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[1] Bhuvaneshwari, S., Hettiarachchi, H. & Meegoda, J.N., Crop Residue Burning in India: Policy Challenges and Potential Solutions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, pp. 1–19, 2019. https:// [Crossref]
[2] Bnapurmath, N.R, Yaliwal, V.S., Adaganti, S.Y.& Halewadimath, S.S., Power Genera- tion from Renewable Energy Sources Derived from Biodiesel and Low Energy Content Producer Gas for Rural Electrification. In Energy from Toxic Organic Waste for Heat and Power Generation, ed. Debabreta, B.,Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, pp. 151–194, 2019.
[3] Iyer, P.V.R., Rao, T.R. & Grover, P.D., Biomass Thermo-Chemical Characterization, Chemical Engineering Department, IIT Delhi, 2002.
[4] Park, C.S., Roy, P.S. & Kim, H.S., Current Developments in Thermochemical Conver- sion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals. Gasification for low-grade feedstocks. ed. Yongseung Yun, IntechOpen, pp. 19–41, 2018. pen.71464 [Crossref]
[5] Vermerris, W., Survey of genomics approaches to improve bioenergy traits in maize, sorghum and sugarcane. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 53, pp. 105–119, 2011. https:// 01020.x [Crossref]
[6] Feltus, F.A., & Vandenbrink, J.P., Bioenergy grass feedstock: current options and prospects for trait improvement using emerging genetic, genomic, and systems biology toolkits. Biotechnology for Biofuels 5, Article Number: 80, 2012. https:// [Crossref]
[7] Jordan, D., et al., Plant cell walls to ethanol. The Biochemical Journal, 442(2), pp. 241–252, 2012. https:// [Crossref]
[8] Nookaraju, A., Pandey, S.K., Bae, H.J. & Joshi, C.P., Designing cell walls for improved bioenergy production. Molecular Plant, 6, pp. 8–10, 2013. https:// sss111 [Crossref]
[9] Demirbas, A., Combustion characteristics of different biomass fuels. Progress In Energy and Combustion Science, 30, pp. 219–230, 2004. https;// [Crossref]
[10] Goyal, H.B., Seal, D. & Saxena, R. C., Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12, pp. 504–517, 2008. https:// 07.014 [Crossref]
[11] Tanger, P., Field, J.L., John, C.E., DeFoot, M.W.& Leach, J.E.,Biomass for thermo- chemical conversion: targets and challenges. Frontier in Plant Science, July 2013. [Crossref]
[12] Butler, E., Devlin, G., Meier, D. & McDonnell, K., A review of recent laboratory research and commercial developments in fast pyrolysis and upgrading. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, pp. 4171–4186, 2011. https:// [Crossref]
[13] Wang, M.Q., Han, J., Haq, Z., Tyner, W.E., Wu, M., & Elgowainy, A., Energy and green- house gas emission effects from corn and cellulosic ethanol with technology improve- ments and land-use changes. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, pp. 1885–1896, 2011. https:// [Crossref]
[14] Brar, J.S., Singh, K., Wang, J. & Kumar, S., Cogasification of coal and biomass: A Review. International Journal of Forestry Research, Article ID: 363058, 2012. https:// [Crossref]
[15] Bridgwater, A.V., Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass and Bioenergy, 38, pp. 68–94, 2012. https:// [Crossref]
[16] Solantausta, Y., Oasmaa, A., Sipilä, K., Lindfors, C., Lehto, J., Autio, J., et al., Bio- oil production from biomass: Steps toward Demonstration. Energy & Fuels, 26, pp. 233–240, 2012. https:// [Crossref]
[17] Gaul, M., An analysis model for small-scale rural energy service pathways—Applied to Jatropha-based energy services in Sumbawa, Indonesia. Energy for Sustainable Devel- opment, 16, pp. 283–296, 2012. https:// [Crossref]
[18] Robbins, M.P., Evans, G., Valentine, J., Donnison, I.S. & Allison, G.G., New opportu- nities for the exploitation of energy crops by thermochemical conversion in Northern Europe and the UK. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 38, pp. 138–155,2012. httpss://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2011.08.001
[19] Das, B., Characterisation of Biomass/Agro Residues and Application of Selected Bio- mass for Sorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions. PhD Theses submitted to SLIET University, Longowal, India, 2016.
[20] Miles, T.R., MilesJr, T.R., Baxter, L. L., Bryers, R.W., Jenkins, B. M., & Oden, L.L., Boiler deposits from firing biomass fuels. Biomass and Bioenergy, 10, pp. 125–138, 1996. https:// [Crossref]
[21] Jenkins, B.M., Baxter, L.L., Miles, T.R.Jr., & Miles, T.R., Combustion properties of biomass. Fuel Processing Technology, 54, pp. 17–46, 1998. https:// [Crossref]
[22] Riley, J.T., Manual57 Routine Coal and Coke Analysis: Collection, Interpretation, and Use of Analytical Data. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2007.
[23] Gartner, B.L. & Meinzer, F.C., Structure-Function Relationships in Sapwood Water Transport and Storage. Vascular Transport in Plants, pp. 307–331, 2005. https;//doi. org/10.1016/B978-012088457-5/50017-4
[24] Claudia Juliana Gomez Diaz, Understanding Biomass Pyrolysis Kinetics: Improved Modelling Based on Comprehensive Thermo Kinetic Analysis, PhD Theses, submitted to Universidad Polytechnic de Catalunya, 2006.
[25] Fahmi, R., Bridgwater, A.V., Donnison, I.., Yates, N. & Jones J.M., The effect of lignin and inorganic species in biomass on pyrolysis oil yields, quality and stability. Fuel, 87, pp. 1230–1240, 2008. https:// [Crossref]
[26] Jha, P., Biomass Characterization and Application of Biomass Char for Sorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions. PhD Theses submitted to Indian Institute of Technol- ogy, Delhi, 1996.
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Acadlore takes over the publication of IJEPM from 2025 Vol. 10, No. 3. The preceding volumes were published under a CC BY 4.0 license by the previous owner, and displayed here as agreed between Acadlore and the previous owner. ✯ : This issue/volume is not published by Acadlore.

Open Access
Research article

Analysis of Biomasses for Their Thermochemical Transformations to Biofuels

Pushpa Jha1,
Bhajan Dass2
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, SLIET, Longowal, India
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
International Journal of Energy Production and Management
|
Volume 5, Issue 2, 2020
|
Pages 115-124
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: 06-29-2020
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

Biomasses in the forms of agricultural and forestry residues are gaining attention as alternative sources of energy due to various limitations of conventional sources of energy. Their applications as energy sources should be renewable and eco-friendly. The selection of biomass needs pairing with a suitable thermochemical process for the generation of biofuels and their precursors. This article communicates the investigation of acacia nilotica branch, bagasse, berry branch, coconut coir, corn cob, cotton stalk, groundnut shell, rice husk, rice straw and wheat straw as biomasses, for their considerations to ther-mochemical transformations. The authors explored the residues for their bulk density, calorific values, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, ash fusibility characteristics and thermogravimetric analysis. The bulk density and calorific values of materials considered were quite low compared to that of conventional solid fuels. Therefore, they required palletisation for their economical utilisation as feedstocks for thermochemical conversions to energy carriers. The proximate analysis indicated that the fixed carbon:volatile matter of acacia nilotica branch was highest at 0.35, suggesting it as the most preferred feedstock for pyrolysis. The ultimate analysis showed that H/C (molar element ratios) of all residues were near to a constant value indicating the emissions of volatiles/gases were close to same quality after their specific thermochemical transformation. Ash deformation and fusion temperatures of mate- rials lied in the range of 900–1500°C, fixing the operating temperature limits for their transformations through combustors and gasifiers. Thermogravimetric analysis in the N2 atmosphere indicated that the rate of pyrolysis was highest for all residues, in the temperature range of 300–500°C, suggesting the sufficiency of one reactor to carry out pyrolysis for the individual biomass. Thus, the analysis of biomasses for their thermochemical transformations is the prerequisite for their effective utilisations.

Keywords: ash deformation temperatures, ash fusion temperatures, biofuels, biomasses, bulk density, calorific values, proximate analysis, thermochemical transformations, thermogravimetric analysis, ultimate analysis
References
[1] Bhuvaneshwari, S., Hettiarachchi, H. & Meegoda, J.N., Crop Residue Burning in India: Policy Challenges and Potential Solutions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, pp. 1–19, 2019. https:// [Crossref]
[2] Bnapurmath, N.R, Yaliwal, V.S., Adaganti, S.Y.& Halewadimath, S.S., Power Genera- tion from Renewable Energy Sources Derived from Biodiesel and Low Energy Content Producer Gas for Rural Electrification. In Energy from Toxic Organic Waste for Heat and Power Generation, ed. Debabreta, B.,Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, pp. 151–194, 2019.
[3] Iyer, P.V.R., Rao, T.R. & Grover, P.D., Biomass Thermo-Chemical Characterization, Chemical Engineering Department, IIT Delhi, 2002.
[4] Park, C.S., Roy, P.S. & Kim, H.S., Current Developments in Thermochemical Conver- sion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals. Gasification for low-grade feedstocks. ed. Yongseung Yun, IntechOpen, pp. 19–41, 2018. pen.71464 [Crossref]
[5] Vermerris, W., Survey of genomics approaches to improve bioenergy traits in maize, sorghum and sugarcane. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 53, pp. 105–119, 2011. https:// 01020.x [Crossref]
[6] Feltus, F.A., & Vandenbrink, J.P., Bioenergy grass feedstock: current options and prospects for trait improvement using emerging genetic, genomic, and systems biology toolkits. Biotechnology for Biofuels 5, Article Number: 80, 2012. https:// [Crossref]
[7] Jordan, D., et al., Plant cell walls to ethanol. The Biochemical Journal, 442(2), pp. 241–252, 2012. https:// [Crossref]
[8] Nookaraju, A., Pandey, S.K., Bae, H.J. & Joshi, C.P., Designing cell walls for improved bioenergy production. Molecular Plant, 6, pp. 8–10, 2013. https:// sss111 [Crossref]
[9] Demirbas, A., Combustion characteristics of different biomass fuels. Progress In Energy and Combustion Science, 30, pp. 219–230, 2004. https;// [Crossref]
[10] Goyal, H.B., Seal, D. & Saxena, R. C., Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12, pp. 504–517, 2008. https:// 07.014 [Crossref]
[11] Tanger, P., Field, J.L., John, C.E., DeFoot, M.W.& Leach, J.E.,Biomass for thermo- chemical conversion: targets and challenges. Frontier in Plant Science, July 2013. [Crossref]
[12] Butler, E., Devlin, G., Meier, D. & McDonnell, K., A review of recent laboratory research and commercial developments in fast pyrolysis and upgrading. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, pp. 4171–4186, 2011. https:// [Crossref]
[13] Wang, M.Q., Han, J., Haq, Z., Tyner, W.E., Wu, M., & Elgowainy, A., Energy and green- house gas emission effects from corn and cellulosic ethanol with technology improve- ments and land-use changes. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, pp. 1885–1896, 2011. https:// [Crossref]
[14] Brar, J.S., Singh, K., Wang, J. & Kumar, S., Cogasification of coal and biomass: A Review. International Journal of Forestry Research, Article ID: 363058, 2012. https:// [Crossref]
[15] Bridgwater, A.V., Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass and Bioenergy, 38, pp. 68–94, 2012. https:// [Crossref]
[16] Solantausta, Y., Oasmaa, A., Sipilä, K., Lindfors, C., Lehto, J., Autio, J., et al., Bio- oil production from biomass: Steps toward Demonstration. Energy & Fuels, 26, pp. 233–240, 2012. https:// [Crossref]
[17] Gaul, M., An analysis model for small-scale rural energy service pathways—Applied to Jatropha-based energy services in Sumbawa, Indonesia. Energy for Sustainable Devel- opment, 16, pp. 283–296, 2012. https:// [Crossref]
[18] Robbins, M.P., Evans, G., Valentine, J., Donnison, I.S. & Allison, G.G., New opportu- nities for the exploitation of energy crops by thermochemical conversion in Northern Europe and the UK. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 38, pp. 138–155,2012. httpss://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2011.08.001
[19] Das, B., Characterisation of Biomass/Agro Residues and Application of Selected Bio- mass for Sorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions. PhD Theses submitted to SLIET University, Longowal, India, 2016.
[20] Miles, T.R., MilesJr, T.R., Baxter, L. L., Bryers, R.W., Jenkins, B. M., & Oden, L.L., Boiler deposits from firing biomass fuels. Biomass and Bioenergy, 10, pp. 125–138, 1996. https:// [Crossref]
[21] Jenkins, B.M., Baxter, L.L., Miles, T.R.Jr., & Miles, T.R., Combustion properties of biomass. Fuel Processing Technology, 54, pp. 17–46, 1998. https:// [Crossref]
[22] Riley, J.T., Manual57 Routine Coal and Coke Analysis: Collection, Interpretation, and Use of Analytical Data. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2007.
[23] Gartner, B.L. & Meinzer, F.C., Structure-Function Relationships in Sapwood Water Transport and Storage. Vascular Transport in Plants, pp. 307–331, 2005. https;//doi. org/10.1016/B978-012088457-5/50017-4
[24] Claudia Juliana Gomez Diaz, Understanding Biomass Pyrolysis Kinetics: Improved Modelling Based on Comprehensive Thermo Kinetic Analysis, PhD Theses, submitted to Universidad Polytechnic de Catalunya, 2006.
[25] Fahmi, R., Bridgwater, A.V., Donnison, I.., Yates, N. & Jones J.M., The effect of lignin and inorganic species in biomass on pyrolysis oil yields, quality and stability. Fuel, 87, pp. 1230–1240, 2008. https:// [Crossref]
[26] Jha, P., Biomass Characterization and Application of Biomass Char for Sorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions. PhD Theses submitted to Indian Institute of Technol- ogy, Delhi, 1996.
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Jha, P. & Dass, B. (2020). Analysis of Biomasses for Their Thermochemical Transformations to Biofuels. Int. J. Energy Prod. Manag., 5(2), 115-124. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N2-115-124
P. Jha and B. Dass, "Analysis of Biomasses for Their Thermochemical Transformations to Biofuels," Int. J. Energy Prod. Manag., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 115-124, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N2-115-124
@research-article{Jha2020AnalysisOB,
title={Analysis of Biomasses for Their Thermochemical Transformations to Biofuels},
author={Pushpa Jha and Bhajan Dass},
journal={International Journal of Energy Production and Management},
year={2020},
page={115-124},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N2-115-124}
}
Pushpa Jha, et al. "Analysis of Biomasses for Their Thermochemical Transformations to Biofuels." International Journal of Energy Production and Management, v 5, pp 115-124. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N2-115-124
Pushpa Jha and Bhajan Dass. "Analysis of Biomasses for Their Thermochemical Transformations to Biofuels." International Journal of Energy Production and Management, 5, (2020): 115-124. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N2-115-124
JHA P， DASS B. Analysis of Biomasses for Their Thermochemical Transformations to Biofuels[J]. International Journal of Energy Production and Management， 2020， 5(2)： 115-124. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N2-115-124