Nonlinear plasma evolution in microgravity cannot be reliably characterized under terrestrial gravity because buoyancy-driven convection modifies or suppresses the intrinsic instability mechanisms. Consequently, the predictive design and safe operation of electromagnetically actuated plasma engineering systems require a unified theoretical framework capable of distinguishing gravity-independent behavior from phenomena that emerge only under microgravity conditions. A microgravity nonlinear plasma platform was therefore established as a multi-physics governance framework that defines the physical and mathematical conditions under which nonlinear plasma evolution becomes microgravity-dependent while providing quantitative criteria for operational stability. A dimensionless governance ratio was introduced as the principal classification metric, coupling the electromagnetic control bandwidth with the nonlinear instability growth rate. The framework was further integrated with a three-tier distributed intelligent governance of stabilized plasmas supervisory architecture, through which electromagnetic actuation, thermal-ionization energy balance, and structural boundary response are coordinated across multiple interacting physical domains. Three operating regimes were thereby defined: admissible (R > 10), marginal (1 < R ≤ 10), and runaway (R ≤ 1), each associated with prescribed electromagnetic control actions, a diagnostic latency constraint, and mandatory termination logic. An analytical microgravity threshold was derived. Recent observations from the Plasma Kristall-4 (PK-4) complex plasma facility aboard the International Space Station (ISS) were shown to be consistent with the predicted emergence of field-aligned filamentary structures and anisotropic nonlinear transport under reduced-gravity conditions. Finally, five quantitative and experimentally falsifiable predictions were formulated to establish a systematic validation pathway for future microgravity plasma experiments. Collectively, the proposed framework provides a rigorous theoretical foundation for the analysis, governance, and engineering design of high-energy-density plasma systems operating in microgravity and establishes a general methodology for the development of next-generation plasma propulsion technologies, advanced confinement architectures, and reaction-boundary control systems in coupled multi-physics environments.

This study presents a detailed numerical study of the melting behavior and thermal performance of a paraffin-based cooling layer integrated beneath a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel to improve its electrical efficiency and thermal stability. Since excessive temperature rise is one of the major factors responsible for reducing the performance and lifespan of PV systems, the development of efficient passive cooling technologies has become increasingly important in modern renewable energy applications. In the present study, paraffin-based phase change material (PCM) is employed as a thermal energy storage medium owing to its capability to absorb the excess heat produced by the PV panel during operation. To improve conductive heat transport and quicken the melting process, ternary hybrid nanoparticles composed of Al$_2$O$_3$, TiO$_2$, and Ag are dispersed into the paraffin, while porous metal foam is incorporated inside the PCM container to provide highly conductive pathways for thermal diffusion. The simultaneous incorporation of hybrid nanoparticles and porous metal foam markedly improves the thermal response of the cooling layer, thereby enhancing the system’s ability to regulate the operating temperature of the PV panel under working conditions. The numerical simulations are carried out using the Galerkin method, while adaptive mesh refinement and an implicit solution technique are employed to accurately capture the transient melting behavior and phase transition process within the PCM enclosure. The obtained results indicate that integrating porous metal foam together with ternary nanoparticles significantly enhances the overall thermal performance of the cooling system. The liquid fraction (LF) of the PCM increases by approximately 33.11%, indicating a significant enhancement in the melting rate and thermal energy absorption capability. Furthermore, the enhanced cooling configuration reduces the PV panel temperature by nearly 1.98% compared with the conventional case. As a consequence of the improved thermal regulation, the electrical efficiency of the PV panel increases by about 20.87% relative to the uncooled PV system. These findings confirm that integrating nano-enhanced PCM with porous metal foam provides a highly promising passive cooling strategy for improving the performance, reliability, and energy conversion efficiency of next-generation PV systems.

High operating temperatures are a major limitation for photovoltaic (PV) systems, as they reduce electrical efficiency and long-term reliability. Effective thermal regulation is therefore essential to maintain stable performance under strong solar irradiation. In this study, a numerical investigation is conducted to examine the thermal performance of a PV panel integrated with a paraffin-based cooling system positioned beneath the module. To improve the low thermal conductivity of paraffin, ternary nanoparticles together with metal foam are introduced into the phase change material (PCM). This hybrid enhancement significantly improves heat transfer, increases thermal diffusion, and accelerates the melting process. The transient melting behavior is modeled using the Galerkin finite element method, which ensures accurate prediction of temperature variation and phase change dynamics. The liquid fraction (LF) is increased by about 68.93%, indicating faster melting and improved energy absorption. In addition, the temperature distribution inside the PCM is enhanced by approximately 5.71%. Compared with a conventional uncooled PV system, the proposed configuration reduces the PV panel temperature ($T_{\mathrm{PV}}$) by 8.53%, while increasing electrical efficiency by 17.16%. Overall, the study demonstrates that combining ternary nanoparticles with metal foam inside PCM provides a strong synergistic cooling effect. This integrated approach offers a more effective thermal management strategy than traditional single-enhancement methods, leading to improved PV performance, higher efficiency, and better thermal stability under real operating conditions.

This research delves into the combined influences of a magnetic field and thermodiffusion phenomena on a rotating, pre-stressed two-dimensional microelongated thermoelastic layer. The investigation employs the Moore-Gibson-Thompson (MGT) model as its theoretical framework. To gain a deeper understanding of the system’s behavior, an analytical solution is derived. This solution, built upon the harmonic wave method, is specifically tailored for a half-space model. The primary aim of this analytical approach is to characterize the nature of wave propagation within the material when subjected to mechanical wave loading conditions. The study meticulously examines the behavior of this complex microelongated thermoelastic system, paying close attention to the interplay between the magnetic field, thermodiffusion, and the material’s inherent properties. The findings of this investigation are presented in a graphical format, allowing for a clear and intuitive visualization of the system’s response. The material chosen for this illustrative purpose is aluminum-epoxy, a composite material commonly used in various engineering applications. The analysis of the derived solution reveals that the system exhibits stability. This stability is an important characteristic, indicating that the system’s response remains bounded and predictable under the applied conditions. Furthermore, the study identifies wave damping as a significant factor influencing the wave propagation behavior. This wave damping is attributed to two primary sources: the inherent material properties of the aluminum-epoxy composite and the specific boundary conditions imposed on the half-space model. These factors collectively contribute to the attenuation of the waves as they propagate through the microelongated thermoelastic layer.

Forest residues generated from logging operations, forest maintenance, and wood-processing activities represent an increasingly important secondary biomass resource for sustainable material engineering. The heterogene-ous composition of these residues, together with their high lignocellulosic content, creates significant opportunities for their integration into wood-based composites and bio-derived adhesive systems. However, variability in species, morphology, moisture sensitivity, and chemical composition still limits their large-scale and standardized industrial utilization. This review investigates the valorization pathways of forest management residues within engineered wood-based material systems, with particular emphasis on wood–plastic composites, fiberboards, veneer-based products, and bio-adhesives derived from lignin and tannin fractions. The reviewed studies were identified through a structured survey of recent scientific literature focusing on the processing, classification, physicochemical characteristics, and engineering applications of forest biomass residues. Different utilization strategies were examined according to the geometrical form of the biomass, including fibers, particles, powders, and chemically extracted constituents used for adhesive formulation. The reviewed literature showed that forest residues were successfully incorporated into thermoplastic and thermosetting composite systems, where they contributed to stiffness enhancement, material lightweighting, and partial substitution of petroleum-derived constituents. Lignin- and tannin-based bio-adhesives also demonstrated promising potential for reducing formaldehyde dependence in wood panel manufacturing, although challenges related to reactivity, water resistance, and compositional variability remained significant. The findings further indicated that hybrid biomass systems, adhesive-free densified boards, and integrated biorefinery approaches have progressively expanded the technological possibilities for circular biomass utilization. The study demonstrates that forest residues can serve as multifunctional feedstocks for sustainable wood-based engineering materials when supported by appropriate material selection, traceability, and process integration strategies. The review also provides critical insights into the current limitations, scalability challenges, and future research directions associated with the transition toward low-emission and circular lignocellulosic material systems.