Rice is a strategic food commodity, and its supply chain involves farms, mills, distribution centres, and markets. This study presented a multi‑objective mathematical model for a rice supply chain that minimized total costs (economic objective), soil erosion caused by water used in cultivation (environmental objective), and total water consumption. A real case study from Iran including four major rice‑producing regions was analysed under three water availability scenarios. To handle uncertainty in rainfall and irrigation water, stochastic programming was applied and the multi‑objective model was solved using extended goal programming. Sensitivity analyses examined changes in water availability, objective function weights, and import limits. Results demonstrated that under water‑scarce conditions, production in arid regions (e.g., Khuzestan) was not economically or environmentally viable, leading to increased imports. The model provides a practical tool for policymakers balancing food security, cost, environmental sustainability, and water conservation.