from both simulations</p> ]]> A Preliminary Assessment of Mineral Dust Outbreaks in Italian Coastal Cities mauro morichetti giorgio passerini simone virgili enrico mancinelli umberto rizza doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-132-142 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 2 Article 132 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-132-142 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-132-142 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-120-131 This study aimed to evaluate the effects of relative efficiency and industrial diversity of old industry complex on production. Cobb–Douglas production function was estimated with consideration of relative efficiency and inverse of Herfindahl–Hirschman Index for the 94 old industrial complexes during 2014–2017. The effects on production which would be varied by industrial complex types and location types were also considered in the production model. As a result, statistically significant positive effects on productivity in old industrial complex have been estimated regardless of not only types of industrial complex (national and general industrial complex) but also location type (capital and non-capital area). In contrast, diversity estimated has a negative impact on productivity, but it does not show statistical significance. Therefore, to activate old industrial complex, plans for increases of relative efficiency by operation cost reductions of businesses in industrial complex will be needed. And to diversify the industrial types in old industrial complex, plans should consider the types of industrial complex and location type. Industrial linkages among companies in old industrial complex should also be considered in the process of selecting business. <![CDATA[ <p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of relative efficiency and industrial diversity of old industry complex on production. Cobb–Douglas production function was estimated with consideration of relative efficiency and inverse of Herfindahl–Hirschman Index for the 94 old industrial complexes during 2014–2017. The effects on production which would be varied by industrial complex types and location types were also considered in the production model. As a result, statistically significant positive effects on productivity in old industrial complex have been estimated regardless of not only types of industrial complex (national and general industrial complex) but also location type (capital and non-capital area). In contrast, diversity estimated has a negative impact on productivity, but it does not show statistical significance. Therefore, to activate old industrial complex, plans for increases of relative efficiency by operation cost reductions of businesses in industrial complex will be needed. And to diversify the industrial types in old industrial complex, plans should consider the types of industrial complex and location type. Industrial linkages among companies in old industrial complex should also be considered in the process of selecting business.</p> ]]> Effects of Relative Efficiency and Industrial Diversity on Production of Old Industrial Complex myoung sub choi hwan yong park doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-120-131 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 2 Article 120 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-120-131 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-120-131 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-112-119 As large consumers of energy, cities offer the opportunity for significant energy savings in relation to the implementation of energy-efficiency measures. In this context, the cities of Barcelona, Cologne and Stockholm, together with a diverse group of stakeholders from public and private sectors, joined to create the GrowSmarter project. GrowSmarter seeks to demonstrate and stimulate the uptake of Smart Solutions in energy, infrastructure and transport, to provide other cities with insights and create a ready market to support the transition to a sustainable Europe. With the objective of promoting and developing low-energy districts, a set of solutions were tested aiming to reduce their environmental impact. These are classified in three blocks: building energy retrofitting, energy consumption visualization platforms and local energy generation with smart management. All these actions have been technically and economically evaluated in GrowSmarter, and the results are presented in this article. The project has analysed different impacts of active and passive retrofitting measures in building energy performances and the feasibility of the proposed business models behind them. Energy visualization platforms have proven to be a promising tool to engage end users, but there is still work to do to define successful business models. The assessment of the deployment of local energy generation units shows that the corresponding regulation differs to a significant extent among countries. A clear and harmonized regulation according to the current state of technology is required in order to fully deploy distributed energy resources at commercial level. Finally, besides guaranteeing the correct implementation and operation of energy-efficiency measures, communication and information campaigns are key to build trust and ensure user acceptance. Working on building users’ awareness and acceptance has proven to be a must in order to succeed in making low-energy districts the preferred path in urban development. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">As large consumers of energy, cities offer the opportunity for significant energy savings in relation to the implementation of energy-efficiency measures. In this context, the cities of Barcelona, Cologne and Stockholm, together with a diverse group of stakeholders from public and private sectors, joined to create the GrowSmarter project. GrowSmarter seeks to demonstrate and stimulate the uptake of Smart Solutions in energy, infrastructure and transport, to provide other cities with insights and create a ready market to support the transition to a sustainable Europe. With the objective of promoting and developing low-energy districts, a set of solutions were tested aiming to reduce their environmental impact. These are classified in three blocks: building energy retrofitting, energy consumption visualization platforms and local energy generation with smart management. All these actions have been technically and economically evaluated in GrowSmarter, and the results are presented in this article. The project has analysed different impacts of active and passive retrofitting measures in building energy performances and the feasibility of the proposed business models behind them. Energy visualization platforms have proven to be a promising tool to engage end users, but there is still work to do to define successful business models. The assessment of the deployment of local energy generation units shows that the corresponding regulation differs to a significant extent among countries. A clear and harmonized regulation according to the current state of technology is required in order to fully deploy distributed energy resources at commercial level. Finally, besides guaranteeing the correct implementation and operation of energy-efficiency measures, communication and information campaigns are key to build trust and ensure user acceptance. Working on building users’ awareness and acceptance has proven to be a must in order to succeed in making low-energy districts the preferred path in urban development.</span></p> ]]> Concluding Remarks from the Implementation of Smart Low-Energy Districts in the Growsmarter Project alaia sola manel sanmarti cristinia corchero doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-112-119 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 2 Article 112 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-112-119 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-112-119 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-101-111 The task of selecting a predictor variable to include in statistical models is enormous. A model built with fewer predictor variables can be more interpretable and less expensive than the one built with many input variables. In this study, the effects of hybrid feature selection methods (genetic algorithms [GA] and simulated annealing (SA) each combined with random forests [RF]) in improving the efficiency of five variants of multiple linear regression models in the prediction of roadside PM2.5 and particle number count (PNC) concentrations are investigated. The GA-RF and SA-RF selected 9 and 16 variables, respectively, of the 27 predictor variables in the PM2.5 training data. Thirteen variables were selected by the GA-RF of the 25 possible variables in the PNC training data, while the SA-RF selected 13 variables.The methods selected variables that are nearly the same especially for predicting PNC, while for the PM2.5 models the SA-RF selected 16 variables and the GA-RF selected only 10 variables. The hybrid feature selection methods eliminated most of the correlated variables, especially the background pollutants and the traffic variables. Whereas the temporal variables and the meteorological variable have been selected in all the cases considered. The statistical performance of the linear models with the selected variables is similar to those developed using the entire predictor variables. The actual benefit derived from this study is the successful reduction in the number of predictor variables by more than half in most of the cases considered. The reduction in the number of variables will eventually result in the reduction of the operational and computational cost of the models without possibly compromising the predictive performance of the models. Also, the reduction in the number of variables will enhance interpretability. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The task of selecting a predictor variable to include in statistical models is enormous. A model built with fewer predictor variables can be more interpretable and less expensive than the one built with many input variables. In this study, the effects of hybrid feature selection methods (genetic algorithms [GA] and simulated annealing (SA) each combined with random forests [RF]) in improving the efficiency of five variants of multiple linear regression models in the prediction of roadside PM</span>_2.5<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> and particle number count (PNC) concentrations are investigated. The GA-RF and SA-RF selected 9 and 16 variables, respectively, of the 27 predictor variables in the PM</span>_2.5<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> training data. Thirteen variables were selected by the GA-RF of the 25 possible variables in the PNC training data, while the SA-RF selected 13 variables.The methods selected variables that are nearly the same especially for predicting PNC, while for the PM</span>_2.5<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> models the SA-RF selected 16 variables and the GA-RF selected only 10 variables. The hybrid feature selection methods eliminated most of the correlated variables, especially the background pollutants and the traffic variables. Whereas the temporal variables and the meteorological variable have been selected in all the cases considered. The statistical performance of the linear models with the selected variables is similar to those developed using the entire predictor variables. The actual benefit derived from this study is the successful reduction in the number of predictor variables by more than half in most of the cases considered. The reduction in the number of variables will eventually result in the reduction of the operational and computational cost of the models without possibly compromising the predictive performance of the models. Also, the reduction in the number of variables will enhance interpretability.</span></p> ]]> Applying Hybrid Feature Selection Methods for Statistical Modelling of Roadside Particle Concentrations (PM2.5 and PNC) a. suleiman m.r. tight a.d. quinn doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-101-111 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2020 3 2 Article 101 10.2495/EI-V3-N2-101-111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_2/EI-V3-N2-101-111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-84-93 In spite of their positive role in the framework of circular economy, waste-to-energy processes are responsible for the emissions of a large number of air pollutants. Although this sector has made significant improvements in the air pollution control of primary emissions, the role of other sources (i.e. secondary emissions) has been often neglected. This paper aims at investigating the contributions of primary and secondary emissions expected from a waste gasification plant that is planned for the construction in an Alpine valley. The results from this analysis show that secondary emissions would play a significant role in the overall emissive footprint of the plant, contributing to 29% and 10%, respectively, of the overall emissions of dusts and total organic carbon. In the light of such results, secondary emissions would require an appropriate monitoring approach, which should complement the existing monitoring protocols for primary emissions. 01-21-2020 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">In spite of their positive role in the framework of circular economy, waste-to-energy processes are responsible for the emissions of a large number of air pollutants. Although this sector has made significant improvements in the air pollution control of primary emissions, the role of other sources (i.e. secondary emissions) has been often neglected. This paper aims at investigating the contributions of primary and secondary emissions expected from a waste gasification plant that is planned for the construction in an Alpine valley. The results from this analysis show that secondary emissions would play a significant role in the overall emissive footprint of the plant, contributing to 29% and 10%, respectively, of the overall emissions of dusts and total organic carbon. In the light of such results, secondary emissions would require an appropriate monitoring approach, which should complement the existing monitoring protocols for primary emissions.</span></p> ]]> Environmental Balance of An Innovative Waste-To-Energy Plant: The Role of Secondary Emissions marco schiavon luca adami vincenzo torretta marco tubino doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-84-93 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 2020 3 1 Article 84 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-84-93 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-84-93 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-69-83 A new method that evaluates dominant local dynamics by skeletonization, mathematical term decom- position and the re-combination of a reduced number of dominant terms around the skeleton points is proposed to clarify the dynamics of hairpin vortices generated during the boundary-layer transition under free-stream turbulence (FST). The development of the method is based on the results of direct numerical simulations conducted for the laminar-turbulent transition on a flat plate with FST intensities of 0–6% and a free-stream Mach number of 0.5. Regarding the skeletonization, a new algorithm for extracting the interior points of vortex structures represented by enclosed iso-surfaces is developed. To identify the dominant terms, governing equations are decomposed into non-further-decomposable (NFD) terms. The proposed method is also extended to time series flow field data to reveal the variation of the combination set of dominant NFD terms during the evolution of vortex structures. The present method enables the automatic finding and categorization of the variations of the sets of dominant terms that govern local dynamics during the evolution of hairpin vortices. 01-21-2020 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">A new method that evaluates dominant local dynamics by skeletonization, mathematical term decom- position and the re-combination of a reduced number of dominant terms around the skeleton points is proposed to clarify the dynamics of hairpin vortices generated during the boundary-layer transition under free-stream turbulence (FST). The development of the method is based on the results of direct numerical simulations conducted for the laminar-turbulent transition on a flat plate with FST intensities of 0–6% and a free-stream Mach number of 0.5. Regarding the skeletonization, a new algorithm for extracting the interior points of vortex structures represented by enclosed iso-surfaces is developed. To identify the dominant terms, governing equations are decomposed into non-further-decomposable (NFD) terms. The proposed method is also extended to time series flow field data to reveal the variation of the combination set of dominant NFD terms during the evolution of vortex structures. The present method enables the automatic finding and categorization of the variations of the sets of dominant terms that govern local dynamics during the evolution of hairpin vortices.</span></p> ]]> Algorithmic Exploration of Dominant Terms Around Hairpin Vortices Generated During Boundary-Layer Transition Under Free-Stream Turbulence kazuo matsuura doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-69-83 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 2020 3 1 Article 69 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-69-83 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-69-83 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-56-68 One of the strategies for sustainable development is to promote a quality health care system, available to all without discrimination, and improving protection against health threats. In this context, arsenic removal from groundwater for drinking purposes presents challenges at national and global levels. Thus, the present article focuses on removing arsenic from groundwaters by using a new class of materials based on cellulose modified with crown ether (dibenzo-18-crown-6) doped with iron ions. Using such extractants involves only a small amount of crown ether, indicating higher efficiency of produced material, and in order to improve the adsorbent properties and selectivity for arsenic removal, the modified cellulose was functionalized with iron ions. The new adsorbent material was characterized by using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. To investigate its adsorption properties for arsenic removal, equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed. Arsenic adsorption from water onto new class of adsorbent material was studied under different experimental conditions such as reac- tion time, initial arsenic concentration and temperature. Kinetic of adsorption process was better de- scribed by pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium adsorption data were well described by the Sips adsorption isotherm. The values of thermodynamic parameters (ΔGº, ΔHº, ΔSº) showed that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The possibility of reuse of the adsorbent material through adsorption and desorption cycles was also studied, and it was found that the material can be used in three adsorption–desorption cycles. 01-21-2020 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">One of the strategies for sustainable development is to promote a quality health care system, available to all without discrimination, and improving protection against health threats. In this context, arsenic removal from groundwater for drinking purposes presents challenges at national and global levels. Thus, the present article focuses on removing arsenic from groundwaters by using a new class of materials based on cellulose modified with crown ether (dibenzo-18-crown-6) doped with iron ions. Using such extractants involves only a small amount of crown ether, indicating higher efficiency of produced material, and in order to improve the adsorbent properties and selectivity for arsenic removal, the modified cellulose was functionalized with iron ions. The new adsorbent material was characterized by using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. To investigate its adsorption properties for arsenic removal, equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed. Arsenic adsorption from water onto new class of adsorbent material was studied under different experimental conditions such as reac- tion time, initial arsenic concentration and temperature. Kinetic of adsorption process was better de- scribed by pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium adsorption data were well described by the Sips adsorption isotherm. The values of thermodynamic parameters (ΔGº, ΔHº, ΔSº) showed that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The possibility of reuse of the adsorbent material through adsorption and desorption cycles was also studied, and it was found that the material can be used in three adsorption–desorption cycles. </span></p> ]]> Arsenic Removal from Water Using a New Class of Materials with Adsorbent Properties mihaela ciopec iosif hulka narcis duteanu adina negrea oana grad petru negrea vasile minzatu cristina ardean doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-56-68 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 2020 3 1 Article 56 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-56-68 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-56-68 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-44-55 Air quality improvement is a major concern in developed countries. In the past decade, especially in Eu- rope, legislative measures have been taken to reduce air pollution. The present article promotes photoca- talysis as an air quality improvement technique towards NO pollution. Indoor air depollution by painted plasterboards treated with photocatalytic coating was investigated. First, at laboratory scale, using a bed flow reactor, depollution efficiency of the photocatalytic system was evaluated. Experimental conditions were adapted as much as possible to match indoor environment. Thus, pollution levels remained at ppb scale, temperature and relative humidity (RH) were kept constant (20 °C and 50% RH) and typical indoor lighting systems (fluorescent tubes, Light-Emitting Diode (LED) and halogen bulbs) were used for photoactivation. UV-A fluorescent tube was also used to optimise photocatalytic activity. Second, experiments were conducted at real scale, in a 10-m3 experimental chamber developed at our laboratory. Interior walls were covered with the photocatalytic system and the chamber was used as a reactor. Employing a specific experimental procedure, aiming at keeping pollution level constant in the chamber, photocatalytic depollution was evaluated. The same lighting systems were used for photoactivation. NO2 abatement efficiency was evaluated through the photocatalytic oxidation potential and rate. Results show that NO2 can be significantly removed by this technique. However, the light used for photoactivation is at utmost importance. Furthermore, the results show that at laboratory scale, photocatalytic depollution efficiency of NO2 could be underestimated. 01-21-2020 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Air quality improvement is a major concern in developed countries. In the past decade, especially in Eu- rope, legislative measures have been taken to reduce air pollution. The present article promotes photoca- talysis as an air quality improvement technique towards NO pollution. Indoor air depollution by painted plasterboards treated with photocatalytic coating was investigated. First, at laboratory scale, using a bed flow reactor, depollution efficiency of the photocatalytic system was evaluated. Experimental conditions were adapted as much as possible to match indoor environment. Thus, pollution levels remained at ppb scale, temperature and relative humidity (RH) were kept constant (20 °C and 50% RH) and typical indoor lighting systems (fluorescent tubes, Light-Emitting Diode (LED) and halogen bulbs) were used for photoactivation. UV-A fluorescent tube was also used to optimise photocatalytic activity. Second, experiments were conducted at real scale, in a 10-m3 experimental chamber developed at our laboratory. Interior walls were covered with the photocatalytic system and the chamber was used as a reactor. Employing a specific experimental procedure, aiming at keeping pollution level constant in the chamber, photocatalytic depollution was evaluated. The same lighting systems were used for photoactivation. NO</span>_{<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2 </span>}<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">abatement efficiency was evaluated through the photocatalytic oxidation potential and rate. Results show that NO</span>_{<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2 </span>}<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">can be significantly removed by this technique. However, the light used for photoactivation is at utmost importance. Furthermore, the results show that at laboratory scale, photocatalytic depollution efficiency of NO</span>_{<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> could be underestimated.</span></p> ]]> Indoor Air NO₂ Depollution by Photocatalysis – Comparing Reactor and Experimental Chamber Results jivko topalov julie hot erick ringot alexandra bertron doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-44-55 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 2020 3 1 Article 44 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-44-55 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-44-55 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-31-43 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that air pollution kills around 6.5 million people around the world every year. The European Environment Agency, in turn, points out that about 50,000 people die annually in Poland due to this. PM10 pollution arises in the form of smog (smoke and fog) and is an unnatural phenomenon created by adverse weather conditions and human activity. The aim of this article is to assess the possibilities of tasking modern neural networks to predict PM10 air pollution levels in the following hours of the subsequent day. In evaluating the prediction task, several types of error are considered, and machine learning algorithms and structures are utilized as learning models. Of note, the algorithm selected for stochastic optimization is a form of convolutional neural networking and deep learning neural networking that is used in machine learning when considering Big Data issues. The obtained results were then analysed and compared with other methods of prediction. As a result of this research, the proposed convergent neural network could be used effectively as a tool for calculating detailed air quality forecasts for the subsequent 24-h period. 01-21-2020 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that air pollution kills around 6.5 million people around the world every year. The European Environment Agency, in turn, points out that about 50,000 people die annually in Poland due to this. PM10 pollution arises in the form of smog (smoke and fog) and is an unnatural phenomenon created by adverse weather conditions and human activity. The aim of this article is to assess the possibilities of tasking modern neural networks to predict PM10 air pollution levels in the following hours of the subsequent day. In evaluating the prediction task, several types of error are considered, and machine learning algorithms and structures are utilized as learning models. Of note, the algorithm selected for stochastic optimization is a form of convolutional neural networking and deep learning neural networking that is used in machine learning when considering Big Data issues. The obtained results were then analysed and compared with other methods of prediction. As a result of this research, the proposed convergent neural network could be used effectively as a tool for calculating detailed air quality forecasts for the subsequent 24-h period.</span></p> ]]> PM10 Forecasting Through Applying Convolution Neural Network Techniques piotr a. kowalski kasper sapała wiktor warchałowski doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-31-43 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 2020 3 1 Article 31 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-31-43 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-31-43 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-19-30 The monitoring of air pollution, especially the detection and characterization of biological aerosols (bioaerosols) in the atmosphere continues to be a challenging task. Most biosensors rely on the presence of specific molecules, such as antigens on the surface, DNA sequences, or the common fluorescents tryptophan, flavins, or reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). However, the de- tection signatures from either of these technologies can change significantly when the bioaerosol is released into the atmosphere, and the observed changes are strongly dependent upon the environmental conditions. In developing bioaerosol detection and characterization methods, researchers must account for the potential changes in their physical, chemical, and biological properties caused by various atmospheric conditions. The experimental results presented here show how the fluorescence spectral profile and intensity, the viability, and the PCR signature of bioaerosols, in particular for the vegetative bacteria Escherichia coli, change with time in the presence of one, or combinations of two, three, or four of the following variables: relative humidity α-pinene ~5 ppb, toluene ~45 ppb, and simulated solar ultra-violet light illumination with the typical levels in common atmospheric constituents and meteorological conditions. Large changes have been observed, e.g. UV fluorescence intensity dropped to be less than 1/10 of its initial value and the ratio of UV/visible fluo- rescence intensity flipped from 2 to ½ within 3 h. These changes could happen on a typical day in any city or suburban area. Recording data of the ageing processes measured here should be very useful in developing biosensors and monitoring air pollution. 01-21-2020 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The monitoring of air pollution, especially the detection and characterization of biological aerosols (bioaerosols) in the atmosphere continues to be a challenging task. Most biosensors rely on the presence of specific molecules, such as antigens on the surface, DNA sequences, or the common fluorescents tryptophan, flavins, or reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). However, the de- tection signatures from either of these technologies can change significantly when the bioaerosol is released into the atmosphere, and the observed changes are strongly dependent upon the environmental conditions. In developing bioaerosol detection and characterization methods, researchers must account for the potential changes in their physical, chemical, and biological properties caused by various atmospheric conditions. The experimental results presented here show how the fluorescence spectral profile and intensity, the viability, and the PCR signature of bioaerosols, in particular for the vegetative bacteria </span><em>Escherichia coli</em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">, change with time in the presence of one, or combinations of two, three, or four of the following variables: relative humidity <30% or ~75%, ozone ~100 ppb, </span><strong>α</strong><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">-pinene ~5 ppb, toluene ~45 ppb, and simulated solar ultra-violet light illumination with the typical levels in common atmospheric constituents and meteorological conditions. Large changes have been observed, e.g. UV fluorescence intensity dropped to be less than 1/10 of its initial value and the ratio of UV/visible fluo- rescence intensity flipped from 2 to ½ within 3 h. These changes could happen on a typical day in any city or suburban area. Recording data of the ageing processes measured here should be very useful in developing biosensors and monitoring air pollution.</span></p> ]]> Bioaerosol Property and Viability Affected by Various Environmental Factors yong-le pan aimable kalume sean kinahan matthew tezak joshua santarpia doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-19-30 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 2020 3 1 Article 19 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-19-30 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-19-30 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-1-18 In the last years, research efforts have been addressed on the effects of single and multiple pollutants on human health, in particular in densely populated areas. Modelling tools, integrating atmospheric science with the latest evidence available from air pollution epidemiology and exposure science, represent a valuable support to health impact assessment. This article considers the latest developments of the DIATI Dispersion and Externalities Model (DIDEM). To extend DIDEM’s scope of analysis, the inte- gration with different pollutant dispersion models was recently implemented. Particularly, in this arti- cle, a comparative evaluation between CALPUFF (California Puff) Lagrangian puff model and SPRAY Lagrangian particle model is presented. To help reaching this objective, the case study of Turin’s district heating system, presented in previous publications, was re-considered and deepened. CALPUFF and SPRAY models were compared on the same emission scenario. NOx and total PM concentrations result- ing from the simulations were of the same magnitude, with some difference in the spatial distribution. Total health damage costs differed between 8.5% and 9.7%, with lower values corresponding to SPRAY simulations. This difference mostly corresponds to the different spatial distribution of pollutant con- centrations which, in turn, correspond to different exposure levels. The possibility of selecting different modelling tools extends the usability of DIDEM to a larger set of applications, including a wider scope of application and a larger range of users. The results provide important information in the view of the characterization of the overall uncertainty of the impact pathway approach methodology. 01-21-2020 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">In the last years, research efforts have been addressed on the effects of single and multiple pollutants on human health, in particular in densely populated areas. Modelling tools, integrating atmospheric science with the latest evidence available from air pollution epidemiology and exposure science, represent a valuable support to health impact assessment. This article considers the latest developments of the DIATI Dispersion and Externalities Model (DIDEM). To extend DIDEM’s scope of analysis, the inte- gration with different pollutant dispersion models was recently implemented. Particularly, in this arti- cle, a comparative evaluation between CALPUFF (California Puff) Lagrangian puff model and SPRAY Lagrangian particle model is presented. To help reaching this objective, the case study of Turin’s district heating system, presented in previous publications, was re-considered and deepened. CALPUFF and SPRAY models were compared on the same emission scenario. NO</span>_x<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> and total PM concentrations result- ing from the simulations were of the same magnitude, with some difference in the spatial distribution. Total health damage costs differed between 8.5% and 9.7%, with lower values corresponding to SPRAY simulations. This difference mostly corresponds to the different spatial distribution of pollutant con- centrations which, in turn, correspond to different exposure levels. The possibility of selecting different modelling tools extends the usability of DIDEM to a larger set of applications, including a wider scope of application and a larger range of users. The results provide important information in the view of the characterization of the overall uncertainty of the impact pathway approach methodology.</span></p> ]]> Development of the DIDEM model: Comparative Evaluation of CALPUFF and Spray Dispersion Models marco ravina deborah panepinto maria chiara zanetti doi: 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-1-18 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 01-21-2020 2020 3 1 Article 1 10.2495/EI-V3-N1-1-18 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2020_3_1/EI-V3-N1-1-18 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-382-388 Although Brazil has almost 15% of the world’s freshwater volume, its insufficiency is due to severe climate change in recent years, and has provoked a debate on water resources, which in turn need to be managed in a country defined as ‘rich in water’. As an effective force for sustainability, local, regional, national and global monitoring and management is essential to make the best use of available water today and in the future. This debate focuses in particular on the accessibility of water as a system of sustainable governance over time, welcoming the equal distribution of water and the right to water for the different regions of the country. The governance of water resources in Brazil is under the responsibility of the federated entities, by which they represent unequal societies and river basins. Considering that the elements that cause inequalities are territorial, it needs coordination that seeks solutions to water, now too much, now in scarcity, and now polluted. In the demographic perspective, they reflect the characteristics intrinsic to the local dynamics, diversities in access, which includes basic sanitation and the concentration of the deficit in certain population groups, whose priority is to make management decisions at administrative levels that are reciprocally compatible and effective. Therefore, it should be noted that governance for water allocation in an equitable manner is closely linked to a decentralized regime without the strengthening of competence at the subnational level. In its multiple approaches, it instrumentalizes the inefficiency of physical, economic accessibility, quantity and water quality for the Brazilian society in its majority. This condition results from exogenous, socioeconomic, demographic and cultural aspects, stemming from the continuous presence of water market treatment, lack of strategic planning and management, and the many existing challenges to ensure adequate access. <![CDATA[ <p>Although Brazil has almost 15% of the world’s freshwater volume, its insufficiency is due to severe climate change in recent years, and has provoked a debate on water resources, which in turn need to be managed in a country defined as ‘rich in water’. As an effective force for sustainability, local, regional, national and global monitoring and management is essential to make the best use of available water today and in the future. This debate focuses in particular on the accessibility of water as a system of sustainable governance over time, welcoming the equal distribution of water and the right to water for the different regions of the country. The governance of water resources in Brazil is under the responsibility of the federated entities, by which they represent unequal societies and river basins. Considering that the elements that cause inequalities are territorial, it needs coordination that seeks solutions to water, now too much, now in scarcity, and now polluted. In the demographic perspective, they reflect the characteristics intrinsic to the local dynamics, diversities in access, which includes basic sanitation and the concentration of the deficit in certain population groups, whose priority is to make management decisions at administrative levels that are reciprocally compatible and effective. Therefore, it should be noted that governance for water allocation in an equitable manner is closely linked to a decentralized regime without the strengthening of competence at the subnational level. In its multiple approaches, it instrumentalizes the inefficiency of physical, economic accessibility, quantity and water quality for the Brazilian society in its majority. This condition results from exogenous, socioeconomic, demographic and cultural aspects, stemming from the continuous presence of water market treatment, lack of strategic planning and management, and the many existing challenges to ensure adequate access.</p> ]]> Rights and Accessibility of Water Applicable to Territory Governance in Brazil francine cansi joaquin melgarejo moreno doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-382-388 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 4 Article 382 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-382-388 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-382-388 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-366-381 In this study, the effect of temperature on the leaching of Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn from oxidized tailings, Ballangen deposit, Norway, was investigated by a laboratory batch leaching experiment. The leaching was conducted at four different temperatures 5°C, 10°C, 15°C and 20°C and 2 precipitation rates of 8 mm/week and 20 mm/week. The leachates from six leaching cycles were collected, and the concentra- tions of Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn were tested. The results showed that at a precipitation rate of 20 mm/ week, the leached amount of Cr, Fe, Cu was highest at a leaching temperature of 20°C and the lowest leached amount for Cr was observed at 10°C. 10°C seems to be a threshold temperature for the leaching of Cr. However, at a precipitation rate of 8 mm/week, the highest leached amount of Cr, Fe and Cu was observed at 5°C and the lowest leached amount for Cr and Fe was observed at 20°C. The relationship between the accumulated leached amount of Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn and leaching water volume was ap- proximated by a logarithmic function at different temperatures. If the factor of precipitation is ignored, only the accumulated leached amount at different temperatures is considered. The accumulated leached amount of Cr, Fe and Cu is highest at a leaching temperature of 20°C, which is significantly higher than that at other leaching temperatures by the established statistical model. The accumulated leached amount of Ni at 15°C and 20°C is significantly higher than that at 5°C and 10°C. The accumulated leached amount of Zn was highest at a leaching temperature of 10°C, which was significantly higher than that at 15°C and 20°C by the statistical model. Zn tends to be leached out at low temperatures. <![CDATA[ <p>In this study, the effect of temperature on the leaching of Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn from oxidized tailings, Ballangen deposit, Norway, was investigated by a laboratory batch leaching experiment. The leaching was conducted at four different temperatures 5°C, 10°C, 15°C and 20°C and 2 precipitation rates of 8 mm/week and 20 mm/week. The leachates from six leaching cycles were collected, and the concentra- tions of Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn were tested. The results showed that at a precipitation rate of 20 mm/ week, the leached amount of Cr, Fe, Cu was highest at a leaching temperature of 20°C and the lowest leached amount for Cr was observed at 10°C. 10°C seems to be a threshold temperature for the leaching of Cr. However, at a precipitation rate of 8 mm/week, the highest leached amount of Cr, Fe and Cu was observed at 5°C and the lowest leached amount for Cr and Fe was observed at 20°C. The relationship between the accumulated leached amount of Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn and leaching water volume was ap- proximated by a logarithmic function at different temperatures. If the factor of precipitation is ignored, only the accumulated leached amount at different temperatures is considered. The accumulated leached amount of Cr, Fe and Cu is highest at a leaching temperature of 20°C, which is significantly higher than that at other leaching temperatures by the established statistical model. The accumulated leached amount of Ni at 15°C and 20°C is significantly higher than that at 5°C and 10°C. The accumulated leached amount of Zn was highest at a leaching temperature of 10°C, which was significantly higher than that at 15°C and 20°C by the statistical model. Zn tends to be leached out at low temperatures.</p> ]]> The Effect of Temperature on the Leaching of Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn from Tailings, Ballangen Deposit, Norway jinmei lu fuqing yuan tiina leiviskä doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-366-381 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 4 Article 366 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-366-381 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-366-381 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-356-365 The objectives of this study were to determine indoor levels of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and assess the implementation rate of a smoking ban in hospitality venues surrounding a university campus by measuring particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) as an indicator of ETS. We identified the smoking state in business establishments and measured the indoor PM2.5 concentrations at 20 internet cafes, 38 pubs and 20 billiard halls using a Sidepak AM510 direct-reading portable real-time monitor from October 2014 to December 2015. Smoking was observed in 65% of the internet cafes and 85% of the billiard halls in 2015. The rate in pubs, which were subject to a legal smoking ban, was reduced to 10% in 2015 from 33.3% in 2014. The average PM2.5 concentrations in 2015 were 98.6 μg/m3, 29.6 μg/m3 and 135.4 μg/m3 in internet cafes, pubs and billiard halls, respectively. PM2.5 concentrations in internet cafes and billiard halls were 2 to 2.7 times higher than the 24-h exposure standard (50 μg/m3) for outdoor PM2.5 set by the Korean Ministry of Environment. Although a smoking ban had been imposed on internet cafes and pubs, smoking was still taking place in those locations. More stringent enforcement is required for the success of legal measures to protect patrons’ and workers’ health from second-hand smoke exposure. A ban on smoking in billiard halls should be introduced as soon as is feasible. <![CDATA[ <p>The objectives of this study were to determine indoor levels of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and assess the implementation rate of a smoking ban in hospitality venues surrounding a university campus by measuring particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) as an indicator of ETS. We identified the smoking state in business establishments and measured the indoor PM_2.5 concentrations at 20 internet cafes, 38 pubs and 20 billiard halls using a Sidepak AM510 direct-reading portable real-time monitor from October 2014 to December 2015. Smoking was observed in 65% of the internet cafes and 85% of the billiard halls in 2015. The rate in pubs, which were subject to a legal smoking ban, was reduced to 10% in 2015 from 33.3% in 2014. The average PM_2.5 concentrations in 2015 were 98.6 μg/m³, 29.6 μg/m³ and 135.4 μg/m³ in internet cafes, pubs and billiard halls, respectively. PM_2.5 concentrations in internet cafes and billiard halls were 2 to 2.7 times higher than the 24-h exposure standard (50 μg/m³) for outdoor PM_2.5 set by the Korean Ministry of Environment. Although a smoking ban had been imposed on internet cafes and pubs, smoking was still taking place in those locations. More stringent enforcement is required for the success of legal measures to protect patrons’ and workers’ health from second-hand smoke exposure. A ban on smoking in billiard halls should be introduced as soon as is feasible.</p> ]]> Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and the Impact of a Smoking Ban in Internet Cafes, Pubs and Billiard Halls Around a University in Korea kwonchul ha donguk park doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-356-365 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 4 Article 356 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-356-365 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-356-365 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-346-355 The International Water Association bets in its integrated management of water resource model (IWRM) toolbox for a management unit that covers the watershed. However, this point is debatable as there are models of IWRM implementation at the infra-basin level, or even, as in the case we present with this work, when there are several basins that interfere with a particular territory. The problems as- sociated with the confluence of two or more basins in the same territory go through the difficulties in the management of the different resources and their allocation between different uses, especially when the resources are scarce to meet the total demands of water, which occurs in the areas of South-east Spain. Here, global demands are trying to articulate within two deficit basins (the Júcar and the Segura), with external contributions from the Tajo Basin (Tajo-Segura Transfer) and with non-conventional resources from the desalination of seawater. We will try to expose the state of the art at this time, and the alternatives that arise from an economic point of view. Attempts to solve this situation come from far away, even though on many occasions, the economic aspects have not been taken into account, giving rise to investment processes in infrastructures that, due to their costs and the refusal of the users to face them, have generated unstable equilibriums that different governments are incapable to solve. <![CDATA[ <p>The International Water Association bets in its integrated management of water resource model (IWRM) toolbox for a management unit that covers the watershed. However, this point is debatable as there are models of IWRM implementation at the infra-basin level, or even, as in the case we present with this work, when there are several basins that interfere with a particular territory. The problems as- sociated with the confluence of two or more basins in the same territory go through the difficulties in the management of the different resources and their allocation between different uses, especially when the resources are scarce to meet the total demands of water, which occurs in the areas of South-east Spain. Here, global demands are trying to articulate within two deficit basins (the Júcar and the Segura), with external contributions from the Tajo Basin (Tajo-Segura Transfer) and with non-conventional resources from the desalination of seawater. We will try to expose the state of the art at this time, and the alternatives that arise from an economic point of view. Attempts to solve this situation come from far away, even though on many occasions, the economic aspects have not been taken into account, giving rise to investment processes in infrastructures that, due to their costs and the refusal of the users to face them, have generated unstable equilibriums that different governments are incapable to solve.</p> ]]> Economic Issues in the Integrated Management of Water Resource Model (IWRM) and the Management Unit in a Territory Affected by Several Basins: The Case of the Spanish Southeast teresa torregrosa martin sevilla doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-346-355 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 4 Article 346 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-346-355 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-346-355 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-336-345 Metropolitan Tokyo area in Japan suffered from a strong Asian dust event which was lasted for 3 days from May 6 to May 8 in 2017. Asian dust particles are usually originated from the deserts of Mongolia and Kazakhstan and could be absorbed air pollutants contained the metals, water-soluble and organic matters during transport process. In this research, two sampling sites called 10F (30m height above ground level) and roadside in Saitama were selected to collect five different size particles (PM1.1, PM1.1–2.0, PM2.0–3.3, PM3.3–7.0 and the coarse particles (>7.0 μm) of three different events: (1) before Asian dust event (B.A.), (2) during Asian dust event (D.A.) and (3) after Asian dust event (A.A.). Eight watersoluble ionic and 23 elemental species in D.A. event were higher than other periods. In D.A. event, the ionic contents in 10F were high to 10.3 μg/m3 and the elemental contents in roadside were 6.50 μg/m3 which were higher than those in roadside. Ionic contents were mainly distributed in PM1.1 with the high contents of secondary particles (NH4+, NO3− and SO42−). Ca2+, Cl− and Na+ were more enriched in the coarse particles. Ion balance in D.A. event was more basic in 10F and more acidic in roadside. The higher ratios of NO3−/SO42− in PM1.1 were also occurred in D.A. event. Total elements were high (6,050 ng/m3) in 10F with the several times increasing in PM3.3–7.0 and the coarse particles, and the great contribution form the crustal elements (Al, Fe, Na, Mg and K). Enrichment factors (EFs) of trace elements in PM1.1 indicating the anthropogenic sources might be the main sources of those ions. EFs in the coarse particles indicating high concentrations of crustal elements might be affected by the Asian dust event. The analysis of air masses backward trajectories showed that the deserts of Mongolia and Kazakhstan and the northern part of China were the important air pollutant origins in Asian dust events with long-distance transport. <![CDATA[ <p>Metropolitan Tokyo area in Japan suffered from a strong Asian dust event which was lasted for 3 days from May 6 to May 8 in 2017. Asian dust particles are usually originated from the deserts of Mongolia and Kazakhstan and could be absorbed air pollutants contained the metals, water-soluble and organic matters during transport process. In this research, two sampling sites called 10F (30m height above ground level) and roadside in Saitama were selected to collect five different size particles (PM_1.1, PM_1.1–2.0, PM_2.0–3.3, PM_3.3–7.0 and the coarse particles (>7.0 μm) of three different events: (1) before Asian dust event (B.A.), (2) during Asian dust event (D.A.) and (3) after Asian dust event (A.A.). Eight watersoluble ionic and 23 elemental species in D.A. event were higher than other periods. In D.A. event, the ionic contents in 10F were high to 10.3 μg/m³ and the elemental contents in roadside were 6.50 μg/m³ which were higher than those in roadside. Ionic contents were mainly distributed in PM_1.1 with the high contents of secondary particles (NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻). Ca²⁺, Cl⁻ and Na⁺ were more enriched in the coarse particles. Ion balance in D.A. event was more basic in 10F and more acidic in roadside. The higher ratios of NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ in PM_1.1 were also occurred in D.A. event. Total elements were high (6,050 ng/m³) in 10F with the several times increasing in PM_3.3–7.0 and the coarse particles, and the great contribution form the crustal elements (Al, Fe, Na, Mg and K). Enrichment factors (EFs) of trace elements in PM_1.1 indicating the anthropogenic sources might be the main sources of those ions. EFs in the coarse particles indicating high concentrations of crustal elements might be affected by the Asian dust event. The analysis of air masses backward trajectories showed that the deserts of Mongolia and Kazakhstan and the northern part of China were the important air pollutant origins in Asian dust events with long-distance transport.</p> ]]> Chemical Characteristics of Water-Soluble Ions and Metal Elements in Ambient Particles of Saitama, Japan During the Spring Asian Dust Event, 2017 weiqian wang qingyue wang doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-336-345 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 4 Article 336 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-336-345 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-336-345 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-325-335 Studies in the field of the adverse effect of inhaled particles show that not only particle mass is crucial but also particle size and specific surface are. The main objective of this study was to investigate and characterise ultrafine particle (UFP) emissions on workplace in the manufacture of ceramic tiles at two problematic places - at ceramic tiles kiln and spraying glazing suspension. The process of creating of glaze on the surface of stove tiles is performed at temperatures reaching up to 1,100oC. At this high temperature occurs fugitive emissions from glaze and ceramic consist of vapours and UFP containing various heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Cu, Mo, Zr, etc. from glaze and ceramic, respectively. The data obtained from the measurements confirmed the significant emissions of UFP at the two chosen workplaces, but the composition of particles, their size distribution and other parameters differed from one to another. In case of the workplace near the kiln, the following parameters were noted: total concentration of particles ranging from 5.6 nm to 560 nm is 2×105–4×105 N/cm3; median of size distribution is 37 nm, median of mass distribution is 153 nm, particle surface deposited in tracheobronchial (TB) part of lungs is 200 μm2/cm3, particle surface deposited in alveolar (A) part of lungs is 450 μm2/cm3 and the concentration of Pb is 3,744 μg/m3. In the case of the manual spraying of the glaze suspension on tiles, the following parameters were noted: total concentration of particles is 2×105 N/cm3; median of size distribution is 11 nm, median of mass distribution is 177 nm, particle surface deposited in TB part of lungs is 50 μm2/cm3, particle surface deposited in A part of lungs is 170 μm2/cm3 and the concentration of Pb is 1.9 μg/m3. It can be concluded from the data above that both the measured workplaces meet the permissible exposure limit for lead, which is 50 μg/m3. It is important to note that, in this study, the health impacts of UFP on staff and employees were not studied. <![CDATA[ <p>Studies in the field of the adverse effect of inhaled particles show that not only particle mass is crucial but also particle size and specific surface are. The main objective of this study was to investigate and characterise ultrafine particle (UFP) emissions on workplace in the manufacture of ceramic tiles at two problematic places - at ceramic tiles kiln and spraying glazing suspension. The process of creating of glaze on the surface of stove tiles is performed at temperatures reaching up to 1,100oC. At this high temperature occurs fugitive emissions from glaze and ceramic consist of vapours and UFP containing various heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Cu, Mo, Zr, etc. from glaze and ceramic, respectively. The data obtained from the measurements confirmed the significant emissions of UFP at the two chosen workplaces, but the composition of particles, their size distribution and other parameters differed from one to another. In case of the workplace near the kiln, the following parameters were noted: total concentration of particles ranging from 5.6 nm to 560 nm is 2×105–4×105 N/cm3; median of size distribution is 37 nm, median of mass distribution is 153 nm, particle surface deposited in tracheobronchial (TB) part of lungs is 200 μm2/cm3, particle surface deposited in alveolar (A) part of lungs is 450 μm2/cm3 and the concentration of Pb is 3,744 μg/m3. In the case of the manual spraying of the glaze suspension on tiles, the following parameters were noted: total concentration of particles is 2×105 N/cm3; median of size distribution is 11 nm, median of mass distribution is 177 nm, particle surface deposited in TB part of lungs is 50 μm2/cm3, particle surface deposited in A part of lungs is 170 μm2/cm3 and the concentration of Pb is 1.9 μg/m3. It can be concluded from the data above that both the measured workplaces meet the permissible exposure limit for lead, which is 50 μg/m3. It is important to note that, in this study, the health impacts of UFP on staff and employees were not studied.</p> ]]> The Emission of Ultrafine Particles in the Manufacture of Fireplace Ceramic Tiles karel lach ivona smolová doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-325-335 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 4 Article 325 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-325-335 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-325-335 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-309-324 Air pollution has become increasingly significant in the last few decades as a major potential risk to public health in Malaysia due to rapid economic development, coupled with seasonal trans-boundary pollution. Over the years, air pollution in Malaysia has been characterised by large seasonal variations, which are significantly attributed to trans-boundary pollution. The aim of this study is to analyse the long-term temporal dynamic (1997–2015) of CO, NOX and PM10 at 20 monitoring stations across Malaysia. Long-term pollutant trends were analysed using the Mann–Kendall test. For potential pollutant source analysis, satellite data and Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) backward trajectories model were employed. In all monitoring sites, we observed that the annual average concentrations of PM10 were varied, with large coefficient variations. Meanwhile, CO and NOx were found to be less varied, with smaller coefficient variations, except in certain monitoring sites. Long-term analysis trends for CO attested to insignificant decreasing trends in 11 monitoring stations and increasing trends in seven stations. Meanwhile, NOX showed no significant trends in most stations. For PM10, five monitoring stations showed increasing trends, whereas 15 other stations showed decreasing trends. HYSPLIT backward trajectory analyses have shown that high seasonal PM10 levels in most parts of Malaysia are due to trans-boundary pollution. Large-scale intense biomass burning in Indonesia, particularly during the southwest monsoon, has been identified as the main potential source. Long-term air pollution in Malaysia is characterised largely by trans-boundary pollution and is highly seasonal. In urban areas of Malaysian Peninsula, combinations of trans-boundary pollution and local emission sources were notably identified as important sources. Long-term PM10 pollution in Malaysia shows small but significant decreasing trends. Therefore, to ensure that the effect of air pollution on human health is minimised, special attention needs to be focused on short-term pollution episodes, particularly during trans-boundary pollution events and extreme weather conditions such as El Niño. <![CDATA[ <p>Air pollution has become increasingly significant in the last few decades as a major potential risk to public health in Malaysia due to rapid economic development, coupled with seasonal trans-boundary pollution. Over the years, air pollution in Malaysia has been characterised by large seasonal variations, which are significantly attributed to trans-boundary pollution. The aim of this study is to analyse the long-term temporal dynamic (1997–2015) of CO, NOX and PM10 at 20 monitoring stations across Malaysia. Long-term pollutant trends were analysed using the Mann–Kendall test. For potential pollutant source analysis, satellite data and Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) backward trajectories model were employed. In all monitoring sites, we observed that the annual average concentrations of PM10 were varied, with large coefficient variations. Meanwhile, CO and NOx were found to be less varied, with smaller coefficient variations, except in certain monitoring sites. Long-term analysis trends for CO attested to insignificant decreasing trends in 11 monitoring stations and increasing trends in seven stations. Meanwhile, NOX showed no significant trends in most stations. For PM10, five monitoring stations showed increasing trends, whereas 15 other stations showed decreasing trends. HYSPLIT backward trajectory analyses have shown that high seasonal PM10 levels in most parts of Malaysia are due to trans-boundary pollution. Large-scale intense biomass burning in Indonesia, particularly during the southwest monsoon, has been identified as the main potential source. Long-term air pollution in Malaysia is characterised largely by trans-boundary pollution and is highly seasonal. In urban areas of Malaysian Peninsula, combinations of trans-boundary pollution and local emission sources were notably identified as important sources. Long-term PM10 pollution in Malaysia shows small but significant decreasing trends. Therefore, to ensure that the effect of air pollution on human health is minimised, special attention needs to be focused on short-term pollution episodes, particularly during trans-boundary pollution events and extreme weather conditions such as El Niño.</p> ]]> Long-Term Air Pollution Trend Analysis in Malaysia justin sentian franky herman chan yit yih jackson chang hian wui doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-309-324 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 4 Article 309 10.2495/EI-V2-N4-309-324 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_4/EI-V2-N4-309-324 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-283-299 A survey water quality study was conducted between 2014 and 2017 to investigate the presence and concentration of pesticides in the nearshore marine environments on the islands of Oahu and Kauai. On Kauai, a total of 32 surface water and 16 sediment samples were collected from four streams and one irrigation ditch over multiple sampling events. On Oahu, a total of 27 surface water and 16 sediment samples were collected from six streams on the leeward side of the island over multiple sampling events, typically under baseflow conditions. The samples were analysed for 197 compounds spanning eight chemical classes of pesticides. Five herbicide (glyphosate, metolachlor, atrazine, imazapyr and MCPA) and one insecticide (imidacloprid) compounds were detected in the surface water samples collected. Seven insecticide (imidacloprid, carbaryl, chlordane, p,pʹ-DDD, p,pʹ-DDE, p,pʹ-DDT and dieldrin), five herbicide [glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), diuron, DCPMU and pendimethalin] and one fungicide (azoxystrobin) compound were detected in the stream bed sediments collected. Detected pesticides spanned the pesticide class list, with seven of the eight classes of pesticides tested discovered. This study found widespread, low level contamination by both legacy and currently used pesticides in nearshore waters and river bed sediments on the islands of Oahu and Kauai. Based on the pesticide data obtained during the study, five streams on the island of Oahu (two leeward and three windward streams) were selected for additional high-frequency sampling for the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (Roundup), due to this compound’s prevalence and the elevated concentration levels (compared to other pesticides) measured. These five streams flow through watersheds dominated by agricultural, residential and mixed-use land use and were sampled under both baseflow and storm conditions.The pervasiveness and overall concentration levels of glyphosate detected are greater than any other pesticide currently or historically present in Hawaiian streams. Glyphosate was detected in 95% of stream samples collected during storm events (59 samples, 798 ng/L median, 1,308 ng/L mean detects) and 60% of stream samples collected under baseflow conditions (103 samples, 152 ng/L median,462 ng/L mean detects), respectively (detection limit = 50 ng/L). In addition, either glyphosate or its degradation product AMPA was detected in 100% of the stream bed sediment samples collected on Oahu and Kauai during the study. The higher glyphosate concentrations in measured stream samples collected under storm versus baseflow conditions is believed to result from the release of adsorbed glyphosate present in stream-bed sediments as they become re-suspended during the rapid rises in stream volumes that characterize Hawaiian stream during runoff events.The mean glyphosate concentration measured in streams that drain urban and mixed-use areas (1,020 and 1,050 ng/L, respectively) was slightly higher than concentration levels measured in streams that drain agricultural areas (760 ng/L). Glyphosate was detected more frequently in stream samples collected from agricultural areas than from urban and mixed-use areas (82%, 69% and 63% detection rates, respectively). The mean glyphosate concentrations measured during this study in stream waters and their associated bed sediments are more than 7 and 10 times higher than the maximum mean detect concentration of the most prevalent persistent organic pollutants (α-chlordane in sediment and pentachlorophenol in stream and bay waters) measured in waters and sediments in urban and mixed-use areas on Oahu in the mid-1970s. <![CDATA[ <p>A survey water quality study was conducted between 2014 and 2017 to investigate the presence and concentration of pesticides in the nearshore marine environments on the islands of Oahu and Kauai. On Kauai, a total of 32 surface water and 16 sediment samples were collected from four streams and one irrigation ditch over multiple sampling events. On Oahu, a total of 27 surface water and 16 sediment samples were collected from six streams on the leeward side of the island over multiple sampling events, typically under baseflow conditions. The samples were analysed for 197 compounds spanning eight chemical classes of pesticides. Five herbicide (glyphosate, metolachlor, atrazine, imazapyr and MCPA) and one insecticide (imidacloprid) compounds were detected in the surface water samples collected. Seven insecticide (imidacloprid, carbaryl, chlordane, p,pʹ-DDD, p,pʹ-DDE, p,pʹ-DDT and dieldrin), five herbicide [glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), diuron, DCPMU and pendimethalin] and one fungicide (azoxystrobin) compound were detected in the stream bed sediments collected. Detected pesticides spanned the pesticide class list, with seven of the eight classes of pesticides tested discovered. This study found widespread, low level contamination by both legacy and currently used pesticides in nearshore waters and river bed sediments on the islands of Oahu and Kauai. Based on the pesticide data obtained during the study, five streams on the island of Oahu (two leeward and three windward streams) were selected for additional high-frequency sampling for the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (Roundup), due to this compound’s prevalence and the elevated concentration levels (compared to other pesticides) measured. These five streams flow through watersheds dominated by agricultural, residential and mixed-use land use and were sampled under both baseflow and storm conditions.The pervasiveness and overall concentration levels of glyphosate detected are greater than any other pesticide currently or historically present in Hawaiian streams. Glyphosate was detected in 95% of stream samples collected during storm events (59 samples, 798 ng/L median, 1,308 ng/L mean detects) and 60% of stream samples collected under baseflow conditions (103 samples, 152 ng/L median,462 ng/L mean detects), respectively (detection limit = 50 ng/L). In addition, either glyphosate or its degradation product AMPA was detected in 100% of the stream bed sediment samples collected on Oahu and Kauai during the study. The higher glyphosate concentrations in measured stream samples collected under storm versus baseflow conditions is believed to result from the release of adsorbed glyphosate present in stream-bed sediments as they become re-suspended during the rapid rises in stream volumes that characterize Hawaiian stream during runoff events.The mean glyphosate concentration measured in streams that drain urban and mixed-use areas (1,020 and 1,050 ng/L, respectively) was slightly higher than concentration levels measured in streams that drain agricultural areas (760 ng/L). Glyphosate was detected more frequently in stream samples collected from agricultural areas than from urban and mixed-use areas (82%, 69% and 63% detection rates, respectively). The mean glyphosate concentrations measured during this study in stream waters and their associated bed sediments are more than 7 and 10 times higher than the maximum mean detect concentration of the most prevalent persistent organic pollutants (α-chlordane in sediment and pentachlorophenol in stream and bay waters) measured in waters and sediments in urban and mixed-use areas on Oahu in the mid-1970s.</p> ]]> Pesticide Levels in Streams and Sediments on the Islands of Oahu and Kauai, Hawaii steven r. spengler marvin d. heskett julia i. gray doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-283-299 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 3 Article 283 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-283-299 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-283-299 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-272-282 African snakehead (Parachanna obscura) is a highly valued freshwater fish species in Nigeria, but its availability for economic and nutritional benefits is being threatened as a result of overdependence on wild source. Effort at bringing it to culture is, however, being limited by paucity of information on its biology among other challenges. Therefore, key aspects of the reproductive biology of this species were investigated as a prelude to artificially propagate it. 688 live samples comprise of 394 females (12.6–45.0cm TL) and 294 males (12.8–41.6cm TL) were fortnightly obtained in Eleyele Lake between November 2014 and October 2016 from fishermen majorly using longline, cast nets and gillnets of various mesh sizes. Morphometric parameters of fish were taken, and each sample dissected for sex identification following standard method. The maturation stages were analysed using macroscopic and standard histological techniques. The sex ratio of samples varied significantly (p <![CDATA[ <p>African snakehead (Parachanna obscura) is a highly valued freshwater fish species in Nigeria, but its availability for economic and nutritional benefits is being threatened as a result of overdependence on wild source. Effort at bringing it to culture is, however, being limited by paucity of information on its biology among other challenges. Therefore, key aspects of the reproductive biology of this species were investigated as a prelude to artificially propagate it. 688 live samples comprise of 394 females (12.6–45.0cm TL) and 294 males (12.8–41.6cm TL) were fortnightly obtained in Eleyele Lake between November 2014 and October 2016 from fishermen majorly using longline, cast nets and gillnets of various mesh sizes. Morphometric parameters of fish were taken, and each sample dissected for sex identification following standard method. The maturation stages were analysed using macroscopic and standard histological techniques. The sex ratio of samples varied significantly (p< 0.05), with 1.34 fe- males for every male. Five stages of oogenesis and three stages of spermatogenesis were obtained from samples analysed. Mean gonadosomatic index were significantly higher in May (2.26±0.86%), June (2.08±0.80%) and January (1.98±0.77%) for female samples and in June (0.18±0.06%) and December (0.21±0.06%) for male, implying peaks of gonadal development for the sexes. Length at first maturity calculated was 26.6 cm for males and 25.8 cm for females. The diameter of ova, however, varies from 0.60 to 1.42 mm. Absolute fecundity ranged between 336 (at 20.5cm total length) and 7,033 (at 36.7 cm total length). The relationship between fecundity and total length, weight, ovary length and ovary weight was linear and positive. This research provides key information necessary for artificial propagation of P. obscura.</p> ]]> Aspect of reproductive biology of Parachanna obscura, Gunther 1861 in a Southwestern Nigerian reservoir o. kazeem kareem a. nurudeen olanrewaju o. orisasona doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-272-282 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 3 Article 272 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-272-282 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-272-282 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-259-271 When sustainability limits for resource use or adverse effects from multiple users are reached, there is a need to manage for the cumulative impacts of all users as well as the impacts of individual users. Ir- rigation expansion in Canterbury led to sustainability limits for water availability for further irrigation and water quality decline from land use intensification. This paper illustrates some of the key lessons for management of cumulative impacts from Canterbury examples. In the Rakaia-Selwyn Groundwater Zone, the spatial scale of management shifted from managing the drawdown impacts on adjacent bores to managing the total extraction from the groundwater zone and the effects on flows in groundwater-fed streams. The management of nitrate contamination from land use intensification across the Canterbury Plains required analysis of the cumulative effects of current and future developments on drinking wa- ter quality: this also led to requirements for increased controls on existing users and raised the issue of affordability of additional controls. As illustrated in water quality management for Lake Benmore, modelling of cumulative effects is more complex than modelling the effects of individual projects. Uncertainties in predicting cumulative effects can be greater than the contributions of individual projects. This creates difficulties not only in setting overall limits for managing cumulative effects but also in determining whether impacts from project proposals can be accommodated. The setting of nitrogen discharge limits on land users in the catchment of Wainono Lagoon demonstrates the issue of equity considerations in allocation of discharge allowances. This is not only for the allocation among existing users but also between existing dischargers and potential new dischargers. The management of salinisa- tion of the Woolston-Heathcote groundwater supply is an example of the need to manage the collective contributions of those responsible for adverse effects not just the individual users. The greater complexity of monitoring for the management of cumulative impacts is illustrated in the management of environmental flows in the Te Ngawai River. This required integrating the measurements of individual extractions and the combined effect on river flow in real time. <![CDATA[ <p>When sustainability limits for resource use or adverse effects from multiple users are reached, there is a need to manage for the cumulative impacts of all users as well as the impacts of individual users. Ir- rigation expansion in Canterbury led to sustainability limits for water availability for further irrigation and water quality decline from land use intensification. This paper illustrates some of the key lessons for management of cumulative impacts from Canterbury examples. In the Rakaia-Selwyn Groundwater Zone, the spatial scale of management shifted from managing the drawdown impacts on adjacent bores to managing the total extraction from the groundwater zone and the effects on flows in groundwater-fed streams. The management of nitrate contamination from land use intensification across the Canterbury Plains required analysis of the cumulative effects of current and future developments on drinking wa- ter quality: this also led to requirements for increased controls on existing users and raised the issue of affordability of additional controls. As illustrated in water quality management for Lake Benmore, modelling of cumulative effects is more complex than modelling the effects of individual projects. Uncertainties in predicting cumulative effects can be greater than the contributions of individual projects. This creates difficulties not only in setting overall limits for managing cumulative effects but also in determining whether impacts from project proposals can be accommodated. The setting of nitrogen discharge limits on land users in the catchment of Wainono Lagoon demonstrates the issue of equity considerations in allocation of discharge allowances. This is not only for the allocation among existing users but also between existing dischargers and potential new dischargers. The management of salinisa- tion of the Woolston-Heathcote groundwater supply is an example of the need to manage the collective contributions of those responsible for adverse effects not just the individual users. The greater complexity of monitoring for the management of cumulative impacts is illustrated in the management of environmental flows in the Te Ngawai River. This required integrating the measurements of individual extractions and the combined effect on river flow in real time.</p> ]]> Management of Cumulative Impacts: Lessons from Canterbury, New Zealand bryan r. jenkins doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-259-271 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 3 Article 259 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-259-271 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-259-271 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-249-258 The levels of air pollution in the cities of Greater Bay Area in Southern China, including Macao, are extremely high and often exceeded the levels recommended by World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines. In order for the population to take precautionary measures and avoid further health risks un- der high pollutant exposure, it is important to develop a reliable air quality forecast. Statistical models based on multiple regression analysis were developed successfully for Macao to predict the next-day concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) for Taipa Ambient, a background representative station located within the area of Macao (32.9 km2), at Taipa Grande, the headquarter of Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau. The two developed models were statistically significantly valid, with a 95% confidence level with high coefficients of determination. A wide range of meteorological and air quality variables were identified, and only some were selected as significant dependent variables. The meteorological variables such as geopotential height and relative humidity at different vertical levels were selected from an extensive list of variables. The air quality variables that translate the resilience of the recent past concentrations of each pollutant were the ones selected. The models were based in meteorological and air quality variables with five years of historical data, from 2013 to 2017. The data from 2013 to 2016 were used to develop the statistical models and data from 2017 were used for validation purposes, with high coefficients of determination between predicted and observed daily average concentrations (0.92 and 0.89 for PM10 and PM2.5 , respectively). The results are expected to be the basis for an operational air quality forecast for the region. <![CDATA[ <p>The levels of air pollution in the cities of Greater Bay Area in Southern China, including Macao, are extremely high and often exceeded the levels recommended by World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines. In order for the population to take precautionary measures and avoid further health risks un- der high pollutant exposure, it is important to develop a reliable air quality forecast. Statistical models based on multiple regression analysis were developed successfully for Macao to predict the next-day concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) for Taipa Ambient, a background representative station located within the area of Macao (32.9 km2), at Taipa Grande, the headquarter of Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau. The two developed models were statistically significantly valid, with a 95% confidence level with high coefficients of determination. A wide range of meteorological and air quality variables were identified, and only some were selected as significant dependent variables. The meteorological variables such as geopotential height and relative humidity at different vertical levels were selected from an extensive list of variables. The air quality variables that translate the resilience of the recent past concentrations of each pollutant were the ones selected. The models were based in meteorological and air quality variables with five years of historical data, from 2013 to 2017. The data from 2013 to 2016 were used to develop the statistical models and data from 2017 were used for validation purposes, with high coefficients of determination between predicted and observed daily average concentrations (0.92 and 0.89 for PM10 and PM2.5 , respectively). The results are expected to be the basis for an operational air quality forecast for the region.</p> ]]> Macao Air Quality Forecast Using Statistical Methods man tat lei joana monjardino luisa mendes francisco ferreira doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-249-258 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 3 Article 249 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-249-258 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-249-258 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-240-248 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in indoor air is a substantial risk factor for many health issues. Children are particularly susceptible to ETS with increased risk of asthma attacks, respiratory infec- tions and sudden infant death syndrome. The health effects of ETS are well researched in adults, but few studies examine the impact on children’s cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). CRF has been shown to be a useful biomarker for monitoring health effects which would normally be too subtle to iden- tify at rest. In adults, ETS has been shown to reduce CRF, and children may be at greater risk due to high respiration rates and developing organs. This preliminary research tests the hypothesis that ETS has a detrimental impact on CRF in children. Twenty-five children (9–11 years) from one Merseyside primary school were recruited. ETS exposure was determined by parental surveys and coupled with children’s exhaled carbon monoxide concentration. CRF was determined using a VO peak test, with lung function assessed using standard spirometry, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) provided an indication of lung inflammation. Initial results show that children exposed to ETS had statically lower CRF scores (p = 0.048) and were more likely to be classified as ‘unfit’ compared to children not exposed. A negative correlation was found between the number of cigarettes smoked at home and children’s CRF (r = −0.526, p = 0.008), suggesting a possible dose–response relationship. Spirometry and FeNO values were not statistically different between groups. Results indicate that ETS exposure is likely to be detrimental to children’s CRF. They highlight the need for further work, on a larger dataset that will allow more robust analysis with greater statistical power. To the author’s knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to use laboratory-based fitness measurements to explore associations between ETS and CRF in children. <![CDATA[ <p>Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in indoor air is a substantial risk factor for many health issues. Children are particularly susceptible to ETS with increased risk of asthma attacks, respiratory infec- tions and sudden infant death syndrome. The health effects of ETS are well researched in adults, but few studies examine the impact on children’s cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). CRF has been shown to be a useful biomarker for monitoring health effects which would normally be too subtle to iden- tify at rest. In adults, ETS has been shown to reduce CRF, and children may be at greater risk due to high respiration rates and developing organs. This preliminary research tests the hypothesis that ETS has a detrimental impact on CRF in children. Twenty-five children (9–11 years) from one Merseyside primary school were recruited. ETS exposure was determined by parental surveys and coupled with children’s exhaled carbon monoxide concentration. CRF was determined using a VO peak test, with lung function assessed using standard spirometry, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) provided an indication of lung inflammation. Initial results show that children exposed to ETS had statically lower CRF scores (p = 0.048) and were more likely to be classified as ‘unfit’ compared to children not exposed. A negative correlation was found between the number of cigarettes smoked at home and children’s CRF (r = −0.526, p = 0.008), suggesting a possible dose–response relationship. Spirometry and FeNO values were not statistically different between groups. Results indicate that ETS exposure is likely to be detrimental to children’s CRF. They highlight the need for further work, on a larger dataset that will allow more robust analysis with greater statistical power. To the author’s knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to use laboratory-based fitness measurements to explore associations between ETS and CRF in children.</p> ]]> The Impact of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children: A Pilot Study melissa parnell ivan gee lawrence foweather | greg whyte zoe knowles john dickinson doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-240-248 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 3 Article 240 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-240-248 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-240-248 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-229-239 Water pollution by Cr is challenging due to its high toxicity. Most of chromium is released by industrial processes. Different methods have been developed to remove heavy metals from water, but they are expensive and not efficient for low concentrations. Microorganisms have received attention since they are able to grow in stress conditions. Bacteria living in water bodies near to mining are resistant to heavy metals; then, they have potential for bioadsorption applications. The purpose of this work was to isolate a microorganism tolerant to Cr from water bodies near to a mining zone. The isolated, Pseudomonas koreensis, was immobilized in alginate beads and its efficiency to remove Cr from water was evaluated. For isolation, serial dilution of samples was conducted; microorganisms were cultured in EMB, MacConkey and Mannitol salt agar and incubated at 30–35 °C for 24 h. The dominant colonies were replanted in nutrient agar supplemented with chromium and they were incubated at 30–35 °C until growth evidence. Species identification was done according to Bergey’s Manual and by 16 S rDNA sequencing. Alginate beads were prepared by slow continuous deposition method. Isolated bacteria were set in batch reactors together with alginate beads and nutrient medium to promote microorganism immobilization. The biofilm presence was confirmed through SEM. A random experimental design was used to determine the best amount of adsorbent in lab scale batch reactors. The concentration was taken as variable considering 15, 25 and 40 g. Temperature, pH, stirring and concentration of Cr (VI) were fixed at 30°C, 6.6, 150 rpm and 10 ppm, respectively. Samples from 0 to 56 h were taken. A variance analysis was performed. Chromium removal of 97% at 32 h was reached. Significative difference was observed related to adsorbent concentration and time. The best results correspond to 40 g of adsorbent. 08-12-2019 <![CDATA[ <p>Water pollution by Cr is challenging due to its high toxicity. Most of chromium is released by industrial processes. Different methods have been developed to remove heavy metals from water, but they are expensive and not efficient for low concentrations. Microorganisms have received attention since they are able to grow in stress conditions. Bacteria living in water bodies near to mining are resistant to heavy metals; then, they have potential for bioadsorption applications. The purpose of this work was to isolate a microorganism tolerant to Cr from water bodies near to a mining zone. The isolated, <em>Pseudomonas koreensis</em>, was immobilized in alginate beads and its efficiency to remove Cr from water was evaluated. For isolation, serial dilution of samples was conducted; microorganisms were cultured in EMB, MacConkey and Mannitol salt agar and incubated at 30–35 °C for 24 h. The dominant colonies were replanted in nutrient agar supplemented with chromium and they were incubated at 30–35 °C until growth evidence. Species identification was done according to Bergey’s Manual and by 16 S rDNA sequencing. Alginate beads were prepared by slow continuous deposition method. Isolated bacteria were set in batch reactors together with alginate beads and nutrient medium to promote microorganism immobilization. The biofilm presence was confirmed through SEM. A random experimental design was used to determine the best amount of adsorbent in lab scale batch reactors. The concentration was taken as variable considering 15, 25 and 40 g. Temperature, pH, stirring and concentration of Cr (VI) were fixed at 30°C, 6.6, 150 rpm and 10 ppm, respectively. Samples from 0 to 56 h were taken. A variance analysis was performed. Chromium removal of 97% at 32 h was reached. Significative difference was observed related to adsorbent concentration and time. The best results correspond to 40 g of adsorbent.</p> ]]> Bioadsorption of Cr (VI) in Aqueous Solutions by $Pseudomonas \,\, Koreensis$ Immobilized in Alginate Beads s.g. garcía torres s. carlos hernández l. díaz jiménez doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-229-239 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-12-2019 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-12-2019 2019 2 3 Article 229 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-229-239 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-229-239 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-215-228 High-purity zeolites A were synthesized from different coal combustion by-products (baghouse filter fly ash, cyclone filter ash, and bottom ash) and characterized in terms of morphology, chemical, and mineralogical composition. The products were tested for carbon dioxide capture by using a continuous CO2 flow system passing through a column packed with the adsorbent material, which was connected to an analyser that directly measures the concentration of CO2 The values of CO2 adsorption capacities calculated for the unmodified Na-A zeolites (ZABF, ZACF, and ZABA) were 556.48, 494.29 and 654.82 mg g–1, respectively. These values were higher than those achieved by the calcium-modified zeolite samples. ZABA adsorbent presented the best performance in CO2 capture when compared to the other adsorbent material and achieved an adsorption capacity 32% higher than a 4A commercial zeolite. In the adsorption cycles study, the percentage of CO2 desorption by ZABA at the second and hird cycles reached 93%, showing that zeolite A can be regenerated by heating at 150 ºC. The use of coal ashes to obtain zeolites and the application of these products for the CO2 adsorption can be an important strategy to mitigate both the problem of waste management and the greenhouse gases emission in coal-fired power plants. 08-12-2019 <![CDATA[ <p>High-purity zeolites A were synthesized from different coal combustion by-products (baghouse filter fly ash, cyclone filter ash, and bottom ash) and characterized in terms of morphology, chemical, and mineralogical composition. The products were tested for carbon dioxide capture by using a continuous CO₂ flow system passing through a column packed with the adsorbent material, which was connected to an analyser that directly measures the concentration of CO₂ The values of CO₂ adsorption capacities calculated for the unmodified Na-A zeolites (ZABF, ZACF, and ZABA) were 556.48, 494.29 and 654.82 mg g^–1, respectively. These values were higher than those achieved by the calcium-modified zeolite samples. ZABA adsorbent presented the best performance in CO₂ capture when compared to the other adsorbent material and achieved an adsorption capacity 32% higher than a 4A commercial zeolite. In the adsorption cycles study, the percentage of CO₂ desorption by ZABA at the second and hird cycles reached 93%, showing that zeolite A can be regenerated by heating at 150 ºC. The use of coal ashes to obtain zeolites and the application of these products for the CO₂ adsorption can be an important strategy to mitigate both the problem of waste management and the greenhouse gases emission in coal-fired power plants.</p> ]]> Application of High-Purity Zeolite a Synthesized from Different Coal Combustion by-Products in Carbon Dioxide Capture juliana izidoro davi castanho carlos rossati denise fungaro sabine guilhen thiago nogueira maria de fátima andrade doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-215-228 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-12-2019 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 08-12-2019 2019 2 3 Article 215 10.2495/EI-V2-N3-215-228 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_3/EI-V2-N3-215-228 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-192-205 Modern societies rely on mass mobility, in particular by private car. Car numbers are growing worldwide due to economic and other factors. Nearly, all have engines that run on fossil fuels. Use of fossil fuels contributes to climate change (via CO2-emissions) and local air pollution (primary NOx- and PM10-emissions). Both have profound environmental and health implications. The paper explores the technical and behavioural feasibility of zero-emission private car use in The Netherlands in 2030. Base year is 2010. The following research questions are addressed:1. How much CO2, NOx and PM10 did passenger cars emit in 2010?2. How much will this be in 2030?3. What would these figures be if electric cars become mainstream in 2030?4. What would the impact be of sustained urbanization on these emissions?5. How would a greener power mix in electric power plants affect the emissions of CO2, NOx and PM10 by electric cars?A simulation model was used to quantify a rich set of scenarios. Many car manufacturers aim to produce more (fully) electric vehicles (FEVs) in the coming years. More FEV translates into less (growth in) consumption of fossil fuels and emissions. The remaining emissions are still on the high side. Urbanization may support a further reduction. It reduces car ownership and use and thereby the growth in car kilometres, fossil fuel consumption and emissions. Growing production of renewable energy gradually makes the power mix greener. The most extreme combination of scenarios enables society to reduce CO2-emissions far beyond the −50% target in 2030 for the assumed car mobility scenario.The feasibility of this outcome is rather uncertain. An extension of decades of neoliberal, market-first transport policy would very likely slow down the pace of the transition. 06-29-2019 <![CDATA[ <p>Modern societies rely on mass mobility, in particular by private car. Car numbers are growing worldwide due to economic and other factors. Nearly, all have engines that run on fossil fuels. Use of fossil fuels contributes to climate change (via CO₂-emissions) and local air pollution (primary NO_x- and PM₁₀-emissions). Both have profound environmental and health implications. The paper explores the technical and behavioural feasibility of zero-emission private car use in The Netherlands in 2030. Base year is 2010. The following research questions are addressed:</p><p style="text-align: justify">1. How much CO₂, NOx and PM₁₀ did passenger cars emit in 2010?</p><p style="text-align: justify">2. How much will this be in 2030?</p><p style="text-align: justify">3. What would these figures be if electric cars become mainstream in 2030?</p><p style="text-align: justify">4. What would the impact be of sustained urbanization on these emissions?</p><p style="text-align: justify">5. How would a greener power mix in electric power plants affect the emissions of CO₂, NO_x and PM₁₀ by electric cars?</p><p style="text-align: justify">A simulation model was used to quantify a rich set of scenarios. Many car manufacturers aim to produce more (fully) electric vehicles (FEVs) in the coming years. More FEV translates into less (growth in) consumption of fossil fuels and emissions. The remaining emissions are still on the high side. Urbanization may support a further reduction. It reduces car ownership and use and thereby the growth in car kilometres, fossil fuel consumption and emissions. Growing production of renewable energy gradually makes the power mix greener. The most extreme combination of scenarios enables society to reduce CO₂-emissions far beyond the −50% target in 2030 for the assumed car mobility scenario.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The feasibility of this outcome is rather uncertain. An extension of decades of neoliberal, market-first transport policy would very likely slow down the pace of the transition.</p> ]]> Towards Zero CO$_{2-}$, NO$_\text{X}$- and PM$_{10}$- Emissions by Passenger Cars: Technology & Behaviour jaap m. vleugel frans bal doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-192-205 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 2019 2 2 Article 192 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-192-205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-192-205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-174-191 The BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) are known for their potential toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, especially in an indoor occupational environment, where these substances dissipate with greater difficulty. Thus, the present work evaluated the concentrations, mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of the BTEX group in the indoor air of workshops involving painting and varnishing. Samples were collected using air pumps from the outside of the open environment workshops and from the inside of each of the three workshops. The chemical analyses were carried out using gas chromatograph with mass spectrometry. The mutagenic and cytotoxicity potentials were determined using the Salmonella/microsome and WST/LDH assays, respectively. The concentrations of each constituent of the BTEX group were below the limits established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and toluene presented the highest value. Moreover, these compounds did not induce mutagenic activity in the TA98 and TA100 Salmonella typhimurium strains either in the presence or in the absence of metabolization, and no cytotoxic effects were observed in the A549 human lung cells. These results may be related to the low BTEX values found in the occupational environment, as can be seen in some other studies. Nevertheless, at low concentrations, these compounds may cause toxicity by a pathway not investigated in this study or may have interacted with other non-monitored air constituents, reducing their toxicity. The present study sought to obtain more information and clarifications regarding occupational exposure to BTEX, contributing to the risk assessment of the workers exposed to these substances. 06-29-2019 <![CDATA[ <p>The BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) are known for their potential toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, especially in an indoor occupational environment, where these substances dissipate with greater difficulty. Thus, the present work evaluated the concentrations, mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of the BTEX group in the indoor air of workshops involving painting and varnishing. Samples were collected using air pumps from the outside of the open environment workshops and from the inside of each of the three workshops. The chemical analyses were carried out using gas chromatograph with mass spectrometry. The mutagenic and cytotoxicity potentials were determined using the Salmonella/microsome and WST/LDH assays, respectively. The concentrations of each constituent of the BTEX group were below the limits established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and toluene presented the highest value. Moreover, these compounds did not induce mutagenic activity in the TA98 and TA100 Salmonella typhimurium strains either in the presence or in the absence of metabolization, and no cytotoxic effects were observed in the A549 human lung cells. These results may be related to the low BTEX values found in the occupational environment, as can be seen in some other studies. Nevertheless, at low concentrations, these compounds may cause toxicity by a pathway not investigated in this study or may have interacted with other non-monitored air constituents, reducing their toxicity. The present study sought to obtain more information and clarifications regarding occupational exposure to BTEX, contributing to the risk assessment of the workers exposed to these substances.</p> ]]> BTEX in an Occupational Environment eduardo monteiro martins priscila falcão de sá borba neemias espindola dos santos paula thaise bermudez dos reis renata simões silveira israel felzenszwalb elisa raquel anastácio ferraz andreia da silva fernandes ronald da silva muniz izabela batista de souza matos sérgio machado correa doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-174-191 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 2019 2 2 Article 174 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-174-191 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-174-191 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-161-173 Spatial distribution of emissions is a key element in assessing human exposure to air pollution through the use of dispersion modelling. The quality of the spatial emission mapping is crucial for the quality, applicability and reliability of modelled air pollution levels, estimated human exposure and incurred health effects and related costs, all very important information for policymakers in decisions of implementation of environmental policies and measures. Detailed information on spatial distribution of emissions allows for a more targeted regulation, implementing measures focussing on areas where emissions are highest, allowing for more cost-effective initiatives on local, regional and national scale. The purpose of the MapEIre project, funded by Ireland’s Environmental Protection Agency, is to develop a high-resolution spatial mapping of the Irish emission inventory. The work is state-of-the-art and combines a large amount of statistical data with detailed spatial information to allow for a complete spatial emission mapping on a 1 km by 1 km resolution.When comparing the results from the MapEIre project with those of the previous studies, the impact of both methodological refinements and higher spatial resolution becomes very visible. A low resolution, such as the 50 × 50 km used in the official reporting, causes important variations to be obfuscated and, if used for air quality modelling, would introduce significant uncertainty. Methodological simplifi- cations can also have significant influence on the results, which has been illustrated in this paper using specific examples comparing the detailed MapEIre methodology with less detailed methodologies used in the previous studies.The results from MapEIre represent a significant improvement over previous methodologies and will be a strong input for future air quality modelling. 06-29-2019 <![CDATA[ <p>Spatial distribution of emissions is a key element in assessing human exposure to air pollution through the use of dispersion modelling. The quality of the spatial emission mapping is crucial for the quality, applicability and reliability of modelled air pollution levels, estimated human exposure and incurred health effects and related costs, all very important information for policymakers in decisions of implementation of environmental policies and measures. Detailed information on spatial distribution of emissions allows for a more targeted regulation, implementing measures focussing on areas where emissions are highest, allowing for more cost-effective initiatives on local, regional and national scale. The purpose of the MapEIre project, funded by Ireland’s Environmental Protection Agency, is to develop a high-resolution spatial mapping of the Irish emission inventory. The work is state-of-the-art and combines a large amount of statistical data with detailed spatial information to allow for a complete spatial emission mapping on a 1 km by 1 km resolution.</p><p style="text-align: justify">When comparing the results from the MapEIre project with those of the previous studies, the impact of both methodological refinements and higher spatial resolution becomes very visible. A low resolution, such as the 50 × 50 km used in the official reporting, causes important variations to be obfuscated and, if used for air quality modelling, would introduce significant uncertainty. Methodological simplifi- cations can also have significant influence on the results, which has been illustrated in this paper using specific examples comparing the detailed MapEIre methodology with less detailed methodologies used in the previous studies.</p><p>The results from MapEIre represent a significant improvement over previous methodologies and will be a strong input for future air quality modelling.</p> ]]> Influence of Improved Methodology and Increased Spatial Resolution on Gridded Emissions m. s. plejdrup o.-k. nielsen h. g. bruun doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-161-173 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 2019 2 2 Article 161 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-161-173 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-161-173 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-145-160 Constructed wetland is a technically feasible, economically viable and environmentally sustainable natural technology that contributes at reducing greenhouse gases in the wastewater treatment. In this context, a pilot-scale subsurface horizontal-flow constructed wetland (HF-CW) was evaluated by using Thalia geniculata as native vegetation. The reactor operated with an average flow rate of 204 ± 66 L/ day of wastewater, with gravel support medium diameter of 2.8 ± 0.8 cm, porosity of n = 56.3 ± 3.5 and density of 1,666.7 ± 119.3 kg/m3, with 4.2 days as a hydraulic retention time. The HF-CW weighs approximately 2,600 kg, considering 1,108 kg of gravel, 850 kg of water and the weight of the container (carbon steel). The kinetic behavior was observed to be first order with k = −0.43 days−1, favoring the efficiency of biological oxygen demand removal up to 90%. During the experiments, it was shown that the bacterial biomass attached to the support material decreased its concentration from influent to effluent (33,000 to 2,000 mg/kg, mg of fixed biomass attached to each kg of gravel). For the electrical con- ductivity, color and turbidity, values were found to decrease in the order of 7.2 ± 4.8%, 86.7 ± 6.8% and 90.3 ± 5.8%, respectively. From the current experimental results, it was demonstrated that constructed wetlands, involving native species as vegetation, are highly efficient for the removal of basic pollutants. 06-29-2019 <![CDATA[ <p>Constructed wetland is a technically feasible, economically viable and environmentally sustainable natural technology that contributes at reducing greenhouse gases in the wastewater treatment. In this context, a pilot-scale subsurface horizontal-flow constructed wetland (HF-CW) was evaluated by using Thalia geniculata as native vegetation. The reactor operated with an average flow rate of 204 ± 66 L/ day of wastewater, with gravel support medium diameter of 2.8 ± 0.8 cm, porosity of n = 56.3 ± 3.5 and density of 1,666.7 ± 119.3 kg/m3, with 4.2 days as a hydraulic retention time. The HF-CW weighs approximately 2,600 kg, considering 1,108 kg of gravel, 850 kg of water and the weight of the container (carbon steel). The kinetic behavior was observed to be first order with k = −0.43 days−1, favoring the efficiency of biological oxygen demand removal up to 90%. During the experiments, it was shown that the bacterial biomass attached to the support material decreased its concentration from influent to effluent (33,000 to 2,000 mg/kg, mg of fixed biomass attached to each kg of gravel). For the electrical con- ductivity, color and turbidity, values were found to decrease in the order of 7.2 ± 4.8%, 86.7 ± 6.8% and 90.3 ± 5.8%, respectively. From the current experimental results, it was demonstrated that constructed wetlands, involving native species as vegetation, are highly efficient for the removal of basic pollutants.</p> ]]> Spatial Distribution Behavior of Basic Pollutants in A Subsurface-Flow Wetland with Thalia Geniculata gaspar lópez-ocaña raúl g. bautista-margulis arturo valdes manzanilla carlos a. torres-balcazar rocío lópez-vidal eúnice pérez-sánchez liliana pampillón-gonzález doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-145-160 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 2019 2 2 Article 145 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-145-160 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-145-160 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-131-144 According to the World Water Assessment Program, today, half the world's population lives in urban areas. Because of this, many of the world cities are growing exponentially and unchecked urban sprawl is spawning areas that lack water infrastructure. The vast majority of these people will be living in crowded informal settlements with inadequate, sometimes non-existent, water and sanitation services. The poor as always, are the first to suffer. Globally, an estimated 2,000 children (UNICEF) under the age of five die every day from diarrheal diseases and of these some 1,800 deaths are linked to water, sanitation and hygiene. Extending safe drinking water to the 180 million urban dwellers currently lacking it, will play a key role in improving the health and security of cities, protecting economies and ecosystems, and minimizing the risk of pandemics. With this in mind, this paper will cover an ongoing design process that started in 2012, for the development of water generating facilities to be implemented as independent, self-sufficient interventions within impoverished communities. Each one of the proposed buildings will use atmospheric water generators to produce water from the humidity in the air, which will be re-mineralized and stored for free access by the communities around them. A small percentage of the water produced will also be used to feed a mushroom and hydroponic vegetable farm within the building, designed to provide cheap and accessible nourishment to the neighborhood. Ultimately, a network of interdependent facilities could be placed around the informal settlements creating a hive that would function more as urban acupuncture than urban development, producing a financially feasible proposal designed to directly serve a community through architectural interventions that require minimal maintenance and the possibility of creating local jobs while helping solve the water and food crisis in informal settlements around the developing world. 06-29-2019 <![CDATA[ <p>According to the World Water Assessment Program, today, half the world's population lives in urban areas. Because of this, many of the world cities are growing exponentially and unchecked urban sprawl is spawning areas that lack water infrastructure. The vast majority of these people will be living in crowded informal settlements with inadequate, sometimes non-existent, water and sanitation services. The poor as always, are the first to suffer. Globally, an estimated 2,000 children (UNICEF) under the age of five die every day from diarrheal diseases and of these some 1,800 deaths are linked to water, sanitation and hygiene. Extending safe drinking water to the 180 million urban dwellers currently lacking it, will play a key role in improving the health and security of cities, protecting economies and ecosystems, and minimizing the risk of pandemics. With this in mind, this paper will cover an ongoing design process that started in 2012, for the development of water generating facilities to be implemented as independent, self-sufficient interventions within impoverished communities. Each one of the proposed buildings will use atmospheric water generators to produce water from the humidity in the air, which will be re-mineralized and stored for free access by the communities around them. A small percentage of the water produced will also be used to feed a mushroom and hydroponic vegetable farm within the building, designed to provide cheap and accessible nourishment to the neighborhood. Ultimately, a network of interdependent facilities could be placed around the informal settlements creating a hive that would function more as urban acupuncture than urban development, producing a financially feasible proposal designed to directly serve a community through architectural interventions that require minimal maintenance and the possibility of creating local jobs while helping solve the water and food crisis in informal settlements around the developing world.</p> ]]> Working Towards Design Solutions for the Water and Nutrition Crisis of Informal Settlements c. cerro doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-131-144 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 2019 2 2 Article 131 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-131-144 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-131-144 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-117-130 The process of ecosystem fragmentation causes three types of changes in the ecosystem: changes of abiotic, direct biotic and indirect biotic nature. Among these changes, some of them are the microclimatic alterations, edge effect, decrease of the gene flow and losses of biodiversity, among others. In this way, the present study aimed to evaluate the environmental quality of forest remnants in a highly urbanized area through environmental indicators and landscape metrics, such as total area, circularity index, shape of forest fragments, nuclear area, connectivity between them, use and occupation around and distance from the nearest neighbor. The indicators were evaluated according to the methodologies established in the literature and grouped into an index to determine the environmental quality of each forest remnant. The index consisted of the sum of the weighted values for each indicator, according to its classification. The results indicate that most forest remnants evaluated in the study area present medium environmental quality, which demonstrates the degree of edge effect to which they are submitted, and this emphasizes the need for appropriate management actions in these areas, in order to soften such external pressures and ensure long-term sustainability. In addition, it was also identified that the metrics related to the area are essentially important for the determination of the environmental quality of forest remnants. 06-29-2019 <![CDATA[ <p>The process of ecosystem fragmentation causes three types of changes in the ecosystem: changes of abiotic, direct biotic and indirect biotic nature. Among these changes, some of them are the microclimatic alterations, edge effect, decrease of the gene flow and losses of biodiversity, among others. In this way, the present study aimed to evaluate the environmental quality of forest remnants in a highly urbanized area through environmental indicators and landscape metrics, such as total area, circularity index, shape of forest fragments, nuclear area, connectivity between them, use and occupation around and distance from the nearest neighbor. The indicators were evaluated according to the methodologies established in the literature and grouped into an index to determine the environmental quality of each forest remnant. The index consisted of the sum of the weighted values for each indicator, according to its classification. The results indicate that most forest remnants evaluated in the study area present medium environmental quality, which demonstrates the degree of edge effect to which they are submitted, and this emphasizes the need for appropriate management actions in these areas, in order to soften such external pressures and ensure long-term sustainability. In addition, it was also identified that the metrics related to the area are essentially important for the determination of the environmental quality of forest remnants.</p> ]]> Environmental Quality in Urban Forests in Campinas – São Paulo State/Brazil regina marcia longo alessandra leite da silva sueli do carmo bettine antonio carlos demanboro adriano bressane felipe hashimoto fengler admilson irio riberio doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-117-130 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 2019 2 2 Article 117 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-117-130 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-117-130 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-107-116 Rapid urbanization in high rainfall areas of western Washington, western Oregon and northern Idaho has increased the potential for flooding. As a result, the area of permeable surfaces to dispose of excess water from precipitation has decreased. This lack of permeable surfaces places pressure on storm sewers and surface waters to move the excess precipitation water off-site. The purpose of this article is twofold: (1) to document public perceptions of the likelihood of increased flooding events in urban areas and (2) to evaluate a potential solution that could mitigate the flooding problem in developing urban areas. Public attitudes, aptitudes and understanding of the potential flood threat in urban areas were determined using seven specific questions in a mail-based survey instrument conducted in 2017. Population projection data were used to forecast future changes in the permeability of landscapes. Rain gardens to increase water infiltration into the ground and reduce excessive precipitation runoff were evaluated from feasibility and public acceptance standpoints. Study results showed that the public is increasingly concerned about future flooding events, understands the linkage between reduced permeability of soils to flooding and is willing to consider using rain gardens as a flood mitigation strategy. As a consequence of effective outreach programs and local subsidies, 3,980 rain gardens have been established in the Puget Sound region since 2012. 06-29-2019 <![CDATA[ <p>Rapid urbanization in high rainfall areas of western Washington, western Oregon and northern Idaho has increased the potential for flooding. As a result, the area of permeable surfaces to dispose of excess water from precipitation has decreased. This lack of permeable surfaces places pressure on storm sewers and surface waters to move the excess precipitation water off-site. The purpose of this article is twofold: (1) to document public perceptions of the likelihood of increased flooding events in urban areas and (2) to evaluate a potential solution that could mitigate the flooding problem in developing urban areas. Public attitudes, aptitudes and understanding of the potential flood threat in urban areas were determined using seven specific questions in a mail-based survey instrument conducted in 2017. Population projection data were used to forecast future changes in the permeability of landscapes. Rain gardens to increase water infiltration into the ground and reduce excessive precipitation runoff were evaluated from feasibility and public acceptance standpoints. Study results showed that the public is increasingly concerned about future flooding events, understands the linkage between reduced permeability of soils to flooding and is willing to consider using rain gardens as a flood mitigation strategy. As a consequence of effective outreach programs and local subsidies, 3,980 rain gardens have been established in the Puget Sound region since 2012.</p> ]]> Problems, Perceptions and Solutions to Increased Flooding Threats in Urban Areas of the Pacific Northwest, USA robert. l. mahler robert simmons michael e. barber doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-107-116 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 International Journal of Environmental Impacts 06-29-2019 2019 2 2 Article 107 10.2495/EI-V2-N2-107-116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_2/EI-V2-N2-107-116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-85-96 This study investigates consumer awareness and knowledge about two methods of food production and possible environmental impact, specifically organic farming and genetically modified or engineered food production. Consumers are often unaware of the details of the first step of the food supply chain, which is the food production method and its environmental impact. It is believed that organic farming causes the least damage to the environment as it uses no pesticides or herbicides in agriculture. How- ever, genetically modified food is used frequently in the United Sates to increase yield and to meet the growing demand for food. Consumers generally are becoming more interested to learn about the food they purchase and the possible environmental impact of how it was produced. An online survey was conducted to evaluate consumers’ knowledge about the production systems and their preferences. Two hundred and four adult participants answered all the questions on the survey. The survey questions in- cluded demographic data and general questions about their knowledge of and their beliefs regarding dif- ferent food production systems, particularly the genetically modified food and potential environmental impact. Almost half (48%) of the participants believed that genetically modified food production has a harmful impact on the environment, while 31.4% had no knowledge about this method of food production and possible environmental impact. A c2 test showed a significant association between preference for non-genetically modified food and individuals’ beliefs on how this food production system may impact the environment (c2 (1) = 29.592, p = 0.001). Seventy-five percent, of the 98 participants who believedthatgeneticallymodifiedfoodproductionhasaharmfulimpactontheenvironment,preferred foods to be labeled. A majority (almost 80%) of participants acknowledged that their food purchasing decisions are contingent on the method of food production and its possible impact on the environment. <![CDATA[ <p>This study investigates consumer awareness and knowledge about two methods of food production and possible environmental impact, specifically organic farming and genetically modified or engineered food production. Consumers are often unaware of the details of the first step of the food supply chain, which is the food production method and its environmental impact. It is believed that organic farming causes the least damage to the environment as it uses no pesticides or herbicides in agriculture. How- ever, genetically modified food is used frequently in the United Sates to increase yield and to meet the growing demand for food. Consumers generally are becoming more interested to learn about the food they purchase and the possible environmental impact of how it was produced. An online survey was conducted to evaluate consumers’ knowledge about the production systems and their preferences. Two hundred and four adult participants answered all the questions on the survey. The survey questions in- cluded demographic data and general questions about their knowledge of and their beliefs regarding dif- ferent food production systems, particularly the genetically modified food and potential environmental impact. Almost half (48%) of the participants believed that genetically modified food production has a harmful impact on the environment, while 31.4% had no knowledge about this method of food production and possible environmental impact. A <span style="font-family: Symbol">c</span>2 test showed a significant association between preference <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">for non-genetically modified food and individuals’ beliefs on how this food production system </span>may impact the environment (<span style="font-family: Symbol">c</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2 (1) = 29.592, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">p </span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">= 0.001). Seventy-five percent, of the 98 participants </span>who believedthatgeneticallymodifiedfoodproductionhasaharmfulimpactontheenvironment,preferred foods to be labeled. A majority (almost 80%) of participants acknowledged that their food purchasing decisions are contingent on the method of food production and its possible impact on the environment.</p> ]]> Consumer Awareness and Knowledge About Food Sources and Possible Environmental Impact s. wunderlich m. smoller doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-85-96 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 1 Article 85 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-85-96 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-85-96 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-72-84 The concept of green infrastructure (Gi) development is promoted worldwide within planning of urban spatial systems. it implies the application of resilience and sustainability considerations in spatial and more specifically transportation planning.The purpose of this article is to assess the linking of incentives to promote green infrastructure develop- ment through transdisciplinary planning processes by integrating and mainstreaming related disciplines and planning in general. spatial planning traditionally deals with specific instruments and methodolo- gies focussing on developing the natural, socioeconomic and built environment. Transportation plan- ning, due to its integration with land use planning, focuses on movement systems and implies intra- and intermovement of people, goods and services supporting development and growth in urban spatial systems.In decision-making for statutory planning, the impact of development is used to levy service contri- butions in urban areas. it includes the calculation of financial contributions to access conventional infra- structure services networks in terms of specific development policies and priorities. Limited incentives exist to promote, integrate and mainstream green development practices in land use and transportation planning.Linking and alignment of Gi to brown and grey space planning and development processes is essen- tial to promote inclusivity in ecosystem service (es) attainment. This goal and objective requires devel- opment contribution policies inclusive of equitable incentives to promote green planning approaches and principles in planning processes. it implies application of alternative transdisciplinary practices in spatial planning, urban design, transportation and the provision of infrastructure in general.Development goes beyond the limits of an individual discipline, site, neighbourhood, town, region or any related spatial and/functional entity and should be linked to system-wide approaches to enhance and integrate es development in a transdisciplinary way. in attaining this challenge, spatial and trans- portation planning processes have an important role to fulfil. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(35, 31, 32)">The</span><span> </span>concept<span> </span>of<span> </span>green<span> </span>infrastructure<span> (Gi) </span>d<span>ev</span>elopment<span> </span>is<span> </span>promoted<span> w</span>orldwide<span> </span>within<span> </span>planning<span> </span>of<span> urban</span> spatial systems. it implies the application of resilience and sustainability considerations in spatial <span>and </span>more specifically transportation<span> </span>planning.</p><p style="text-align: justify"><span style="color: rgb(35, 31, 32)">The</span><span> </span>purpose<span> </span>of<span> </span>this<span> </span>article<span> </span>is<span> </span>to<span> assess </span>the<span> </span>linking<span> </span>of<span> </span>incent<span>iv</span>es<span> </span>to<span> </span>promote<span> </span>green<span> </span>infrastructure<span> develop- </span>ment<span> </span>through<span> </span>transdisciplinary<span> </span>planning<span> </span>processes<span> </span>by<span> </span>integrating<span> </span>and<span> </span>mainstreaming<span> </span>related<span> </span>disciplines and planning in general. spatial planning traditionally deals with specific instruments and methodolo- gies<span> </span>focussing<span> </span>on<span> </span>d<span>ev</span>eloping<span> </span>the<span> </span>natural,<span> </span>socioeconomic<span> </span>and<span> b</span>uilt<span> </span>e<span>n</span>vironment.<span> T</span>ransportation<span> plan- </span>ning,<span> </span>due<span> </span>to<span> </span>its<span> </span>integration<span> </span>with<span> </span>land<span> </span>use<span> </span>planning,<span> </span>focuses<span> </span>on<span> </span>movement<span> </span>systems<span> </span>and<span> </span>implies<span> </span>intra-<span> and </span>intermovement of people, goods and services supporting development and growth in urban spatial systems.</p><p style="text-align: justify"><span style="color: rgb(35, 31, 32)">In decision-making for statutory planning, the impact of development is used to levy service contri- butions</span><span> </span>in<span> </span>urban<span> </span>areas.<span> </span>it<span> </span>includes<span> </span>the<span> </span>calculation<span> </span>of<span> </span>financial<span> </span>contributions<span> </span>to<span> </span>access<span> </span>conventional<span> </span>infra- structure<span> </span>services<span> </span>net<span>w</span>orks<span> </span>in<span> </span>terms<span> </span>of<span> specific </span>d<span>ev</span>elopment<span> </span>policies<span> </span>and<span> </span>priorities.<span> L</span>imited<span> </span>incent<span>iv</span>es exist to promote, integrate and mainstream green development practices in land use and transportation planning.</p><p style="text-align: justify"><span style="color: rgb(35, 31, 32)">Linking</span><span> </span>and<span> </span>alignment<span> </span>of<span> Gi </span>to<span> </span>br<span>own </span>and<span> </span>gr<span>e</span>y<span> </span>space<span> </span>planning<span> </span>and<span> </span>d<span>ev</span>elopment<span> </span>processes<span> </span>is<span> </span>essen- tial<span> </span>to<span> </span>promote<span> </span>inclus<span>i</span>vity<span> </span>in<span> </span>ecosystem<span> </span>service<span> </span>(<span>es) </span>attainment.<span> T</span>his<span> </span>goal<span> </span>and<span> </span>object<span>iv</span>e<span> </span>requires<span> devel- </span>opment contribution policies inclusive of equitable incentives to promote green planning approaches and principles in planning processes. it implies application of alternative transdisciplinary practices in spatial planning, urban design, transportation and the provision of infrastructure in<span> </span>general.</p><p style="text-align: justify"><span style="color: rgb(35, 31, 32)">Development goes beyond the limits of an individual discipline, site, neighbourhood, town, </span><span>region </span>or<span> </span>any<span> </span>related<span> </span>spatial<span> </span>and/functional<span> </span>entity<span> </span>and<span> </span>should<span> </span>be<span> </span>linked<span> </span>to<span> </span>system-wide<span> </span>approaches<span> </span>to<span> </span>enhance and integrate <span>es </span>development in a transdisciplinary <span>way. </span>in attaining this challenge, spatial and trans- portation planning processes have an important role to<span> </span>fulfil.</p> ]]> Green Infrastructure: Implications For Spatial, Land Use and Transportation Planning c.b. schoeman i.m. schoeman doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-72-84 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 1 Article 72 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-72-84 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-72-84 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-59-71 This article presents the analysis of the probability of occurrence of wave overtopping events as well as its consequences at the Port of Las Nieves in Agaete, Gran Canaria Island, with the evaluation of the resulting level of flood risk. The study involves both the existing breakwater and its planned future expansion toward deeper waters and has been conducted using a third-generation spectral wave model, to reproduce wave propagation from deep to shallow water depths considering the associated mean sea level, and a neural network-based model, for estimating mean wave overtopping discharges. Results reveal that, in both cases, the access area to the infrastructure presents a risk level substantially higher than that associated with the cross-sections of the main body of the breakwater. Thus, control actions to reduce overtopping in the initial sections are required for the existing structure, and this fact should be seriously taken into account in the planning and construction phases of its extension, due to the impor- tant socioeconomic implications regarding the infrastructure inoperability. <![CDATA[ <p><span>This article presents the analysis of the probability of occurrence of wave overtopping events as well as its consequences at the Port of Las Nieves in Agaete, Gran Canaria Island, with the evaluation of the resulting level of flood risk. The study involves both the existing breakwater and its planned future expansion toward deeper waters and has been conducted using a third-generation spectral wave model, to reproduce wave propagation from deep to shallow water depths considering the associated mean sea level, and a neural network-based model, for estimating mean wave overtopping discharges. Results reveal that, in both cases, the access area to the infrastructure presents a risk level substantially higher than that associated with the cross-sections of the main body of the breakwater. Thus, control actions to reduce overtopping in the initial sections are required for the existing structure, and this fact should be seriously taken into account in the planning and construction phases of its extension, due to the impor- tant socioeconomic implications regarding the infrastructure inoperability.</span></p> ]]> Wave Overtopping and Flood Risk Assessment in Harbours: The Port of Las Nieves and Its Future Expansion j. santana-ceballos c.j.e.m. fortes m.t. reis germán rodríguez doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-59-71 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 1 Article 59 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-59-71 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-59-71 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-42-58 Water by Design is a capacity-building programme based in Brisbane, Australia, that focuses on wa- terway health and aims to aid local governments and the development industry in the goal of better managing waterways and also transitioning to water-sensitive cities. Water by Design’s survey of the issues affecting waterway health reveals a very broad suite of problems to solve. In short, the majority of these problems can be solved via thorough diagnosis of the catchment including assessing the distribution of hazards, values and needs and a strategic planning framework that can prioritise management actions and resources to maximise potential impact. This paper has identified a number of novel tools to simplify the visualisation and analysis of the problems but still address many competing demands that waterway managers need to consider. The tools are inspired by the medical model for managing health and also the addition of red/green/blue colours to produce multidimensional GIs heat maps to identify critical adjacencies within the catchment. With the plethora of management frameworks available today, it is the memorable ideas that survive and are passed on. To address this issue, careful thought has been placed in the design of these tools to enhance the chances that they are remembered, understood and disseminated. <![CDATA[ <p>Water by Design is a capacity-building programme based in Brisbane, Australia, that focuses on wa- terway health and aims to aid local governments and the development industry in the goal of better managing waterways and also transitioning to water-sensitive cities. Water by Design’s survey of the issues affecting waterway health reveals a very broad suite of problems to solve. In short, the majority of these problems can be solved via thorough diagnosis of the catchment including assessing the distribution of hazards, values and needs and a strategic planning framework that can prioritise management actions and resources to maximise potential impact. This paper has identified a number of novel tools to simplify the visualisation and analysis of the problems but still address many competing demands that waterway managers need to consider. The tools are inspired by the medical model for managing health and also the addition of red/green/blue colours to produce multidimensional GIs heat maps to identify critical adjacencies within the catchment. With the plethora of management frameworks available today, it is the memorable ideas that survive and are passed on. To address this issue, careful thought has been placed in the design of these tools to enhance the chances that they are remembered, understood and disseminated.</p> ]]> Let’s Get Our Ducks in a Row: Novel Tools for Catchment Diagnosis and Prioritisation of Waterway Management Interventions g. browning doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-42-58 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 1 Article 42 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-42-58 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-42-58 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-27-41 Due to the persistently high frequency of flood-related disasters, which are exacerbated by the on-going effects of climate change, the impacts of flooding on cities and towns can be devastating and deadly, resulting in the need to design and assessment of flood protection object (FPO). In their preparation, implementation, evaluation and authorization it is necessary to ensure consistent application of the environmental impact assessment (EIA). This paper explores the benefits of using the risk assessment/ analysis technique in the evaluation of FPO by examining the results of the EIA for a selected planned FPO in Slovakia. The methodology consists of three steps: identification, prediction and evaluation of the impacts of flood protection measures on the environment. Risk analysis (RA), based on determination of probability and consequences, is an appropriate tool to determine the level of the risk of the proposed flood mitigation measures and through which it is possible to choose the alternative with the lowest level of risk for the environment. This paper introduces an application of a new approach for risk assessment of actions in water management (FPO projects) using risk analysis method – universal matrix of risk analysis (UMRA) and matrix of qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment. Analysis and evaluation of environmental impacts of FPO in Snakov village on the environment prove that construction of polder is better alternative for flood protection of village than water course regulation. <![CDATA[ <p>Due to the persistently high frequency of flood-related disasters, which are exacerbated by the on-going effects of climate change, the impacts of flooding on cities and towns can be devastating and deadly, resulting in the need to design and assessment of flood protection object (FPO). In their preparation, implementation, evaluation and authorization it is necessary to ensure consistent application of the environmental impact assessment (EIA). This paper explores the benefits of using the risk assessment/ analysis technique in the evaluation of FPO by examining the results of the EIA for a selected planned FPO in Slovakia. The methodology consists of three steps: identification, prediction and evaluation of the impacts of flood protection measures on the environment. Risk analysis (RA), based on determination of probability and consequences, is an appropriate tool to determine the level of the risk of the proposed flood mitigation measures and through which it is possible to choose the alternative with the lowest level of risk for the environment. This paper introduces an application of a new approach for risk assessment of actions in water management (FPO projects) using risk analysis method – universal matrix of risk analysis (UMRA) and matrix of qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment. Analysis and evaluation of environmental impacts of FPO in Snakov village on the environment prove that construction of polder is better alternative for flood protection of village than water course regulation. </p> ]]> Environmental Impact Assessment of Flood Protection Objects Based on Risk Analysis in Snakov Village Slovakia martina zeleňáková lenka zvijáková doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-27-41 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 1 Article 27 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-27-41 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-27-41 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-17-26 Water is considered the most important natural resource in the four Pacific Northwestern states (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington). Public attitudes about water resource issues and needs were deter- mined using a mail-based survey instrument every 5 years (2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017). The survey questions were identical over the 15-year period. The statistically designed survey study was also designed to measure change over the 15-year time period. Four specific survey questions were evaluated in this article. In 2017, over 83% of the public considered their home drinking water safe; however, this value was lower and compared unfavourably to the 93.1% who considered their drinking water safe in 2002. In 2017, 43.8, 40.7, 28.3, 25.3, 19.4 and 14.8% of residents considered phosphates, nitrates, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, petroleum products and pathogens as problems in local waters, respectively. Compared to the 2002 survey, the perceived problem of phosphates, nitrates and pharmaceuticals has become worse; however, public views of problems caused in waters by pesticides and petroleum prod- ucts have lessened. Based on public perception, the problem of pathogens in waters has not changed over the 15-year span. Surface water and groundwater quality were considered to be excellent or good by 51.6 and 46.2% of survey respondents in 2017, respectively. In general, public views of water quality have improved since 2002. <![CDATA[ <p>Water is considered the most important natural resource in the four Pacific Northwestern states (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington). Public attitudes about water resource issues and needs were deter- mined using a mail-based survey instrument every 5 years (2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017). The survey questions were identical over the 15-year period. The statistically designed survey study was also designed to measure change over the 15-year time period. Four specific survey questions were evaluated in this article. In 2017, over 83% of the public considered their home drinking water safe; however, this value was lower and compared unfavourably to the 93.1% who considered their drinking water safe in 2002. In 2017, 43.8, 40.7, 28.3, 25.3, 19.4 and 14.8% of residents considered phosphates, nitrates, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, petroleum products and pathogens as problems in local waters, respectively. Compared to the 2002 survey, the perceived problem of phosphates, nitrates and pharmaceuticals has become worse; however, public views of problems caused in waters by pesticides and petroleum prod- ucts have lessened. Based on public perception, the problem of pathogens in waters has not changed over the 15-year span. Surface water and groundwater quality were considered to be excellent or good by 51.6 and 46.2% of survey respondents in 2017, respectively. In general, public views of water quality have improved since 2002.</p> ]]> Public Concerns About Water Pollution Between 2002 and 2017 in the Pacific Northwest, USA robert l. mahler michael e. barber robert simmons doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-17-26 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 1 Article 17 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-17-26 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-17-26 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-1-16 Currently, the mature metropolitan areas have special characteristics. on the one hand, its population is stabilized or has small growths. However, on the other hand, the artificial land increases. these areas present new dynamics in the last period: urban sprawl, transformation of rural or natural areas to artificial lands, increase of mobility, land demands for new uses, abandonment and degradation of con- solidated urban land. this new reality needs a new vision to plan and manage these areas. particularly, the new problems are more strong in coastal metropolitan areas because of in these areas the conflicts between territorial uses are very intensed. valència is a Spanish city in the mediterranean coast. the mediterranean coast of valència, where is its metropolitan area, had a period of economic expansion from 1997 to 2007 and is currently in the economic crisis period initiated in 2008. the metropolitan area of valència includes a large list of very different uses with its own dynamics, often contradictory among them. For exemple, there is an important touristic activity in beaches next to protected areas as the historical agricultural land named “Horta” or the natural park of l’albufera. the urban expansion for differents urban uses (big transport infrastructures, touristic activities, entertainement activities, sea port expansion, ...) is contradictory to the conservation of these natural resources in open spaces. recently, the european union developed the concept of green infrastructure in order to guarantee the natural Capital including urban areas. this article has an objective to analyse the current dynamics in the metropolitan area of valencia and design a planning process where environmental issues are essential and determinant, keeping in mind governance issues. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Currently, the mature metropolitan areas have special characteristics. on the one hand, its population is stabilized or has small growths. However, on the other hand, the artificial land increases. these areas present new dynamics in the last period: urban sprawl, transformation of rural or natural areas to artificial lands, increase of mobility, land demands for new uses, abandonment and degradation of con- solidated urban land. this new reality needs a new vision to plan and manage these areas. particularly, the new problems are more strong in coastal metropolitan areas because of in these areas the conflicts between territorial uses are very intensed. valència is a Spanish city in the mediterranean coast. the mediterranean coast of valència, where is its metropolitan area, had a period of economic expansion from 1997 to 2007 and is currently in the economic crisis period initiated in 2008. the metropolitan area of valència includes a large list of very different uses with its own dynamics, often contradictory among them. For exemple, there is an important touristic activity in beaches next to protected areas as the historical agricultural land named “Horta” or the natural park of l’albufera. the urban expansion for differents urban uses (big transport infrastructures, touristic activities, entertainement activities, sea port expansion, ...) is contradictory to the conservation of these natural resources in open spaces. recently, the european union developed the concept of green infrastructure in order to guarantee the natural Capital including urban areas. this article has an objective to analyse the current dynamics in the metropolitan area of valencia and design a planning process where environmental issues are essential and determinant, keeping in mind governance issues.</span></p> ]]> Environmental and Territorial Planning on Coastal Metropolitan Areas. A Methodological Proposal for Valencia (Spain) josé luis miralles i garcia doi: 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-1-16 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2019 2 1 Article 1 10.2495/EI-V2-N1-1-16 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2019_2_1/EI-V2-N1-1-16 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-491-502 Recovery of oil and water from industrial mineral oil wastewater for reuse is a means of conserving water and energy for economic growth and sustainability. The effluent generated from a local South African oil refinery is characterized by a high content of four water parameters, namely chemical oxidation demand (COD), soap oil and grease (SOG), turbidity (NTU) and total suspended solids (TSS). The goal of this study is to optimize the coagulation floatation process using a polymeric coagulant for the efficient reduction of contaminant concentrations. The response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with the box–behnken design (bbD) was adapted to evaluate the effects and interactions of three factors: pH, coagulant dosage and floatation time to maximize the efficiency of the coagulant to the response of the four water qualities. A standard jar test procedure of coagulation floatation was adapted to improve the water quality. Quadratic and linear models were generated for COD with SOG and NTU with TSS as the responding variables, respectively. In addition, analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that the model was significant with a 95% confidence level. The desirability from the experiment shows that at the optimum coagulant dosage of 50 mg/L, about 70% of the initial wastewater contaminants were removed as compared with RSM at an optimum dose of 40 mg/L and 80% removal. This helps reduce chemical costs and upgrade the water quality. The bbD-RSM serves as a statistical tool for evaluation, verification and decision-making for the response feedback and helps identify the most important factor to control in order to enhance the treatment efficiency of the process. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Recovery of oil and water from industrial mineral oil wastewater for reuse is a means of conserving water and energy for economic growth and sustainability. The effluent generated from a local South African oil refinery is characterized by a high content of four water parameters, namely chemical oxidation demand (COD), soap oil and grease (SOG), turbidity (NTU) and total suspended solids (TSS). The goal of this study is to optimize the coagulation floatation process using a polymeric coagulant for the efficient reduction of contaminant concentrations. The response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with the box–behnken design (bbD) was adapted to evaluate the effects and interactions of three factors: pH, coagulant dosage and floatation time to maximize the efficiency of the coagulant to the response of the four water qualities. A standard jar test procedure of coagulation floatation was adapted to improve the water quality. Quadratic and linear models were generated for COD with SOG and NTU with TSS as the responding variables, respectively. In addition, analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that the model was significant with a 95% confidence level. The desirability from the experiment shows that at the optimum coagulant dosage of 50 mg/L, about 70% of the initial wastewater contaminants were removed as compared with RSM at an optimum dose of 40 mg/L and 80% removal. This helps reduce chemical costs and upgrade the water quality. The bbD-RSM serves as a statistical tool for evaluation, verification and decision-making for the response feedback and helps identify the most important factor to control in order to enhance the treatment efficiency of the process.</span></p> ]]> Evaluation of the Coagulation Floatation Process for Industrial Mineral Oil Wastewater Treatment Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) e. kweinor tetteh s. rathila doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-491-502 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 4 Article 491 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-491-502 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-491-502 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-482-490 Lack of proper framework, ineffective policies, limited basic facilities and weak technological approach in the solid waste management sector have raised environmental concerns in major cities of most developing countries. Also, uncoordinated disposal pattern of municipal solid waste in the society contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases and other forms of pollution that is detrimental to human health and the environment at large. In bid to achieve an aesthetic and sustainable environment, the study aims to promote the optimization of space-based technologies as a tool in municipal solid waste (MSW) management and sanitation monitoring using a conceptualized model. The approach employed the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS), building a geodatabase in municipal solid waste management as baseline data for the nation, radiofrequency identification (RFID), GPS and GPRS/GSM and other ancillary data in solid waste management and monitoring. The incorporation of geospatial data with technology and integrated communication technologies in MSW management and monitoring for developing countries will enhance environmental sustainability and budget planning for contingency plan to assist decision-makers build a sustainable platform in the solid waste sector. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Lack of proper framework, ineffective policies, limited basic facilities and weak technological approach in the solid waste management sector have raised environmental concerns in major cities of most developing countries. Also, uncoordinated disposal pattern of municipal solid waste in the society contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases and other forms of pollution that is detrimental to human health and the environment at large. In bid to achieve an aesthetic and sustainable environment, the study aims to promote the optimization of space-based technologies as a tool in municipal solid waste (MSW) management and sanitation monitoring using a conceptualized model. The approach employed the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS), building a geodatabase in municipal solid waste management as baseline data for the nation, radiofrequency identification (RFID), GPS and GPRS/GSM and other ancillary data in solid waste management and monitoring. The incorporation of geospatial data with technology and integrated communication technologies in MSW management and monitoring for developing countries will enhance environmental sustainability and budget planning for contingency plan to assist decision-makers build a sustainable platform in the solid waste </span><em>sector.</em></p> ]]> A Spaced-Based Concept in Municipal Solid Waste Management and Monitoring in Developing Countries olaide m. aderoju guerner a. dias goncalves j. alberto doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-482-490 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 4 Article 482 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-482-490 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-482-490 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-473-481 This article studied the debris-flow occurrence and the corresponding extreme rainfall events, as well as a severe earthquake, the Chi–Chi earthquake (CCE), in Chenyulan watershed, Taiwan. By examining the associations between the rainfall index (RI), defined as the product of the maximum 24-h rainfall and maximum hourly rainfall of a rainfall event, the return period (T), and the probability (P) of debris flow after an event, an empirical model of the P–T relationship was developed and this model was applied to evaluate an extreme rainfall event, Typhoon Morakot. Results of this study showed that debris flows could be triggered at lower RI values, corresponding with lower T values, for rainfall events after extreme rainfalls or after the CCE. The extreme events mostly had T values exceeding eight years. The T value for the critical RI affected by the CCE was approximately one year, much smaller than that affected by extreme events. P rose significantly after an extreme rainfall event or the CCE at the same T. The P value affected by CCE was markedly higher than that affected by extreme rainfalls. In addition, field data of debris-flow occurrence and rainfall between 2012 and 2014 were collected to assess the proposed model. The model was successfully applied to evaluate the probability of debris-flow occurrence after extreme rainfalls. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">This article studied the debris-flow occurrence and the corresponding extreme rainfall events, as well as a severe earthquake, the Chi–Chi earthquake (CCE), in Chenyulan watershed, Taiwan. By examining the associations between the rainfall index (RI), defined as the product of the maximum 24-h rainfall and maximum hourly rainfall of a rainfall event, the return period (T), and the probability (</span><em>P</em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">) of debris flow after an event, an empirical model of the </span><em>P</em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">–</span><em>T </em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">relationship was developed and this model was applied to evaluate an extreme rainfall event, Typhoon Morakot. Results of this study showed that debris flows could be triggered at lower RI values, corresponding with lower </span><em>T </em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">values, for rainfall events after extreme rainfalls or after the CCE. The extreme events mostly had </span><em>T </em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">values exceeding eight years. The </span><em>T </em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">value for the critical RI affected by the CCE was approximately one year, much smaller than that affected by extreme events. </span><em>P </em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">rose significantly after an extreme rainfall event or the CCE at the same </span><em>T</em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">. The </span><em>P </em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">value affected by CCE was markedly higher than that affected by extreme rainfalls. In addition, field data of debris-flow occurrence and rainfall between 2012 and 2014 were collected to assess the proposed model. The model was successfully applied to evaluate the probability of debris-flow occurrence after extreme rainfalls.</span></p> ]]> Probabilistic Estimation of Debris-Flow Occurrence after Extreme Rainfalls j.c. chen j.g. jiang w.s. huang doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-473-481 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 4 Article 473 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-473-481 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-473-481 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-461-472 The story of the river Seveso is briefly presented in this article. Seveso is a small river that enters into a large city as milano, where it flows covering a total reach of around 15 km. In the years the river produced an impressive number of floods (on average more than 2.5 per year), and no rapid solution is devised. Structural solutions have been carried out, and they are related to the construction of five stor- age tanks, the rehabilitation of few critical points within the covered reach of the river Seveso and the doubling of a bypass in the northern area of the province of milano. Although it is difficult to compare the global costs to ‘solve’ the problem with the advantages obtained during the development of the city, in the authors’ opinion the only reason for this situation is the unconsciousness of the Public Admin- istration of that time regarding the consequences in the underestimation of the risk of floods. While structural solutions have to be quickly produced in order to alleviate the discomfort of the people living in that area, more long-term solutions should imply a change of paradigm, being mainly non-structural, more holistic and paying attention to water use and discharge destination. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The story of the river Seveso is briefly presented in this article. Seveso is a small river that enters into a large city as milano, where it flows covering a total reach of around 15 km. In the years the river produced an impressive number of floods (on average more than 2.5 per year), and no rapid solution is devised. Structural solutions have been carried out, and they are related to the construction of five stor- age tanks, the rehabilitation of few critical points within the covered reach of the river Seveso and the doubling of a bypass in the northern area of the province of milano. Although it is difficult to compare the global costs to ‘solve’ the problem with the advantages obtained during the development of the city, in the authors’ opinion the only reason for this situation is the unconsciousness of the Public Admin- istration of that time regarding the consequences in the underestimation of the risk of floods. While structural solutions have to be quickly produced in order to alleviate the discomfort of the people living in that area, more long-term solutions should imply a change of paradigm, being mainly non-structural, more holistic and paying attention to water use and discharge destination.</span></p> ]]> A Century of Works on River Seveso: From Unregulated Development to Basin Reclamation gianfranco becciu matteo ghia stefano mambretti doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-461-472 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 4 Article 461 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-461-472 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-461-472 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-450-460 Most of the harbours can be considered as semi-enclosed areas where water stagnation leads to physical and chemical alterations due to anthropogenic activities. These features affect the quality of the port waters as well as the environmental health of coastal ecosystems in the surrounding areas. In order to understand the potential degradation of water quality within the harbour area it is essential to evaluate the hydrodynamic behaviour of the system. In this study, the DELFT3D-FLOW model, which allows to estimate the three-dimensional field velocity, was used to spatially characterize the water renewal time within the harbour. In particular, the flushing time (FT), which represents the time required for the total mass of a conservative tracer originally within the water body to be reduced to a factor 1/e, was examined. The concentration of contaminants in sediments is indeed a proper parameter to test the reliability of the calculated water renewal time within the semi-enclosed basins, since it relies on time-integrated measurements compared to single observations of water column. This research aims at studying the relation between the FT and the pollution due to trace metals in marine sediments. For this purpose, surface sediment samples were collected along a series of stations located in the innermost part and near the mouth of the Civitavecchia harbour. As, Cr, Hg, Ni, Cu, zn, Pb and Al concentrations were analysed to calculate the enrichment factor, which provides an estimate of the heavy metal contamination in the harbour surface sediment. The obtained results show a high correlation between the FT and the enrich- ment factor within the Civitavecchia port, confirming that water renewal can be used as an indicator of water quality degradation in semi-enclosed areas. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Most of the harbours can be considered as semi-enclosed areas where water stagnation leads to physical and chemical alterations due to anthropogenic activities. These features affect the quality of the port waters as well as the environmental health of coastal ecosystems in the surrounding areas. In order to understand the potential degradation of water quality within the harbour area it is essential to evaluate the hydrodynamic behaviour of the system. In this study, the DELFT3D-FLOW model, which allows to estimate the three-dimensional field velocity, was used to spatially characterize the water renewal time within the harbour. In particular, the flushing time (FT), which represents the time required for the total mass of a conservative tracer originally within the water body to be reduced to a factor 1/</span><em>e</em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">, was examined. The concentration of contaminants in sediments is indeed a proper parameter to test the reliability of the calculated water renewal time within the semi-enclosed basins, since it relies on time-integrated measurements compared to single observations of water column. This research aims at studying the relation between the FT and the pollution due to trace metals in marine sediments. For this purpose, surface sediment samples were collected along a series of stations located in the innermost part and near the mouth of the Civitavecchia harbour. As, Cr, Hg, Ni, Cu, zn, Pb and Al concentrations were analysed to calculate the enrichment factor, which provides an estimate of the heavy metal contamination in the harbour surface sediment. The obtained results show a high correlation between the FT and the enrich- ment factor within the Civitavecchia port, confirming that water renewal can be used as an indicator of water quality degradation in semi-enclosed areas.</span></p> ]]> Water Renewal Time and Trace Metal Concentration in Civitavecchia Port (Rome), Italy simone bonamano daniele piazzolla alice madonia francesco paladini de mendoza viviana piermattei sergio scanu marco marcelli giuseppe zappala doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-450-460 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 4 Article 450 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-450-460 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-450-460 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-433-449 Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the process of evaluating the environmental consequences of a plan, policy, programme or any other project prior to the execution of the proposed action; it is the primary instrument for development planning and decision-making. Pollution sources from the construction process include harmful gases, noise, and dust, solid and liquid waste. A large variety of tools is available for environmental assessment of buildings. In Costa Rica, the EIA system is funded on the Costa Rican Political Constitution, the Environmental Organic Law and the General Regulation for the EIA Procedures of 2004. Costa Rica employs an environmental toolkit (environmental assess- ment form to assign the environmental impact of a new construction project. The toolkit provides a methodology, associated with environmental aspects (EAs), assessment indicators and weighting factors (WF) for each EA. A total of seven impact categories related to natural resources, soil, wildlife, flora and fauna, air, human health, water and socio-cultural are used to establish the WF. The main aim of this research was to evaluate the environmental impact of 17 construction projects to be de- veloped in various university campuses, by using the Costa Rican toolkit. Significant environmental aspects (SEA) were determined in order to evaluate their relationship with the final value of the total environmental impact (TEIp) of each project. The results show that the TEIp for the 17 projects evaluated fall in the Low Environmental Impact category. The projects with the higher values of TEIp are those containing internal areas to handle and work with chemical and biological substances, as well as radioactive materials. From the total of the 33 EA evaluated, a 22 of them were classified as SEA. The most common SEA for the projects evaluated are treatment and disposal of ordinary wastes, treatment and disposal of debris building, emissions from mobile sources, production of noise and vibration, population density and employment generation. <![CDATA[ <p>Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the process of evaluating the environmental consequences of a plan, policy, programme or any other project prior to the execution of the proposed action; it is the primary instrument for development planning and decision-making. Pollution sources from the construction process include harmful gases, noise, and dust, solid and liquid waste. A large variety of tools is available for environmental assessment of buildings. In Costa Rica, the EIA system is funded on the Costa Rican Political Constitution, the Environmental Organic Law and the General Regulation for the EIA Procedures of 2004. Costa Rica employs an environmental toolkit (environmental assess- ment form to assign the environmental impact of a new construction project. The toolkit provides a methodology, associated with environmental aspects (EAs), assessment indicators and weighting factors (WF) for each EA. A total of seven impact categories related to natural resources, soil, wildlife, flora and fauna, air, human health, water and socio-cultural are used to establish the WF. The main aim of this research was to evaluate the environmental impact of 17 construction projects to be de- veloped in various university campuses, by using the Costa Rican toolkit. Significant environmental aspects (SEA) were determined in order to evaluate their relationship with the final value of the total environmental impact (TEIp) of each project. The results show that the TEIp for the 17 projects evaluated fall in the Low Environmental Impact category. The projects with the higher values of TEIp are those containing internal areas to handle and work with chemical and biological substances, as well as radioactive materials. From the total of the 33 EA evaluated, a 22 of them were classified as SEA. The most common SEA for the projects evaluated are treatment and disposal of ordinary wastes, treatment and disposal of debris building, emissions from mobile sources, production of noise and vibration, population density and employment generation.</p> ]]> Environmental Impact Assessment of 17 Construction Projects in Various University Campuses jose c. mora-barrantes jose p. sibaja-brenes gilberto piedra-marin oscar m. molina-leon doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-433-449 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 4 Article 433 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-433-449 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-433-449 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-420-432 With the need for limiting pollutant emissions, careful management of energy plants should be considered to reduce the footprints that can be caused by these systems. Advantages of district heating (DH) systems have been linked to a decrease in local and global emissions, centralized heat production located outside urban centres, possible utilization of renewable heat sources.District heating, consisting of the distribution of hot water by means of underground networks for the buildings’ heating and sanitary water, is an ever-expanding technology that allows the optimization of energy resources, with positive consequences in terms of both economic savings and environmental impacts.The aim of this work is to analyse the district heating system from an environmental point of view, in way to realize a general procedure of evaluation. To this end, the Italian city of Turin is taken as case study. Turin has long been subject to high concentration levels of pollutants, especially NOx and particulate. The environmental compatibility of extending the district heating network is evaluated. Two different tools are used: first, the environmental balance is defined to perform an evaluation of the flux modification at the emission sources; secondly, the atmospheric impacts of emissions are estimated using CALPUFF dispersion model. The results show a future reduction in overall NOx emission, as well as a reduction of ground level average NOx concentration ranging between 0.2 and 4 μg/m3. This study provides important information on the effects of a change of the energy configuration on air quality in an urban area. The proposed comprehensive methodology is applicable for other similar cases. <![CDATA[ <p>With the need for limiting pollutant emissions, careful management of energy plants should be considered to reduce the footprints that can be caused by these systems. Advantages of district heating (DH) systems have been linked to a decrease in local and global emissions, centralized heat production located outside urban centres, possible utilization of renewable heat sources.</p><p style="text-align: justify">District heating, consisting of the distribution of hot water by means of underground networks for the buildings’ heating and sanitary water, is an ever-expanding technology that allows the optimization of energy resources, with positive consequences in terms of both economic savings and environmental impacts.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The aim of this work is to analyse the district heating system from an environmental point of view, in way to realize a general procedure of evaluation. To this end, the Italian city of Turin is taken as case study. Turin has long been subject to high concentration levels of pollutants, especially NO_x and particulate. The environmental compatibility of extending the district heating network is evaluated. Two different tools are used: first, the environmental balance is defined to perform an evaluation of the flux modification at the emission sources; secondly, the atmospheric impacts of emissions are estimated using CALPUFF dispersion model. The results show a future reduction in overall NO_x emission, as well as a reduction of ground level average NO_x concentration ranging between 0.2 and 4 μg/m3. This study provides important information on the effects of a change of the energy configuration on air quality in an urban area. The proposed comprehensive methodology is applicable for other similar cases. </p> ]]> District Heating System: Evaluation of Environmental and Economic Aspects m. ravina d. panepinto m. zanetti doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-420-432 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 4 Article 420 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-420-432 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-420-432 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-411-419 The changing climate has led to increased summer temperatures in the Arctic, later sea ice formation in the fall season and less ice during the winter. Parts of the icecap are thinning and during summer, the area covered by ice has been shrinking. This situation has led to open seas and longer wind fetch, so larger waves build up during the late summer and fall seasons. This situation is then associated with larger waves hitting the Arctic coastline. The larger waves are influencing the shores where melting of permafrost occurs to a larger extent than previously and the consequences are large erosion and retracting of the coastline. Furthermore, as the open sea and the shallow waters in the near coast areas over most of the Arctic cause large storm surge effects, the associated flooding is more pronounced than before, associated with damages far inland. Adding a general slow water level increase, the Arctic coastal shoreline is under pressure. The situation for Alaskan as well as Russian settlements is being discussed. The consequences of the situation are a need for local strengthening of the coastline artificially and subsequent relocation of Arctic coastal settlements. <![CDATA[ <p>The changing climate has led to increased summer temperatures in the Arctic, later sea ice formation in the fall season and less ice during the winter. Parts of the icecap are thinning and during summer, the area covered by ice has been shrinking. This situation has led to open seas and longer wind fetch, so larger waves build up during the late summer and fall seasons. This situation is then associated with larger waves hitting the Arctic coastline. The larger waves are influencing the shores where melting of permafrost occurs to a larger extent than previously and the consequences are large erosion and retracting of the coastline. Furthermore, as the open sea and the shallow waters in the near coast areas over most of the Arctic cause large storm surge effects, the associated flooding is more pronounced than before, associated with damages far inland. Adding a general slow water level increase, the Arctic coastal shoreline is under pressure. The situation for Alaskan as well as Russian settlements is being discussed. The consequences of the situation are a need for local strengthening of the coastline artificially and subsequent relocation of Arctic coastal settlements.</p> ]]> The Changing Climate and the Arctic Coastal Settlements ove t. gudmestad doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-411-419 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 4 Article 411 10.2495/EI-V1-N4-411-419 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_4/EI-V1-N4-411-419 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-390-400 Increased competition for water resources in arid and semi-arid watersheds is prompting management agencies to adopt instream flow requirements for critical aquatic habitats. For instance, because of increasing concerns for bull trout and salmonid species in the Touchet River system, minimum instream flows are needed to protect several important rearing and spawning reaches. The study included a field reconnaissance of the region with specific emphasis on known migration blockages, spawning and rearing habitat areas, and other areas identified in the project scoping meeting. Eight representative cross sections were selected at each of seven stream segments based on this initial field reconnaissance survey. Care was taken to include pool, spawning, riffle and other unique stream characteristics. Depth and velocity profiles were measured at each of the cross sections at three different water stages: high, medium and low. Substrate grab samples were taken along each of the eight reaches for subsequent analysis. Temperature data along with several other basic water quality parameters (i.e. dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and turbidity) and an assessment of vegetative cover were also recorded during sampling. Minimum instream flow modelling and analysis were conducted using the instream flow incremental methodology technique. Habitat suitability indices were assigned to each stream cell. Non-binding recommendations for instream flow values were provided to management agencies. A considerable amount of uncertainty exists in the preference factors assigned to the various life stages of bull trout and salmonid species. Much of this stems from the processes traditionally used to determine factors related to juvenile rearing, spawning and migration. A conclusion of this study was that preference curves developed for wet regions were not applicable to semi-arid river basins where stream flows are often quite small in comparison. This study documents the assumptions, procedures and results of this investigation and demonstrates the potential impacts of uncertainty on the results. <![CDATA[ <p>Increased competition for water resources in arid and semi-arid watersheds is prompting management agencies to adopt instream flow requirements for critical aquatic habitats. For instance, because of increasing concerns for bull trout and salmonid species in the Touchet River system, minimum instream flows are needed to protect several important rearing and spawning reaches. The study included a field reconnaissance of the region with specific emphasis on known migration blockages, spawning and rearing habitat areas, and other areas identified in the project scoping meeting. Eight representative cross sections were selected at each of seven stream segments based on this initial field reconnaissance survey. Care was taken to include pool, spawning, riffle and other unique stream characteristics. Depth and velocity profiles were measured at each of the cross sections at three different water stages: high, medium and low. Substrate grab samples were taken along each of the eight reaches for subsequent analysis. Temperature data along with several other basic water quality parameters (i.e. dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and turbidity) and an assessment of vegetative cover were also recorded during sampling. Minimum instream flow modelling and analysis were conducted using the instream flow incremental methodology technique. Habitat suitability indices were assigned to each stream cell. Non-binding recommendations for instream flow values were provided to management agencies. A considerable amount of uncertainty exists in the preference factors assigned to the various life stages of bull trout and salmonid species. Much of this stems from the processes traditionally used to determine factors related to juvenile rearing, spawning and migration. A conclusion of this study was that preference curves developed for wet regions were not applicable to semi-arid river basins where stream flows are often quite small in comparison. This study documents the assumptions, procedures and results of this investigation and demonstrates the potential impacts of uncertainty on the results.</p> ]]> Uncertainty in Minimum Instream Flow Requirements for Streams in Semi-Arid Environments michael barber robert mahler doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-390-400 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 390 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-390-400 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-390-400 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-375-389 European rivers have been constantly affected by anthropogenic impairments throughout the course of human history. Since 2000 the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) accelerated the process of recognizing and reclaiming rivers as valuable ecosystems, and the restoration of river stretches has become an essential tool for the improvement of watercourses in Central Europe. These restoration measures need to be complemented by in-depth scientific evaluations to ensure the cost-effectiveness of the extensive rehabilitation programme. In this study, two restored river stretches in the middle reaches of the River Lahn (Germany) were analysed in great detail between 2006 and 2008, with a special focus on the macrozoobenthos (MZB) and the small-scale riverbed morphology. The MZB is one of four quality components used for the evaluation of rivers within the WFD and despite the more than a century-long history of limnological research focused on benthic invertebrates, the central question of which morphological processes and structures have to be improved in order to reach the ‘good ecological status’ is still largely unanswered as detailed research of the faunistic-morphological connections on the micro scale (choriotopes) is still few and far between. Both areas – the MZB and the hydromorphology – were covered in an extensive field work programme. The riverbed was mapped using the TRiSHa method (‘Typology of Riverbed Structures and Habitats’) and a detailed survey of the MZB (165 samples) was carried out in accordance with the PERLODES method. Both data sets were analysed for their spatial diversity and for their interrelations. Furthermore the ‘ecological status’ was assessed in accordance with the WFD. This evaluation revealed gaps in the German river typology and the assessment method that should ignite a broader scientific discussion about the benefits of nationwide unified evaluation methods versus regionalized approaches. <![CDATA[ <p>European rivers have been constantly affected by anthropogenic impairments throughout the course of human history. Since 2000 the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) accelerated the process of recognizing and reclaiming rivers as valuable ecosystems, and the restoration of river stretches has become an essential tool for the improvement of watercourses in Central Europe. These restoration measures need to be complemented by in-depth scientific evaluations to ensure the cost-effectiveness of the extensive rehabilitation programme. In this study, two restored river stretches in the middle reaches of the River Lahn (Germany) were analysed in great detail between 2006 and 2008, with a special focus on the macrozoobenthos (MZB) and the small-scale riverbed morphology. The MZB is one of four quality components used for the evaluation of rivers within the WFD and despite the more than a century-long history of limnological research focused on benthic invertebrates, the central question of which morphological processes and structures have to be improved in order to reach the ‘good ecological status’ is still largely unanswered as detailed research of the faunistic-morphological connections on the micro scale (choriotopes) is still few and far between. Both areas – the MZB and the hydromorphology – were covered in an extensive field work programme. The riverbed was mapped using the TRiSHa method (‘Typology of Riverbed Structures and Habitats’) and a detailed survey of the MZB (165 samples) was carried out in accordance with the PERLODES method. Both data sets were analysed for their spatial diversity and for their interrelations. Furthermore the ‘ecological status’ was assessed in accordance with the WFD. This evaluation revealed gaps in the German river typology and the assessment method that should ignite a broader scientific discussion about the benefits of nationwide unified evaluation methods versus regionalized approaches.</p> ]]> Relations Between the Microscale Riverbed Morphology and the Macrozoobenthos – Implications for the Ecological Quality Assessment and the Definition of Reference Conditions michael groll doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-375-389 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 375 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-375-389 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-375-389 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-364-374 Point sources such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), combined sewer overflows (CSO) and separate sewer outlets (SSO) are acknowledged to be major pathways for pollutants to enter surface water. As response, retention soil filters (RSF) have been installed among others in the Erft river catchment area over the past two decades to treat outflows of combined sewer systems and rainwater from separate sewer systems. Studies conducted on several of these RSFs have shown that besides reducing solids by filtration, RSFs have good chemical and biological cleaning capacities for a variety of parameters. Concentrations of both nutrients and heavy metals are reduced. Numerous micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides and industrial compounds as well as faecal bacteria are eliminated at high rates. With this background a new type of RSF (RSFplus) has been designed for the flexible treatment of WWTP effluent and CSO. The RSFplus treats CSO during rain events. During dry weather periods, the RSFplus is used for polishing WWTP effluent. The RSFplus is divided into three segments which are fed alternately to guarantee aerobic conditions and is equipped with innovative distribution channels to ensure homogeneous feeding. Granulated activated carbon is used as an additive for the filter medium for advanced treatment. The effectiveness of WWTP effluent polishing and reliability of operational parameters have already been tested for 2.5 years on a pilot scale. The first full-scale demonstration site will be built in 2017 at the WWTP Rheinbach in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany). <![CDATA[ <p>Point sources such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), combined sewer overflows (CSO) and separate sewer outlets (SSO) are acknowledged to be major pathways for pollutants to enter surface water. As response, retention soil filters (RSF) have been installed among others in the Erft river catchment area over the past two decades to treat outflows of combined sewer systems and rainwater from separate sewer systems. Studies conducted on several of these RSFs have shown that besides reducing solids by filtration, RSFs have good chemical and biological cleaning capacities for a variety of parameters. Concentrations of both nutrients and heavy metals are reduced. Numerous micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides and industrial compounds as well as faecal bacteria are eliminated at high rates. With this background a new type of RSF (RSFplus) has been designed for the flexible treatment of WWTP effluent and CSO. The RSFplus treats CSO during rain events. During dry weather periods, the RSFplus is used for polishing WWTP effluent. The RSFplus is divided into three segments which are fed alternately to guarantee aerobic conditions and is equipped with innovative distribution channels to ensure homogeneous feeding. Granulated activated carbon is used as an additive for the filter medium for advanced treatment. The effectiveness of WWTP effluent polishing and reliability of operational parameters have already been tested for 2.5 years on a pilot scale. The first full-scale demonstration site will be built in 2017 at the WWTP Rheinbach in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany).</p> ]]> Retention Soil Filter for Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflow and Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent katharina knorz franz-michael mertens andrea f. brunsch ekkehard christoffels doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-364-374 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 364 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-364-374 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-364-374 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-353-363 Wood-based energy markets have been proposed as a means to ensure sustainable forests, enhance ener- gy security, promote environmental quality and realize social benefits. An important issue among stake-holders is that collecting small-diameter woody biomass may significantly alter the water budget of post-timber harvesting landscapes. However, little is actually known about the hydrologic impacts that additional biomass removal and post-harvest land treatments may have on the water budget. Climate data and volumetric water content measurements at depths of 10, 20, 30 and 100 cm were collected from 28 one-acre plots near Eugene, OR, USA, subject to seven different land treatments. This information was analysed and used to calibrate and validate a site-specific water balance model (UNSAT-H) to evaluate a null hypothesis that changes in biomass removal do not impact subsurface environment. Results showed a positive correlation between post-harvest land treatments involving soil compaction and evaporation with compacted sites producing over 30% more evaporation than non-compacted, harvested sites and 20% more than non-compacted, non-harvested sites. Furthermore, non-compacted sites subject to increased biomass removal had higher infiltration rates than both unharvested sites and harvested, compacted sites. In terms of changes to runoff and sediment production, maximum impact coincides with the period immediately after track construction and harvesting. However, these effects decrease significantly over the 5-year time frame, well within the inter-logging cutting cycle of 30–40 years in this region. <![CDATA[ <p>Wood-based energy markets have been proposed as a means to ensure sustainable forests, enhance ener- gy security, promote environmental quality and realize social benefits. An important issue among stake-holders is that collecting small-diameter woody biomass may significantly alter the water budget of post-timber harvesting landscapes. However, little is actually known about the hydrologic impacts that additional biomass removal and post-harvest land treatments may have on the water budget. Climate data and volumetric water content measurements at depths of 10, 20, 30 and 100 cm were collected from 28 one-acre plots near Eugene, OR, USA, subject to seven different land treatments. This information was analysed and used to calibrate and validate a site-specific water balance model (UNSAT-H) to evaluate a null hypothesis that changes in biomass removal do not impact subsurface environment. Results showed a positive correlation between post-harvest land treatments involving soil compaction and evaporation with compacted sites producing over 30% more evaporation than non-compacted, harvested sites and 20% more than non-compacted, non-harvested sites. Furthermore, non-compacted sites subject to increased biomass removal had higher infiltration rates than both unharvested sites and harvested, compacted sites. In terms of changes to runoff and sediment production, maximum impact coincides with the period immediately after track construction and harvesting. However, these effects decrease significantly over the 5-year time frame, well within the inter-logging cutting cycle of 30–40 years in this region.</p> ]]> Hydrologic Assessment of Woody Biomass Removal for Biofuel Production c. taylor smith michael barber robert mahler doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-353-363 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 353 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-353-363 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-353-363 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-344-352 A 7-year experiment with grassing of arable land in the catchment recharge zone was conducted in a small (60 ha) agricultural tile-drained catchment (Bohemian – Moravian Highlands, Czech Republic). Together with water quality, the effect of increasing grassland area on selected farm economic indicators was evaluated. The area for grassing was delimitated by the method of relative soil infiltration vulnerability based on the analysis of five-digit valuated soil ecological unit code, available as .shp file at the scale 1:5000. Effect of grassing on farm budget was estimated by comparison of revenues (crop sales and subsidies) with technology costs of three different grassland area proportion within the agricultural land managed by the farm (1 200 ha). It was proved that nitrate concentrations in drainage water were influenced predominantly by the land use of the recharge zones within the drainage subcatchment. The grassing of arable land focused into proper catchment area (recharge zone) demonstrated a significant decrease in both NO concentrations and N loads by 35% and 25%, respectively. On the other hand, increasing areas of grasslands would lead to decrease of landscape productive service, farm turnover and profit and the bigger dependence on subsidies. That´s why it is necessary to consider the non-productive functions of grasslands also as public service, taking into account the savings in water cleaning costs and the price of increased water retention. Presented approach come forward when setting the subsidies dealing with soil and water protective measures in agrarian landscape. <![CDATA[ <p>A 7-year experiment with grassing of arable land in the catchment recharge zone was conducted in a small (60 ha) agricultural tile-drained catchment (Bohemian – Moravian Highlands, Czech Republic). Together with water quality, the effect of increasing grassland area on selected farm economic indicators was evaluated. The area for grassing was delimitated by the method of relative soil infiltration vulnerability based on the analysis of five-digit valuated soil ecological unit code, available as .shp file at the scale 1:5000. Effect of grassing on farm budget was estimated by comparison of revenues (crop sales and subsidies) with technology costs of three different grassland area proportion within the agricultural land managed by the farm (1 200 ha). It was proved that nitrate concentrations in drainage water were influenced predominantly by the land use of the recharge zones within the drainage subcatchment. The grassing of arable land focused into proper catchment area (recharge zone) demonstrated a significant decrease in both NO concentrations and N loads by 35% and 25%, respectively. On the other hand, increasing areas of grasslands would lead to decrease of landscape productive service, farm turnover and profit and the bigger dependence on subsidies. That´s why it is necessary to consider the non-productive functions of grasslands also as public service, taking into account the savings in water cleaning costs and the price of increased water retention. Presented approach come forward when setting the subsidies dealing with soil and water protective measures in agrarian landscape.</p> ]]> How Does Targeted Grassing of Arable Land Influence Drainage Water Quality and Farm Economic Indicators? antonín zajícek petr fucík renata duffková jana maxová doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-344-352 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 344 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-344-352 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-344-352 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-334-343 Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers are major sources of surface water and/or groundwater pollution in the Pacific Northwest. Soil scientists have tried to increase the efficiency of these nutrients in crop production within the region by refining both the rates of application, timing of application and placement of these nutrients within soils. The purpose of this article is to document changes in the use of these nutrients since 1971. To do this four mail-based grower surveys were conducted in 1981, 1996, 2011 and 2016 to document changing N and P fertilizer use and their methods of placement within soils. In addition, the surveys documented erosion control efforts, which would reduce surface water P pollution. In general, N application rates have increased by approximately 10% in the last 45 years. Even though more N fertilizer has been used, offsets due to increased yields, better timing of fertilizer additions and better application location within the soil profile (closer to the roots) have been observed. Conversely, P application rates have remained the same or slightly decreased in the last 45 years. In addition, implemented soil erosion control efforts have reduced the quantity of P moving off fields and into surface waters. Based on historical N and P application rates it is estimated that farms within the selected study area have reduced their N and P loads to surface waters by 15% and 28%, respectively. <![CDATA[ <p>Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers are major sources of surface water and/or groundwater pollution in the Pacific Northwest. Soil scientists have tried to increase the efficiency of these nutrients in crop production within the region by refining both the rates of application, timing of application and placement of these nutrients within soils. The purpose of this article is to document changes in the use of these nutrients since 1971. To do this four mail-based grower surveys were conducted in 1981, 1996, 2011 and 2016 to document changing N and P fertilizer use and their methods of placement within soils. In addition, the surveys documented erosion control efforts, which would reduce surface water P pollution. In general, N application rates have increased by approximately 10% in the last 45 years. Even though more N fertilizer has been used, offsets due to increased yields, better timing of fertilizer additions and better application location within the soil profile (closer to the roots) have been observed. Conversely, P application rates have remained the same or slightly decreased in the last 45 years. In addition, implemented soil erosion control efforts have reduced the quantity of P moving off fields and into surface waters. Based on historical N and P application rates it is estimated that farms within the selected study area have reduced their N and P loads to surface waters by 15% and 28%, respectively. </p> ]]> Historical Use of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers in Rain-Fed Regions and Their Consequential Implications on Water Quality in the Pacific Northwest, USA r.l. mahler m.e. barber doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-334-343 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 334 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-334-343 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-334-343 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-323-333 The treatment of manganese [Mn] in acid mine drainage (AMD) and neutral mine drainage (NMD) is prone to variation in performance, which depends on several factors, including pH, Mn and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, catalysis by Mn-/iron [Fe]-solids, presence of ligands, and bacteria. Not- withstanding the recent technological and scientific advancements, Mn removal is notoriously difficult and still challenging because of its complex chemistry and high solubility. Precipitation of Mn(II), in AMD and NMD, occurs in the form of oxides, with prior oxidation to Mn(III) and Mn(IV), or as carbonates and sulphides. However, most treatment systems have limited efficiency in simultaneously treating Mn and other metals in AMD/NMD, necessitating secondary treatment for Mn removal. Modification of natural or residual materials was found efficient for the treatment of NMD. In this context, this study evaluated the performance of half-charred dolomite (1 h at 750°C) in batch testing (solid: liquid ratio of 3 g:400 mL) for Mn treatment in AMD and NMD. Results showed that modified dolomite treated more than 98% Mn in synthetic NMD (pH 6.1–6.3, up to 1 g/L Mn), at final pH of 9.7–10.6. Similar efficiency (98%) in Mn removal was also found for synthetic AMD (pH 3.6, up to 100 mg/L Mn and 1 g/L Fe, Mn:Fe molar ratio 1:10), while Fe was completely treated, at final pH of 9.7–9.8. In addition, Mn removal was 99.5% within the first 2 h (when pH increased to 8.0), while after 4 h, the efficiency was up to 99.9% (at final pH of 9.6). DO also decreased (from 8 to 2.2 mg/L), at initial Mn concentrations of 1 g/L, and dropped (from 8 to 0.7 mg/L), when Fe concentrations increased to 1 g/L (Mn:Fe molar ratio 1:10). Based on these findings, half-charred dolomite seems a promising option for the treatment of Mn in both AMD and NMD. <![CDATA[ <p>The treatment of manganese [Mn] in acid mine drainage (AMD) and neutral mine drainage (NMD) is prone to variation in performance, which depends on several factors, including pH, Mn and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, catalysis by Mn-/iron [Fe]-solids, presence of ligands, and bacteria. Not- withstanding the recent technological and scientific advancements, Mn removal is notoriously difficult and still challenging because of its complex chemistry and high solubility. Precipitation of Mn(II), in AMD and NMD, occurs in the form of oxides, with prior oxidation to Mn(III) and Mn(IV), or as carbonates and sulphides. However, most treatment systems have limited efficiency in simultaneously treating Mn and other metals in AMD/NMD, necessitating secondary treatment for Mn removal. Modification of natural or residual materials was found efficient for the treatment of NMD. In this context, this study evaluated the performance of half-charred dolomite (1 h at 750°C) in batch testing (solid: liquid ratio of 3 g:400 mL) for Mn treatment in AMD and NMD. Results showed that modified dolomite treated more than 98% Mn in synthetic NMD (pH 6.1–6.3, up to 1 g/L Mn), at final pH of 9.7–10.6. Similar efficiency (98%) in Mn removal was also found for synthetic AMD (pH 3.6, up to 100 mg/L Mn and 1 g/L Fe, Mn:Fe molar ratio 1:10), while Fe was completely treated, at final pH of 9.7–9.8. In addition, Mn removal was 99.5% within the first 2 h (when pH increased to 8.0), while after 4 h, the efficiency was up to 99.9% (at final pH of 9.6). DO also decreased (from 8 to 2.2 mg/L), at initial Mn concentrations of 1 g/L, and dropped (from 8 to 0.7 mg/L), when Fe concentrations increased to 1 g/L (Mn:Fe molar ratio 1:10). Based on these findings, half-charred dolomite seems a promising option for the treatment of Mn in both AMD and NMD.</p> ]]> Treatment of Manganese in Acid and Neutral Mine Drainage Using Modified Dolomite iuliana laura calugaru thomas genty carmen mihaela neculita doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-323-333 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 323 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-323-333 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-323-333 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-312-322 With the responsibility for stormwater, drinking water and wastewater, the water and wastewater sector handles a considerable amount of environmental pollution. In Sweden, the sector has developed strategies for reducing and controlling environmental pollution through a practice called ‘upstream work’. ‘Upstream work’ consists of different strategies (e.g. mapping out industries, water sampling in the pipe system and information campaigns to the public) to hinder chemicals and other pollution from reaching the wastewater treatment plant. In this contribution, ‘upstream work’ is compared to the wider concept of source control to evaluate if there are any aspects of source control that can help develop ‘upstream work’. Further, examples of tools, methods and approaches that facilitate source control and ‘upstream work’ are presented. A tool, method or approach can be used in different parts of the process of controlling environmental pollution and provide assistance with different challenges. Therefore, the efforts/measures are categorized based on which process step they address (identification, quantification, prioritization and control). Further, tools, methods and approaches that can be performed by the water and wastewater sector are highlighted. The categorization provides practical ways to work on controlling environmental pollution for organizations that currently work with source control and/or upstream work and for the organizations that have not started the process yet. Source control can provide insights to develop upstream work, especially for diffusing pollution. By developing ‘upstream work’ to include the entire urban water cycle, important steps towards a more sustainable urban water management are taken. <![CDATA[ <p>With the responsibility for stormwater, drinking water and wastewater, the water and wastewater sector handles a considerable amount of environmental pollution. In Sweden, the sector has developed strategies for reducing and controlling environmental pollution through a practice called ‘upstream work’. ‘Upstream work’ consists of different strategies (e.g. mapping out industries, water sampling in the pipe system and information campaigns to the public) to hinder chemicals and other pollution from reaching the wastewater treatment plant. In this contribution, ‘upstream work’ is compared to the wider concept of source control to evaluate if there are any aspects of source control that can help develop ‘upstream work’. Further, examples of tools, methods and approaches that facilitate source control and ‘upstream work’ are presented. A tool, method or approach can be used in different parts of the process of controlling environmental pollution and provide assistance with different challenges. Therefore, the efforts/measures are categorized based on which process step they address (identification, quantification, prioritization and control). Further, tools, methods and approaches that can be performed by the water and wastewater sector are highlighted. The categorization provides practical ways to work on controlling environmental pollution for organizations that currently work with source control and/or upstream work and for the organizations that have not started the process yet. Source control can provide insights to develop upstream work, especially for diffusing pollution. By developing ‘upstream work’ to include the entire urban water cycle, important steps towards a more sustainable urban water management are taken.</p> ]]> Controlling Environmental Pollution in the Urban Water Cycle emma fältström doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-312-322 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 312 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-312-322 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-312-322 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-298-311 One of the main challenges of water management in developing countries is to control the impact of the urban environment on the natural environment. Identifying sources of pollution in an urban watershed is a critical first step towards providing more integrated environmental planning, proper wastewater disposal and public water supplying. Thus, in this study we assessed 5-year water quality data from six urban river basins in Southern Brazil. In addition to the principal component analysis (PCA), three indexes were evaluated individually: Water Quality Index (WQI), Toxicity Index (TI) and CCME WQI framework (CCME WQI). In order to evaluate the effect of land use, the monitoring sites were assessed according to the urbanization criteria. The application of PCA revealed the existence of six components, explaining 73.78% of data variation. The component that explains most of the variation in water quality (30.80%) is associated with domestic wastewater. The second component showed a strong dependence (29.44%) on industrial activities such as electroplating and metalworking in determining the water quality, while the other components are related to certain industrial and agricultural activities. Likewise, the application of WQIs demonstrated similar results to the PCA. WQI and TI showed scenarios of concern regarding public supply. CCME WQI presented a significant disparity between the assessed watersheds and the Brazilian legal framework goals. Studies in this field significantly contribute to the establishment of environmental licensing criteria, by demonstrating patterns and environmental features. In addition to it, one can identify which watersheds demand greater attention with respect to control and recovery of proper environmental conditions. Furthermore, it can provide support for revisions in urban and wa- tershed planning, especially in qualitative aspects eluding conflicts over water use in future scenarios. <![CDATA[ <p>One of the main challenges of water management in developing countries is to control the impact of the urban environment on the natural environment. Identifying sources of pollution in an urban watershed is a critical first step towards providing more integrated environmental planning, proper wastewater disposal and public water supplying. Thus, in this study we assessed 5-year water quality data from six urban river basins in Southern Brazil. In addition to the principal component analysis (PCA), three indexes were evaluated individually: Water Quality Index (WQI), Toxicity Index (TI) and CCME WQI framework (CCME WQI). In order to evaluate the effect of land use, the monitoring sites were assessed according to the urbanization criteria. The application of PCA revealed the existence of six components, explaining 73.78% of data variation. The component that explains most of the variation in water quality (30.80%) is associated with domestic wastewater. The second component showed a strong dependence (29.44%) on industrial activities such as electroplating and metalworking in determining the water quality, while the other components are related to certain industrial and agricultural activities. Likewise, the application of WQIs demonstrated similar results to the PCA. WQI and TI showed scenarios of concern regarding public supply. CCME WQI presented a significant disparity between the assessed watersheds and the Brazilian legal framework goals. Studies in this field significantly contribute to the establishment of environmental licensing criteria, by demonstrating patterns and environmental features. In addition to it, one can identify which watersheds demand greater attention with respect to control and recovery of proper environmental conditions. Furthermore, it can provide support for revisions in urban and wa- tershed planning, especially in qualitative aspects eluding conflicts over water use in future scenarios. </p> ]]> Water Quality Monitoring in Urban Basins as Support for Water Resources Management: A Case Study from Southern Brazil nicolas r. finkler jardel cocconi taison a. bortolin ludmílson a. mendes vania e. schneider doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-298-311 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 298 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-298-311 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-298-311 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-288-297 A study was conducted from September 2010 to September 2012 at the outlet of a stormwater basin in the city of Meckenheim, near Bonn (Germany). For this purpose, a strategy was developed to collect samples from the stormwater basin located directly upstream from the point of discharge into the Swist river. Numerous locally applied pesticides, frequently used pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals and flame retardants were detected. Median discharge load for selected micropollutants ranged from 4.0 to 19.9 µg/s. The results showed that treatment may be necessary in the case of rainwater discharge from separate sewer systems to reduce the substance load in the receiving river. <![CDATA[ <p>A study was conducted from September 2010 to September 2012 at the outlet of a stormwater basin in the city of Meckenheim, near Bonn (Germany). For this purpose, a strategy was developed to collect samples from the stormwater basin located directly upstream from the point of discharge into the Swist river. Numerous locally applied pesticides, frequently used pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals and flame retardants were detected. Median discharge load for selected micropollutants ranged from 4.0 to 19.9 µg/s. The results showed that treatment may be necessary in the case of rainwater discharge from separate sewer systems to reduce the substance load in the receiving river.</p> ]]> Micropollutants in Stormwater Discharge in the Swist River Basin franz michael mertens ekkehard christoffels andrea franziska brunsch jens wunderlich-pfeiffer doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-288-297 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 288 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-288-297 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-288-297 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-279-287 Bottom intake systems, made by racks longitudinally disposed in the flow direction, are classically used to derive mean flows in continuous mountain rivers with intensive sediment transport. They are known as Caucasian or Tyrolean Intakes. Nowadays, works are also being addressed to study these intakes in order to derive flash floods from ephemeral rivers in semiarid zones to collect runoff and improve the availability of resources. In the design of bottom intake systems, the length of rack is an important variable. This article includes several formulations that come from experimental works in laboratory and in prototype. The objective is to complement and update those works, including some empirical expressions proposed and experimental works developed since 2010 at the Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. Rack length values for different flow rates are presented in dimensionless form (L/h – required rack length over critical depth) for the spacing area ratio over total area (void fraction m) of values 0.12, 0.28 and 0.60. These lengths present important differences depending on the conditions for which they were obtained, for example type of bars (circular or flat), spacing between the bars or the slope adopted by the rack. Values of the dimensionless rack length considering obstruction factors are also analysed. The Froude similitude criterion has been considered to obtain prototype values from the laboratory experimental conditions. <![CDATA[ <p>Bottom intake systems, made by racks longitudinally disposed in the flow direction, are classically used to derive mean flows in continuous mountain rivers with intensive sediment transport. They are known as Caucasian or Tyrolean Intakes. Nowadays, works are also being addressed to study these intakes in order to derive flash floods from ephemeral rivers in semiarid zones to collect runoff and improve the availability of resources. In the design of bottom intake systems, the length of rack is an important variable. This article includes several formulations that come from experimental works in laboratory and in prototype. The objective is to complement and update those works, including some empirical expressions proposed and experimental works developed since 2010 at the Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. Rack length values for different flow rates are presented in dimensionless form (L/h – required rack length over critical depth) for the spacing area ratio over total area (void fraction m) of values 0.12, 0.28 and 0.60. These lengths present important differences depending on the conditions for which they were obtained, for example type of bars (circular or flat), spacing between the bars or the slope adopted by the rack. Values of the dimensionless rack length considering obstruction factors are also analysed. The Froude similitude criterion has been considered to obtain prototype values from the laboratory experimental conditions.</p> ]]> Rack Length in Bottom Intake Systems luis g. castillo juan t. gracia patricia haro jose m. carrillo doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-279-287 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 279 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-279-287 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-279-287 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-267-278 The aim of this article is to describe an innovation in the monitoring of performance of earth embankments, namely the use of sensing systems for full-time monitoring of dam and levee seepages. The monitoring system being developed by the companies VODNI ZDROJE (czech Republic) and EGIS (Republic of Korea) within the EUREKA project Short Term Assessment and Mitigation of Flood Risks is based on the measurement of temperature changes in the embankment body by using the discrete and distributed temperature sensors. The article provides an overview of the activities performed at the reservoir earth dam in pilot site Vlckovice v Podkrkonoší and describes the (i) preliminary activities necessary for the proper spatial distribution of sensors in the embankment body including the geophysical and geotechnical survey and (ii) collection and evaluation of the data. <![CDATA[ <p>The aim of this article is to describe an innovation in the monitoring of performance of earth embankments, namely the use of sensing systems for full-time monitoring of dam and levee seepages. The monitoring system being developed by the companies VODNI ZDROJE (czech Republic) and EGIS (Republic of Korea) within the EUREKA project Short Term Assessment and Mitigation of Flood Risks is based on the measurement of temperature changes in the embankment body by using the discrete and distributed temperature sensors. The article provides an overview of the activities performed at the reservoir earth dam in pilot site Vlckovice v Podkrkonoší and describes the (i) preliminary activities necessary for the proper spatial distribution of sensors in the embankment body including the geophysical and geotechnical survey and (ii) collection and evaluation of the data.</p> ]]> Monitoring of Seepages in Earthen Dams and Levees f. cejka v. benes f. glac z. boukalova doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-267-278 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 267 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-267-278 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-267-278 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-254-266 For many people living in Central Asia, the economic decline and societal disintegration of the post- Soviet space meant a dramatic socio-economic marginalization and pauperization. Against this back- ground and accompanied by the liquidation of numerous state enterprises, many citizens lost their jobs and secure wages. Simultaneously, the state radically cut the provision of social services. The increased uncertainty led to a rising dependency on access to, as well as utilization and the decentralized management of, locally available resources and assets for one’s own survival, especially in the countryside. Because of the immediate relationship between these challenges and the comparatively scarce availability of affordable food products, the collaborative management of scarce water sources and common operation of labour-intensive irrigation infrastructure for local agricultural food production are especially significant in arid high mountain regions such as the remote Western Pamirs in Tajikistan. By means of a micro-level study conducted in the Wakhan Valley, it will be shown how self-organized management practices and pragmatic technical solutions fed by local knowledge contribute to addressing the uneven and irregular spatiotemporal water supply for irrigation. The findings reveal that local-specific water management and irrigation arrangements prove to be not only an essential basis for local food production but also a central instrument for balancing interests within a community and a means of social organization. The study provides an example of where human and social assets such as local environmental, cultural and social knowledge; common decision-making; and coordinated action become key factors for equitable utilization of locally available natural resources on the one hand. On the other hand, the study shows how local knowledge-informed collaborative resource management contributes to community cohesion and individual survival in a society which is struggling with manifold societal challenges. <![CDATA[ <p>For many people living in Central Asia, the economic decline and societal disintegration of the post- Soviet space meant a dramatic socio-economic marginalization and pauperization. Against this back- ground and accompanied by the liquidation of numerous state enterprises, many citizens lost their jobs and secure wages. Simultaneously, the state radically cut the provision of social services. The increased uncertainty led to a rising dependency on access to, as well as utilization and the decentralized management of, locally available resources and assets for one’s own survival, especially in the countryside. Because of the immediate relationship between these challenges and the comparatively scarce availability of affordable food products, the collaborative management of scarce water sources and common operation of labour-intensive irrigation infrastructure for local agricultural food production are especially significant in arid high mountain regions such as the remote Western Pamirs in Tajikistan. By means of a micro-level study conducted in the Wakhan Valley, it will be shown how self-organized management practices and pragmatic technical solutions fed by local knowledge contribute to addressing the uneven and irregular spatiotemporal water supply for irrigation. The findings reveal that local-specific water management and irrigation arrangements prove to be not only an essential basis for local food production but also a central instrument for balancing interests within a community and a means of social organization. The study provides an example of where human and social assets such as local environmental, cultural and social knowledge; common decision-making; and coordinated action become key factors for equitable utilization of locally available natural resources on the one hand. On the other hand, the study shows how local knowledge-informed collaborative resource management contributes to community cohesion and individual survival in a society which is struggling with manifold societal challenges.</p> ]]> Local Knowledge-based Water Management and Irrigation in the Western Pamirs andrei dörre doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-254-266 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 254 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-254-266 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-254-266 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-240-253 Vulnerability to drought is the degree to which a system is susceptible to damage by drought and incapable of coping with its adverse effects. This article presents a method to calculate drought vulnerability indices in the Northwest River Basin System, Mexico. The method is based on the concept of vulnerability developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007), which differentiates three components of vulnerability: degree of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Each of these components is represented by a set of relative indicators at the municipal level that allow for the determination of three basic types of vulnerability: economic, social and environmental, which converge in overall vulnerability. The successful use of the method in the Northwest River Basin System shows that it can be applied to the rest of river basin systems in Mexico, and it can also be adapted to be used at the state or national level. The strength of the method lies in its approach as an objective analytic procedure that makes it possible to identify the most vulnerable municipalities from economic, social and environmental perspectives, which is useful in managing resources and efforts to reduce vulnerability to drought in the different regions of the country. <![CDATA[ <p>Vulnerability to drought is the degree to which a system is susceptible to damage by drought and incapable of coping with its adverse effects. This article presents a method to calculate drought vulnerability indices in the Northwest River Basin System, Mexico. The method is based on the concept of vulnerability developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007), which differentiates three components of vulnerability: degree of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Each of these components is represented by a set of relative indicators at the municipal level that allow for the determination of three basic types of vulnerability: economic, social and environmental, which converge in overall vulnerability. The successful use of the method in the Northwest River Basin System shows that it can be applied to the rest of river basin systems in Mexico, and it can also be adapted to be used at the state or national level. The strength of the method lies in its approach as an objective analytic procedure that makes it possible to identify the most vulnerable municipalities from economic, social and environmental perspectives, which is useful in managing resources and efforts to reduce vulnerability to drought in the different regions of the country.</p> ]]> Economic, Social and Environmental Vulnerability to Drought in the Northwest River Basin System, Mexico david ortega-gaucin heidy v. castellano jesus de la cruz doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-240-253 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 240 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-240-253 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-240-253 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-232-239 Historically, hydrological systems have been modelled separately to investigate flood risk. This is due to computational limits and the devolved responsibilities set out in the existing legislation for risk management authorities. This method may result in the true impact of flooding being misrepresented as the interaction between hydrological systems and drainage infrastructure unaccounted for. In contrast, integrated catchment modelling (ICM) is a methodology in which various hydrological systems are explicitly represented in a single flood model. This enables more realistic assessments of flooding sources and mechanisms, and allows for improved communication of risk. This article provides an overview of the use of ICM in the UK; discusses the benefits of and barriers to the use of ICM; and provides case studies that demonstrate the benefits of ICM for multiple end users. Cost–benefit analyses are traditionally carried out using results from separate models, and alleviation schemes are developed and funded based on the outcome. The economic benefits may be underestimated and the scheme under-designed due to inaccuracies inherent in separate modelling approaches. The use of ICM allows for the development of flood alleviation schemes (FASs) that provide multiple benefits by protecting people, properties and infrastructure at risk from combined sources of flooding. As set out in the Flood and Water Management Act 2010, Lead Local Flood Authorities (LLFA) are responsible for strategic flood risk management and as a result are moving towards the use of ICM to open more funding streams for FAS development. ICM provides a tool that demonstrates to multiple stakeholders how they can benefit from a single alleviation scheme. This increases the chances of a scheme reaching construction due to greater funding potential. While there are still barriers to the use of ICM, the benefits are beginning to be realized by LLFAs and other regulatory bodies. <![CDATA[ <p>Historically, hydrological systems have been modelled separately to investigate flood risk. This is due to computational limits and the devolved responsibilities set out in the existing legislation for risk management authorities. This method may result in the true impact of flooding being misrepresented as the interaction between hydrological systems and drainage infrastructure unaccounted for. In contrast, integrated catchment modelling (ICM) is a methodology in which various hydrological systems are explicitly represented in a single flood model. This enables more realistic assessments of flooding sources and mechanisms, and allows for improved communication of risk. This article provides an overview of the use of ICM in the UK; discusses the benefits of and barriers to the use of ICM; and provides case studies that demonstrate the benefits of ICM for multiple end users. Cost–benefit analyses are traditionally carried out using results from separate models, and alleviation schemes are developed and funded based on the outcome. The economic benefits may be underestimated and the scheme under-designed due to inaccuracies inherent in separate modelling approaches. The use of ICM allows for the development of flood alleviation schemes (FASs) that provide multiple benefits by protecting people, properties and infrastructure at risk from combined sources of flooding. As set out in the Flood and Water Management Act 2010, Lead Local Flood Authorities (LLFA) are responsible for strategic flood risk management and as a result are moving towards the use of ICM to open more funding streams for FAS development. ICM provides a tool that demonstrates to multiple stakeholders how they can benefit from a single alleviation scheme. This increases the chances of a scheme reaching construction due to greater funding potential. While there are still barriers to the use of ICM, the benefits are beginning to be realized by LLFAs and other regulatory bodies. </p> ]]> Are the Benefits of Integrated Catchment Modelling Being Realized in the United Kingdom? william rust phoebe venn doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-232-239 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 232 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-232-239 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-232-239 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-221-231 The Carson River in western Nevada, USA, flows approximately 200 miles (320 km) from its head- waters in the central Sierra Nevada range to its terminal wetlands in Nevada’s Great Basin Desert. The nearly 4,000 square mile (10,400 km2) watershed is home to about 156,000 people. A year after a major flood event in 1997, local citizens and agency staff came together to form an Integrated Watershed Management group called the Carson River Coalition (CRC). Rather than focusing solely on flood problems, the group pledged to address all problems of flooding, water quantity, water quality and wildlife habitat in an integrated fashion through improved communication and collaboration. In 2003, the group decided to determine its ‘main message’, the single most important message the public needs to understand about the watershed. Over 50 group members participated, and the message was defined as, ‘Protect the floodplain from future development’. Since 2003, CRC members, working with the staff of a regional water management agency, have written the Regional Floodplain Management Plan of 2008 (RFMP). It explains the functions, values and ecosystem services of natural floodplains. Much of the floodplain near the channel is used for privately owned farms and pasturelands. This land use is compatible with the RFMP’s goals. However, the population of the watershed is projected to grow, and the floodplain is beginning to be developed for urban infrastructure. To help focus public attention on the value of protecting floodplains, CRC members engaged a County geographic information systems specialist to map the location of all properties in the riverine floodplain protected by conservation easements or public ownership. This map was introduced in a University of Nevada Cooperative Extension Special Publication in 2015. It serves as a call to action and baseline inventory for measuring progress towards the community goal of protecting the Carson River’s natural floodplains. <![CDATA[ <p>The Carson River in western Nevada, USA, flows approximately 200 miles (320 km) from its head- waters in the central Sierra Nevada range to its terminal wetlands in Nevada’s Great Basin Desert. The nearly 4,000 square mile (10,400 km2) watershed is home to about 156,000 people. A year after a major flood event in 1997, local citizens and agency staff came together to form an Integrated Watershed Management group called the Carson River Coalition (CRC). Rather than focusing solely on flood problems, the group pledged to address all problems of flooding, water quantity, water quality and wildlife habitat in an integrated fashion through improved communication and collaboration. In 2003, the group decided to determine its ‘main message’, the single most important message the public needs to understand about the watershed. Over 50 group members participated, and the message was defined as, ‘Protect the floodplain from future development’. Since 2003, CRC members, working with the staff of a regional water management agency, have written the Regional Floodplain Management Plan of 2008 (RFMP). It explains the functions, values and ecosystem services of natural floodplains. Much of the floodplain near the channel is used for privately owned farms and pasturelands. This land use is compatible with the RFMP’s goals. However, the population of the watershed is projected to grow, and the floodplain is beginning to be developed for urban infrastructure. To help focus public attention on the value of protecting floodplains, CRC members engaged a County geographic information systems specialist to map the location of all properties in the riverine floodplain protected by conservation easements or public ownership. This map was introduced in a University of Nevada Cooperative Extension Special Publication in 2015. It serves as a call to action and baseline inventory for measuring progress towards the community goal of protecting the Carson River’s natural floodplains.</p> ]]> Integrated Watershed Management and Floodplain Protection on the Carson River in the Western USA john cobourn steven r. lewis doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-221-231 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 221 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-221-231 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-221-231 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-213-220 Water retention measures are multi-functional measures that aim to protect water resources using natural means and processes. These measures can contribute to reducing the risk of floods and water scarcity and drought while also improving the status of surface and ground water bodies. Water retention measures can support the achievement of the goals of a range of EU policies, including those for surface water, groundwater and coastal management, nature conservation, agriculture, forestry, urban water manage- ment, disaster risk management, green growth and climate change mitigation and adaptation. This article presents water retention measures suitable for application in urban areas. Infiltration of rainwater, taking into account the suitability of local conditions, appears to be the most environmentally suitable solution of rainwater drainage. The connection of conventional method of draining rainwater through sewer systems and infiltration of rainwater appears to be the most suitable drainage concept for sustainable cities. <![CDATA[ <p>Water retention measures are multi-functional measures that aim to protect water resources using natural means and processes. These measures can contribute to reducing the risk of floods and water scarcity and drought while also improving the status of surface and ground water bodies. Water retention measures can support the achievement of the goals of a range of EU policies, including those for surface water, groundwater and coastal management, nature conservation, agriculture, forestry, urban water manage- ment, disaster risk management, green growth and climate change mitigation and adaptation. This article presents water retention measures suitable for application in urban areas. Infiltration of rainwater, taking into account the suitability of local conditions, appears to be the most environmentally suitable solution of rainwater drainage. The connection of conventional method of draining rainwater through sewer systems and infiltration of rainwater appears to be the most suitable drainage concept for sustainable cities.</p> ]]> Water Retention Measures – Case Study from Slovakia martina zeleňáková maria manuela portela petr hluštík doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-213-220 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 3 Article 213 10.2495/EI-V1-N3-213-220 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_3/EI-V1-N3-213-220 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-193-201 Indoor air quality in subterranean train stations is a concern in many places around the globe. However, because of the specificity of each case, numerous parameters of the problem remain unknown, such as the braking disc particle emission rate, the ventilation rate of the station or the complete particle size distribution of the emitted particles. In this study the problem of modelling PM10 concentration evolution is hence addressed with a particle-mass conservation model which parameters are fitted using a genetic algorithm. The parameters of the model allow to reproduce the dynamics and amplitude of the measured data and comply with realistic bounds in terms of emissions, deposition and ventilation rate. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Indoor air quality in subterranean train stations is a concern in many places around the globe. However, because of the specificity of each case, numerous parameters of the problem remain unknown, such as the braking disc particle emission rate, the ventilation rate of the station or the complete particle size distribution of the emitted particles. In this study the problem of modelling PM10 concentration evolution is hence addressed with a particle-mass conservation model which parameters are fitted using a genetic algorithm. The parameters of the model allow to reproduce the dynamics and amplitude of the measured data and comply with realistic bounds in terms of emissions, deposition and ventilation rate.</span></p> ]]> A Novel Approach for the Modelling of Air Quality Dynamics in Underground Railway Stations edouard walther mateusz bogdan doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-193-201 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 2 Article 193 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-193-201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-193-201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-183-192 Nowadays air pollution is increasing due to anthropogenic activity. Among all air pollutants, nitrogen oxides (NOx) such as NO are predominant. It is well known that those compounds exhibit direct toxic effects on human health. However, microorganisms are also exposed to them, but the effect of NOx on the virulence of air microbiota is still poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the impact of NO on the adaptability and virulence of an airborne strain of P. fluorescens, MFA76a, by exposition of this strain to 45 ppm of NO2. The growth kinetics and cultivability were analysed. A decrease of cultivability coupled with an increase of the lag phase was observed suggesting a potential toxicity of NO2. Since NOx particularly target lipids, the membrane permeability was assessed thanks to Live Dead tests and confocal microscopy. A significant alteration of membrane permeability was observed. Furthermore, more abundant bacterial aggregates were detected compared to the control. Thus, a lipidomic study was performed using MALDI-TOF MS Imaging coupled to HPTLC. Interestingly, bacteria exposed to NO were lacking one putative glycerophospholipid molecule. In agreement with a previous study from Kondakova et al., these data demonstrate the adaptation potential of P. fluorescens MFAF76a to an air pollutant such as NO. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Nowadays air pollution is increasing due to anthropogenic activity. Among all air pollutants, nitrogen oxides (NOx) such as NO are predominant. It is well known that those compounds exhibit direct toxic effects on human health. However, microorganisms are also exposed to them, but the effect of NOx on the virulence of air microbiota is still poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the impact of NO on the adaptability and virulence of an airborne strain of </span><em>P. fluorescens</em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">, MFA76a, by exposition of this strain to 45 ppm of NO</span>₂<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">. The growth kinetics and cultivability were analysed. A decrease of cultivability coupled with an increase of the lag phase was observed suggesting a potential toxicity of NO</span>₂<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">. Since NOx particularly target lipids, the membrane permeability was assessed thanks to Live Dead tests and confocal microscopy. A significant alteration of membrane permeability was observed. Furthermore, more abundant bacterial aggregates were detected compared to the control. Thus, a lipidomic study was performed using MALDI-TOF MS Imaging coupled to HPTLC. Interestingly, bacteria exposed to NO were lacking one putative glycerophospholipid molecule. In agreement with a previous study from Kondakova et al., these data demonstrate the adaptation potential of </span><em>P. fluorescens </em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">MFAF76a to an air pollutant such as NO.</span></p> ]]> Impact of Gaseous NO2 on P. Fluorescens Strain in the Membrane Adaptation and Virulence ségolène depayras tatiana kondakova nadine merlet-machour hermann j. heipieper magalie barreau chloé catovic marc feuilloley nicole orange cécile duclairoir-poc doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-183-192 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 2 Article 183 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-183-192 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-183-192 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-172-182 Prevalence of asthma is quite high in health care settings due to exposure to a wide variety of substances, including cleaning products, latex, medicines, ammonia and solvents. In this cross-sectional study, participants completed a validated questionnaire about their occupation, asthma diagnosis, variability of asthma symptoms at and away from work, and exposure to individual substances in the workplace. Work-related asthma symptoms (WRAS) were defined based on a set of criteria. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to classify different substances into exposure patterns. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between self-reported exposures to substances and asthma outcomes among health care workers. PCA revealed two factors: factor 1 (metal dust, metal fumes, solvents, cleaning agents, ammonia, glues) and factor 2 (disinfectants, latex, medicines). Exposure to factor 1 agents was associated with increased risk of WRAS (crude odds ratio (OR) 5.52, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.72–11.19), while exposure to factor 2 agents was associated with non-significant lower risk of WRAS (crude OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.3–1.14). Adjusting by confounders such as parent’s allergy and history of asthma, or smoking, did not appreciably change the ORs. Some agents were associated with increased risk of WRAS, while the lack of association with the exposure to other set of chemicals may be attributed to a number of factors, including healthy worker effect. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Prevalence of asthma is quite high in health care settings due to exposure to a wide variety of substances, including cleaning products, latex, medicines, ammonia and solvents. In this cross-sectional study, participants completed a validated questionnaire about their occupation, asthma diagnosis, variability of asthma symptoms at and away from work, and exposure to individual substances in the workplace. Work-related asthma symptoms (WRAS) were defined based on a set of criteria. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to classify different substances into exposure patterns. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between self-reported exposures to substances and asthma outcomes among health care workers. PCA revealed two factors: factor 1 (metal dust, metal fumes, solvents, cleaning agents, ammonia, glues) and factor 2 (disinfectants, latex, medicines). Exposure to factor 1 agents was associated with increased risk of WRAS (crude odds ratio (OR) 5.52, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.72–11.19), while exposure to factor 2 agents was associated with non-significant lower risk of WRAS (crude OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.3–1.14). Adjusting by confounders such as parent’s allergy and history of asthma, or smoking, did not appreciably change the ORs. Some agents were associated with increased risk of WRAS, while the lack of association with the exposure to other set of chemicals may be attributed to a number of factors, including healthy worker effect.</span></p> ]]> Risk of Asthma Symptoms among Workers in Health Care Settings mustafa al-zoughool rana al-mistneer doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-172-182 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 2 Article 172 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-172-182 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-172-182 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-162-171 The purpose of this article is to analyse the correlation of air quality data with the number of emergency medical interventions and the number of patient visits to emergency clinic of the Integrated Emergency Hospital Admission (Croatian acronym: OHBP).The analysis was conducted on data regarding Slavonski Brod (Croatia) from 1 January to 31 August 2016, obtained from:(1) System eHitna – emergency medical services interventions(2) Patients’ visit to OHBP-General Hospital Slavonski Brod(3) Environmental Protection Agency data regarding air quality for PM2.5, PM10 and H2S per day.The number of interventions ranged from 103 to 260 (M = 151), and the number of patients from 90 to 250 per day (M = 133). Overall the number of interventions was 37,482, and overall number of patients 32,757. The values of PM2.5 ranged from 1.73 to 500.11 µg/m3 (M = 18.70), values of PM10 ranged from 3.17 to 520.21 µg/m3 (M = 25.55), and values of H2S ranged from 0.62 to 12.43 µg/m3 (M = 1.49). The values of PM2.5, PM10 and H2S have been analysed also depending on the limit values (25 µg/m3 for PM2.5, 50 µg/m3 for PM10 and 5 µg/m3 for H2S).The values were within the limit values for PM2.5 in 64% of days, in 80% of days for PM10 and in 93% of days for H2S.There was a statistically significant weak correlation (rs = 0.333, p s = 0.334, p s = 0.171, p There was a statistically significant difference in the number of patients who were provided with medical assistance in the day depending on the values of PM2.5 (p <![CDATA[ <p>The purpose of this article is to analyse the correlation of air quality data with the number of emergency medical interventions and the number of patient visits to emergency clinic of the Integrated Emergency Hospital Admission (Croatian acronym: OHBP).</p><p style="text-align: justify">The analysis was conducted on data regarding Slavonski Brod (Croatia) from 1 January to 31 August 2016, obtained from:</p><p style="text-align: justify">(1) System eHitna – emergency medical services interventions</p><p style="text-align: justify">(2) Patients’ visit to OHBP-General Hospital Slavonski Brod</p><p style="text-align: justify">(3) Environmental Protection Agency data regarding air quality for PM2.5, PM10 and H₂S per day.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The number of interventions ranged from 103 to 260 (M = 151), and the number of patients from 90 to 250 per day (M = 133). Overall the number of interventions was 37,482, and overall number of patients 32,757. The values of PM2.5 ranged from 1.73 to 500.11 µg/m³ (M = 18.70), values of PM10 ranged from 3.17 to 520.21 µg/m³ (M = 25.55), and values of H2S ranged from 0.62 to 12.43 µg/m³ (M = 1.49). The values of PM2.5, PM10 and H2S have been analysed also depending on the limit values (25 µg/m3 for PM2.5, 50 µg/m³ for PM10 and 5 µg/m³ for H2S).</p><p style="text-align: justify">The values were within the limit values for PM2.5 in 64% of days, in 80% of days for PM10 and in 93% of days for H2S.</p><p style="text-align: justify">There was a statistically significant weak correlation (r_s = 0.333, p < 0.05) between PM2.5 and the number of patients per day, weak correlation (r_s = 0.334, p < 0.05) between PM10 and the number of patients per day and a weak correlation (r_s = 0.171, p < 0.05) between H2S and the number of patients per day.</p><p style="text-align: justify">There was a statistically significant difference in the number of patients who were provided with medical assistance in the day depending on the values of PM2.5 (p < 0.001) and PM10 (p < 0.001), while for H2S the significance was borderline (p = 0.051).</p> ]]> Air Quality and the Number of Urgent Interventions cvitkovic´ ante barišin andreja capak krunoslav ivic´-hofman igor sonja vidic´ poljak vedran valjetic´ marijana vedran vađic´ doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-162-171 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 2 Article 162 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-162-171 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-162-171 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-152-161 Kuwait is one of the largest oil producers in the world. However, it is also the tenth most polluted nation in the world, as per a WHO report in 2011 [1], which has created public health concerns in Kuwait. Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), which is involved in the exploration, drilling and production of oil and gas within the State of Kuwait, has undertaken a landmark project in conjunction with the Kuwait Environment Public Authority (KEPA), to develop and implement a regulatory air compliance management programme (ACMP). The ACMP is the first-ever joint venture of its type between the industry and regulators, and it includes development of a system providing real-time measurement of pollution across the country as well as a pioneering national air quality inventory with research-grade dispersion modelling techniques to determine human health risk. Subsequently, an innovative source apportion- ment study is undertaken, utilizing satellite-based techniques to define pollutant source contributions from various sources and develop abatement strategies. The ACMP is a successful demonstration of the implementation of latest technologies like hyperspectral remote imagery for surrogate estimation, remote sensing information for tracking pollutant masses during the project to provide inputs and conduct a comprehensive Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) based on US EPA’s Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol (HHRAP). <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Kuwait is one of the largest oil producers in the world. However, it is also the tenth most polluted nation in the world, as per a WHO report in 2011 [1], which has created public health concerns in Kuwait. Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), which is involved in the exploration, drilling and production of oil and gas within the State of Kuwait, has undertaken a landmark project in conjunction with the Kuwait Environment Public Authority (KEPA), to develop and implement a regulatory air compliance management programme (ACMP). The ACMP is the first-ever joint venture of its type between the industry and regulators, and it includes development of a system providing real-time measurement of pollution across the country as well as a pioneering national air quality inventory with research-grade dispersion modelling techniques to determine human health risk. Subsequently, an innovative source apportion- ment study is undertaken, utilizing satellite-based techniques to define pollutant source contributions from various sources and develop abatement strategies. The ACMP is a successful demonstration of the implementation of latest technologies like hyperspectral remote imagery for surrogate estimation, remote sensing information for tracking pollutant masses during the project to provide inputs and conduct a comprehensive Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) based on US EPA’s Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol (HHRAP).</span></p> ]]> Tackling Kuwait’s Air Pollution through a Regulatory-Based Approach – A Case Study yousef e. al-gallaf mohammad y. haider hasan w. rizvi doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-152-161 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 2 Article 152 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-152-161 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-152-161 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-139-151 The Bay Area Air Quality Management District (District), the local air pollution control agency for the nine-county region of the San Francisco Bay Area in California, has developed the first multi-pollutant–multi-sector plan. This plan integrates measures to achieve and maintain California state and US ambient air quality standards, reduce smog pollution (ozone and particulate matter) and toxic air contaminants, eliminate disproportionate impacts on communities and reduce greenhouse gases that contribute to the earth’s changing climate. This article describes the plan, focusing on the specific strategies the District and its partner agencies will rely upon to address the threat of air pollution and climate change in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. This plan serves as a model for integrating air pollution and climate change programmes at the local level. The plan also provides a bold vision for addressing climate change by visualizing what the Bay Area may look like in a post-carbon year 2050 – where we will live, how we will travel, what we will produce, and what we will consume. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The Bay Area Air Quality Management District (District), the local air pollution control agency for the nine-county region of the San Francisco Bay Area in California, has developed the first multi-pollutant–multi-sector plan. This plan integrates measures to achieve and maintain California state and US ambient air quality standards, reduce smog pollution (ozone and particulate matter) and toxic air contaminants, eliminate disproportionate impacts on communities and reduce greenhouse gases that contribute to the earth’s changing climate. This article describes the plan, focusing on the specific strategies the District and its partner agencies will rely upon to address the threat of air pollution and climate change in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. This plan serves as a model for integrating air pollution and climate change programmes at the local level. The plan also provides a bold vision for addressing climate change by visualizing what the Bay Area may look like in a post-carbon year 2050 – where we will live, how we will travel, what we will produce, and what we will consume.</span></p> ]]> Spare the Air – Cool the Climate jack p. broadbent doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-139-151 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 2 Article 139 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-139-151 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-139-151 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-127-138 Particulate matter (PM) is one of the most problematic air pollutants in Ireland, and recently the associations between exposure to ambient PM and adverse health outcomes have been more firmly established. Diesel vehicles in particular are known for their significant contribution to overall emissions of PM (PM2.5) in the atmosphere, and therefore constitute a significant threat to public health and the environment. A recent investigation of national emissions in the road transport sector in Ireland has highlighted that private diesel passenger vehicles contribute the largest proportion of total emissions in both CO2 and PM of all vehicle categories. Owing to the recent growth in private diesel vehicles since 2008, this vehicle category represents a significant pressure on the quality of the urban environment in Ireland. Determination of the proportion of total PM concentration in urban areas, which has originated from diesel vehicle emissions using source apportionment techniques, is invaluable in assessing the impact of diesel emissions on population exposure. We are generating evidence on the impact of diesel vehicles in Ireland on the exposure of the population to PM2.5 through field measurement of ambient PM2.5 and direct sampling of PM2.5 sources. Here we present a data set of chemical fingerprints of the majorsources of PM2.5 in Dublin. These include a wide variety of vehicular exhaust emissions and solid fuels including wood, peat and coal, sea spray, mineral dust and road dust, with a particular focus on diesel vehicle emissions. A single analytical technique was employed for the chemical analysis that was carried out here; laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), while other PM2.5 source apportionment studies commonly use a variety of analytical techniques for chemical analysis. <![CDATA[ <p>Particulate matter (PM) is one of the most problematic air pollutants in Ireland, and recently the associations between exposure to ambient PM and adverse health outcomes have been more firmly established. Diesel vehicles in particular are known for their significant contribution to overall emissions of PM (PM_2.5) in the atmosphere, and therefore constitute a significant threat to public health and the environment. A recent investigation of national emissions in the road transport sector in Ireland has highlighted that private diesel passenger vehicles contribute the largest proportion of total emissions in both CO₂ and PM of all vehicle categories. Owing to the recent growth in private diesel vehicles since 2008, this vehicle category represents a significant pressure on the quality of the urban environment in Ireland. Determination of the proportion of total PM concentration in urban areas, which has originated from diesel vehicle emissions using source apportionment techniques, is invaluable in assessing the impact of diesel emissions on population exposure. We are generating evidence on the impact of diesel vehicles in Ireland on the exposure of the population to PM_2.5 through field measurement of ambient PM_2.5 and direct sampling of PM_2.5sources. Here we present a data set of chemical fingerprints of the majorsources of PM_2.5in Dublin. These include a wide variety of vehicular exhaust emissions and solid fuels including wood, peat and coal, sea spray, mineral dust and road dust, with a particular focus on diesel vehicle emissions. A single analytical technique was employed for the chemical analysis that was carried out here; laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), while other PM_2.5source apportionment studies commonly use a variety of analytical techniques for chemical analysis.</p> ]]> Chemical Fingerprints of the Major Sources of PM2.5 in Dublin, Ireland: A Focus on Diesel Vehicle Emissions meabh gallagher aonghus mcnabola balz kamber laurence gill bidisha ghosh md. saniul alam doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-127-138 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 2 Article 127 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-127-138 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-127-138 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-115-126 Emissions from harbour-related activities have an important impact on air quality; therefore, improved knowledge about the coastal microclimate and consequent air pollution dispersion patterns is of utmost importance. In recent years, residents of the southeast urban community of the Port of Aveiro (Portugal) have identified high levels of dust in and around their residences, which has raised their concern regarding the potential effects of air pollution on public health. The citizens’ complaints were linked to fugitive dust emissions from petroleum coke (petcoke), which is usually unloaded or temporarily stored outdoors in the port prior to transportation to a nearby manufacturing plant. Following this, the air quality measurements taken in the area have shown high levels of PM10 concentrations, especially when the wind blew from north and northwest directions. Furthermore, a numerical and physical modelling study has been performed in order to assess the impacts of the transport and storage of petcoke on the local air quality. The modelling results pointed out to a set of potential mitigation measures, namely the construction upwind of different barriers from the petcoke pile. This article presents the characterization of the problem and the management strategies adopted. It also presents the results of modelling assessment to select the most potential effective barrier in order to minimize petcoke dust impact on the surrounding population. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Emissions from harbour-related activities have an important impact on air quality; therefore, improved knowledge about the coastal microclimate and consequent air pollution dispersion patterns is of utmost importance. In recent years, residents of the southeast urban community of the Port of Aveiro (Portugal) have identified high levels of dust in and around their residences, which has raised their concern regarding the potential effects of air pollution on public health. The citizens’ complaints were linked to fugitive dust emissions from petroleum coke (petcoke), which is usually unloaded or temporarily stored outdoors in the port prior to transportation to a nearby manufacturing plant. Following this, the air quality measurements taken in the area have shown high levels of PM10 concentrations, especially when the wind blew from north and northwest directions. Furthermore, a numerical and physical modelling study has been performed in order to assess the impacts of the transport and storage of petcoke on the local air quality. The modelling results pointed out to a set of potential mitigation measures, namely the construction upwind of different barriers from the petcoke pile. This article presents the characterization of the problem and the management strategies adopted. It also presents the results of modelling assessment to select the most potential effective barrier in order to minimize petcoke dust impact on the surrounding population.</span></p> ]]> Measures to Reduce Air Pollution Caused by Fugitive Dust Emissions from Harbour Activities sandra sorte myriam lopes vera rodrigues joana leitão alexandra monteiro joão ginja miguel coutinho carlos borrego doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-115-126 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2018 1 2 Article 115 10.2495/EI-V1-N2-115-126 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2018_1_2/EI-V1-N2-115-126 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-92-104 Organic matter in clays often controls their geotechnical behaviour because of its influence on the strength and strain properties in bulk. It is integrated in the clay particle matrix and serves as a weak ductile component to an extent that depends on the degree of decomposition, which is a function of the moisture conditions, temperature and microfauna. Nematodes and arthropods, bacteria and fungi feed on it and make the soil porous, allowing infiltration of air and water. In the final stage of decomposi- tion, the rest product is humus. The function of organic constituents in clay depends on the atomic and molecular bonds within them and between them and the clay minerals. Under moderate deviatoric bulk stress conditions, strain occurs in the molecular scale involving slip when energy barriers, determined by the bond strength, are overcome. Shearing makes the slips accumulate and causes successive changes of the energy bond spectrum, implying that low-energy barriers are used while high-energy barriers become dominant. For low and moderate safety factors, this leads to a blueshift of the spectrum and to stiffening and brittleness. The mineral phase has a certain barrier spectrum, while the organics have their own, implying rapid overcoming of the lower-energy barriers. This results in large shear strain and higher strain rate and lower shear strength and ‘quickness’. Organic clay undergoes creep strain that is similar to that of smectite clay and controls long-term settlement of buildings and the stability of natural and excavated slopes. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Organic matter in clays often controls their geotechnical behaviour because of its influence on the strength and strain properties in bulk. It is integrated in the clay particle matrix and serves as a weak ductile component to an extent that depends on the degree of decomposition, which is a function of the moisture conditions, temperature and microfauna. Nematodes and arthropods, bacteria and fungi feed on it and make the soil porous, allowing infiltration of air and water. In the final stage of decomposi- tion, the rest product is </span><em>humus. </em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The function of organic constituents in clay depends on the atomic and molecular bonds within them and between them and the clay minerals. Under moderate deviatoric bulk stress conditions, strain occurs in the molecular scale involving slip when energy barriers, determined by the bond strength, are overcome. Shearing makes the slips accumulate and causes successive changes of the energy bond spectrum, implying that low-energy barriers are used while high-energy barriers become dominant. For low and moderate safety factors, this leads to a blueshift of the spectrum and to stiffening and brittleness. The mineral phase has a certain barrier spectrum, while the organics have their own, implying rapid overcoming of the lower-energy barriers. This results in large shear strain and higher strain rate and lower shear strength and ‘quickness’. Organic clay undergoes creep strain that is similar to that of smectite clay and controls long-term settlement of buildings and the stability of natural and excavated slopes.</span></p> ]]> Role of Organic Content for the Geotechnical Behaviour of Clays roland pusch doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-92-104 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2017 1 1 Article 92 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-92-104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-92-104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-80-91 Large-scale water transfer projects can be an important way of mitigating water scarcity and have been adopted worldwide. Nevertheless, investments in massive infrastructure, negative environmental impacts and restrictive legislation have required water managers to adopt new approaches, such as small-scale inter-basin water transfer (SSIWT), especially in industrial and urbanized regions. However, there is a lack of research concerning environmental impact assessments of SSIWT to support decision-making, notably in developing countries (such as Brazil). The main goal of this research was to assess the environmental impacts of water transfer on the quality of surface water in the Jundiaí-Mirim river basin, south-east Brazil. Water samples were collected along the Jundiaí-Mirim River in September 2013 (in the absence of SSIWT) and in September 2014 (during SSIWT) for determining the following parameters: pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), chloride (Cl−), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and dissolved and total metals (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg and Mn). Descriptive statistics and the paired Student’s t-test (p p <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Large-scale water transfer projects can be an important way of mitigating water scarcity and have been adopted worldwide. Nevertheless, investments in massive infrastructure, negative environmental impacts and restrictive legislation have required water managers to adopt new approaches, such as small-scale inter-basin water transfer (SSIWT), especially in industrial and urbanized regions. However, there is a lack of research concerning environmental impact assessments of SSIWT to support decision-making, notably in developing countries (such as Brazil). The main goal of this research was to assess the environmental impacts of water transfer on the quality of surface water in the Jundiaí-Mirim river basin, south-east Brazil. Water samples were collected along the Jundiaí-Mirim River in September 2013 (in the absence of SSIWT) and in September 2014 (during SSIWT) for determining the following parameters: pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), chloride (Cl−), chlorophyll-a (Chl-</span><em>a</em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">) and dissolved and total metals (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg and Mn). Descriptive statistics and the paired Student’s </span><em>t</em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">-test (</span><em>p </em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">< 0.05) were used to test the hypothesis that there was an effect of SSIWT on water quality. The results showed impacts due to the transfer of ions from the Atibaia River to the Jundiaí-Mirim River, as well as the degradation of riverbanks, which significantly (</span><em>p </em><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">< 0.05) influenced DO, TOC, DOC, TN, Cl−, Al, Fe and Mg concentrations. A positive impact on the trophic state was observed due to the increased flow caused by the water transfer, which acted to flush the river and reservoir. The findings provide important information on the environmental performance of small-scale hydraulic operations, which should assist decision-makers in establishing strategies to reduce negative environmental impacts. </span></p> ]]> Environmental Impacts of Inter-Basin Water Transfer on Water Quality in the Jundiaí-Mirim River, South-East Brazil fernando henrique machado erik sartori jeunon gontijo frederico guilherme de souza beghelli felipe hashimoto fengler gerson araujo de medeiros afonso peche filho jener fernando leite de moraes regina marcia longo admilson irio ribeiro doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-80-91 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2017 1 1 Article 80 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-80-91 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-80-91 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-70-79 Current implementations of federal and state regulations have relied heavily on regional-scale photo-chemical models which, however, reflect outdated emissions and have a level of uncertainly due to the coarse grid resolution used in typical applications. The purpose of this study is to refine the 12 km grid resolution from recent assessments to a 4 km grid level in a novel application of the Community Mul- tiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modelling system on an annual timescale. The main incentive was to determine the total acidic and mercury deposition over New York State (NYS) and the contribution of the NYS power sector point sources. To that end, the latest available United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) National Emissions Inventory (NEI) for 2011 and Weather Research Forecast (WRF) simulated meteorological data were generated on the 4 km grid domain over the Northeastern United States centred on NYS. For mercury, emissions of the elemental, oxidized and particulate species were characterized for source categories to allow for species-dependent wet removal factors and dry deposition velocities. The results for mercury deposition indicate very low contributions from all NYS, but showed the importance of the oxidized Hg from both wet and dry components. The impacts of Hg emissions outside the modelling domain were found to clearly dominate total depositions in NYS. For acidic deposition, the wet component controlled for sulphate, while for total sulphur and nitrates, dry deposition had a significant contribution. For the NYS power sector, the only large contribution was due to dry deposition of SO2 for total sulphur. The projected total wet depositions of sulphate, nitrate and mercury compare very favourably with observed levels at National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) sites. <![CDATA[ <p>Current implementations of federal and state regulations have relied heavily on regional-scale photo-chemical models which, however, reflect outdated emissions and have a level of uncertainly due to the coarse grid resolution used in typical applications. The purpose of this study is to refine the 12 km grid resolution from recent assessments to a 4 km grid level in a novel application of the Community Mul- tiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modelling system on an annual timescale. The main incentive was to determine the total acidic and mercury deposition over New York State (NYS) and the contribution of the NYS power sector point sources. To that end, the latest available United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) National Emissions Inventory (NEI) for 2011 and Weather Research Forecast (WRF) simulated meteorological data were generated on the 4 km grid domain over the Northeastern United States centred on NYS. For mercury, emissions of the elemental, oxidized and particulate species were characterized for source categories to allow for species-dependent wet removal factors and dry deposition velocities. The results for mercury deposition indicate very low contributions from all NYS, but showed the importance of the oxidized Hg from both wet and dry components. The impacts of Hg emissions outside the modelling domain were found to clearly dominate total depositions in NYS. For acidic deposition, the wet component controlled for sulphate, while for total sulphur and nitrates, dry deposition had a significant contribution. For the NYS power sector, the only large contribution was due to dry deposition of SO2 for total sulphur. The projected total wet depositions of sulphate, nitrate and mercury compare very favourably with observed levels at National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) sites.</p> ]]> Refined Grid Regional Modelling of Acidic and Mercury Deposition over Northeast US and the Contribution of the New York Power Sector l. sedefian m. ku k. civerolo w. hao e. zalewsky doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-70-79 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2017 1 1 Article 70 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-70-79 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-70-79 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-61-69 Control of water quality of coastal waters is essential to ensure the safety of bathers. Therefore, the current legislation establishes maximum concentration levels of faecal bacteria, in particular Escherichia coli and intestinal Enterococci. After several studies, it is known that there are environmental and physical factors such as the level of urbanization of the beach, sediment type, rainfall, salinity and water temperature, which influence the concentration of these bacteria. However, there are many other factors, such as the morphology of the beach, its orientation relative to waves and the proximity of spills, that can affect the survival of these bacteria and therefore directly influence the water quality in the coastal zone. In this article, 270 beaches between the provinces of Valencia and Granada (Spain) were analysed. It was observed that the local factors that further affect the concentration of faecal bacteria in coastal water are the presence of meadows of Posidonia oceanica, the orientation of the beach with respect to the direction of the most common incident waves and the agricultural discharges in the sea. <![CDATA[ <p>Control of water quality of coastal waters is essential to ensure the safety of bathers. Therefore, the current legislation establishes maximum concentration levels of faecal bacteria, in particular <em>Escherichia</em> <em>coli</em> and intestinal <em>Enterococci.</em> After several studies, it is known that there are environmental and physical factors such as the level of urbanization of the beach, sediment type, rainfall, salinity and water temperature, which influence the concentration of these bacteria. However, there are many other factors, such as the morphology of the beach, its orientation relative to waves and the proximity of spills, that can affect the survival of these bacteria and therefore directly influence the water quality in the coastal zone. In this article, 270 beaches between the provinces of Valencia and Granada (Spain) were analysed. It was observed that the local factors that further affect the concentration of faecal bacteria in coastal water are the presence of meadows of <em>Posidonia</em> <em>oceanica</em>, the orientation of the beach with respect to the direction of the most common incident waves and the agricultural discharges in the sea.</p> ]]> Determination of the Most Influential Factors in the Concentration of Bacteria in Coastal Waters a. palazón l. aragonés i. lópez r. lópez-úbeda j.m. saval doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-61-69 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2017 1 1 Article 61 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-61-69 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-61-69 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-50-60 An increase of outflow of 1.70–4.66 mm was observed in five mountain small basins within areas that sustained a tremor of lower 6 on the Japanese intensity scale in Ibaraki during the 7–8 days immediately after the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku. The groundwater level dropped as much as about 1m in 8 days after the earthquake at a well in one of these watersheds. Comparison of the relation between outflow and groundwater level in this watershed for one year before and after the earthquake suggests that the earthquake has encouraged outflow of water of underground origin. however, the flow increment immediately after the earthquake was not so great. Computational analysis results indicate that the outflow might have been compensated by decline in a groundwater level of about 1.5% of the area of the basin area, at most. accordingly, the decline in the groundwater level is regarded as a phenomenon occurring in an extremely limited area within the watershed. <![CDATA[ <p>An increase of outflow of 1.70–4.66 mm was observed in five mountain small basins within areas that sustained a tremor of lower 6 on the Japanese intensity scale in Ibaraki during the 7–8 days immediately after the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku. The groundwater level dropped as much as about 1m in 8 days after the earthquake at a well in one of these watersheds. Comparison of the relation between outflow and groundwater level in this watershed for one year before and after the earthquake suggests that the earthquake has encouraged outflow of water of underground origin. however, the flow increment immediately after the earthquake was not so great. Computational analysis results indicate that the outflow might have been compensated by decline in a groundwater level of about 1.5% of the area of the basin area, at most. accordingly, the decline in the groundwater level is regarded as a phenomenon occurring in an extremely limited area within the watershed.</p> ]]> Changes of Outflow and Shallow Groundwater Level in Small Mountainous Basins Immediately after the 2011 Earthquake off the Pacific Coast of Tōhoku k. tamai doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-50-60 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2017 1 1 Article 50 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-50-60 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-50-60 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-40-49 The southern part of Dunedin City, New Zealand, is built over an estuarine marsh, close to sea level and is vulnerable to increased flooding from raised groundwater levels, which will only worsen with predicted sea level rise. Limited data indicate that this area may also be subsiding via either sediment consolidation or tectonism. The underlying sediments amplify seismic waves with the potential to liquefy during strong earthquake shaking. Dunedin is a hazardous place to live and about 2,600 homes are less than 50 cm above mean sea level. Past mining of a dune barrier led to inundation of parts of the city and without the re-established dune barrier, this community would be unprotected. In June 2015, a moderate rainfall event caused NZD 26 million damage through flooding, primarily related to deteriorating and poorly maintained drainage infrastructure. However, the groundwater level here is near the surface (0–1 m depth) and shows tidal fluctuations, which influence the degree of flooding. Reduced storm water storage, related to the increased groundwater levels due to sea level rise, will result in more frequent flooding and of greater magnitude over time. Engineering solutions such as increased pumping capacity and creation of storage areas will be required at considerable cost and disruption to the city. There are difficult decisions to be made about the sustainability of this low-lying coastal community in terms of investment and protection or abandonment of this area. While fundamentally social and economic issues, such decisions should be informed by rigorous technical assessments and investigation and more extensive monitoring systems. <![CDATA[ <p>The southern part of Dunedin City, New Zealand, is built over an estuarine marsh, close to sea level and is vulnerable to increased flooding from raised groundwater levels, which will only worsen with predicted sea level rise. Limited data indicate that this area may also be subsiding via either sediment consolidation or tectonism. The underlying sediments amplify seismic waves with the potential to liquefy during strong earthquake shaking. Dunedin is a hazardous place to live and about 2,600 homes are less than 50 cm above mean sea level. Past mining of a dune barrier led to inundation of parts of the city and without the re-established dune barrier, this community would be unprotected. In June 2015, a moderate rainfall event caused NZD 26 million damage through flooding, primarily related to deteriorating and poorly maintained drainage infrastructure. However, the groundwater level here is near the surface (0–1 m depth) and shows tidal fluctuations, which influence the degree of flooding. Reduced storm water storage, related to the increased groundwater levels due to sea level rise, will result in more frequent flooding and of greater magnitude over time. Engineering solutions such as increased pumping capacity and creation of storage areas will be required at considerable cost and disruption to the city. There are difficult decisions to be made about the sustainability of this low-lying coastal community in terms of investment and protection or abandonment of this area. While fundamentally social and economic issues, such decisions should be informed by rigorous technical assessments and investigation and more extensive monitoring systems.</p> ]]> How Future Sea Level Rise Will Affect South Dunedin philip j. glassey doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-40-49 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2017 1 1 Article 40 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-40-49 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-40-49 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-28-39 The plan for control of vehicle pollution was developed by the government of Paraná, a state located in the south of Brazil, to create an awareness among the community regarding the importance of changing urban mobility culture – which otherwise might have a dramatic impact over the next few years. The inventory shows that Curitiba has one of the highest vehicles/inhabitant ratios in the country, which affects air quality; considerable increase in pollution is noticeable and such increase is due to use of fossil fuels, mainly diesel. The increase of the vehicles fleet over the past 5 years has caused air quality to decrease and now Curitiba has 0.8 vehicle per person. The purpose of the plan is to report changes to the fleet, fostering the use of alternative transportation and ensuring a regular mechanical maintenance of all the fleet to reverse the current trend. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The plan for control of vehicle pollution was developed by the government of Paraná, a state located in the south of Brazil, to create an awareness among the community regarding the importance of changing urban mobility culture – which otherwise might have a dramatic impact over the next few years. The inventory shows that Curitiba has one of the highest vehicles/inhabitant ratios in the country, which affects air quality; considerable increase in pollution is noticeable and such increase is due to use of fossil fuels, mainly diesel. The increase of the vehicles fleet over the past 5 years has caused air quality to decrease and now Curitiba has 0.8 vehicle per person. The purpose of the plan is to report changes to the fleet, fostering the use of alternative transportation and ensuring a regular mechanical maintenance of all the fleet to reverse the current trend.</span></p> ]]> Overview of the Paraná’s Plan for Control of Vehicle Pollution reginaldo joaquim de souza doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-28-39 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2017 1 1 Article 28 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-28-39 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-28-39 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-14-27 Cities are home of about 70% of the European population, and it is expected that by 2050 this number will be achieved around the world. As a result, cities are facing important challenges related to pressures induced by changes on urban metabolism and by climate change (CC) effects. Understanding the key factors determining the vulnerability of a city provides a framework to consider resilience. These issues become more and more relevant since changes in urban structure and metabolism together with CC will start affecting atmospheric emissions, urban air quality and consequently human health. Cobenefits of an urban air quality and CC approach need to be further addressed taking into consideration that CC creates both risks and opportunities. Therefore, an integrated assessment of the interaction between resilience factors and CC effects, and its influence on the urban microclimate and air quality, is required to better adapt to future climate. This knowledge is fundamental to support policy makers and stake- holders helping them to choose the best strategies to manage resources, to mitigate extreme weather events and to predict air pollution episodes. This article offers a systematic review on CC impacts in cities, providing some adaptation strategies and suggesting future research topics. <![CDATA[ <p>Cities are home of about 70% of the European population, and it is expected that by 2050 this number will be achieved around the world. As a result, cities are facing important challenges related to pressures induced by changes on urban metabolism and by climate change (CC) effects. Understanding the key factors determining the vulnerability of a city provides a framework to consider resilience. These issues become more and more relevant since changes in urban structure and metabolism together with CC will start affecting atmospheric emissions, urban air quality and consequently human health. Cobenefits of an urban air quality and CC approach need to be further addressed taking into consideration that CC creates both risks and opportunities. Therefore, an integrated assessment of the interaction between resilience factors and CC effects, and its influence on the urban microclimate and air quality, is required to better adapt to future climate. This knowledge is fundamental to support policy makers and stake- holders helping them to choose the best strategies to manage resources, to mitigate extreme weather events and to predict air pollution episodes. This article offers a systematic review on CC impacts in cities, providing some adaptation strategies and suggesting future research topics.</p> ]]> Air Quality, Urban Fluxes and Cities Resilience under Climate Change – A Brief Overview carlos borrego sandra rafael vera rodrigues alexandra monteiro sandra sorte sílvia coelho myriam lopes doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-14-27 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2017 1 1 Article 14 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-14-27 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-14-27 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-1-13 Pollution monitoring in the urban environment is an issue of paramount importance both for public health and for the environment, and in relation to the need of finding adequate solutions towards a more sustainable lifestyle. This is particularly true in the case of areas where specific activities or intense emissions occur. This is the case, for example, of ports. In fact, harbours are important for economic and social development of coastal areas, but they also represent an anthropogenic source of emissions, often located near urban centres and industrial areas. In order to define the characteristics and the boundaries of these critical areas, a method for conducting a survey has been defined and tested. The purpose of this work is to define a methodological approach for particulate matter (PM) monitoring of a given extended source. This article introduces a specific case study in the port of Naples (Southern Italy). A preliminary survey approach for defining the setup and operational conditions for a monitoring network has been defined. In this research a key role is played by the use of innovative devices, having a higher spatial and temporal resolution with respect to standard reference instruments, which already proved to be effective means in supporting the survey actions. <![CDATA[ <p>Pollution monitoring in the urban environment is an issue of paramount importance both for public health and for the environment, and in relation to the need of finding adequate solutions towards a more sustainable lifestyle. This is particularly true in the case of areas where specific activities or intense emissions occur. This is the case, for example, of ports. In fact, harbours are important for economic and social development of coastal areas, but they also represent an anthropogenic source of emissions, often located near urban centres and industrial areas. In order to define the characteristics and the boundaries of these critical areas, a method for conducting a survey has been defined and tested. The purpose of this work is to define a methodological approach for particulate matter (PM) monitoring of a given extended source. This article introduces a specific case study in the port of Naples (Southern Italy). A preliminary survey approach for defining the setup and operational conditions for a monitoring network has been defined. In this research a key role is played by the use of innovative devices, having a higher spatial and temporal resolution with respect to standard reference instruments, which already proved to be effective means in supporting the survey actions.</p> ]]> A Survey Method Towards an Effective Emission Monitoring within the Urban Environment: A Case Study in the Port of Naples (Italy) marco casazza giorgio varchetta nicola pirozzi roberta teta sergio ulgiati doi: 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-1-13 International Journal of Environmental Impacts International Journal of Environmental Impacts 2017 1 1 Article 1 10.2495/EI-V1-N1-1-13 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJEI/2017_1_1/EI-V1-N1-1-13