Cash holding in businesses depends largely on their resource management because operational activities in a period which usually lasts one year concern the recognition and optimal management of working capital. The working capital is not primarily determined to increase profits but managers try to obtain a favorable level of liquidity so that they can meet the company’s profitability goals. This article aims to explain the relationship between consumer price index (CPI), operating cycle, and size and growth opportunities with cash holding in Tehran stock Exchange. To achieve this goal, 75 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange whose financial data were accessible from 2012 to 2016 were selected as the research sample. The results indicated that CPI and the operating cycle have no significant relationship with cash holding. In addition, the analysis of other variables suggested that the firm size, net changes in working capital, changes in current liabilities, and cash holding have a significant relationship with cash holding. Finally, the results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between the company size and cash holding, while growth opportunities do not show any significant correlation with cash holding.

The study examines the effect of board diversity and audit committee on earnings management of listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria, for low and high leveraged Banks. Earnings Management is measured using Chang, Shen and Fang (2008) model. All the 15 banks listed in Nigerian Stock Exchange as at 2015 were used for the analysis. Data were obtained from the financial statements covering the period 2008-2015. Multiple regression technique was employed, while the tool of analysis is Stata 13. The findings revealed that, all the variables have significant effect on earnings management of banks except for women directors and board size under the low leveraged banks, while board ownership was also found to have weak impact on earnings management under the high leveraged banks. Meanwhile, the findings also revealed that the explanatory variables under the low explained earnings management better than high leveraged.

This paper aims at highlighting the role of the XBRL in electronic accounting disclosure and how it contributes to the activation and efficiency of the stock market, in order to increase the awareness of Algerian institutions to the need of introducing this new technology in the accounting disclosure process. And consequently, to increase the quality of the financial reports, transparency and the integrity, because these latter is considered to be the backbone of confidence in both the financial and non- financial communities. Transparent and efficient financial reports, especially, of those listed on the Algerian stock market would achieve the centralization and the efficiency of investment and keep in touch with successful global markets. To achieve our goal, we conducted a field study to validate our plan above.The questionnaire was distributed to some practitioners in countries that applied the"XBRL" language (Malaysia, South Africa, Romania, Oman...). As we intended, first of all, to appreciate the tight relation between the language "XBRL" and the quality of the financial information. And, with the second part, we wanted to know the relationship between the language "XBRL" and the efficiency of the stock market.

This Paper aims to examine the impact of the implementation of Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) Regulation on income smoothing practice of commercial banks in Indonesia. The LDR Regulation is industry- specific regulation. There are conflicting arguments regarding the ability of industry-specific regulation in reducing income smoothing of banks. The samples used in this research are 28 listed commercial banks in Indonesia for the periods 2008 - 2011. Overall, there are 112 bank-annual observations. The test focuses specifically on panel time series cross-sectional models. A T-test of Fixed effects model of panel data and paired sample t-test are used to test the hypothesis. The result indicates that commercial bank managers smooth their income through the allowance for impairment loss. However, the implementation of the LDR regulation can not reduce the level of income smoothing of publicly commercial banks in Indonesia. The level of income smoothing after the LDR regulation is lower than the level of income smoothing before the implementation of the LDR regulation, but the differences are not significant.

Tax evasion has always being a bane to any tax system and there are diverse arguments on tax audit and investigation as a curb to this anathema. Based on this, the study examined the application of tax audit and investigation on tax evasion control in Nigeria. It specifically investigated the impact of desk audit-DEKAUD, field audit-FIAUD, back duty auditBAKAUD and tax investigation-TAXINV on tax evasion control in Nigeria. Relevant data was sourced fromthe administration of questionnaire and response from it analyzed with ordered logistic regression and Spearman's rho measure of association. It was revealed that from the Likelihood ratio test: Chisquare(4)= 325.11 [0.0000] and cut1 to cut11 that the overall model is significant at 5% levelin explaining the variation in tax evasion control in Nigeria. DEKAUD has a tendency to significantly reduce the occurrence of tax fraud in Nigeria (z=5.8743, p<0.00001); FIAUD indicated effect of 0.14 (z=, p=0.15720) on tax evasion control in the country; BKAUD showed significant influence on the control of tax evasion (z=4.1856, p<0.05); Tax investigation does not influence significantly the level of fraud control (z= 1.1017, p>0.05).It was concluded that tax audit in the form of desk and back duty are highly instrumental in the reduction in tax evasion, while tax investigation and field audit does not influence the control of tax frauds in the form of evasion. The study recommended that revenue agency should frequently engage in desk and field audit as they both contribute largely to the control of tax evasion in the country, while in the conduct of field audit and tax investigation, they must put in place adequate machinery in the form security personnel to help protect tax inspectors so as to mitigate the occurrence of fracas between tax inspectors and tax evaders which makes it impact not to be felt on tax evasion control.

The objective of this research was to determine the current status of the application of the OHADA accounting system in DRC, five years after its adoption. A survey was conducted on thirty small and medium-sized enterprises in Bukavu to determine the level of compliance with the SYSCOHADA principles, the degree of harmonization of accounting practices and the difficulties related to the application of this system.

The results shown consistently that compliance with Syscohada principles is not absolute, the level of Harmonization is still low and finally companies in DRC still need time to fit into the OHADA accounting system.

The aim of the study is to reveal the relationship between Turkey's foreign trade and economic growth. In the analyzes, import, export and gross domestic product datas of 1923-2016 period of Turkish economy were used. For empirical examination has been benefited from causality tests. The result of the study is the existence of import-led economic growth.

This paper examined the influence of accountants’ ethics on fraud control. Data were drawn from a review of the literature on ethics and fraud. Using content analysis, major ethical considerations, fraud risk factors, control procedures and the effects of internal control system on fraud detection in Banks were identified. Scholars reached a conclusion in which fraud and fraudulent activities are found to have inflicted severe financial difficulties on Banks and their customers. However, findings indicate that the national value system greatly moderates the extent to which ethics, illustrating from the accountants perspective minimises fraud. Consequently, a fraud control model was developed highlighting the national value system factor in fraud management. The people’s behavioural pattern and philosophy anchored on ethical considerations should reflect honesty, integrity and value of knowledge. This will enhance productivity and good corporate governance. In this manner, fraud will be reduced.

Linearization of portfolio optimization plays a central role in financial studies, since linear problem allows for performing sensitivity analysis. This concept makes it possible to measure the variation of parameters as a result of variation of one parameter in a linear problem, without solving the problem from scratch. Based on the existing literatures, the approach of CVaR (conditional value at risk) method outperforms other methods, therefore in this study CVaR is applied as a constraint to change portfolio optimization problem into a linear problem. The coefficient of objective function of mentioned method for a portfolio includes average of asset returns, which are highly correlated. Here principal component analysis is employed to convert the correlation of the functional relations. An example of stock market is employed to substantiate the validity of method. Finally, we verify that the result of the presented method is closer to the ideal result.

There are various financial instruments traded on the market today in order to provide funds who are in need also offering financial options for the investors to evaluate their own funds. Real estate certificates are also included among the mentioned instruments within the market by the arrangements have been held recently. The real estate certificate is a capital market instrument issued in order to finance real estate projects of the issuers which are being built or to be built, having equal nominal values that represent certain independent units of a real estate project or a certain area unit of the indepent units. These certificates are considered to be a significant financial instrument to meet the funding need of construction firms within the construction industry which is having a dominant role in Turkish economy. The fundamental regulation-in force, relating the mentioned certificates in Turkey, is the “Real Estate Certificates Issue” within the Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey published on July 5th, 2013 Number: 28698. The mentioned study is updated by the following changes which are issued in the Official Gazette published on 3rd August 2016 Number: 29790, 7th March 2017 Number: 30000 and 29th November 2017 Number: 30255. The aim of this study is presenting the real estate certificates within the framework of relating legal regulations and explaining the accounting process of the mentioned certificates.