Our aim is to design a conceptual model illustrating the impact of corporate boards on corporate social responsibility (CSR). Scholars and researchers from various disciplines have all pointed out the increasing importance of CSR as a corporate strategy, and the question of how to manage the corporate attention allocation to CSR issues has shown its values in the field of CSR and corporate governance. The paper first presents the argument of applying a four-category variable, CSR responsiveness, to measure CSR: non-action, symbolic action, compliance, and proactivity. We believe corporate boards influence CSR responsiveness both directly and indirectly. Directly, active board involvement in performing control, strategy, and service tasks could enhance CSR responsiveness. Indirectly, through board attention structures supported by the attention-based view, we have detailed the impact of the boards of directors on attention allocation. They include the characteristics of directors, the communication style of CSR issues, and external and internal environmental forces. We also discuss the implication of the model to conclude.

Businesses need to be financially successful to achieve sustainable growth and maximise firm value. The financial failure of businesses is a situation that is carefully monitored by business managers, shareholders of the business, financial institutions that lend to the business, and the government. For this reason, in this study, the financial failure of 153 manufacturing companies operating in Turkey and traded on Borsa Istanbul has been tried to be estimated. In the research, the annual financial statements between the years 2009-2021 were used and artificial neural networks were preferred as the estimation method. Altman's Z score was used to define financial failure. In the artificial neural network model, 13 financial ratios were used as input variables. As the output variable, the firms that were below the value of 1.81 calculated as the Z score by Altman were considered unsuccessful, and the unsuccessful firms were assigned a value of 1 and the others a value of 0. This dummy variable consisting of 0 and 1 values is accepted as the output variable. According to the findings of the study, 1427 of 1631 observations that were initially considered to be financial failures were correctly estimated and a very high success rate of 87.49% was achieved. The findings will provide an important advantage to businesses and all stakeholders in terms of determining the causes of financial failure in advance.

Purpose: During last years, even because of pandemic situation caused by covid-19 virus, in Albania most of governmental public services for citizens, businesses and other customers were offered in an electronic way by creating a national database (e-Albania), offering more than 2200 services. As this electronic system was newly implemented, time after time it was attacked from hackers in different sectors of services, causing the interruption of service for hours, downloading all the confidential information and publishing them. After several partial attacks, in July 2022 came the general attack of the whole system, which black out the system and services for several days. Cyber actors - identifying as “HomeLand Justice” - launched a destructive cyber-attack against e-Albania which rendered websites and services unavailable. An investigation indicates cyber actors acquired initial access to the victim’s network approximately 14 months before launching the destructive cyber-attack, which included a ransomware-style file encryptor and disk wiping malware. The actors maintained continuous network access for approximately a year, periodically accessing and exfiltrating e-mail content. From late July to mid-August 2022, social media accounts associated with HomeLand Justice demonstrated a repeated pattern of advertising Albanian Government information for release, posting a poll asking respondents to select the government information to be released by HomeLand Justice, and then releasing that information - either in a .zip file or a video of a screen recording with the documents shown. This cyber-attack creates social problems, economical loss and influenced negatively in the reputation of e-Albania and damage as well strategically the country and development of this sector in the future. Methodology: We have monitored the system and the attack, and we continue to do this. We analyze and synthesis the data collected, to come to conclusions and recommendations needed for the future. All the data which we have used are open for public, and mostly are primary data. The research method combines both quantitative and qualitative methods, but it is closer with qualitative method, as far as there in not enough data for using e pure quantitative analysis. We have used mostly the descriptive method. Results/Findings: Improving essentially the cyber infrastructure to avoid in the future such attacks with high social, economic and strategical cost. Conclusions: In the institution there was not a team for Cyber Security Monitoring the system, so called SOC (Security Operation Center), who controls in the real time all the logins. It was missing as well so called “Identifying Behavior”. There was not e separation of active directory, in physic machines and virtual machines, they were altogether. As the administrator had Full Right Privilege, the hacker doesn’t need to create a Privilege Escalation Vertical, so he easily took all the right of Admin. Originality and Practical Implications: The paper is original; it has not been previously published and it is not under consideration by any other publisher. The originality of the method stands in the fact that it is the first case in the world in information age, that a country (a whole electronic system, e-Albania), face a such complex, well organized and hard cyber-attack, which collapse the system for several days. All the data are authentic ones.

Stock prices reflect the future for investors. Profit and profitability ratios are considered as the data of the enterprises’ past. Accordingly, whether investors make investments decisions regarding profit and profitability factors and they cause the changes in stock prices are crucial issues to be examined. The aim of the study is to investigate the causality between several profitability factors and the change in the prices of banking stocks by performing the Emirmahmutoğlu & Köse (2011) bootstrap causality test on the quarterly data obtained from six commercial banks in Turkey over the period 2010: Q1 – 2020: Q4. The findings of the study reveal that especially the earnings per share figures account for the changes in the stock price of the banks. Nonetheless, such a causal relationship can be detected for neither return on assets nor return on equity.

Purpose: This study aims at determining the existence and, if any, the extent of comparative effects of the CDS premium and the VIX index on the BIST-30 and the Participation-30 indices before and during the pandemic. Methodology: The study explores the relationships of the CDS premium and VIX index to the BIST-30 index and the Participation-30 index for two time periods, as pre-pandemic and pandemic. The date range is set as 02.01.2018-10.03.2020 for the pre-pandemic period and as 11.03.2020-31.12.2021 for the pandemic period. Following the Johansen cointegration and ARDL tests employed to detect the long run relationships between the variables, FMOLS regression tests were used to determine the effect sizes. Results: As a result of the cointegration tests, long-term cointegration relationships of both the BIST-30 and the Participation-30 indices with the variables of the CDS premiums and the VIX index were determined before and during the pandemic period. FMOLS regression results posited that the VIX index had greater effect on the Participation 30 index in both periods. Originality and Practical Implications: The fact that the literature review does not reveal the existence of any study providing the comparative effects of the CDS premiums and the VIX index on both the BIST-30 and Participation-30 indices contributes to the originality of this paper.

The article discusses the development of school and pedagogical thought in Nakhchivan before and during autonomy. It has been established that, in Nakhchivan, which is an integral part of Azerbaijan, they always pay special attention to education and also take care of it. Studies show that before gaining autonomy in Nakhchivan, new types of urban and emergency educational institutions were created. It should be noted that, the enlightenment movements, science and education, the highest peak of the early twentieth century. During this period, an extensive network of the Nakhchivan education system was created and our people were involved in education. As a result, all the enlightenment captured in this period in Nakhchivan rose to the very high level achieved great success in science and education. Teachers in the social and economic recovery of the country of Nakhchivan stubborn struggle against the old educational system for the reconstruction of old schools. It is still not effective. The old form of training and education in the synopsis took the first steps towards a new one. Progressive changes in education in the development of Nakhichevan enlightening ideas and gave an impetus to the formation of a local educated class. At that time, the achievements of education and culture made basis for future success.

The article reflects the views of O.F. Nemanzadeh on the problem of education, on teacher’s profession the effective organization of the learning process. The great writer's attitude to enlightenment and education was brought to the fore. It was noted that O.F. Nemanzadeh worked as a teacher in many places, enlightening children and youth by teaching of secular knowledge. He opened schools in Sheki and Shamakhi, where he taught pedagogical skills and was engaged in school management. The article also noted that the school opened by Seyid Azim Shirvani in Shamakhi became the first school of new style. Therefore, the school that O.F. Nemanzade opened is considered the first new school that advanced according to its own methods and rules. The article also talks about the teaching activity of the great educator, intellectual O.F. Nemanzade in Shamakhi. Both in the schools he opened and, in the articles, he wrote O.F. Nemanzadeh showed that knowledge should be given to children not only during classes, but also at home. He spoke about the considerable usefulness of lessons for children, about their role in the development of knowledge and skills. There are significant differences between children studying at school and those studying at madrassas (religious school), since schoolchildren constantly exchange questions with those who study at madrassas. O.F. Nemanzade went to Ganja for treatment and couldn’t keep himself away of informing the reader about the current situation there. He talked about the fact that the situation in Ganja has been divided into two parts - the old and modern period. The article also draws attention to O.F. Nemanzadeh’s views on the teacher, how to be a real, professional teacher, and the role of the teacher in the development of human society. The great writer brought to the fore the problem of education in Sheki, Ganja, Baku and its difficulties, and the attitude to the field of education was elaborated in biographical sequence.

Purpose: Nowadays, we talk about an increasing number of tools in the IT area that are being used in the accounting field. We can already discuss automation, robotics, artificial intelligence, and digitalization in accounting practices. This reality is giving rise to more and more discussions about how the era of digitalization of processes influences or will influence the activity carried out by accountants. In this context, our study aims to establish to what extent this new reality in the practice of economic entities is advantageous for professionals in the field or, on the contrary, is a threat from the perspective of taking over tasks, operations or activities that accountants currently still have in their portfolio. Methodology: Therefore, using scientific research tools, we will try to clarify whether the accounting profession and professionals are threatened by the developments observed due to the increasing advances that are taking place in digitalization. The research undertaken is based on the analysis of speciality literature, the regulatory framework applicable to accounting in Romania, and the accounting officer based on International Financial Reporting Standards.

Results and Findings: The study aims to identify the advantages and threats that digitalization induces in the field of accounting practice and the major paradigm shifts that digitalization will bring to the exercise of the profession by accountants. The study will also look at the limitations that digitalization has in the field of accounting and the significant changes that digitalization will impose on the education and training of professionals in the field of accounting.

Purpose: This paper aims to test the volatility models for Bitcoin (BTC) and the financial stress index (FSI) and examine the volatility spillover among them. This aim was reached by obtaining weekly data from the 7th of January 2011 and the 24th of December 2021.

Methodology: First, volatility modelling for the series is provided, and GARCH (1,1) for the BTC series and IGARC (1,2) for the FSI series are determined as the most appropriate volatility models. Then, residual volatility series are created for each variable over the IGARCH (1,2) and GARCH (1,1) models for the volatility spread between the series. The volatility spread between the series is examined with the diagonal VECH GARCH method. It is concluded that there is a positive volatility spillover effect from the FSI variable to the BTC variable. Then, impulse-response analysis is performed on the volatility residual series created for each variable. The empirical findings from impulse response analysis support a risk transfer between BTC and FSI series.

Results and Findings: Changes in the BTC return series and FSI series are caused mainly by themselves, and the series are most affected by their shocks. By comparing the variance decomposition of the volatility series with the analysis results, it can be said that the changes in the volatility series are caused mainly by each other.

Purpose: After the outbreak of COVID-19, the insurance business has experienced losses in terms of decreased demand for an insurance policy, lower return on investment, and increased claim settlement. Thus, risk management plays a significant role in mitigating the risk for businesses. However, risk management is restricted as a predefined approach for managing threats of uncertainty resulting from the activity or error of humans. Furthermore, the life insurance industry faces the challenge of paying claims in case of an increased death rate after the outbreak of COVID-19. Thus, there is a need for a better risk management framework. Methodology: This paper identifies the gap between the existing risk management model and the model specified by IRDA and suggests a model to mitigate the insurance risk. The study posits that whether an individual is more suitable or not for life insurance can be decided based on a simple factor. By using this tool/model of risk management, a life insurance company can reduce its risk of providing insurance to a customer exposed to high risk.

Practical Implications: This study will help life insurance companies to mitigate their insurance risk.

Purpose: The creation of favourable conditions on the part of the state for the introduction of approaches to responsible business conduct ensures that the development of the national accounting system is in line with modern trends adopted throughout the world. However, adaptation is impossible without proper scientific-analytical and methodological support. Scientific and analytical support of the adaptation process requires constant, consistent and planned work to assess the translation of European legislation into Ukrainian; implementation of a comprehensive comparative analysis of current legislation in accounting with international approaches to the disclosure of information in non-financial reporting.

Methodology: The work aims to explore the best practices of forming the institutional framework for non-financial reporting of enterprises, which governments of low-middle economy countries can successfully implement. The object of research is international and national regulations and framework documents in the non-financial reporting of enterprises. Practical Implications: The value of the work is the creation of institutional preconditions for spreading the concept of corporate social responsibility among Ukrainian enterprises, which will increase the favourable business environment of the country and the efficiency of state resources management. The best world practice of non-financial reporting regulation was analyzed to achieve this goal. In addition, the basic principles of formalizing the mechanism of collecting and processing data on non-financial reporting of Ukrainian enterprises through the prism of international experience were studied.

Purpose: In today’s modernized banking-services, customers compete for comparative time-saving-options and banking-service-providers compete for maximizing profits. In this win-win setup, many factors are unpredictable. These perceived risk (PR) factors have been undermining the vision of cashless-society country-wise such as Bangladesh. Banks can eliminate this issue by adopting Voluntary Insurance (VI) as a new product. But it raises question: how do customers feel about it?

Methodology: This study uses a self-designed survey questionnaire, for conducting convenience sampling reliability analysis and tests the results using statistical analysis.

Findings: Statistical analyses of customers’ preferences reveal that “age-group” and “occupation-group” of customers have different preferences. The result shows that demographic factors impact customers’ preferences for the new product.

Practical Implications: The findings can attract more users by improving customer’s satisfaction, customer-base, banks benefits including reduction of operational-cost. Thus, the answer to the question posed in the title is: Yes. Thus, this effort brings the findings of the Survey-Opinions to the attentions of bank-leaderships and policymakers so that the VI becomes a product in bank-led e-banking services, which can be an example in economy country-wise.