Takaful is an alternative Shariah compliant insurance product which is being offered by more than fifty takaful companies in Pakistan. Currently takaful market is facing low penetration due to many challenges including regulatory or compliance, payment efficiency, fraud prevention, transparency. Blockchain technology, a decentralized, transparent and trust-based system, which could address these issues efficiently and effectively by offering smart contracts.

This paper examines Blockchain's feasibility and its impact on Pakistan’s insurance market in general and takaful sector in particular, using a systematic literature review (SLR) and case studies from Malaysia, the UAE, and Indonesia. In Malaysia and the UAE, the success of using Blockchain in Islamic finance highlights potential efficiency and security benefits. However, in Pakistan's regulatory ambiguity, lack of Shariah-compliant frameworks, limited human expertise, and low industry readiness are few factors which needs to look at, by the Government of Pakistan, and this could lead to sustainable growth in Pakistan’s digital financial sector including takaful industry. The Policymakers, Ministry of science and technology and State of bank of Pakistan could benefits from this study by creating a regulatory sandbox and offer current takaful operators full IT and regulatory support to develop Shariah-compliant smart contracts. The results reveal that, Takaful operators should develop and test pilot digital projects focusing on cost reduction, fraud prevention, automation of standards claims where possible, streamline the insurance industry and takaful operations and this leads to not only increase takaful penetration but also help Pakistani takaful market to align with global digital trends.

The digital transformation has fundamentally reshaped brand management, moving from traditional mass communication to data-driven, interactive, and highly personalized strategies. With emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality, and digital ecosystems, brands are now engaging consumers in innovative ways to enhance loyalty and gain a competitive advantage. This study examines how leading brands, such as Nike, Apple, and Coca-Cola, employ digital brand management strategies to enhance brand equity, boost consumer engagement, and maintain market leadership. A multiple-case study approach was employed to analyse this. Data was collected through archival research, social media analytics, and consumer sentiment analysis to assess the impact and effectiveness of these strategies. The study examines key digital branding elements, including direct-to-consumer (DTC) models, experiential marketing, and interactive campaigns. The findings reveal that Nike's DTC strategy fosters direct consumer relationships and strengthens brand equity. Apple's experiential marketing and storytelling foster emotional brand loyalty, while Coca-Cola's personalized and interactive digital campaigns drive consumer engagement and social media virality. These strategies demonstrate the growing importance of AI-driven personalization, omnichannel consistency, and consumer-centric engagement.

The study concludes that brands prioritizing AI-powered personalization and immersive digital experiences achieve stronger consumer engagement and long-term brand growth. Practical implications suggest businesses integrate AI-driven analytics, invest in emerging technologies, and adopt consumer-focused digital strategies. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of AI-driven brand interactions and examine the role of Web3 and the Metaverse in shaping the future of digital brand management.

The rise of distributed applications and cloud computing has created a demand for scalable, high-performance key-value storage systems. This paper presents a performance evaluation of three prominent NoSQL key-value stores: Redis, Aerospike, and Dragonfly, using the Yahoo! Cloud Serving Benchmark (YCSB) framework. We conducted extensive experiments across three distinct workload patterns (read-heavy, write-heavy), and balanced while systematically varying client concurrency from 1 to 32 clients. Our evaluation methodology captures both latency, throughput, and memory characteristics under realistic operational conditions, providing insights into the performance trade-offs and scalability behaviour of each system.

Sovereign large language models (LLMs), emerging as strategic assets in global information ecosystems, represent advanced AI system developed under distinct national governance regimes. This study examines how model origin and governance context influence AI-generated narratives on international territorial disputes. The study compares outputs from three prominent sovereign LLMs - OpenAI’s GPT-4o (United States), DeepSeek-R1 (China), and Mistral (European Union), across 12 high-profile territorial conflicts. Statistically significant differences in each model's sentiment distribution and geopolitical framing are identified using a mixed-methods approach that combines sentiment analysis with statistical evaluation (chi-square tests and analysis of variance, ANOVA) on responses to 300 standardized prompts.

The findings indicate model provenance substantially shapes the tone and stance of outputs, with each LLM reflecting distinct biases aligned with its national context. These disparities carry important policy and societal implications: reliance on a single sovereign model could inadvertently bias public discourse and decision-making toward that model's native perspective. The study highlights ethical considerations such as transparency and fairness and calls for robust governance frameworks. It underscores the need for careful oversight and international cooperation to ensure that sovereign LLMs are deployed in a manner that supports informed and balanced geopolitical dialogue.

Accurately diagnosing emotional and psychological disorders is essential for prompt mental health interventions, especially in intelligent healthcare systems. This paper proposes a deep learning model that uses convolutional neural networks (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks to classify emotional states based on physiological inputs like EEG and ECG. Bayesian optimisation improves the model's learning efficacy and generalisation ability by adjusting hyperparameters. In comparison to conventional machine learning models such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), random forest, and standalone deep learning models (CNN and LSTM), the proposed CNN-LSTM architecture increases classification accuracy by 25%, to 92.1%. Its exceptional performance is demonstrated by its AUC-ROC score of 0.96, accuracy of 0.93, recall of 0.91, and F1-score of 0.92. These results show that the model can distinguish between several emotional states, including neutral, tense, and concerned. A real-time application is used to investigate the potential of wearable EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI) devices for continuous emotional monitoring. The findings indicate that the proposed framework might be a helpful tool for the early detection and tailored management of mental health conditions in intricate healthcare environments.

This research aims to explore the impact of digital virtual anchors, such as virtual presenters and singers, on the entertainment industry, with a focus on user perceptions and market changes. The study analysed data on the behaviour of Chinese youth, including their perceptions of virtual presenters on platforms such as Bilibili, and their influence on preferences and consumer decisions. The methodology included surveys and statistical analysis to assess the degree of engagement, users’ willingness to interact with virtual anchors and their influence on the overall growth of interest in virtual platforms. The results showed that 78% of respondents had a positive perception of virtual anchors, and 62% said that such technologies increased their interest in platforms. The analysis also revealed a significant impact of virtual anchors on market structure, including revenue growth in streaming, virtual concerts and e-commerce. Study participants also noted increased interest in augmented reality (AR) technologies and their integration with virtual anchors. The study’s findings emphasize the importance of the industry adapting to new technologies to attract audiences and remain competitive. The long-term potential of virtual anchors includes opportunities to expand business models, introduce personalized solutions and develop new products, creating significant prospects for their continued use in the entertainment industry.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the effectiveness of implementing adaptive AI learning models in decision support systems to optimise the functioning of smart regions. The study provides a detailed examination of the application of machine learning algorithms, deep learning, and reinforcement learning across various sectors, such as urban management, energy resources, and security. The results revealed that the implementation of these models enhances the efficiency of urban system management, reduces costs, and increases the flexibility of decision-making processes. In particular, adaptive models in energy resource management optimise decision-making processes, leading to more rational resource use and substantial cost reductions. In the security field, adaptive AI models show improvements in predicting and preventing incidents, ensuring more reliable and stable system performance. Moreover, the results include the implementation of adaptive models based on programming languages such as TypeScript and JavaScript. The study demonstrated that the use of TypeScript reduces errors and improves system scalability due to strict typing, as shown in the implementation of a reinforcement learning model. Meanwhile, the use of JavaScript enabled the effective adaptation of models to new data through dynamic updates of regression coefficients, leading to improved prediction accuracy.

Speaker identification among identical twins remains a significant challenge in voice-based biometric systems, particularly under emotional variability. Emotions dynamically alter speech characteristics, reducing the effectiveness of conventional identification algorithms. To address this, we propose a hybrid deep learning architecture that integrates gender and emotion classification with speaker Identification, tailored specifically to the complexity of identical twin voices. The system combines Emphasized Channel Attention Propagation and Aggregation in Time Delay Neural Network (ECAPA-TDNN) embeddings for speaker-specific representations, Power Normalized Cepstral Coefficients (PNCC) for noise-robust spectral features, and Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT) for effective time-frequency denoising. A Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) is employed to refine and fuse feature vectors, enhancing the discrimination of emotion-related cues. An attention mechanism further emphasizes emotionally salient patterns, followed by a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) for final classification. The model is evaluated on speech datasets from RAVDESS, Google Research, and a proprietary corpus of identical twin voices. Results demonstrate significant improvements in speaker and emotion recognition accuracy, especially under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, outperforming traditional Mel Cepstral-based methods. The proposed system’s integration of robust audio fingerprinting, feature refinement, and attention-guided.

This paper presents a conceptual framework for enhancing knowledge management (KM) processes in virtual organizations through the integration of mobile agents. With the growing digitization of workplaces and the proliferation of distributed teams, managing and leveraging knowledge efficiently has become critical. Mobile agents offer promising features such as autonomy, adaptability, and mobility, making them suitable for dynamic knowledge environments. The paper outlines the architecture of a multi-agent system for KM and discusses its potential impact on organizational performance. Emphasis is placed on the role of intelligent agents in collecting, filtering, and disseminating relevant knowledge across virtual settings. The proposed model aims to support decision-making, reduce information overload, and facilitate knowledge sharing among members of decentralized organizations.

The domination of cyberspace technologies in inter-human communications is obvious because of their ‎ultra-rapidness and enormous data capacity. Human-intensive ‎use of cyberspace increased the magnitude of streamed data through its nodes, created by two sources: human users and AI. While humans can control their generated data, ‎it proves impossible to control AI due to its super intelligence along with their self-developing ‎abilities, enabling it to produce unlimited volumes of data. It is known that cyberspace depends on physical infrastructure, which is inherently limited. Despite investments to expand capacity, overloading this infrastructure with unlimited data creates critical functionality issues. Additionally, the presence of uncontrollable AI elements leads to unpredictable outcomes. Ultimately, this results in AI dominating cyberspace, a phenomenon known as cyber singularity.

The ultimate consequences of AI cyber singularity motivated the study to recall a similar phenomenon in astrophysics: gravitational singularity. Using general relativity theory, the ‎research analyses the dilemma of data overload in cyberspace and its effects, drawing parallels ‎between outer space and cyberspace‎. It aims to illustrate AI's acquisition of cyber singularity according to astrophysics laws on gravitational singularity, providing an innovative perspective for scientists and scholars studying cyberspace.

The rise of the gig economy and the increasing demand for flexible, remote work have transformed the freelancing landscape. This paper presents the development of a mobile application designed to streamline the process of project bidding, user management, and service matching for freelancers. Built using Java and Android Studio, the application employs Agile development methodologies to ensure robust performance and a seamless user experience. Key features include user registration and verification, a secure project-bidding platform, and efficient database management with SQLite. The app also utilises the Glide library for optimised image handling, ensuring smooth interaction for freelancers and clients alike. Initial results indicate that the platform effectively connects clients with freelancers by providing an intuitive, reliable, and secure service-matching environment. This paper explores the technical design, challenges, and future directions of the application, emphasising its potential to improve freelancing workflows and address key issues such as decision fatigue and trust in digital platforms.

This paper examines the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in vocational education and training (VET) institutions, highlighting its significance in aligning education with the demands of a rapidly digitising world. The Council of the European Union recognises VET's role in equipping individuals with skills for digital and green transitions. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, ICT adoption in education became imperative, accelerating the digital revolution within the sector. Albania, as an EU candidate country, has emphasised ICT in its national strategies, aligning with European frameworks to foster modernisation in VET. The research employs a quantitative methodology, utilising a questionnaire tailored to the Albanian VET context, to gather insights from public vocational schools and training centers, with a total number of n=46 institutions participating in the research. Findings reveal that VET institutions recognise ICT-supported modernisation as vital for improving teaching quality, management, communication, and students' transition to the labour market. Despite this, challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, outdated devices, and limited digital skills among teaching staff impede the full realisation of ICT's potential. To address these barriers, the study recommends targeted interventions, including teacher training and infrastructure development. This research contributes to the discourse on digital transformation in VET, underscoring the importance of strategic investments in ICT for enhancing vocational education's quality and relevance in Albania's evolving educational landscape.

The ambiguous theme of cyberspace and its broad widespread inflict a major effect on the legal procedures of litigations. Since litigation might include several nationalities, because of the cosmopolitan nature of cyberspace, determining the competent court is not as direct as traditional litigations. Cyber litigations complicate this procedural threshold as the traditional application of jurisdiction determinants might not suit cyber disputes. Furthermore, jurisdiction conflicts in cyberspace frustrate settling the dispute as courts avoid giving their judgments due to invalidity.

Therefore, these conflicts introduce a modern issue to private international law theorists. It is indisputable that drafting obvious jurisdictional rules enhances the rule of law in cyberspace. Thus, the research analyses this issue and establishes a comparison to determine the state of the art regarding it. The article reviews the relevant academic contributions and legislation to point out how they crystallize the aspects of the research question. Besides, it studies relevant case laws from the UK and US judiciaries to conclude the legal principle they adopt to settle these conflicts and to enhance the validity of their judgments. Eventually, it introduces a comprehensive theory on settling jurisdiction conflicts regarding cyber litigation, which enhances the rule of law in cyberspace.

In this paper, we use the ARDL method to find the Impact of institutional quality on economic growth in Tanzania from 1990 to 2021. The ARDL technique frees variables from residual correlation as all variables are assumed to be endogenous. They distinguish between dependent and explanatory variables in any long-run relationship, identify the co-integrating vectors with multiple co-integrating vectors, and derive the Error Correction Model (ECM) or Error Correction Model (ECM) Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) by integrating short-run adjustments with long-run equilibrium without losing extended-run information. Our results show all adjustment terms in the respective models that have a long-run relationship have correct (negative) signs and are more than one, implying there is convergence in the long run; that is, the models returned to their long-run equilibrium; the rate (or speed) at which this happened ranged between $15 \%$ to $106.6 \%$ annually. Institutional quality has a significant affirmative (0.047) causal long-run effect on economic growth.

The aim of this investigation is to check the impact of digitalization and trade openness on economic growth for top ten richest Asian countries. Static Gravity Model and Generalized Method of Moments Model were estimated. We found that digitalization and trade openness have a significant positive effect on economic growth. These results prove that trade openness and digitalization is a source of economic growth for richest Asian countries. Due to the magnitude of the positive externalities attached to the trade openness and digitalisation, in terms of technology transfer bias, financial capacities, economic policies, human expertise, plenty of natural resources, large markets size, and spillover effect added to the domestic capacities and the national investment, the pace of the phenomenal economic performance of the Asian economies is very well marked.