Vehicles comprise several critical systems, including the braking, steering, transmission, and suspension systems, which operate in concert to ensure safe and efficient movement. Research has established that vehicle malfunctions, particularly in the braking system, contribute significantly to road accidents, with technical failures accounting for approximately 15% of crashes and brake system failures responsible for 17.4% of these incidents. In light of this, an investigation was conducted to identify the factors that influence the braking coefficient and the variability of braking force in vehicle service brakes. A total of 1,018 vehicles were involved in the study, with results indicating that variables such as vehicle production year, category, place of registration, engine power and displacement, gross and curb weight, and payload significantly affect the braking coefficient. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that factors such as vehicle production year, category, registration location, gross and curb weight, and payload are prominent in determining the braking force variability. Neural network analysis was employed to further assess these influential factors, highlighting that the year of manufacture, place of registration, and vehicle payload are particularly influential in predicting both compliance with minimum braking coefficient requirements and variations in braking force. The findings underscore the importance of these factors in the development of more precise models for vehicle brake performance, with potential implications for safety standards and regulatory frameworks.

This study analyzes the safety risk transmission mechanism in urban logistics drone last-mile delivery within the policy-driven low-altitude economy. To address the limitations of traditional risk identification methods, which rely heavily on accident data, this research integrates the Fuzzy Decision Analysis Laboratory Method (Fuzzy-DEMATEL),Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and the Matrix of Cross-Impact Multiplication (MICMAC) to construct a three-dimensional analytical framework based on causal relationships, structural hierarchy, and attribute classification.First, Fuzzy-DEMATEL is employed to quantify the strength of causal relationships among risk factors. Next, ISM is used to deconstruct the multi-level hierarchical network and identify fundamental causes within the risk system. Finally, MICMAC is applied to calculate the dependencies and driving forces of each influencing factor, helping prioritize risk governance measures. The research findings indicate that: (1) The safety risk system of urban logistics drones for last-mile delivery exhibits a “dual-core driven – multi-loop coupled” characteristic. Equipment failures act as the physical carriers of systemic failures, while the root-cause risks stem from institutional factors such as inadequate pre-service training and violations of laws and regulations. (2) The risk hierarchy follows a pyramid-shaped transmission path, with risks propagating from the root layer to the surface in successive layers. Open airspace serves as an accelerator, transforming environmental disturbances into institutional defects, which in turn lead to technical failures. (3) The dependency attributes of each factor indicate the priority order for risk prevention and control: management leverage points serve as the strategic control core, the environment-technology interaction network is central to joint prevention, standardized processes solidify basic operations, and systemic risk levels are reduced.

Road surface cracks are a major contributor to vehicular accidents, particularly in high-speed and high-traffic environments. Conventional crack detection techniques that rely on grayscale imaging often fail to maintain accuracy under varying lighting conditions and in the presence of noise. To address these challenges, a robust detection methodology is proposed, based on a Gradient-based Crack Enhancement, Color Consistency, and Smoothness Regularization Model (GCSM). This model leverages Gaussian smoothing to reduce noise, gradient-based enhancement to accentuate crack features, and color consistency to effectively differentiate cracks from surrounding textures. Smoothness regularization ensures the continuity of crack patterns and minimizes false positives, enhancing the accuracy of detection. The resulting crack maps form the foundation for advanced risk analysis, directly linking crack detection to safety evaluation. The integration of crack detection with accident prediction is achieved by a hybrid model that estimates the likelihood of accidents induced by road surface deterioration. This hybrid model combines logistic regression to assess variables such as crack density, width, traffic volume, vehicle speed, and pavement condition, with a fuzzy inference system (FIS) to handle the imprecision inherent in road condition assessments. The final accident risk score is computed as a weighted combination of these components, offering enhanced prediction accuracy. Experimental results on datasets from Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, demonstrate that GCSM outperforms existing methods in terms of Intersection over Union (IoU), Precision, Recall, and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), with statistical significance (p < 0.01) confirmed via ANOVA. The hybrid prediction model achieves an accuracy of 88.23% and a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.042, highlighting its efficiency and robustness. This framework facilitates automated crack visualization and accident risk classification, providing valuable insights for engineers and urban planners. Future work will focus on real-time deployment and system adaptability to various road conditions, supporting intelligent transportation systems and proactive road safety management.

This study proposed a novel pin-level dynamic compensation strategy to combat the critical challenge of springback in the three-dimensional numerically controlled bending of ship hull plates. A collaborative prediction model combining convolutional and bidirectional recurrent networks (CNN-BiLSTM) was optimized using an improved metaheuristic algorithm, the Modified Sparrow Search Algorithm (MCSSA), to achieve millimeter-level precision in springback compensation. Based on the 225-pin independent control architecture, the system enabled real-time compensation with millisecond-level response ($\leq$ 50 ms) on standard industrial computing hardware, to overcome the limitations of conventionally fixed compensation methods. The optimized algorithm enhanced global search capability, population diversity, and convergence efficiency, hence yielding a prediction accuracy of RMSE = 4.41 $\times$ $10^{-5}$ mm. The integrated spatiotemporal learning framework effectively combined feature extraction, sequential modeling, and critical region emphasis, to achieve a test-set $R^2$ of 0.969. Industrial validation of the SKWB-1600 system demonstrated significant improvements in traditional stepwise approximation methods: (i) Post-compensation forming errors were reduced to 0.13–0.26 mm with a 47–62% improvement; and (ii) Curvature errors in high-stress zones were maintained within $\pm$ 0.02 mm, thus forming iterations decreased by 42% and energy consumption reduced by 35%. This certified pin-level dynamic compensation solution provides a new methodology for forming precision of complex curved ship hull plates under industrial conditions and establishes a technical paradigm for manufacturing related components requiring high precision and efficiency.