Intelligent transportation systems increasingly rely on connected and autonomous platforms operating across road, rail, low-altitude, and marine environments. These systems must accommodate nonlinear and time-varying dynamics, environmental uncertainty, communication limitations, safety requirements, and tightly coupled operational constraints. Model predictive control (MPC) is well suited to such conditions because it combines future-state prediction, constrained optimization, and closed-loop correction within a receding-horizon framework. This review examines the theoretical foundations, major formulations, and transportation applications of MPC across four domains: ground vehicles and traffic networks, railway systems, low-altitude unmanned aerial transportation, and marine autonomous systems. The literature was organized according to transportation mode and application, with attention given to prediction models, control objectives, operational constraints, uncertainty treatment, computational requirements, and validation methods. The review showed that ground transportation research placed greater emphasis on vehicle motion control, connected-vehicle coordination, traffic signal optimization, and network regulation. Railway applications focused mainly on train regulation, virtual coupling (VC), scheduling, energy-efficient operation, and maglev control. Low-altitude studies addressed trajectory tracking, obstacle avoidance, multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) coordination, and learning-based prediction, whereas marine studies concentrated on underactuated motion, environmental disturbances, collision avoidance, navigation rules, and surface–underwater cooperation. Across these domains, model uncertainty, online computational burden, conflicting control objectives, coupled safety constraints, and limited real-world validation remained the principal obstacles to wider deployment. The findings indicate that MPC architectures must be adapted to the dynamics, operational environment, and communication conditions of each transportation mode. This review clarifies the common and domain-specific requirements of MPC in multimodal intelligent transportation and identifies the technical issues that require further theoretical and experimental study.