The concept of “green supply chain” has gained increasing attention in the pursuit of sustainable development by enterprises globally, leading to the optimization of supply chain management. However, the behavior patterns of some members in green supply chains exhibit differences. Hence, analyzing the choices of different behavior patterns among green supply chain members is of practical significance in improving supply chain governance and achieving sustainable development. In this study, a differential game model is constructed using differential game theory to analyze the behavior patterns among members of a green supply chain. Analytical solutions under different models are obtained with the aid of Bellman continuous dynamic programming theory, and comparative analysis and numerical examples are carried out to explore the operation strategies of green supply chain members and the choice of short-sighted and far-sighted behavior patterns. Our findings indicate that suppliers playing a leading role in the green supply chain should exhibit far-sighted behavior as decision makers, while retailers should also display far-sighted behavior. This study adopts a dynamic perspective and is innovative and cutting-edge, providing targeted recommendations for enterprises and serving as a reference for the future development of green supply chain management.

The complex interplay between fuelwood consumption, deforestation, and land-use transformation in the Dhankuta district of Nepal is scrutinized in this investigation, concurrently shedding light on the feasibility of securing carbon finance via REDD+ mechanisms. Data derived from household surveys and remote sensing ascertained fuelwood as the primary energy recourse for the majority of households, leading to substantial deforestation, forest degradation, and carbon emissions. In a surprising revelation, a 12.4% augmentation in forest cover was discerned over 21 years, attributable to outmigration and conversion of fallow agricultural lands into forests. The investigation established that households involved in agriculture, particularly those with lower income, demonstrated higher dependence on fuelwood, consequently contributing to forest degradation and deforestation that further resulted in the emission of greenhouse gases. Potential avenues for the district to secure carbon finance include the introduction of clean cookstoves, reducing dependency on fuelwood, and greening barren areas. For effective realization of this potential, it is crucial to formulate a benefit-sharing plan that ensures the provision of suitable incentives for forest-dependent communities that are also responsible for forest conservation. By adopting the result-based payment system of REDD+ and promoting sustainable forest management, the district can mitigate carbon emissions, advocate for forest restoration, and qualify for carbon payments.

Driven by the swift progression of next-generation information technologies, a notable escalation in the synergistic aggregation of productive services and manufacturing industries is recorded. Prior research has primarily concentrated on the implications of standalone industry aggregation. In the current study, the theoretical ramifications of industry synergy aggregation on green total factor productivity have been delineated, with the foundation laid upon Marshall's conceptualization of agglomeration externalities. To empirically validate these theoretical underpinnings, a panel threshold model has been utilized. The data set comprises 92 cities of prefecture-level and above from five significant urban agglomerations: Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Chengdu-Chongqing, and the Middle Yangtze River area, spanning a period of 2010 to 2019. Results unveil a $\backsim$-shaped association between industry synergy aggregation and green total factor productivity. The existence of both agglomeration economies and diseconomies is substantiated in the current phase of industry synergy aggregation. Employing labor force pools and shared intermediate inputs as threshold variables, the initial impact of industry synergy aggregation on green total factor productivity appears to be negative, but after crossing the first threshold, the impact becomes positive, only to revert to negative post traversing the second threshold. Alternatively, when knowledge spillover is taken as the threshold variable, the influence begins as negative, turns positive post the first threshold, and retains the positive influence beyond the second threshold, exhibiting a stronger promoting effect. The findings highlight the recommendation that industry development strategies ought not to be solely centered on the geographical congregation of productive services and manufacturing industries. Instead, a significant emphasis on exploiting the benefits of agglomeration externalities is advised. Specifically, for cities grappling with excessive industry synergy aggregation, strategies should prioritize facilitating industrial relocation as a means to temper the inhibitory effects of agglomeration diseconomies on green total factor productivity.

This study aims to examine the potential impact of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine on Romania's grain trade dynamics. Following the onset of the conflict, Ukraine has increasingly exported grain through Romania, potentially leading to an oversupply in the market and subsequent depression of prices within Romania and at its borders. To investigate this phenomenon, the volume and value of grain imports from Ukraine were analyzed and compared to previous years, alongside the price trends of major cereals in the region. Data on the volume of cereal imports from Ukraine and Romanian exports, sourced from international databases, were utilized in a quantitative analysis to evaluate the dynamics of imports in conjunction with the evolution of export prices for Romania. This investigation offers insights into the potential consequences of the Russia-Ukraine military conflict on Romania's grain trade and the broader implications for regional agricultural markets.

Amid the global COVID-19 pandemic, movement restrictions were implemented by various countries, Indonesia being among them. In this study, Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, serves as a focal point to elucidate the influence of such restrictions on air quality. Data, spanning from January to April 2020, were obtained from reputable sources including the Indonesian Meteorological Agency, Air Quality Index (AQI) platforms, IQAir, and Jakarta’s open data repository. Upon meticulous analysis, it was observed that diminished human activities in Jakarta resulted in a notable enhancement of air quality, with a variance of 19 days of superior air quality compared to the previous year. For a comprehensive understanding, comparative analyses with neighbouring cities were undertaken. In Singapore, reductions ranging from 8% to 43% were discerned in PM10, PM2.5, CO₂, and SO₂ levels. Bangkok reported a decline of 22% in PM2.5 concentrations, whereas Kuala Lumpur exhibited reductions in PM2.5 levels, varying between 3% and 35%, with further reductions of 3% to 63% in NO₂ concentrations. Concurrently, SO₂ levels saw a decrease of 2% to 48%, and CO concentrations diminished by 1% to 27%. The findings underscore the dual benefits of mobility restrictions, addressing both the containment of COVID-19’s proliferation and substantial improvements in environmental air quality.