This paper aims to explore the bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants of the banks' profitability by dividing the Turkish deposit banks into large-scale and small-scale entities. For this purpose, panel data analysis was applied using fixed effects model, based on quarterly data for the period from March 2009 to September 2020 for 24 deposit banks. Return on assets and return on equity are used as a measure of the banks’ profitability. According to the results, the determinants of profitability differ between large-scale banks and small-scale banks. With respect to the bank-specific determinants, the findings show that the equity/assets, deposits/assets and liquidity ratio have significant impact on the profitability of large-scale banks, whereas they have no relationship with the profitability of small-scale banks. The profitability of large-scale banks is negatively affected by their asset quality ratios. On the other hand, while the ratio of loans to total assets has no impact on the profitability of small-scale banks, the non-performing loan ratio has a positive impact. While the asset size and income-expense ratios have positive and significant impacts on the profitability of small-scale banks, they exhibit no relationship with the profitability of large-scale banks. With regard to macroeconomic indicators, small-scale banks’ profitability is negatively affected by economic growth, whilst large-scale banks are not. This study is aimed to contribute to the literature by analysing the determinants of Turkish deposit banks’ profitability under the classification of large-scale and small-scale banks.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are grouped under three main titles; economic development, environmental sustainability, and improvement of social well-being. Environmental sustainability is one of the most important components of sustainable development goals because it is obvious that without a sustainable environment, economic and social development goals will be abandoned. While the unplanned use of the environment and natural resources threatens environmental sustainability, it can be said that one of the most important actors in this process is sports. Mass production and consumption, facility-establishment, and increase in organizations in sports accelerate environmental and natural destruction. The sustainability of sports is directly proportional to environmental sustainability. Therefore, reduction of the sports-induced negative environmental impacts will make great contributions to environmental sustainability. In this way, it will be possible to transfer both the natural environment and sports to future generations. This study was limited to environmental sustainability, which is one of the three main titles set for sustainable development goals and the effects of sports on environmental sustainability were evaluated in the light of available literature. Again, regarding the existing literature, suggestions were developed to reduce the negative environmental impacts of sports.

In this study, the impact on inclusive development of information and communication technologies in Turkey's economy is analyzed. Information and communication technologies are represented by mobile phone penetration measured by mobile cellular subscriptions, and inclusive development is measured by the human development index (IHDI) adapted to inequality. The annual data used in this study covers the period 1990-2019. After examining the stationarity of the series of variables, the cointegration between variables was investigated using the ARDL approach. As a result of the ARDL test, a cointegration between inclusive development and information and communication technologies has been determined. Toda-Yamamoto causality test was conducted to find the direction of the relationship between variables. The findings obtained from the analysis of causality determined that it has an impact on inclusive development of information and communication technologies in Turkey.

Through globalization, the increased integration in financial markets has made the relationship between exchange rate and stocks important. The study aims to model the exchange rate volatility using daily data for the period 04.01.2010-15.10.2020 and investigate the causality relationship between sector returns and exchange rate return volatility. In order to model the volatility of the exchange rate return series, the GARCH model was used to reveal the possible asymmetry feature in the series. As a result of the model applications, GARCH (2,2) was determined as the most suitable model to measure volatility modelling. Then, the Granger causality test was used to see whether there is a relationship between BIST sector return indices and exchange rate return volatility. As a result of the study, one notes that there is a uni-directional causality from the exchange rate return volatility series to the service, technology, and industrial sector indices. There is a bi-directional causality relationship between the financial sector index and the exchange rate return volatility series. It is noteworthy that the causality relationship between the BIST100 index and the exchange rate is towards the volatility of the exchange rate return series from the BIST 100 index, unlike the sector indices. According to this result, it is seen that the changes in the dollar exchange rate affect the decisions of the investors who will invest in the relevant index. The results show that in the case of Turkey, mostly traditional theories are valid.

Purpose: According to the global pandemic conditions, tourism and therefore, travel insurance market face new challenges. This study is aimed to determine appropriate approaches that will contribute to the tourism development during and post-pandemic period.

Design/Methodology/Approach: Tourism insurance is one of the most important elements of travel planning, that protects tourists from certain financial risks and wastage that can occur during traveling. Expenditure can be minor, such as a delayed luggage, or significant - a medical emergency overseas. Within pandemic conditions, emergency medical care, which will cover Covid -19 has become inevitability part of insurance packages being offered. The design of the article includes secondary data review, theoretical explanations and empirical evidence (survey) regarding insurance updates in the travel sector, development of proposals for the future tourism development in Georgia without significant excess or outcomes from the pandemic conditions.

Findings: Ideas and examples are proposed to enhance knowledge in adapting insurance in accordance with the requirements of this modern situation, with an aim to continue developing tourism in the future.

Practical Implications: Several approaches have been identified in terms of enhancing the quality of tourism services, which is most important in relation to this pandemic period.

Originality/Value: This is a first attempt at describing and identifying issues related to the Georgian tourism sector in terms of travel insurance adaptation to the Covid-19 conditions. It is a valuable piece of information for tourism product makers to adopt the article’s proposals for the improvement of future tourism development.

Managing customer relations is one of the main contemporary challenges facing banks, especially in terms of new social changes and major changes in human behaviour, generated by the COVID-19 crisis. The currently drifting economic climate affects all of the existing and potential customers and consumer behaviour, being much more demanding on the products and services purchased, their particularities, the conditions proposed by banks, prices and the bank-customer relationship.

The new segmentation generated by the pandemic puts additional pressure on banks, which have a difficult task: to better understand these new behaviours and to meet consumer requirements with relevant products and convenient services. Whatever the options, banks must be receptive to the current needs of consumers of financial products and services and to the behaviour they must adopt in order to remain relevant on the market.

The general objective of this study is to provide a practical perspective on the impact of the pandemic crisis on consumer behaviour of banking products and services.

Global risk factors have great impacts on the economies and financial markets. It is observed that the stock markets of countries are affected by globalization especially in times of global crisis. To this end, CDS, VIX and Credit Ratings have started to be examined recently in order to decrease global risk factors. CDS, VIX, and Credit Ratings were determined as global risk indicators and these variables were used as independent variables to detect the effect on BRICS-T (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey) stock market returns. Daily data sets of these variables from 2008 to 2020 were gathered for each country. After preliminary analysis, ARDL model was determined as the best-fitting model for each data set. According to ARDL Bound test approach, except for China, a long-term relationship between variables for the all-remaining (Brazil, Russia, India, South Africa, and Turkey) countries was detected. It means that global risk indicators affect the returns of stock markets in emerging markets.

The Covid-19 pandemic and the accompanying uncertainties deeply affected the activities and financial structures of businesses and caused negative effects on their financial statements in many respects. Sports clubs are at the top of the list of businesses that suffer the most from the negativities of the pandemic process and experience a lot of loss in their financial and operational activities. Considering the developments both in Europe and in the World, the temporary postponement of sports matches, the start of competitions without spectators, the restructuring of club debts have seriously affected sports clubs, which are currently experiencing economic difficulties, deteriorate their liquidity, cash flows and increase uncertainty by making debt payments difficult. In addition, as the impact of risks on future performance increases, risk management practices have gained importance. In this context, information on the current ratio, cash ratio, financial leverage ratio, financing ratio, debt / equity ratio, and financial risk ratio obtained from the financial statement data for the period of 2019 and 2020 were used to evaluate the financial risk levels of 12 sports clubs. The deterioration in the financial structures of the sports clubs most affected by the pandemic process was examined and the risks encountered were discussed. In addition, the comparative financial analysis results were evaluated by analysing the effect of the financial structure and financial reporting of the clubs.

The function of money plays an essential and indisputable role in developing trade. Typically, banknotes and coins are usually introduced by central authorities. However, Bitcoin, which emerged after the 2008 crisis, was considered the original cryptocurrency and contributed to money in an unprecedented dimension as it is the first decentralized peer-to-peer payment network. Cryptocurrencies are in constant interaction and have a casualty relationship, among other variables, with Brent Oil. This study attempts to investigate the relationship between Bitcoin, Ethereum and Brent Oil price movements using 210 daily data extractions between 10.12.2019 and 01.10.2020, featuring the period of the start and spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, the casualty relationship among Brent Oil, Bitcoin and Ethereum was examined with the Granger Causality test. As a result of the study, a bidirectional casualty relationship was determined between Brent Oil and Ethereum. However, a one-way causality relationship was also found between Brent Oil and Bitcoin. On the other hand, there is no causality relationship between Ethereum and Bitcoin.

The minimum wage has long been regarded as a vital tool for ensuring labour market stability, and its impact and implications on employment, poverty reduction, the informal sector, and economic development, in general, have sparked a multi-year discussion. Based on a poll of 635 respondents, we present an analysis of the minimum wage in Kosovo's economy in this study. Our poll results reveal that our respondents had good attitudes toward the minimum wage and its increase in the Kosovo economy, as measured by the standard of living, employment, private sector, poverty reduction, and other factors. Kosovo has the lowest minimum wage in Central and Eastern Europe - 130 euros for those under 35 and 170 euros for those over 35.

The internal control and audit system is a component of a company's management system that focuses on defining individual employee tasks, identifying and implementing the most efficient methods, implementing the most effective information system, and meeting all stakeholders' needs, expectations, and requirements. The different parts of the internal management control system can be integrated with the other parts of the general management system in order for the internal control objectives to complement the general objectives of an entity, such as development, financing, profitability, and the environment. This integration can make resource planning and allocation easier, formulate complementary goals, and evaluate the entity's overall efficiency. This reflects the current internal control and auditing method at the entity level regarding organizational culture. The study aims to use organized, statistically measurable (by applying markers of dispersion, central tendency, and correlation) evaluative, predictive, and causal methodologies to verify the theories and hypotheses proposed on the subject. Insurance and counselling add value to the entities' activities and aid management in maintaining efficient and effective internal audit and control, assessing the reliability of the information, evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of operations funds and public property management processes, and ensuring compliance with laws, regulations, and contracts.

Global warming, climate change, reduction of natural resources, damage to biodiversity all increase poverty and unemployment, amongst other things. Environmental and social problems result from an unconscious lifestyle, excessive production and consumption activities. The starting point of sustainability originates from these environmental problems that have been increasing. Sustainable development means meeting the needs of today without endangering future generations and harming natural resources and attaches importance to environmental and social development as well as economic development. For businesses to survive, they need to consider all dimensions of sustainability. Banking is one sector that has come to the forefront in recent years regarding sustainable management. Although the banking sector does not directly affect the environment, it does have indirect effects. This study aims to examine the extent to which the six banks that signed the Responsible Banking Principles from Turkey pay attention to the dimensions of sustainability in their risk management activities announced on their websites. Although there are studies on sustainable banking or risk management in the literature, there is conceptual confusion when the analysis methods are examined. In this study, the author tries to clarify this issue. Results show that the six banks that signed the Responsible Banking Principles paid attention to the sustainability of the environmental and social aspects in their risk management activities.

Entrepreneurs are the leading creators of employment, facilitating the economic-social regeneration of countries. The crisis that occurred in recent years, together with the negative impacts generated by COVID 19, has given rise to an unprecedented scenario, which leads to the need to deepen the study of the determinants of entrepreneurship in youth. This work aims to carry out a bibliographic review on the primary motivators for entrepreneurship in young people in Spain and Turkey and the challenges to overcome under the current scenario. The results show that although there is a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship among young people, they focus on working independently, being an alternative to unemployment or increasing income sources. Due to the devastating global economic-financial crisis that the pandemic has generated, their actions have had to either stop, be limited, or not be able to start. However, those who have done so have found a good option in the digital environment.