Global development dynamics have a profound influence on food systems, particularly in remote island regions that are highly vulnerable to global market fluctuations and supply chain disruptions due to limited accessibility and dependence on external resources. This study aims to analyze the driving forces and pressures that shape the food system of remote islands. The analysis employs the Drivers Pressures State Impact Responses (DPSIR) framework, focusing on the components of driving forces and pressures. The findings reveal that the driving factors affecting island food systems are shaped by complex interactions among demographic, socio-cultural, economic, political, and biophysical dimensions. Meanwhile, environmental pressures influencing food availability are determined by three key aspects: agricultural systems, food resources, and retail structures. Pressures on local resources arise from unsustainable practices, including the burning of agricultural waste, uncontrolled livestock grazing, and destructive fishing methods such as fish bombing. Furthermore, the heavy dependence on food supplies from outside the island exacerbates the vulnerability of local food systems to logistical disruptions and the impacts of climate change. These findings underscore the urgent need for a fundamental transformation in agricultural practices to ensure the fulfillment of staple food needs while minimizing environmental pressures and enhancing the sustainability of island food systems.
The Indonesian government promotes geothermal energy development to support national decarbonization goals and international climate commitments. However, several geothermal projects faced prolonged community resistance, including in Padarancang, where opposition persisted for more than fifteen years. This article examines social acceptance not as a community-level attitude alone, but as an outcome shaped by interactions across multiple governance levels. This study employed a qualitative case study approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analysis, then analyzed thematically. The findings showed that community resistance was not driven by misinformation or limited awareness. Instead, it constituted a structured and reflective political response to exclusionary governance practices. Although the project enjoyed strong socio-political and market acceptance at the national level (supported by policy frameworks, investment instruments, and local government compliance), this legitimacy did not translate downward. A gap emerged between formal, policy-based legitimacy and social legitimacy at the community level. Low community acceptance was primarily driven by limited participation in decision-making. It also stemmed from perceived environmental, social, and cultural risks that were not balanced by meaningful local benefits. The study further demonstrated that multi-level governance (MLG) in geothermal development operated predominantly in a top-down and disciplinary manner. Authority was centralized, while responsibility for managing social conflict was displaced to local actors. This paper reconceptualizes social acceptance as a cross-level governance outcome. It shows how misalignment across governance scales can undermine renewable energy transitions and contribute to the failure of achieving national and international energy mix targets.
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