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Volume 5, Issue 3, 2026

Abstract

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With the advance of live-streaming e-commerce and the metaverse, virtual streamers as a new productive force, are becoming an emerging power in the live-streaming e-commerce industry. The characteristics of virtual streamers and their impact on consumer behavior in live-streaming rooms have gradually attracted academic attention. Although research on virtual streamers is on the rise, there is a lack of integrated synthesis of research findings, especially in the preliminary stage of virtual streamer applications in the e-commerce field. In this light, this paper conducted a holistic review and analysis of the research outcomes related to virtual streamers in the live-streaming e-commerce domain. Firstly, the conceptual connotation and categories of virtual streamers were elucidated. Subsequently, the paper traced back the relevant theories, influencing factors, and research methods concerning virtual streamer characteristics and their impact on consumer behavior. Ultimately, the paper concluded with an outlook for future investigation, in anticipation of promoting advanced application of virtual streamers in e-commerce marketing practices.

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This study explored the association between sensory marketing measures and client experience in an Algerian beauty clinic. This study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, based on a questionnaire administered to a convenience sample of 30 female clients of the clinic. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted to test the research hypotheses. The findings revealed that the overall application of sensory marketing in the clinic was positively associated with client experience. The pre–post comparison showed a statistically significant difference in overall client experience between the two measurement phases. Following the intervention, significant associations were observed between the sensory stimuli (sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch) and client experience. Among these five dimensions, sound showed the strongest association, followed by sight and taste. This research offered practical insights into how sensory marketing could be leveraged as a tool for enhancing client experience. Understanding changes in clients’ perceptions could help inform service improvements and sensory-marketing decisions.

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The adoption of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in developing urban environments is shaped by interrelated institutional, technological, infrastructural, and socioeconomic factors. Before structural relationships among these factors can be interpreted with confidence, the psychometric properties of the measurement model must be established. This study validated an integrated ITS adoption framework for Yogyakarta, Indonesia, comprising eight latent constructs: funding/budget, government policy, infrastructure, technology, social economy, social affordability, smart readiness, and the ITS adoption framework. Data from 300 respondents were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling in SmartPLS 4. The measurement model was evaluated for internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values exceeded 0.70 across all constructs, and average variance extracted (AVE) values exceeded 0.50. The Fornell–Larcker criterion and heterotrait–monotrait ratio (HTMT) further supported discriminant validity. These findings indicate that the proposed measurement model is reliable and valid, providing a methodological foundation for subsequent structural-model evaluation and hypothesis testing. The validated instrument can support rigorous investigation of ITS adoption determinants and evidence-based transportation planning in developing urban settings.

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