The increased burned land area from 1,219 hectares in 2022 to 2,632 hectares in 2023 indicates a significant escalation in environmental losses due to forest fires in Riau Province. The need for a quick and effective response from the government and the implementation of adaptive policies is crucial. This research has the potential to provide better policy guidance in dealing with forest fires in Riau Province to maintain environmental sustainability and the welfare of local communities. This research uses a qualitative approach with interviews, documentation, and field observation methods. The collected data was analyzed using Nvivo 12 Plus software. The main findings of this research show that forest fires in Riau Province are influenced by five dominant factors: land clearing with illegal burning, extreme weather, weak monitoring and law enforcement, land and ecosystem degradation, and lack of facilities and resources. Each of these factors contributes to increased fire frequency and intensity and negative impacts on the environment, public health, and regional economies. Stricter law enforcement and ecosystem restoration are considered crucial to overcome this problem. Increasing firefighting capacity, public education, early detection systems, and licensing arrangements are also needed to reduce the fire risk. Synergistic implementation of policies requires cooperation between government, society, and the private sector.

Palm oil is among the most important global commodities and contributes significantly in increasing state income; however, many palm oil industries are still not environmentally friendly. This study aimed to analyze the challenges and opportunities of adopting Green Productivity (GP) practices the industry of palm oil in Jambi, Indonesia. This study used a qualitative approach and comprehensive secondary data analysis, including academic publications, policy reports, and economic-social data. This research analyzed the relationship between socio-economic aspects and environmental sustainability, with a focus on smallholder farmers' livelihood strategies. Farmers face several challenges in implementing GP strategies, particularly in land legality, income diversification, and environmental management. These factors are critical for improving both industrial and environmental sustainability. Green Productivity offers a potential pathway for integrating environmental sustainability with increased productivity of the palm oil industry. The results emphasize the necessity for policy support to address the socio-economic challenges and promote sustainable practices. Moreover, it is emphasized that in Green Productivity, nature serves as unpaid labor.

Green buildings mitigate the adverse effects of construction on the environment. Water conservation in housing is a criterion significantly affected by residents' behavior. The inhabitants' behavior influences the extent of water conservation and energy efficiency implemented in the building. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the scholarly literature on water usage and energy efficiency behaviors in sustainable buildings. The study utilizes data from Scopus, spanning the years 1996 to 2024. The study identified collaborations across many institutions and countries, emphasizing significant research accomplishments. The network visualization study was performed utilizing R Studio Biblioshiny software version 4.4.1. The findings of this study offer substantial insights for academics, professionals, policymakers, and funding entities pursuing a thorough understanding of contemporary trends and goals in this domain. The findings of this study establish a significant framework for future research initiatives and highlight the necessity of ongoing investment in energy efficiency and water conservation efforts moving forward.

The study examined how sanitary landfill waste and its leachate affected groundwater quality in the Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq. Seven sites were selected to monitor groundwater contamination from the landfill cell to the nearest residential area to calculate their samples' leachate pollution and water quality indices. Physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured for such environmental indicators. Groundwater maps have been predicted using GIS techniques. The nine-month test period ran from February to November 2024. The results demonstrated that leachate concentrations affect groundwater properties. The amounts of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), $\mathrm{SO}_4^{-2}, \mathrm{PO}_4^{-3}, \mathrm{NH}_3^{+}$, and phenol) were greater than permitted by WHO recommendations. Only the vicinity of the landfill cell showed the effects of heavy metals like Cr and Ni, while the residential areas remained unaffected. The LPI results for leachate samples ranged from 25.43 to 40.52. Also, the WQI of the test sites (GW1, GW2, GW3, and GW4) revealed that they were unsuitable for human use without treatment, whereas the groundwater at the other sites (GW5, GW6, and GW7) was adequate for limited irrigation. The findings of the correlation study indicated that the majority of the parameters had a substantial association with one another. The strong negative correlation between distance and parameters indicates that pollutant concentrations decrease when the distance from the landfill increases. The research recommends adopting scientific and technological means to mitigate pollution by using special pipe networks to prevent leachate leakage from the landfill cells and using modern techniques to treat leachate before it reaches the groundwater.

Research on electricity-saving intentions is important in achieving countries' sustainable development goals. Simultaneously, with the growing development of office buildings for rent, there is a potential for electricity-savings and energy savings in general. This study aims to identify the influence of colleagues, group interaction, and office building management on the intention of office workers to save electricity. The partial least square structured equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis with 706 respondents, who are staff in rental office buildings, yielded the following results: the intention to save electricity of employees is positively influenced by colleagues, group interaction in the work environment, building management, and attitudes towards electricity saving. The results also indicate that colleagues' enthusiasm for electricity saving increases the effectiveness of group interaction. The study provides implications to enhance awareness and intention to save electricity in the workplace based on the research findings.

The amount of garbage in the country, which tends to increase each year, is a lingering issue. Not only are the numbers increasing, but the handling procedures also contribute to the problem. Improper waste management pollutes both land and water sources such as rivers and seas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the major chemicals in eco-cement generated from landfill waste burning ash (ATPA) and Portland composite cement (PCC). The goal of this study is to create eco-friendly eco-cement materials by combining ATPA with PCC. This research used X-ray diffraction to conduct semi-quantitative tests on the PCC: ATPA compositions of 100%:0%, 75%:25%, 50%:50%, 25%: 75%, and 0%:100%. The study found that silica (SiO₂) and aluminium (Al₂O₃) were the most common chemicals formed in eco-cement without and with ATPA. The intensity value of each material reaches 1600 a.u. (absorb unit) at a diffraction angle of 30° (2θ). According to these findings, ATPA material is classified as crystalline. Depending on the application, materials with higher crystallinity are frequently linked to greater mechanical strength. This demonstrates that eco-cement derived from ATPA and PCC can be used as a cementitious material in the production of environmentally friendly mortar and concrete using waste and rubbish materials. According to the study’s characterisation, ATPA can directly substitute some PCC as a binder material; nevertheless, more research is required to examine the mechanical properties that arise.

Various physical or mathematical models have analyzed the relationship between Radiance and distance. Using data from VIIRS satellite imagery, this paper proposes a simplified method to analyze the relationship between the average Radiance áRñ and the distance r measured from the center point (highest Radiance). We reviewed three major cities in Indonesia: Jakarta, Bandung, and Yogyakarta. Analyzing the VIIRS raw data from 2012-2021, Jakarta follows the power-law relation: $\langle R\rangle \sim r^{-\alpha}$. Bandung and Yogyakarta follow the exponential relation: $\langle R\rangle \sim \exp (-\alpha r)$, where the values of $\alpha$ vary yearly. In addition, we also find that the average Radiance follows the power-law relation with the area A that is $\langle R\rangle \sim A^{-\beta}$,, where A is the region area at a distance r. The $\beta$ exponent varies every year and from all three cities. By comparing the numerical results to real-time VIIRS data, the study validates the reliability of this simplified approach. The findings underscore the impact of urban development on light pollution, offering a practical and extendable model to other regions. This research contributes to understanding urban lighting dynamics, providing implications for sustainable city planning and environmental protection efforts.

Forest plantation, either on ground or on wetland as mangrove forest plantation, is commonly and continually practiced to maintain or increase the forest area, but mostly it is done by environmentalists from public, state enterprises, community, and/or private sectors. Others may receive direct and/or indirect benefits from the forest with more or less participation. This practical resarch article presents the mangrove forest plantation project at Chumphon Islands National Park, Chumphon province, in southern peninsular Thailand, of about 1,057 Rai (169.12 hectares) supported by the state enterprise Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). To investigate the results from this investment activity, this study examined the local people’s perceptions of the benefits from mangrove plantation project at Chumphon Islands National Park, Chumphon province, in southern peninsular Thailand. The face-to-face questionnaires developed for secondary data were reviewed, then responses were stratified collected from 339 local respondents of 21 villages in six sub-districts within a five-kilometer radius around the project. The results indicate that more than half of the respondents were uncertain about some direct benefits, while two-thirds of them received indirect benefits. Consequently, if the mangrove plantation project is organized in the prohibited area of the national park, the local people’s perceptions of the direct benefits are minimal.

Tesso Nilo National Park (TNNP) is a vital conservation area in Indonesia, known for its lowland tropical rainforest ecosystem with high biodiversity potential. Despite its ecological significance, TNNP faces severe challenges, including environmental degradation and land conversion, exacerbated by weak local government policies under Indonesia's Regional Government Law No. 23/2014. This study aims to analyze strategies for restoring and conserving TNNP's ecosystem through a comprehensive Strengths (S) and Threats (T) analysis. The research was conducted from May to September 2021 using a mixed-methods approach that combined quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques, including surveys, questionnaires, interviews, and literature studies. Data were analyzed using SWOT analysis, with 15 respondents selected through a disproportionate stratified random sampling technique. The findings reveal that TNNP's ecosystem restoration efforts are in quadrant IV of the SWOT matrix, emphasizing the need to leverage strengths while addressing significant threats. The S-T strategy, focusing on ecosystem restoration programs, is proposed as a viable approach. A practical example is the Lubuk Kembang Bunga Village restoration initiative, which successfully rehabilitated 10 hectares with a budget of IDR 1.611.008.000. This study highlights the importance of robust policy support and strategic interventions to balance ecological conservation with sustainable land use. The novelty of this research lies in its application of the SWOT framework to identify actionable strategies for ecosystem restoration in a complex socio-political and environmental context, providing a replicable model for other conservation areas.

Process of municipal solid waste into the electrical energy of Putri Cempo Landfill with gasification technology as an alternative to significantly reduce the environmental impact related to macro components as chemical constituents of waste. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach is used to holistically evaluate the environmental impact of the gasification process at the waste power plant (WPP) of Putri Cempo Landfill. This study aims to identify the potential environmental impact and determine the hotspot of the gasification process at the Putri Cempo Landfill WPP. The method used in this study is quantitative descriptive with the LCA method, which includes goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation, where the limitation in this study is gate to gate. The results showed that the largest potential environmental impacts are human carcinogenic toxicity of 41.64738 kg 1.4-DCB, freshwater ecotoxicity of 15.364229 kg 1.4-DCB, and marine ecotoxicity of 11.390976 kg 1,4-DCB. The lowest potential environmental impacts are mineral resource scarcity of 0.000182585 kg Cu eq, stratospheric ozone depletion of 0.041251 kg CFC11 eq, and land use of 0.046136128 m2a crop eq. The hotspot that contributes the greatest environmental impact is the gasifier with a direct gasification system.

Ibuprofen (IBU) is considered an emergent pollutant owing to its presence in different environmental matrixes (especially in wastewater), high stability, low degradation rate, and widespread use. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the occurrence of IBU in both the effluent and influent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and to assess the capacity of these facilities to reduce its concentration. Samples were collected monthly from January to December 2024 from five plants within Babylon Governorate, Iraq: Al-Sadiq Hospital, Marjan Hospital, Al-Hilla Hospital, Childbirth and Children's Hospital, and Mamira plant. The concentration of IBU was conducted utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of ibuprofen in the influent wastewater of the plants was 144, 12.57, 10.45, 20.34 and 1096 µg/ l respectively, while revealing effluent concentrations of 132.6, 7.52, 8.05, 11.15 and 945 µg/ l for Al-Sadiq Hospital plant, Marjan Hospital plant, Al-Hilla Hospital plant, Childbirth and Children's Hospital plant, and the Al-Mamira plant respectively. The maximum effluent concentration of IBU was observed at the Mamira plant, exhibiting a removal efficiency of 13.78%, whereas the minimum effluent concentration was recorded at the Childbirth and Children's Hospital plant, which had a removal efficiency of 45.18%. The P-value of 1.025E-06 (less than 0.05) revealed that the influent concentration of ibuprofen exerted a statistically significant impact on the effluent concentration of ibuprofen.

This research investigates the technical performance of finishing materials used in the facades of school buildings in hot and arid regions, addressing the lack of thorough evaluation in material selection. Current practices often result in rapid material degradation, necessitating frequent maintenance. The study seeks to establish technical standards and indicators for evaluating material durability and condition over time. By focusing on two selected school buildings, the research aims to provide insights into material performance and user behavior impacts. It includes a literature review, field surveys, and laboratory testing to evaluate material resistance to local environmental and human factors. The study's findings will contribute to developing guidelines for improving the durability of finishing materials in school buildings, thereby reducing maintenance costs and enhancing building longevity. One key conclusion is the inadequacy of current materials in withstanding local conditions, highlighting the need for specialized studies to establish local standards for material evaluation. The research encountered several obstacles, including technical challenges related to limited capabilities for sample testing. The second set of challenges were administrative in nature, which hindered the research due to the regulations and requirements for accessing school buildings. Additionally, there were difficulties in extracting samples of finishing materials and subsequently replacing them within the building.

Currently, the world is facing a triple planetary crisis consisting of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss, which have significant impacts on various sectors of life. West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province is one of the areas that feels the impact, as shown by data from the NTB BPBD which records the frequency of floods and droughts. Nevertheless, NTB has rich natural resources with various ecosystems that can drive economic growth and environmental conservation. The NTB government has launched a development vision of "NTB Asri and Sustainable," with priority programs such as NTB Hijau and NTB Zero Waste to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). To support these programs, synergy between governments at all levels and active participation of stakeholders are needed. This study aims to analyze the role of stakeholders in the implementation of ecological-based fiscal incentives in NTB, in order to ensure sustainability and stakeholder involvement in overcoming this environmental crisis. Data for this study were collected through several data collection instruments such as field observations, interviews with questionnaires, in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and literature studies. The results of the analysis carried out show that each actor has the same view that this policy is important to continue to be implemented because it has positive implications for environmental improvement synergistically at various levels of government. This is also shown by the high level of participation and support from stakeholders in implementing the policy.

Textile manufacturing processes can produce harmful environmental impacts, particularly the generation of significant textile waste. Thus, in this study, researcher examined the potential of the needle felting technique as a method for reusing textile wastes. Needle felting is a unique textile technique that involves the interlocking of fibres using a barbed needle. This process can be used to transform fabric wastes into new fabrics without the need for spinning or weaving. Furthermore, natural dyes derived from plants such as Parkia speciosa pods can provide an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic dyes, thus reducing the environmental impacts of textile production. Accordingly, exploring the use of cotton wastes from a cotton-weaving factory in Thailand to develop a sustainable material for clothes through the application of needle felting and natural dyeing using Parkia speciosa pods. Moreover, the colour, weight, thickness, texture and colourfastness of needle-felted bitter-bean-pod–dyed cotton wastes were evaluated before and after the needle-felting process. The fabrics’ colour strength (K/S values) and weight (grams per square meter) were also assessed to determine the correlation between fabric weight and colour strength. Additionally, colourfastness to dry cleaning, washing, rubbing, light and perspiration was evaluated. Results showed that needle felting is a feasible technique for transforming textile waste into new, durable fabrics. The research further revealed that cotton wastes can be successfully dyed using natural colours, offering a sustainable alternative for prospective textile applications in the future.

Climate change is presently the most pressing and urgent global issue. Its potential consequences, such as the drying up of rivers, the submersion of vast coastal areas, and shifts in global agricultural production patterns, are so severe that they could have catastrophic impacts on humanity. Consequently, global environmental organizations have sounded the alarm, warning of the deteriorating global climate and the grave consequences of increasing carbon emissions. The primary objective of this research is to classify the root reasons of climate change in Iraq, explore potential mitigation strategies, and assess the resulting impacts of these changes. A comprehensive literature review was performed, including environmental reports, historical climate data, and previous studies on climate change in Iraq. Data analysis focused on temperature trends, rainfall patterns, and environmental consequences over the past decades. Our findings indicate that the escalation in temperatures and the reduction in rainfall levels owing to climate change have had a significant effect on water availability, decline in agricultural production, increase in poverty, deterioration of health conditions, decline in the tourism sector and escalation in the occurrence of dust storms. Temperatures across the country have risen sharply since the 1950s, with the average temperature during the period 1901-2021 increasing by approximately 2 degrees Celsius, even higher than the global average. Additionally, rainfall has shown a substantial and continuous decline, with projections indicating a reduction of more than 30% by 2100 compared to the 1938-1978 average. Climate change poses a serious threat to Iraq’s sustainability. Immediate policy interventions, international cooperation, and sustainable environmental strategies are necessary to mitigate its adverse consequences.

Energy in all forms is a key requirement for human livelihood and for socio-economic development. However, overreliance on a single source of energy can cause energy management issues because of the occurrence of system over-burdening. Thus, the utilization of other forms of energy is highly promoted worldwide, with a clear emphasis on enhancing environmentalism and reducing pollution through waste management and control. This paper considers the use of digital image processing in the form of pattern recognition to extract the pattern of a coconut shell and charcoal wood to show the correlation between their patterns. Thus, deducing the energy properties of the coconut shell. A 3D camera is used to capture the digital image of the preprocessed coconut shell. The appropriate algorithm is then written on the MATLAB software toolbox to manipulate and translate the digital images, hence revealing its hidden nature. The technical process of scrutinizing the hidden properties involves the changes of pixels of the images, enhancement and thresholding; which is the pattern revealing step. Finally, the automatic pattern recognition toolbox acts to recognize the resemblance of the pattern of the coconut shells to the wood charcoal in order to analyze the pattern directly and determine the energy property percentage indices of the agent under test. The results indicate that out of a total of 180 samples of dataset for coconut wood and 178 samples of dataset for charcoal wood, 179 and 177 samples were correctly predicted for coconut shell and charcoal wood, respectively. Thus, the overall accuracy is 99.4% which indicate that coconut shells is carbon based, first- generation bioenergy crop and has high bioenergy properties and again a lower ignition property compared to charcoal wood.

This study assesses the impact of leachates from Chupaca’s municipal landfill on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of nearby agricultural soils. Given their high concentration of contaminants, these leachates pose a critical risk to soil fertility and agricultural productivity. A quasi-experimental design was employed, comparing soil samples from contaminated and non-contaminated areas. Key parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and soil fauna were analyzed. The findings reveal a significant decrease in pH, indicating increased soil acidification, along with a reduction in essential nutrients such as potassium and magnesium. Conversely, elevated levels of phosphorus and calcium were observed, potentially affecting plant development. From a biological perspective, the total absence of earthworms in contaminated soils highlights severe ecological degradation. Predictive modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics indicates that, over the next 20 years, contaminants may extend up to 300 meters from the source, further compromising agricultural areas. These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced waste management policies and soil remediation strategies to mitigate environmental, economic, and agricultural risks.

The rapid growth of Makurdi, a city in Nigeria, is putting a lot of strain on the environment, raising serious concerns about sustainable development. To understand this issue better, a survey was conducted with 150 residents. The study looked at how factors like high birth rates and people moving from rural areas to the city are driving population growth and harming the environment. More than half of the respondents (53.3%) strongly agreed that high birth rates are a major factor, while 50.7% strongly agreed that rural-to-urban migration is also a big contributor to the rising population. This growth has led to several environmental problems, including pollution, deforestation, and loss of natural habitats. Pollution emerged as the top concern, with 84.6% of respondents identifying it as a major issue. Many linked poor air and water quality to inadequate waste management and emissions from industries. Deforestation is another serious problem, with 43.3% agreeing and 42% strongly agreeing that logging and clearing land for urban development are damaging local ecosystems. To tackle these challenges, there’s strong support from the community for solutions like reforestation (53.3% strongly agree) and better waste disposal systems (52.7% strongly agree). Additionally, 53.3% of respondents believe that adopting renewable energy should be part of effective urban planning strategies. These findings highlight the urgent need to manage Makurdi’s growth in a balanced and sustainable way. Protecting natural resources and ensuring the well-being of residents must be a top priority as the city continues to expand.

Watershed management is a human effort to control the reciprocal relationship between natural resources and humans and all their activities to foster sustainability and harmony of ecosystems and increase natural resources for humans. Watershed damage results in various natural disasters related to land use and cover changes, such as flooding, erosion, and sedimentation. Krueng Baro watershed is one of the watersheds that has suffered severe damage. This research aims to find a sustainable spatial plan to mitigate natural disasters that arise in the study area. High-resolution satellite image data obtained from Google Earth Engine (GEE) for Sentinel 2A imagery as the great spatial resolution for land observation and change detection. Furthermore, land use and land cover (LULC) classification uses unsupervised classification. After identifying the LULC, the areas affected by flooding from year to year can be identified with a very well-processed analysis through the random forest (RF) principle, which was previously considered by analyzing several supporting variables so that the exact area affected by flooding other than the permanent water area is known. The supporting variables used in this research are the amount of rainfall, slope, river density, and soil type. At the same time, the discharge analysis uses a mock model to estimate the runoff discharge from rainfall and other variables that affect it. A scenario that will be used to overcome flooding in the Krueng Baro watershed will be recommended.

Water produced from power plants is one of the most important sources of water pollution, especially for areas like Baghdad, Contaminated industrial wastewater is a major environmental challenge due to the rapid growth of industries, leading to increased accumulation of harmful pollutants in water resources, the work is intended to study the impact of water generated from a power plant in the south on the level of heavy metals before and after the treatment process and after its discharge to the Tigris River. Objective is to determine the extent of heavy metals such as iron, copper, chromium, and zinc concentration in water extracted from various points and subsequently study the monthly variations of these elements with a view to assessment of water quality and efficiency of the treatment systems. Description: Water samples were collected from pre-treatment, post-treatment, and post-discharge points to the Tigris River. Measurements were carried out on a monthly basis for six months. The preparation of samples was done by filtration and preservation techniques by adding nitric acid. Results are showed that iron concentration reached its peak value of 1.70 mg/L in November 2021, while the minimum value of 0.10 mg/L was recorded in the month of October. Temporal variation: there is variation in metals on a monthly basis; for instance, zinc ranged from 0.40 mg/L during January to 2.70 mg/L during November. Standard comparison: the result was also checked against allowable values given by the World Health Organization and the Environmental Protection Agency to determine the level at which water meets the environmental standards. Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly before and after treatment, indicating unit efficiency. Iron, copper, chromium, and zinc showed reductions, though some exceeded limits, posing environmental risks. Future monitoring and improved treatment are essential to safeguard public health and the Tigris River's ecosystem.