This study endeavors to elucidate the intricate relationships and impacts of energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in India, spanning from 1975 through 2019. Data for this analysis is procured from the World Bank. An application of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) tests the long-term relationships between these variables. Additional verification of causality is sought through the Granger causality test. The study reveals unidirectional causalities: energy consumption and economic growth both lead to increased CO₂ emissions. In the short run, our findings indicate a causality flow from Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and energy consumption to CO₂ emissions, while urbanization does not significantly contribute to this causality. The results of the VECM, Granger causality, and Wald tests corroborate the existence of a long-term causal relationship between energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth on CO₂ emissions in India. Based on these findings, the study proposes that India should focus on the introduction and rejuvenation of energy resources that can address the country's escalating energy demand. A shift from conventional energy sources including coal, hydro, oil, and gas to renewable, environmentally-friendly alternatives is recommended. This transition would contribute to a reduction in CO₂ emissions, thus promoting sustainable economic growth for India in the long run.

Over the past 35 years, Idaho has implemented a comprehensive water outreach program aimed at addressing water resource challenges. This study employs a repeated measures survey strategy to assess the program's effectiveness. Initiated in 1987, a mail-based survey was designed to investigate various aspects, including water issues, satisfaction with drinking water, consumer observations of surface and groundwater quality, voluntary actions taken to protect and conserve water, and sources of water resource information accessed by Idaho citizens. The survey, featuring consistent questions, has been administered at five-year intervals (1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012, 2017, 2022) to a sample of over 2,000 Idaho residents. The resulting 35-year longitudinal dataset provides valuable insights into key water issues within the state. Significant findings include a high level of satisfaction with drinking water among Idahoans, a substantial increase in voluntary actions to protect water quality (from 12.6% in 1987 to over 63% in 2022), and a growing adoption of voluntary actions to conserve water quantity (from 16.4% in 1987 to 64% in 2022). The study recognizes the success of citizen-led efforts to protect water resources and utilizes this extensive dataset to inform future water education priorities in Idaho.

Hazaribagh is a major source of pollution and a center for the leather industry in Bangladesh. It is home to 1.2 million people and has 185 shoe factories. People who live in Hazaribagh consume surface water and groundwater for drinking and household activities. Implementation of a new law and government pressure has forced several tanneries to shift to areas allocated to industrial parks, but many others have remained. Our research set out to determine the impact of the tanning process on the surface water and groundwater of this area. In this study, surface and groundwater samples (a total of 42) from 6 different points around the tannery complex were analyzed during December 2019 and August 2020 in dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Our main purpose of this study was to find out the quality of the surface and groundwater in the sampling area, as well evaluate the seasonal change of different parameters. During the sampling, we set a route from the tannery source points to the Buriganga River, which is where the tannery effluents end up. The water’s chemical and physicochemical parameters were measured in accordance with the accepted protocol. Our main concern was the presence and concentration of heavy metals which were found to be significantly higher in the first three sampling locations. We also found that heavy metal concentrations dropped dramatically from the river’s upstream source to its final destination, the river Buriganga. Increasing distance from the source site and wastewater percolation to groundwater via soil may have caused this geographical variation in metal concentration. Although, rainwater may have diluted heavy metal concentrations, their levels were still above the permissible level. Heavy metals and other physicochemical parameters, like pH, DO, BOD, TDS, TSS, EC, Cl^``, and Na, were found in all surface and groundwater samples above national (DoE) and international (WHO) standards.

Stable and active microbiological community of the activated sludge is essential for waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) to treat wastewater. The microbial community of activated sludge could be affected by the uncontrolled industrial discharges containing excess organic load with low nutrients or toxic compounds, consequently, it may have a negative impact in the purification of wastewater in WWTP. The effects of the industrial pollutants on biological treatment include: the inhibition of bacteria that biodegrade organic matter and remove nutrients; the reduction of the efficiency of solids separation and deterioration of settling properties of the flocs; and, eventually, a discharge of unfavorable effluent to the receiving environment. In this research, metabarcoding technology was used to elucidate the effect of industrial components on microbial communities in four plants treating municipal that were exposed to different spills: tannery, cannery, textile and fruit products industries.