This study examines the effects of viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and coupled heat transfer on dissipative ternary nanofluid flow over a permeable surface. The ternary nanofluid is composed of Al$_2$O$_3$, SiO$_2$, and TiO$_2$ nanoparticles dispersed in water as the base fluid. By introducing suitable similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations are reduced to a coupled system of ordinary differential equations. The thermal field is analyzed for both prescribed surface temperature (PST) and prescribed heat flux (PHF) conditions, while a temperature-dependent heat source/sink term is incorporated to maintain energy balance within the fluid domain. The resulting energy equation is treated analytically with the aid of Kummer’s function and Laguerre polynomial techniques. The effects of the main controlling parameters, including the inverse Darcy number, magnetic parameter, viscosity-ratio parameter, and radiation parameter, are discussed with the support of graphical results. It is found that an increase in the magnetic parameter reduces the velocity by about 12% and raises the temperature by nearly 18%. These findings provide useful guidance for the design and thermal optimization of engineering systems involving complex nanofluids in porous media, including polymer extrusion and automotive cooling applications.

Energy-efficient path planning for multi-Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data-collection missions requires balancing trajectory efficiency, energy consumption, and workload distribution among UAVs. This study presents a controlled computational evaluation of three routing paradigms: random assignment, Greedy nearest-neighbor routing, and Greedy + K-means clustering. The evaluation is conducted using a mission-level energy model that incorporates propulsion energy and mission-phase components, including take-off, hovering, sensing, communication, and landing. Simulation experiments were performed using fleets of 1–10 UAVs serving 100 Points-of-Interest (PoIs) under two spatial deployment scenarios: a structured grid layout and a spatially heterogeneous random layout. Each configuration was executed over 20 independent episodes to ensure statistical robustness. The results demonstrate that routing structure significantly influences geometric mission efficiency. In the propulsion-dominated regime (U $\geq$ 5 under random PoI layouts), Greedy + K-means clustering reduces mission travel distance by approximately 11.6–24.5% compared with Greedy routing, corresponding to an energy reduction of approximately 4.6–10.5%. In contrast, under the phase-dominated regime, where fixed mission-phase energy dominates the total energy budget, performance differences between routing strategies remain below 5%. Statistical analysis further confirms large practical differences in geometric performance across algorithms ($\eta^2$ $>$ 0.86). These findings indicate that routing strategy selection should depend on mission scale and spatial characteristics rather than assuming universal optimality. Greedy routing performs effectively in small or spatially structured deployments, whereas Greedy + K-means clustering provides greater robustness and scalability in larger or spatially heterogeneous missions.

External dynamic circumstances, especially vertical vibrations brought on by uneven road surfaces and engine activity, have a major impact on a vehicle’s radiator performance. To increase cooling effectiveness and improve thermal management in automobiles, it is essential to comprehend how these vibrations affect heat transmission. This paper proposes using methods to enhance vibration-enhanced heat transfer and increase volumetric flows on a finned-tube car radiator. The radiator’s thermal performance is improved through heat dissipation. The experiment was conducted at volumetric flows (0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.25 liters per minute (LPM)) and frequencies (0, 5, 10, and 15 Hz). In terms of enhancing vibration-enhanced thermal performance, this study varies from other experimental investigations, particularly with regard to the frequency range employed and volumetric flow. We investigated the impact of vibration coinciding with volumetric flow and pellet behavior under operating settings more similar to those in which cooling systems function. This topic has not been fully explored before and does not constitute redundancy; instead, it solves limits by experimentally examining how vibration and realistic operating circumstances work together to improve thermal performance. The highest increase in Nusselt number enhancement was 23.4% observed on the water side, while the highest enhancement was 12.99% observed on the air side. Increased vibration led to increased heat flow, reaching its maximum 773.85 W/m² at frequency 15 Hz and volumetric flow 1.25 LPM. The vibrational disturbance further enhanced heat exchange between adjacent surfaces.

This study investigates whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure in commuters on Iraqi roads. Measurement of vertical, lateral and longitudinal acceleration was obtained on urban arterials, rural two-lane roads and intercity highways using a low-cost measurement setup that incorporates an MPU6050 accelerometer and ESP32 microcontroller. Data was analyzed in accordance with ISO 2631-1, i.e. frequency-weighted root mean square (RMS) acceleration, vibration dose values (VDV) or power spectral density analysis. The results show that vertical vibration (z-axis) predominates in WBV, with maximum energy occurring within the 3–6 Hz frequency range, which is known to correspond to the most responsive frequency range of the human body. The International Roughness Index (IRI), a measure of pavement texture, was highly associated with RMS (r = 0.66), with speed having an additional enhancing influence. Cars and SUVs on intercity highways stayed in “comfort” or “light comfort” zones, whereas heavy trucks on rural roads often encountered “uncomfortable” levels, with VDV up to 16.9 m/s$^{1.75}$. These results reveal a growing need for pavement rehabilitation of the Iraqi arterial and rural road networks, better enforcement of axle-load limits and the adoption of WBV monitoring in sensor-based management of road infrastructure. The research outcomes can serve as a useful reference for enhancing transport and occupational health protection policy making in Iraq.

Increasing energy requirements in hot regions highlight the need for sustainable thermal management technologies. A promising passive cooling solution is Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) that use the relatively stable temperature of the subsurface soil to pre-cool air supplied to indoor spaces. This study investigates the thermal and hydraulic performance of an EAHE coupled to a greenhouse in severe summer conditions in Nasiriyah city, southern Iraq, experimentally. The system was designed to evaluate its effectiveness in moderating ambient temperature extremes and reducing mechanical cooling energy requirements. Experimental results during July–October showed that the EAHE outlet air temperature stayed between 31 and 38°C despite ambient temperature exceeding 50°C, indicating a stable thermal response of the buried exchanger. The greenhouse air temperature was maintained at 34–40°C during peak daytime hours and decreased to about 29–33°C during the remaining operating periods, confirming improved internal thermal conditions. The thermal effectiveness ($\varepsilon$) ranged from 0.68 to 0.75, and the average temperature drop ($\Delta{T}$) was above 13°C throughout the test period. Furthermore, pressure drop and fan power increased with airflow velocity, consistent with a turbulent flow regime. The EAHE delivered 2011–2942 W of cooling with 42–144 W of fan power; an indicative baseline from a comparable 50 Hz mini-split (8500–11000 Btu/h) shows a rated electrical input of ~880–1070 W, highlighting the low electrical demand of the EAHE fan (catalog-based context, not a side-by-side test). In summary, the EAHE–greenhouse system demonstrates a viable, energy-efficient pilot-scale option for passive cooling in hot climates, with potential for agricultural applications subject to site-specific sizing and installation constraints.

Functional plate is one of the most typical materials used for strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. This article focuses on using functional plates internally to improve the flexural response of RC beams. For this purpose, experimental and numerical investigations on the flexural behavior and ductility of steel-plated RC beams were conducted. Nine RC beams were cast and cured for 28 days. The steel plates were located at the tension side of the RC beams to investigate their effect on the flexural performance of the tested beams. To achieve the research objective, three configurations of the shape of steel plates were proposed, flat, curved, and rounded. The results demonstrate that using embedded steel plates is effective and significantly enhanced the flexural performance of concrete beams. The strengthening delayed the first cracking appearance and increasing of ultimate load up to 45% compared to the reference beam. Further, there was an improvement in ductility and stiffness behaviours by 202% and 46%, respectively, particularly for beams with constrained flat steel plates, which exhibited the highest performance gain. The experimental and finite element (FE) results showed a good agreement in terms of cracking behavior and with approximately 6% maximum ultimate load difference.