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[1] Moomaw, W., Yamba, F., Kamimoto, M., Maurice, L., Nyboer, J., Urama, K. & Weir, T., Introduction. IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, eds. O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C.von Stechow, Cam- bridge University Press: Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2011.
[2] Demirbaş, A., Global renewable energy resources. Energy Sources, 28(8), pp. 779–792, 2006. [Crossref]
[3] Fridleifsson, I.B., Geothermal energy for the benefit of the people. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 5(3), pp. 299–312, 2001. [Crossref]
[4] Nathwani, J. & Kammen, D.M., Affordable energy for humanity: a global movement to support universal clean energy access. Proceedings of the IEEE, 107(9), pp. 1780– 1789, 2019. [Crossref]
[5] Tsoutsos, T., Frantzeskaki, N. & Gekas, V., Environmental impacts from the solar energy technologies. Energy Policy, 33(3), pp. 289–296, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/ s0301-4215(03)00241-6
[6] Asif, M. & Muneer, T., Energy supply, its demand and security issues for developed and emerging economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(7), pp. 1388– 1413, 2007. [Crossref]
[7] Cañizares, C., Nathwani, J. & Kammen, D., Electricity for all: issues, challenges, and solutions for energy-disadvantaged communities. Proceedings of the IEEE, 107(9), pp. 1775–1779, 2019. [Crossref]
[8] Kazimierczuk, A.H., Wind energy in Kenya: A status and policy framework review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 107, pp. 434–445, 2019. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.061
[9] Dalla Longa, F. & van der Zwaan, B., Do Kenya’s climate change mitigation ambi- tions necessitate large-scale renewable energy deployment and dedicated low-carbon energy policy? Renewable Energy, 113, pp. 1559–1568, 2017. renene.2017.06.026 [Crossref]
[10] Kiplagat, J.K., Wang, R.Z. & Li, T.X., Renewable energy in Kenya: Resource poten- tial and status of exploitation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(6), pp. 2960–2973, 2011.
[11] Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Statistical Abstract, ISBN: 978-9966-102-07-2, 2018. [Crossref]
[12] International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable capacity statistics, Abu Dhabi, ISBN 978-92-9260-123-2, 2019.
[13] Kinga, F.W. & Kwasira, J., Analysis of the environmental impacts of geothermal drill- ing on livelihoods of adjacent communities in Menengai geothermal power project. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 10(4), pp. 71–76, 2016. [Crossref]
[14] Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority (EPRA), https://renewableenergy.go.ke/ index.php/content/28, accessed 28 October 2019.
[15] Solarplaza Facts and Figures, Solar Energy 2019, www.africa.unlockingsolarcapital. com, accessed 21 May 2019.
[16] Ministry of Energy. Wind Sector Prospectors - Kenya: Wind Energy data analysis and development programme, https://www.renewableenergy.go.ke/asset_uplds/files/Wind%20Sector%20Prospectus%20Kenya.pd, accessed last on 28 October 2019.
[17] WorldRemit, https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001353188/uhuru- launches-sh13b-solar-power-plant, accessed 23rd December 2019.
[18] Dahir, A.L., 2019. https://qz.com/africa/1671484/kenya-opens-africas-largest-wind- power-project-in-turkana/ accessed 23rd December 2019.
[19] Government of Kenya, National Energy Policy, Ministry of Energy, 2018.
[20] Manring, N., West, P.C. & Bidol, P., Social impact assessment and environmental conflict management: potential for integration and application. Environmental Impact Assess- ment Review, 10(3), pp. 253–265, 1990. [Crossref]
[21] Prenzel, P.V. & Vanclay, F., How social impact assessment can contribute to conflict management. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 45, pp. 30–37, 2014.
[22] Government of Kenya, Sessional Paper No. 4 on Energy, Ministry of Energy, 2004. [23] Worldwide EL, Guidebook for evaluating mining project EIAs, Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide, Eugene, Oregon, 2010.
[24] Glasson, J. & Therivel, R., Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Rout- ledge, 2013.
[25] Government of Kenya, National Environmental Policy, 2013.
[26] Dendena, B. & Corsi, S., The environmental and social impact assessment: a further step towards an integrated assessment process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, pp. 965–977, 2015. [Crossref]
[27] Sadler, B. & McCabe, M., Environmental impact assessment training resource manual, UNEP Division of Technology, Industry Economics and Trade Branch, 2002.
[28] Government of Kenya, Environment Impact Assessment Guidelines and Administrative Procedures, 2002.
[29] Glasson, J., Therivel, R. & Chadwick, A., Introduction to Environmental Impact Assess- ment, Fourth Edition, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, 2012.
[30] Sadler, B., International study of the effectiveness of environmental assessment: final report, International Association for Impact Assessment and Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, 1996.
[31] Arts EJ. EIA-follow up: on the role of ex post evaluation in environmental impact assessment, University of Groningen, 1998.
[32] André, P., Enserink, B., Connor, D. & Croal, P., Public participation international best practice principles, Special publication series, 4, International Association for Impact Assessment, Fargo, USA, 2006.
[33] Omenge, P.M, Eshiamwata, G.W, Makindi, S.M. & Obwoyere, G.O., Public participa- tion in environmental impact assessment (EIA) and its substantive contribution in envi- ronmental risk management: Insights from EIA practitioners and other stakeholders in Kenya’s renewable energy projects. WIT Transaction on Ecology and the Environment, 237, pp. 133–144, WIT Press, 2019.
[34] Folger, J., Poole, M.S. & Stutman, R.K. Working through conflict: Strategies for rela- tionships, groups, and organizations. Routledge, 2017.
[35] Pruitt Dean, G. & Kim, S.H., Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate and Settlement, McGraw-Hill Education, 4th ed., 2004.
[36] Tedeschi, J.T., Conflict, Power, and Games: The Experimental Study of Interpersonal Relations, Routledge, 2017.
[37] Wall Jr., J.A. & Callister, R.R., Conflict and its management. Journal of management, 21(3), pp. 515–558, 1995. [Crossref]
[38] Castro, A.P. & Nielsen, E., eds., Natural Resource Conflict Management Case Studies: an Analysis of Power, Participation and Protected Areas, Food and Agriculture Organi- zation of the United Nations, Rome, 2003.
[39] Sidaway, R., Outdoor Recreation and Nature Conservation: Conflicts and their Resolu- tion, Doctoral Thesis, The University of Edinburgh, 1996.
[40] Schelling, T.C., The strategy of conflict. Prospectus for a reorientation of game theory. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(3), pp. 203–264, 1958. https://doi. org/10.1177/002200275800200301
[41] Barrow, C.J., How is environmental conflict addressed by SIA?. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 30(5), pp. 293–301, 2010. eiar.2010.04.001 [Crossref]
[42] Prenzel, P.V. & Vanclay, F., How social impact assessment can contribute to conflict management. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 45, pp. 30–37, 2014. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2013.11.003
[43] Libiszewski, S. & Spillmann, K., Environment and Conflicts Project ENCOP Occa- sional Papers, Center for Security Studies ETH Zurich and Swiss Peace Foundation, chapter What is Environmental Conflict, 1995.
[44] Lujala, P., Gleditsch, N.P. & Gilmore, E., A diamond curse? Civil war and a lootable resource. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49(4), pp. 538–562, 2005. https://doi. org/10.1177/0022002705277548
[45] Castro, A.P. & Nielsen, E., eds., Natural resource conflict management case studies: an analysis of power, participation and protected areas, Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion of the United Nations, Rome, 2003.
[46] Bob, U., Land-related conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal on Conflict Res- olution, 10(2), 2010.
[47] Kok, A., Lotze, W. & Van Jaarsveld, S., Natural resources, the environment and con- flicts, African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), 2009. [Crossref]
[48] Hellström, E., Conflict cultures – qualitative comparative analysis of environmental conflicts in forestry, Silva Fennica Monographs 2. Helsinki, The Finnish Society of Forest Science and The Finnish Research Institute, 2001.
[49] Koissaba, B.O., Campaign Update: Kenya- Maasai protest against new land conces- sions for geothermal extraction in Kenya, https://www.culturalsurvival.org/ news/ campaign-update-kenya-maasai-protest-against-new-land-concessions-geothermal- extraction-kenya, accessed 29th October 2019.
[50] Damary, R., Court stops Kinangop’s Sh15bn wind power plant, https://www.the-star. co.ke/news/2016-04-02-court-stops-kinangops-sh15bn-wind-power-plant/, accessed 29 October 2019.
[51] Ougo, M., Mpeketoni wind power project faced with compensation row, http://media- maxnetwork.co.ke/k24-tv/compensation-row-looms-over-proposed-90mw-wind- power-project-in-mpeketoni-214767/ accessed 29 October 2019.
[52] Kothari, C.R., Research Methodology: Methods and techniques, New Age Interna- tional, 2004.
[53] Yu, C.H., An introduction to computing and interpreting Cronbach coefficient alpha in SAS. Proceedings of the 26th SAS User Group International Conference, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, 2001.
[54] Agresti, A., Analysis of Ordinal Categorical Data, John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
[55] McCullagh, P., Regression models for ordinal data. Journal of the Royal Statisti- cal Society: Series B (Methodological), 42(2), pp. 109–127, 1980. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1980.tb01109.x
[56] Weisberg, S., Applied Linear Regression, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
[57] Midi, H., Sarkar, S.K. & Rana, S., Collinearity diagnostics of binary logistic regression model. Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics, 13(3), pp. 253–267, 2010. https://doi. org/10.1080/09720502.2010.10700699
[58] Norris, C.M., Ghali, W.A., Saunders, L.D., Brant, R., Galbraith, D., Faris, P. & Knudtson, M.L., APPROACH Investigators. Ordinal regression model and the linear regression model were superior to the logistic regression models. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 59(5), pp. 448–456, 2006. [Crossref]
[59] Clements, A., Wheeler, S., Mohr, A. & McCulloch, M., The service value method for design of energy access systems in the global south. Proceedings of the IEEE, 107(9), pp. 1941–1966, 2019. [Crossref]
[60] Rowe, G. & Frewer, L.J., Public participation methods: a framework for evalua- tion. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 25(1), pp. 3–29, 2000. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/016224390002500101
[61] Innes, J.E. & Booher, D.E., Reframing public participation: strategies for the 21st cen- tury. Planning Theory & Practice, 5(4), pp. 419–436, 2004. 64935042000293170 [Crossref]
[62] Connick, S. & Innes, J.E., Outcomes of collaborative water policy making: Applying complexity thinking to evaluation. Journal of Environmental Planning and Manage- ment, 46(2), pp. 177–197, 2003. [Crossref]
[63] Heberlein, T.A., Some observations on alternative mechanisms for public involvement: The hearing, public opinion poll, the workshop and the quasi-experiment. Natural. Resources Journal, 16, paper 197, 1976.
[64] Borton, T.E. & Warner, K.P., Involving citizens in water resources planning: The com- munication-participation experiment in the Susquehanna River Basin. Environment and Behavior, 3(3), pp. 284–306, 1971. [Crossref]
[65] McKenney, C. & Terry, R., The effectiveness of using workshops to change audience perception of and attitudes about xeriscaping. HortTechnology, 5(4), pp. 327–329, 1995. [Crossref]
[66] Government of Kenya, the Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Amend- ment) Act, 2015, Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 74, Acts No. 5, 2015.
[67] Government of Kenya, Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, Legal Notice No. 101, Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 56, Legislative Supplement No. 31, 2003.
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Acadlore takes over the publication of IJEPM from 2025 Vol. 10, No. 3. The preceding volumes were published under a CC BY 4.0 license by the previous owner, and displayed here as agreed between Acadlore and the previous owner. ✯ : This issue/volume is not published by Acadlore.

Open Access
Research article

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Procedural Steps That Underpin Conflict Identification: Reference to Renewable Energy Resource Development in Kenya

Philip M. Omenge1,
Gilbert O. Obwoyere1,
George W. Eshiamwata2,
Stanley M. Makindi3,
Jatin Nathwani4
1
Egerton University, Kenya
2
The Kenya National Commission for UNESCO, Kenya
3
Machakos University, Kenya
4
Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy University of Waterloo Canada
International Journal of Energy Production and Management
|
Volume 5, Issue 2, 2020
|
Pages 157-174
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: 06-29-2020
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is a tool for an integrated assessment of multifac- eted impacts of a proposed project. ESIA can identify areas of potential conflicts and prevent conflicts from occurring early through appropriate mitigation measures. This notwithstanding, conflicts and public opposition arising from implementation of proposed projects which have been subjected to ESIA have been observed in various sectors in different countries and jurisdictions. Kenya is one of the African countries endowed with substantial renewable energy resources including geothermal, wind and solar energy resources. The country is now scaling up the development and utilization of these resources to meet growing energy demand. However, implementation of environmental procedures mainstreamed in the development of renewable energy resources, if inappropriately applied, has the potential to slow down development and exploitation trajectory of these resources. While all proposed renewable energy projects are subjected to the ESIA process, in some instances challenges have emerged at implementation resulting in conflicts that could be avoided. There is a clear need to understand, empirically, which of the ESIA procedural steps is critical in underpinning conflict identification for appropriate application. To determine how each of the ESIA procedural steps is likely to influence conflict identification, a statistical analysis was carried out for ESIA procedures based on questionnaire survey responses from sampled ESIA practitioners in Kenya. This article presents findings on the effect of ESIA procedural steps in conflict identification using cumulative odds ordinal logistic regression with proportional odds. Results show that the overall effect (on the dependent variable conflict identification) of the variables, public participation and monitoring is statically significant, χ2(2) = 9.12, p = 0.01 and χ2(2) = 6.29, p = 0.04, respectively. Further, the exponential of the log odds of the slope coefficients indicate that the independent variables public participation, decision making, project implementation and monitoring are statistically significant [χ2(1) = 9.12, p = 0.00; χ2(1) = 4.04, p = 0.04; χ2(1) = 3.64, p = 0.05 and χ2(1) = 3.31, p = 0.00, respectively]. That is to say these independent variables have a statistically significant effect on the dependent variable conflict identification.

Keywords: conflict identification, decision making, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, mon- itoring, public participation, renewable energy resources
References
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[3] Fridleifsson, I.B., Geothermal energy for the benefit of the people. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 5(3), pp. 299–312, 2001. [Crossref]
[4] Nathwani, J. & Kammen, D.M., Affordable energy for humanity: a global movement to support universal clean energy access. Proceedings of the IEEE, 107(9), pp. 1780– 1789, 2019. [Crossref]
[5] Tsoutsos, T., Frantzeskaki, N. & Gekas, V., Environmental impacts from the solar energy technologies. Energy Policy, 33(3), pp. 289–296, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/ s0301-4215(03)00241-6
[6] Asif, M. & Muneer, T., Energy supply, its demand and security issues for developed and emerging economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(7), pp. 1388– 1413, 2007. [Crossref]
[7] Cañizares, C., Nathwani, J. & Kammen, D., Electricity for all: issues, challenges, and solutions for energy-disadvantaged communities. Proceedings of the IEEE, 107(9), pp. 1775–1779, 2019. [Crossref]
[8] Kazimierczuk, A.H., Wind energy in Kenya: A status and policy framework review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 107, pp. 434–445, 2019. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.061
[9] Dalla Longa, F. & van der Zwaan, B., Do Kenya’s climate change mitigation ambi- tions necessitate large-scale renewable energy deployment and dedicated low-carbon energy policy? Renewable Energy, 113, pp. 1559–1568, 2017. renene.2017.06.026 [Crossref]
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[13] Kinga, F.W. & Kwasira, J., Analysis of the environmental impacts of geothermal drill- ing on livelihoods of adjacent communities in Menengai geothermal power project. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 10(4), pp. 71–76, 2016. [Crossref]
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[15] Solarplaza Facts and Figures, Solar Energy 2019, www.africa.unlockingsolarcapital. com, accessed 21 May 2019.
[16] Ministry of Energy. Wind Sector Prospectors - Kenya: Wind Energy data analysis and development programme, https://www.renewableenergy.go.ke/asset_uplds/files/Wind%20Sector%20Prospectus%20Kenya.pd, accessed last on 28 October 2019.
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[21] Prenzel, P.V. & Vanclay, F., How social impact assessment can contribute to conflict management. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 45, pp. 30–37, 2014.
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[30] Sadler, B., International study of the effectiveness of environmental assessment: final report, International Association for Impact Assessment and Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, 1996.
[31] Arts EJ. EIA-follow up: on the role of ex post evaluation in environmental impact assessment, University of Groningen, 1998.
[32] André, P., Enserink, B., Connor, D. & Croal, P., Public participation international best practice principles, Special publication series, 4, International Association for Impact Assessment, Fargo, USA, 2006.
[33] Omenge, P.M, Eshiamwata, G.W, Makindi, S.M. & Obwoyere, G.O., Public participa- tion in environmental impact assessment (EIA) and its substantive contribution in envi- ronmental risk management: Insights from EIA practitioners and other stakeholders in Kenya’s renewable energy projects. WIT Transaction on Ecology and the Environment, 237, pp. 133–144, WIT Press, 2019.
[34] Folger, J., Poole, M.S. & Stutman, R.K. Working through conflict: Strategies for rela- tionships, groups, and organizations. Routledge, 2017.
[35] Pruitt Dean, G. & Kim, S.H., Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate and Settlement, McGraw-Hill Education, 4th ed., 2004.
[36] Tedeschi, J.T., Conflict, Power, and Games: The Experimental Study of Interpersonal Relations, Routledge, 2017.
[37] Wall Jr., J.A. & Callister, R.R., Conflict and its management. Journal of management, 21(3), pp. 515–558, 1995. [Crossref]
[38] Castro, A.P. & Nielsen, E., eds., Natural Resource Conflict Management Case Studies: an Analysis of Power, Participation and Protected Areas, Food and Agriculture Organi- zation of the United Nations, Rome, 2003.
[39] Sidaway, R., Outdoor Recreation and Nature Conservation: Conflicts and their Resolu- tion, Doctoral Thesis, The University of Edinburgh, 1996.
[40] Schelling, T.C., The strategy of conflict. Prospectus for a reorientation of game theory. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2(3), pp. 203–264, 1958. https://doi. org/10.1177/002200275800200301
[41] Barrow, C.J., How is environmental conflict addressed by SIA?. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 30(5), pp. 293–301, 2010. eiar.2010.04.001 [Crossref]
[42] Prenzel, P.V. & Vanclay, F., How social impact assessment can contribute to conflict management. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 45, pp. 30–37, 2014. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2013.11.003
[43] Libiszewski, S. & Spillmann, K., Environment and Conflicts Project ENCOP Occa- sional Papers, Center for Security Studies ETH Zurich and Swiss Peace Foundation, chapter What is Environmental Conflict, 1995.
[44] Lujala, P., Gleditsch, N.P. & Gilmore, E., A diamond curse? Civil war and a lootable resource. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49(4), pp. 538–562, 2005. https://doi. org/10.1177/0022002705277548
[45] Castro, A.P. & Nielsen, E., eds., Natural resource conflict management case studies: an analysis of power, participation and protected areas, Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion of the United Nations, Rome, 2003.
[46] Bob, U., Land-related conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal on Conflict Res- olution, 10(2), 2010.
[47] Kok, A., Lotze, W. & Van Jaarsveld, S., Natural resources, the environment and con- flicts, African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), 2009. [Crossref]
[48] Hellström, E., Conflict cultures – qualitative comparative analysis of environmental conflicts in forestry, Silva Fennica Monographs 2. Helsinki, The Finnish Society of Forest Science and The Finnish Research Institute, 2001.
[49] Koissaba, B.O., Campaign Update: Kenya- Maasai protest against new land conces- sions for geothermal extraction in Kenya, https://www.culturalsurvival.org/ news/ campaign-update-kenya-maasai-protest-against-new-land-concessions-geothermal- extraction-kenya, accessed 29th October 2019.
[50] Damary, R., Court stops Kinangop’s Sh15bn wind power plant, https://www.the-star. co.ke/news/2016-04-02-court-stops-kinangops-sh15bn-wind-power-plant/, accessed 29 October 2019.
[51] Ougo, M., Mpeketoni wind power project faced with compensation row, http://media- maxnetwork.co.ke/k24-tv/compensation-row-looms-over-proposed-90mw-wind- power-project-in-mpeketoni-214767/ accessed 29 October 2019.
[52] Kothari, C.R., Research Methodology: Methods and techniques, New Age Interna- tional, 2004.
[53] Yu, C.H., An introduction to computing and interpreting Cronbach coefficient alpha in SAS. Proceedings of the 26th SAS User Group International Conference, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, 2001.
[54] Agresti, A., Analysis of Ordinal Categorical Data, John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
[55] McCullagh, P., Regression models for ordinal data. Journal of the Royal Statisti- cal Society: Series B (Methodological), 42(2), pp. 109–127, 1980. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1980.tb01109.x
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[58] Norris, C.M., Ghali, W.A., Saunders, L.D., Brant, R., Galbraith, D., Faris, P. & Knudtson, M.L., APPROACH Investigators. Ordinal regression model and the linear regression model were superior to the logistic regression models. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 59(5), pp. 448–456, 2006. [Crossref]
[59] Clements, A., Wheeler, S., Mohr, A. & McCulloch, M., The service value method for design of energy access systems in the global south. Proceedings of the IEEE, 107(9), pp. 1941–1966, 2019. [Crossref]
[60] Rowe, G. & Frewer, L.J., Public participation methods: a framework for evalua- tion. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 25(1), pp. 3–29, 2000. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/016224390002500101
[61] Innes, J.E. & Booher, D.E., Reframing public participation: strategies for the 21st cen- tury. Planning Theory & Practice, 5(4), pp. 419–436, 2004. 64935042000293170 [Crossref]
[62] Connick, S. & Innes, J.E., Outcomes of collaborative water policy making: Applying complexity thinking to evaluation. Journal of Environmental Planning and Manage- ment, 46(2), pp. 177–197, 2003. [Crossref]
[63] Heberlein, T.A., Some observations on alternative mechanisms for public involvement: The hearing, public opinion poll, the workshop and the quasi-experiment. Natural. Resources Journal, 16, paper 197, 1976.
[64] Borton, T.E. & Warner, K.P., Involving citizens in water resources planning: The com- munication-participation experiment in the Susquehanna River Basin. Environment and Behavior, 3(3), pp. 284–306, 1971. [Crossref]
[65] McKenney, C. & Terry, R., The effectiveness of using workshops to change audience perception of and attitudes about xeriscaping. HortTechnology, 5(4), pp. 327–329, 1995. [Crossref]
[66] Government of Kenya, the Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Amend- ment) Act, 2015, Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 74, Acts No. 5, 2015.
[67] Government of Kenya, Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, Legal Notice No. 101, Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 56, Legislative Supplement No. 31, 2003.
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GB-T-7714-2015
Omenge, P. M., Obwoyere, G. O., Eshiamwata, G. W., Makindi, S. M., & Nathwani, J. (2020). Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Procedural Steps That Underpin Conflict Identification: Reference to Renewable Energy Resource Development in Kenya. Int. J. Energy Prod. Manag., 5(2), 157-174. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N2-157-174
P. M. Omenge, G. O. Obwoyere, G. W. Eshiamwata, S. M. Makindi, and J. Nathwani, "Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Procedural Steps That Underpin Conflict Identification: Reference to Renewable Energy Resource Development in Kenya," Int. J. Energy Prod. Manag., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 157-174, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N2-157-174
@research-article{Omenge2020EnvironmentalAS,
title={Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Procedural Steps That Underpin Conflict Identification: Reference to Renewable Energy Resource Development in Kenya},
author={Philip M. Omenge and Gilbert O. Obwoyere and George W. Eshiamwata and Stanley M. Makindi and Jatin Nathwani},
journal={International Journal of Energy Production and Management},
year={2020},
page={157-174},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N2-157-174}
}
Philip M. Omenge, et al. "Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Procedural Steps That Underpin Conflict Identification: Reference to Renewable Energy Resource Development in Kenya." International Journal of Energy Production and Management, v 5, pp 157-174. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N2-157-174
Philip M. Omenge, Gilbert O. Obwoyere, George W. Eshiamwata, Stanley M. Makindi and Jatin Nathwani. "Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Procedural Steps That Underpin Conflict Identification: Reference to Renewable Energy Resource Development in Kenya." International Journal of Energy Production and Management, 5, (2020): 157-174. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N2-157-174
P. M. Omenge， OBWOYERE G O， ESHIAMWATA G W， et al. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Procedural Steps That Underpin Conflict Identification: Reference to Renewable Energy Resource Development in Kenya[J]. International Journal of Energy Production and Management， 2020， 5(2)： 157-174. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N2-157-174