Congestion in Jakarta is a significant problem that impacts socio-economic aspects. The odd-even policy implemented by the government is considered ineffective because it encourages people to have two vehicles with odd and even license plates so as not to reduce the number of cars on the road significantly. Therefore, the government plans to implement Electronic Road Pricing (ERP), which promotes a more equitable distribution of transportation modes and the reduction of congestion. This research aims to design ERP tariffs that are effective in reducing congestion. This study uses a quantitative approach in data collection, which is then analyzed using a combination of Ability to Pay (ATP), Willingness to Pay (WTP), and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results of the study show that the optimal fare is in the range of Rp 18,000 – Rp 22,000 for cars, while for motorcycles, it is in the range of Rp 7,000 – 9,500. The study also showed that the value of ATP > WTP. This imbalance can lead to ineffectiveness, so a pricing strategy must be made so that rates are fairer and more effective for different levels of society. This study highlights the importance of incorporating ATP and WTP analyses in determining fair rate structures. In addition, AHP is important for determining the optimal ERP rate by giving weight to the WTP value factor so that the analysis results are more accurate and objective. With a well-designed tariff, ERP can potentially serve as a viable solution to Jakarta’s congestion problem.

Public transportation plays a crucial role in urban mobility and living conditions. In Irbid city, assessing the quality of bus services is essential to improve service delivery and meet public access needs. The study used an online survey to measure public satisfaction with the transit system. Respondents rated various aspects of bus services using a Five-point Likert scale. The data was analyzed with SPSS to identify areas requiring improvement. The analysis focused on identifying key elements of the bus service that need improvement. Over half of the respondents found the current bus services unsatisfactory. Key issues included uncomfortable bus interiors and seating, poorly maintained bus stops, inadequate information at stops, infrequent bus services, and poor timing accuracy. These issues collectively contributed to a negative perception of the public transport system. The study underscores the need for qualitative improvements in the bus services within Irbid city, enhanced bus stop infrastructure, and more reliable schedules. These insights can guide policymakers and bus operators in designing and implementing an effective, user-focused, and sustainable public transportation system. The study’s findings are also applicable to other developing cities aiming to improve urban mobility and public transit services.

Rapid urban traffic growth often outpaces infrastructure development, especially at intersections, leading to safety risks and congestion. Roundabouts are increasingly implemented to improve traffic flow, safety, and environmental sustainability. However, the environmental and social dimensions of roundabout design remain underexplored. This study conducts a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of 1,000 publications from 2020 to 2024 to evaluate roundabout designs at unsignalized intersections. Key trends, themes, and research gaps are identified using bibliometric mapping and performance metrics such as Level of Service (LOS), vehicle delays, queue lengths, and emission levels. Findings highlight the effectiveness of roundabouts in enhancing urban traffic efficiency, reducing congestion, improving safety, and lowering environmental impacts. Despite these benefits, challenges persist in adapting roundabout designs to diverse urban settings and ensuring public acceptance. The study recommends adaptive and sustainable roundabout designs tailored to specific regional conditions. It also emphasises the integration of emerging technologies, such as smart traffic monitoring systems, to optimise performance. These insights offer guidance for urban planners and policymakers in rapidly urbanising areas.

Accurate, real-time vehicle detection is crucial for autonomous vehicles navigating dynamic traffic environments. This study compares YOLOv11 and the newly released YOLOv12, two state-of-the-art deep learning models for object detection, to assess enhancements in speed, accuracy, and robustness. YOLOv12 has improved upon YOLOv11's architecture with an attention mechanism and Residual Efficient Layer Aggregation Networks (R-ELAN). The improvements for YOLOv12 are designed to obtain better accuracy and improved computational performance as compared to YOLOv11. YOLOv11 and YOLOv12 were trained and tested on a newly developed dataset with 38,500 fully annotated images of seven classes of vehicles taken in different environmental conditions. Results show YOLOv12 achieves higher recall (95.0%), F1-score (96.03%), and mAP@50–95 (88.6%), while both maintain real-time inference speeds. YOLOv12 also demonstrated an improved capacity to detect small or partially occluded objects in challenging scenes. Overall, these findings establish YOLOv12 as a better solution for perceiving real-time data while autonomous driving, with a real prospect for implementation in intelligent transportation systems and edge-computing.

The paper aims to evaluate the impact of green maritime logistics activities on operational performance in Iraqi oil ports affiliated with Basra Oil Company. The paper reviewed a set of previous studies related to the application of green indicators in maritime port logistics. Several problems were identified through a checklist distributed to selected employees in Iraqi oil ports. The study relied on a descriptive-analytical approach for a sample of 276 employees, where data were collected via a questionnaire and analyzed using (AMOS V.24 – JASP V.19) programs. The results showed a positive impact relationship and a statistically significant correlation between green maritime logistics activities and operational performance of 37%. The results also revealed that both safety and security codes and green environmental sustainability had strong positive impacts on operational performance, contributing 36% and 37% of the variance, respectively. While logistics coordination and integration and supporting maritime units showed moderate impacts of 29% and 27%, respectively. Information systems had a smaller impact on operational performance, at 3.4%. The most important conclusions that the paper comes up with are that incorporating green practices contributes to reducing pollution in Iraqi oil ports, and green maritime logistics boosts operational performance and fostering awareness.

The significant increase in Indonesian vehicle numbers has highlighted the importance of a robust ANPR system. Over the past few years, the number has increased by up to 4% each year and is expected to continue rising as long as economic growth continues. This study utilized the YOLOv9 model and EasyOCR along with image enhancement as a pipeline for the license plate recognition process. YOLOv9 was chosen for object detection because its architecture offers good stability in terms of performance and efficiency, even outperforming newer models with a 99.3% mAP@50 in the YOLOv9s variant. EasyOCR was used to recognize and extract characters from license plates. To enhance image quality, Real-ESRGAN upscales image resolution using a GAN architecture and addresses character blurring caused by low-resolution images. Additionally, CLAHE further enhances the clarity of low-contrast characters by employing a histogram to redistribute image intensities. The proposed method achieved an accuracy of 84.36% when tested on 100 image samples in real-world situations, indicating fairly good performance despite challenges like blurring and low contrast. The results highlight the potential of ANPR solutions in addressing the common challenges of real-time license plate recognition, contributing to more efficient traffic surveillance and enforcement systems, especially in Indonesia.

This study aims to explain the effectiveness of the Traffic Signal System Policy on Railway Transportation Safety on the Padang City-Pariaman City Line. The approach used in this study is qualitative with descriptive methods. The study results explain that implementing the traffic signal system for the safety of the Padang-Pariaman railway line is effective. This can be seen in the fulfillment of aspects such as target accuracy, socialisation, objectives, and monitoring carried out by the relevant parties responsible for implementing this policy. This article also recommends several measures to further optimise the effectiveness of implementing the traffic signal system for the safety of the Padang-Pariaman railway line. First, to achieve the objectives, monitoring and supervision by the Indonesian Railway Company, the Railway Engineering Center, and the Post Guard Officers should be further improved. Second, it is recommended that monitoring be designed to specialise in the traffic signal system so that no damage occurs in the field. Third, an approach is needed from the Railway Engineering Center to the community regarding the development of the traffic signal system to increase public compliance and support for railway traffic regulations.

The ability of paratransit to better adapt to demand is not necessarily an argument that justifies the adequacy of its offer in relation to the concerns of users, especially in the African context. Then, the reform of paratransit remains a challenge for stakeholders in the sector. This work focuses on four paratransit networks in Dakar, Bamako and Conakry, namely the “Association de Financement des Professionnels du Transport Urbain” (AFTU), "cars rapides" and "ndiaga ndiaye" in Dakar, "sotramas" in Bamako and "magbanas" in Conakry. The objective of the research is to make a comparison on the level of access to services of these different types of networks. Chi-square and normality tests are used to analyze primary data collected from surveys. Observations, interviews and documentation were also used to complete the information for the analysis. The results show that, even if the AFTU network in Dakar fails to meet the regularity of services as required by the concession contract that binds it to the public authorities, it remains the best network in terms of pricing and its services are closer to the populations.

This research emphasizes analyzing existing transport logistics systems of the state, detecting problems within every mode of transport, and proposing solutions for them to advance towards the sustainable development of multimodal logistics. It also looks into how the nation’s logistic infrastructure can be optimized, and challenges associated with shifting from one mode of transport to another within the Indian transport system are considered as such changes are deemed necessary to remedy the structural imbalance. Ex-ante and ex-post evaluations of the funding strategies were carried out as life cycle assessments using OpenLCA. The software and eco-invent database concluded that the new modal infrastructure would be less damaging when utilized than the available one. Building rail shipments’ share of the total to 45% would significantly mitigate the adverse effects on the environment that the current structure of the modalities of freight transport. In addition, it was found that, hence why the changes were made, the displacement of transportation brought down global warming impacts by a commendable 9%, as well as the effects of emissions in ecotoxicity in the land, ocean and freshwater by 20% on average. These results highlight the need to boost rail traffic and build railway infrastructure as the most efficient strategy towards positive outcomes. The research admits some data-sourced weaknesses, but it contributes to appreciating the need to put in place an appropriate transport system that is environmentally sound for the country’s anticipated development.

This study aims to project the growth of the number of passengers at major ports in Indonesia during the period 2022 to 2032 using a time series approach based on the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). Historical data on sea passenger arrivals and departures from 2017 to 2021 obtained from the Directorate General of Sea Transportation and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) are the basis for the analysis. The results of the study show a significant growing trend in several strategic ports, such as Tanjung Perak Port, which is projected to experience a growth of 169.91%, from 525,352 passengers in 2022 to 1,418,450 passengers in 2032. Likewise, Benoa, Balikpapan, and Kupang Ports also recorded substantial increases. The practical implications of these findings can be utilized by policymakers for better port infrastructure development planning, including increasing terminal capacity, supporting facilities, and land transportation connectivity. On the theoretical side, this study contributes to the development of maritime transportation demand modeling literature by integrating quantitative prediction methods based on historical data. Future research could explore the impacts of climate change on maritime transport operations, including disruptions from extreme weather and sea level rise. In addition, the role of digitalization, such as the implementation of smart ports, automation of loading and unloading, and integration of information systems across modes of transport, is also a relevant area of study.

This paper reviews the seasonal impacts on driver behaviour, focusing on car-following dynamics in adverse weather conditions, including snow, icy roads, glaring sunlight, and fog. Existing literature underscores the significant effects of these weather conditions on traffic flow, driving behaviour, and accident rates. In colder climates, snow and ice disrupt traffic, slow vehicle speeds, and increase accidents, particularly affecting passenger cars more than trucks, which typically operate on strict schedules. In warmer climates, sun glare impairs visibility, contributing to congestion and accidents. The paper synthesises findings from various studies, revealing key research gaps, including the differing behaviours of heavy trucks and passenger cars under extreme weather, the combined effects of multiple adverse weather conditions, and the role of road geometry and maintenance in shaping driver behaviour. This review highlights the need for further investigation to better understand these factors and their impact on road safety. Future research should focus on integrating real-world driving data and exploring advanced technologies such as AI and IoT to mitigate the negative effects of seasonal weather. Ultimately, this research aims to inform more effective traffic management strategies and improve road safety across diverse climates.

Port infrastructure is crucial for inter-island connectivity and marine transportation services in the Thousand Islands Regency, Indonesia. Ensuring better connectivity and accessibility for island residents is essential. This research aims to improve marine transportation services in the Thousand Islands Regency by applying a clustering approach. The goal is to enhance regional transportation services by identifying patterns and gaining insights from historical data. The K-means clustering method was employed in this research to analyse historical data and categorize ports into three distinct clusters: low capacity, medium capability, and high capacity. The research identified three clusters: low-capability ports, medium-capability ports, and high-capability ports. The government has identified these clusters as focal points for improving regional transportation services. The findings highlight the essential role of marine transportation in facilitating connectivity and supporting the tourism industry in the Thousand Islands Regency. This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the current situation and offers a basis for informed decision-making in future port management strategies. The research urges stakeholders and policymakers to prioritise improvements at the identified ports to enhance service quality, connectivity, and regional development.

Transportation is an important part of people's lives, including access to connect one route to another. This study aims to obtain the existing conditions and level of service of public transportation on the Salabenda-Pasar Anyar route. The research method uses a quantitative method. The indicators used in the evaluation refer to applicable regulations. The performance of existing public transportation, namely: load factor does not meet the standard provisions of less than 70%, speed also does not meet the standard provisions of 25 km/hour, travel time results meet the standard provisions of 1-1.5 minutes, waiting time results meet the standard provisions of 5-10 minutes but on Saturdays it does not meet the standard provisions of 5-10 minutes, and headway results have met the standard 1-12minutes. The level of public transportation service on the research route with the characteristics of respondents based on female gender is 56.5%, age 20-30 years is 54.50%, last education is senior high school is 49.75%, and based on occupation, namely students/college students are 32%, more use public transportation route Salabenda-Pasar Anyar.

This study's primary goals are to: Identify any damage that may have happened to the structural elements of steel I-girder-concrete composite spans; determine the static responses according to the influence of the vehicle and service loads (loads combination case) using numerical static analysis FEM using CSI-Bridge Ver. 25; measure the natural frequency of the bridge structure according to the influence of self-weight of the structure using modal analysis; determine the dynamic responses due to vehicle live load using numerical dynamic time history analysis by using Finite Element Method (FEM); assess the constructional effectiveness of bridge structures and identify methods for reinforcing and repairing damaged structural elements. Damage inspection results of steel I-girder span showed that the damage is not severe in the structural parts of span. Steel I-girders span shows no signs of rust or corrosion, but the main problem is in the expansion joints and they need to be repaired or replaced. Under the effect of vehicles live load and load combinations, maximum tensile stress appeared at the bottom of steel I-girder span, which was 13.56MPa and 86MPa respectively, lowering than the allowable value of tensile stresses from AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE, which is equal to 207MPa. The maximum deflection in the downward direction due to vehicles load and load combination was 10.9 mm and 91 mm, respectively. Meeting the allowable deflection values of 70 mm (live load) and 112 mm (loads combination). The Finite Element dynamic analysis described that the average value of vibration frequency is 6.42Hz. Compared with natural frequency, it is higher than 2.95Hz, indicating that the span of bridge will face vibration issues because this span has a long length. Therefore, this study recommended that to add more steel girders with more diaphragms (cross beams) to reduce the vibration of bridge span.

The use of private vehicles can have many negative impacts on various aspects of life. Therefore, the government, as a public service provider, has tried to provide bus-based public transportation services. However, the growth in the number of private vehicles each year continues to increase, while the number of passengers using bus transportation is far below the targeted load factor. This study aims to: 1) assess the perceptions of private vehicle users on the performance of existing bus transportation services; 2) analyze bus service attributes that influence public's desire to switch from using private vehicles, and 3) examine user preferences for using bus as the main mode of transport for their daily mobility. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires distributed to 270 samples of people who live in the districts served by the bus route. The analysis techniques used were descriptive statistics, descriptive qualitative, content analysis, and quantitative analysis. The results showed: 1) the perception of private vehicle users on the performance of existing bus transportation services is dominated by positive comments and responses; 2) bus service attributes that influence public's desire to switch from using private vehicles, namely fare affordability, maintenance of bus stops and buses, and operating hours while the attribute with the smallest influence is the payment system; 3) User preferences for bus transportation services are in the form of security types, media types, and operating hours show compatibility with existing services. For walking and cycling distances, respondents chose <100 meters for walking and <500 meters for cycling; besides that, the majority of respondents prefer fares below current prices and feel comfortable with cash payment methods.

This study aims to modify off-spec limestones using resin to enhance their mechanical properties. The modified limestones are intended for road construction. The mechanical properties are accessed through Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV), Aggregate Impact Value (AIV), Los Angeles (LA) abrasion, water absorption, and microstructure analyses. Then, the modified limestones are exposed to deterioration to resemble real-life altering conditions on highways. The exposure conditions consist of the direct immersion of water, 3% NaCl solution, and 1% HCl solution, and thermal stress cycles. This was followed by quality test analyses for comparisons and inferences. The samples were immersed in water, NaCl solution, and HCl solution for 63 days, with each cycle consisting of 3 days of immersion and four days of air drying. Nineteen thermal stress cycles were carried out, with 18 hours of immersion in NaCl solution and 6 hours of heating in an oven at 60 degrees. The findings show significant improvement in crushing value, impact value, and abrasion resistance of aggregates after surface treatment with resin. Microstructure analyses using SEM revealed that the treated limestone had a rougher surface texture, indicating enhanced bonding in concrete, facilitating chemical reactions, improving mechanical interlocking, and ultimately enhancing the overall performance and durability of the concrete structure.

For sustainability, rail accidents are minimized by continuously upgrading with technology and refining existing methods for wheel life. Indian railways are one of the major transport sectors in the world. Hence, the focus is on defect detection over rail wheels to avoid accidents. An effective mechanism is required to detect wheel issues. The train journey to me made without issues and would experience a smooth journey for the passengers if there were no defects. The proposed system is an automatic visual inspection approach that comprises a set of nondestructive techniques, strain gauge sensors for detecting flat spots, and cracks, infrared cameras used for detecting abnormally hot or abnormally cold areas of the wheel that indicate damage, and the usage of wheelset balancing for achieving the quality of the wheel. Integrating transfer learning with the present working body would significantly make a difference. The combination of required technologies, such as specific non-destructive techniques, ResNet for spotted defects labelling, and transfer learning for comparison of refined and actual objects. Significant metrics such as accuracy and error rate were also analyzed, comparing the existing approaches against the proposed hybrid approach. The known advantages of using a transfer learning approach are faster training, higher accuracy, and better generalization capabilities.

Drowsy driving is a significant hazard, often leading to vehicular collisions, personal injuries, and fatalities. Detecting drowsiness signs quickly and accurately is crucial for reducing fatigue-related incidents. In recent years, the domain of artificial intelligence, especially the implementation of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) frameworks in conjunction with the You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm, has attracted considerable academic scrutiny. These sophisticated methodologies enable the evaluation of driver fatigue through video footage or ongoing surveillance in real time. This study employs the YOLO algorithm integrated with a CNN to categorize detected drivers into drowsy and awake, utilizing bounding boxes during analysis. Model parameters, such as batch size (64), network size (416×416), subdivisions (16), max batch (4000), and filters (21), are configured for optimal performance. The dataset is split into four scenarios for training and testing, with learning rates set at 0.00261 and 0.001. Notably, the highest Intersection over Union (IoU) value is achieved with an 80%:20% split dataset and a learning rate of 0.00261, effectively identifying drowsiness in drivers and enhancing proactive safety measures.

The paper considers the issues of the urgent problem of increasing the efficiency of the organization and planning of the maintenance system of mining dump trucks. The methods of analysis and synthesis of a priori information and statistical data of the enterprise show the need to improve the existing system for ensuring reliable operation of the dump truck fleet. Quantitative indicators are given that characterize the operational reliability of the park as the number of failures of the park as a whole, the main components and assemblies and the coefficient of technical readiness (CTR) of the park, analytical dependencies are obtained that approximate the dynamics of these indicators, depending on the duration of the studied service life. The obtained functional dependencies differ by type, with a significant discrepancy between planned and actual indicators, which in production conditions are eliminated by unscheduled operational measures of technical impact that reduce the overall efficiency of the maintenance and repair system of the fleet. The necessity of increasing the efficiency of the operating system at the stage of planning and organization of maintenance and repair is substantiated.

Public transportation integration is essential for sustainable tourism development, so it is necessary to improve transportation services. This study aims to determine the indicators needed in designing transportation integration procedures. This study uses a decision-based Fuzzy Delphi method assessed by experts to determine the ranking of each indicator in transportation integration. The location of this study is in West Sumatra Province because it has favorite tourist attractions in 19 districts and cities that foreign and domestic tourists can visit. The findings of this study include nine indicators of physical integration, four indicators of operational integration, three indicators of ticket integration, four indicators of information integration, and one indicator of institutional integration. Thus, it can be used as a guideline in planning transportation integration to improve accessibility to tourist areas.