Frequent power outages and an unstable electricity supply continue to affect residential buildings, workshops, and small businesses, especially in developing economies. Conventional backup systems based on lead-acid batteries are often limited by low energy density, poor cycle life, excessive maintenance, and unstable voltage response under heavy loads. Although lithium-based alternatives have emerged as promising substitutes, many low-cost systems still suffer from poor thermal management, weak battery management integration, inaccurate state-of-charge monitoring, and rapid performance degradation during repeated charge-discharge cycles. This study presents the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a 24 V, 2.5 kWh lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) battery energy storage system integrated with an intelligent monitoring and protection architecture for modern backup power applications. The proposed system employed an 8S1P configuration using 100 Ah LiFePO₄ cells, a smart battery management system (BMS), a 30 A intelligent charger, and an Arduino-based real-time display interface for voltage and current monitoring. Experimental results showed that the battery absorbed approximately 23.5 A at nearly 25% state of charge, indicating excellent charge acceptance and stable regulation. During discharge testing, the system delivered 2.56 kWh while maintaining a gradual voltage reduction from 29.2 V to 23.5 V, demonstrating improved energy retention and output stability. The developed system provides a reliable, safe, and scalable alternative to conventional backup storage technologies. Its practical value includes improved household energy reliability, reduced maintenance requirements, enhanced operational lifespan, and suitability for renewable energy integration in homes, offices, and microgrid applications.

Municipal solid waste management remains a critical sustainability challenge in India, while waste-to-energy (WtE) systems increasingly attract attention as a pathway to simultaneously support waste reduction, resource recovery, and sustainable energy development. However, investment participation in WtE projects remains inconsistent despite growing policy interest and deployment targets. This study investigates the factors associated with investment intent toward WtE projects and examines how project perceptions influence early-stage investment attractiveness in the Indian context. A structured questionnaire was administered to 123 respondents, including students and early-career professionals from energy-related and service-oriented sectors. Seven dimensions of project perception—financial, informational, regulatory, market, environmental, socio-cultural, and technological—were evaluated. Fisher’s Exact Test and binary logistic regression were employed to examine factor associations and estimate their relative influence on investment intent. The results showed that all seven factors were significantly associated with investment intent at the 5% significance level. The logistic regression model achieved an overall prediction accuracy of 83.67% on the holdout sample, with a precision of 81.08%, recall of 96.77%, and an F1 score of 0.882 for the investment-positive class. Market acceptance and environmental credibility emerged as the strongest positive predictors of investment willingness, whereas information barriers and perceptions of high capital intensity reduced investment likelihood. The findings indicate that investment decisions related to WtE deployment extend beyond expected financial returns and are strongly influenced by perceptions of market feasibility, environmental reliability, and project transparency. This study demonstrates that improving information quality, strengthening market confidence, and reinforcing environmental assurance can enhance the investment readiness and bankability of sustainable WtE systems. The study contributes empirical evidence for supporting sustainable energy deployment strategies and improving project evaluation practices in emerging economies.