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[1] “The Paris Agreement | UNFCCC,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://unfccc.int/process#:a0659cbd-3b30-4c05-a4f9-268f16e5dd6b (accessed 17 May 2019).
[2] Dutta, K., Daverey, A. & Lin, J.G., Evolution retrospective for alternative fuels: First to fourth generation. Renewable Energy, 69, pp. 114–122, September 2014. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.02.044
[3] Lee, R.A. & Lavoie, J.M., From first- to third-generation biofuels: Challenges of producing a commodity from a biomass of increasing complexity. Animal Frontiers, 3(2), pp. 6–11, April 2013. [Crossref]
[4] Chavez-Rodriguez, M.F. & Nebra, S.A., Assessing GHG emissions, ecological foot-print, and water linkage for different fuels. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(24), pp. 9252–9257, December 2010. [Crossref]
[5] Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., ... & Kriemann, B., 0IPCC, 2014: Summary for policymakers. In: climate change 2014, Mitigation of Climate Change. In Contribution of Working Group iii to the Fifth Assess-ment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York, 2014.
[6] IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017. Abu Dhabi, 2018.
[7] McMahon, J., The 4 lingering obstacles to electric vehicle adoption (and what might overcome them). Forbes, 27 January 2019.
[8] Lund, J., One size doesn’t fit all: How commercial EVs present unique challenges for charging infrastructure | GreenBiz. GreenBiz, 11 April 2019.
[9] Obernberger, I., Carlsen, H. & Biedermann, F., State-of-the-art adn future develop-ments regarding small-scale biomass CHP systems with a special focus on ORC and Stirling engine technologies. In International Nordic Bioenergy, 2003.
[10] Walker, G.M., 125th anniversary review: Fuel alcohol: Current production and future challenges. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 117(1), pp. 3–22, January, 2011. [Crossref]
[11] Lennartsson, P.R., Erlandsson, P. & Taherzadeh, M.J., Integration of the first and second generation bioethanol processes and the importance of by-products. Biore-source Technology, 165, pp. 3–8, August 2014. 2014.01.127 [Crossref]
[12] Jönsson, L.J. & Martín, C., Pretreatment of lignocellulose: Formation of inhibitory by-products and strategies for minimizing their effects. Bioresource Technology, 199, pp. 103–112, January 2016. [Crossref]
[13] Sun, Y. & Cheng, J., Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresource Technology, 83(1), pp. 1–11, May 2002. [Crossref]
[14] Branco, R., Serafim, L., Xavier, A., Branco, R.H.R., Serafim, L.S. & Xavier, A.M.R.B., Second generation bioethanol production: On the use of pulp and paper industry wastes as feedstock. Fermentation, 5(1), p. 4, December 2018. [Crossref]
[15] Galbe, M. & Zacchi, G., A review of the production of ethanol from softwood. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 59(6), pp. 618–628, September 2002. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00253-002-1058-9
[16] Shrotri, A., Kobayashi, H. & Fukuoka, A., cellulose depolymerization over heteroge-neous catalysts. Accounts of Chemical Research, 51(3), pp. 761–768, March, 2018. [Crossref]
[17] Irmer, J., Lignin – a natural resource with huge potential - Bioeconomy. BioEkonomie, 2017. [Online]. Available at https://www.biooekonomie-bw.de/en/articles/dossiers/lig-nin-a-natural-resource-with-huge-potential/ (Accessed 18 May, 2019).
[18] Zhao, X.Q. et al., Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011, pp. 25–51.
[19] Ruiz-Dueñas, F.J. & Martínez, Á.T., Microbial degradation of lignin: how a bulky recal-citrant polymer is efficiently recycled in nature and how we can take advantage of this. Microbial Biotechnology, 2(2), pp. 164–177, March 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/
[20] Ponnusamy, V.K., Nguyen, D.D., Dharmaraja, J., Shobana, S., Banu, R., Saratale, R.G., ... & Kumar, G., A review on lignin structure, pretreatments, fermentation reactions and biorefinery potential. Bioresource Technology, 271, pp. 462–472, January 2019. [Crossref]
[21] Wyman, C.E., Biomass ethanol : Technical progress, opportunities, and commer-cial challenges. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 24(1), pp. 189–226, November 1999. [Crossref]
[22] Verardi, A., De Bari, I., Ricca, E. & Calabrò, V., Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic bio-mass: Current status of processes and technologies and future perspectives. Bioethanol, February 2012. [Crossref]
[23] Pattnaik, R. & Mishra, S., Microbial pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biomethanation and waste management. Biotech, 8(11), p. 458, 2018. [Crossref]
[24] Siddiqui, Z., Horan, N.J. & Anaman, K., Optimisation of c:n ratio for co-digested pro-cessed industrial food waste and sewage sludge using the bmp test. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 9(1), January 2011. [Crossref]
[25] Boboescu, I.Z., Beigbeder, J.B., Damay, J., Duret, X., Lalonde, O. & Lavoie, J.M., Transitioning towards a circular economy in Quebec: An integrated process for first-, second- and third-generation ethanol from sweet sorghum and Chlorella vulgaris bio-mass. Industrial Biotechnology, 15(3), pp. 160–178, 2019. [Crossref]
[26] Milbrandt, A., A geographic perspective on the current biomass resource availability in the United States. NREL Tech. Report no, pp. 1–50, December, 2005. https://doi. org/10.2172/861485
[27] NRCan., Interactive maps | Natural resources Canada. [Online], available https://www. nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography/atlas-canada/interactive-maps/18234 2019.(accessed 23 May 2019).
[28] Kuo, J. & Dow, J., Biogas production from anaerobic digestion of food waste and rel-evant air quality implications. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 67(9), pp. 1000–1011, September 2017.
[29] Ragauskas, A.J. et al., Lignin valorization: Improving lignin processing in the biorefin-ery. Science, 344(6185), pp. 1246843– 1246843, May 2014.
[30] Xu, Z., Lei, P., Zhai, R., Wen, Z. & Jin, M., Recent advances in lignin valorization with bacterial cultures: Microorganisms, metabolic pathways, and bio-products. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 12(1), p. 32, December 2019.
[31] Kuokkanen, M., Vilppo, T., Kuokkanen, T., Stoor, T. & Niinimäki, J., Additives in wood pellet production - A pilot-scale study of binding agent usage. BioResources, 6(4), pp. 4331–4355, November 2011.
[32] Jayaraman, K. & Gokalp, I., Gasification characteristics of petcoke and coal blended petcoke using thermogravimetry and mass spectrometry analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 80, pp. 10–19, April 2015. [Crossref]
[33] Scarlat, N., Dallemand, J.F. & Fahl, F., Biogas: Developments and perspectives in Europe. Renewable Energy, 129, pp. 457–472, December 2018. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.006
[34] Wilkie, A.C., Biomethane from biomass, biowaste, and biofuels. In Bioenergy, American Society of Microbiology, 2008, pp. 195–205. [Crossref]
[35] Wang, A., Austin, D. & Song, H., Investigations of thermochemical upgrading of biomass and its model compounds: Opportunities for methane utilization. Fuel, 246, pp. 443–453, 2019. [Crossref]
[36] Lin Yunqin, L., Wang Dehan, W. & Wang Lishang, W., Biological pretreatment enhances biogas production in the anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper sludge. Waste Management & Research, 28(9), pp. 800–810, September 2010. https://doi. org/10.1177/0734242x09358734
[37] You, Z. et al., Effects of corn stover pretreated with NaOH and CaO on anaerobic co-digestion of swine manure and corn stover. Applied Sciences, 9(1), p. 123, December 2018. [Crossref]
[38] Adarme, O.F.H., Baêta, B.E.L., Lima, D.R.S., Gurgel, L.V.A. & de Aquino, S.F., Meth-ane and hydrogen production from anaerobic digestion of soluble fraction obtained by sugarcane bagasse ozonation. Industrial Crops and Products, 109, pp. 288–299, December 2017. [Crossref]
[39] Ahring, B.K., Biswas, R., Ahamed, A., Teller, P.J. & Uellendahl, H., Making lignin acces-sible for anaerobic digestion by wet-explosion pretreatment. Bioresource Technology, 175, pp. 182–188, January 2015. [Crossref]
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Open Access
Research article

Biorefinery Done Right

Michael Lugo-Pimentel1,
Iulian Zoltan Boboescu1,
Jean-Baptiste Beigbeder1,
Xavier Duret2,
Frederik Johannes Wolfaardt1,
Thierry Ghislain1,
Jean-Michel Lavoie1
1
Biomass Technology Laboratory, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
2
RéSolve Énergie, Canada
International Journal of Energy Production and Management
|
Volume 5, Issue 1, 2020
|
Pages 35-47
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: 03-03-2020
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

Following the COP21 conference in Paris, most of the world’s industrialized countries, as well as emerging markets, pledged to reduce or stabilize their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in light of increasing concerns regarding climate change [1]. The necessity to decrease ghg emissions will have implications on the consumption patterns of different types of energies around the world. apart from the obvious need to replace part of the increasing fossil fuel consumption in transportation (including road, rail, air and sea), there is a growing demand in other sectors as well, such as for electricity production, heating and cooling. Many opportunities are being investigated to address some of the issues related to this green energy transition, including the increased harnessing of alternative energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro, geothermal and biomass. Despite varying potential for each of the mentioned energy sources to help replace or supplement fossil fuels, only biomass currently has the potential to address most of these needs without requiring significant changes to existing energy distribution networks. for example, bio-mass can be burnt to generate combined heat and power, but it can also be used as a source of carbon to produce biofuels. In the latter case, biofuels such as ethanol could be blended into the existing fuel pool as well as distributed and utilized in engines without requiring significant modifications to the existing chain of distribution. This adaptiveness is not necessarily the case when considering electric vehicles (EV), although they are also of crucial importance towards collectively reducing ghg emissions. This manuscript will review the Biorefinery Done right-concept, developed by the company RéSolve Énergie in close collaboration with the Biomass Technology laboratory. This simple feedstock-agnostic technology allows conversion of any type of residual biomass (including but not limited to softwood bark) to three-types of biofuels. The first objective is to take advantage of the carbohydrate content in the biomass through hydrolysis of the constitutive hemicellulose and cellulose. The fermentable sugars are then converted to ethanol, achieved without any constraints, since the RéSolve process generates a hydrolysate with very low inhibitor levels. The lignin recovered from the process is essentially unmodified lignin and after washing, it is pelletized. Pellets, containing the most energetic components of the lignocellulosic biomass, can provide up to 26 GJ/tonne. Finally, the non-fermentable sugars (C5), as well as the lignin that does not comply with grade a lignin characteristics, are predigested for utilization in a classical biomethanation system. Hence, through this approach, 100% of the carbon from the biomass is converted into commercial products, which at this point are all related to the energy market.

Keywords: Advanced Biofuels, Biorefinery, Lignin Valorization
Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the participation of RéSolve Énergie to this project as well as the CRIBIQ, MITACS and NSERC who contributed in funding this work.

References
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[3] Lee, R.A. & Lavoie, J.M., From first- to third-generation biofuels: Challenges of producing a commodity from a biomass of increasing complexity. Animal Frontiers, 3(2), pp. 6–11, April 2013. [Crossref]
[4] Chavez-Rodriguez, M.F. & Nebra, S.A., Assessing GHG emissions, ecological foot-print, and water linkage for different fuels. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(24), pp. 9252–9257, December 2010. [Crossref]
[5] Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., ... & Kriemann, B., 0IPCC, 2014: Summary for policymakers. In: climate change 2014, Mitigation of Climate Change. In Contribution of Working Group iii to the Fifth Assess-ment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York, 2014.
[6] IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2017. Abu Dhabi, 2018.
[7] McMahon, J., The 4 lingering obstacles to electric vehicle adoption (and what might overcome them). Forbes, 27 January 2019.
[8] Lund, J., One size doesn’t fit all: How commercial EVs present unique challenges for charging infrastructure | GreenBiz. GreenBiz, 11 April 2019.
[9] Obernberger, I., Carlsen, H. & Biedermann, F., State-of-the-art adn future develop-ments regarding small-scale biomass CHP systems with a special focus on ORC and Stirling engine technologies. In International Nordic Bioenergy, 2003.
[10] Walker, G.M., 125th anniversary review: Fuel alcohol: Current production and future challenges. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 117(1), pp. 3–22, January, 2011. [Crossref]
[11] Lennartsson, P.R., Erlandsson, P. & Taherzadeh, M.J., Integration of the first and second generation bioethanol processes and the importance of by-products. Biore-source Technology, 165, pp. 3–8, August 2014. 2014.01.127 [Crossref]
[12] Jönsson, L.J. & Martín, C., Pretreatment of lignocellulose: Formation of inhibitory by-products and strategies for minimizing their effects. Bioresource Technology, 199, pp. 103–112, January 2016. [Crossref]
[13] Sun, Y. & Cheng, J., Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresource Technology, 83(1), pp. 1–11, May 2002. [Crossref]
[14] Branco, R., Serafim, L., Xavier, A., Branco, R.H.R., Serafim, L.S. & Xavier, A.M.R.B., Second generation bioethanol production: On the use of pulp and paper industry wastes as feedstock. Fermentation, 5(1), p. 4, December 2018. [Crossref]
[15] Galbe, M. & Zacchi, G., A review of the production of ethanol from softwood. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 59(6), pp. 618–628, September 2002. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00253-002-1058-9
[16] Shrotri, A., Kobayashi, H. & Fukuoka, A., cellulose depolymerization over heteroge-neous catalysts. Accounts of Chemical Research, 51(3), pp. 761–768, March, 2018. [Crossref]
[17] Irmer, J., Lignin – a natural resource with huge potential - Bioeconomy. BioEkonomie, 2017. [Online]. Available at https://www.biooekonomie-bw.de/en/articles/dossiers/lig-nin-a-natural-resource-with-huge-potential/ (Accessed 18 May, 2019).
[18] Zhao, X.Q. et al., Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011, pp. 25–51.
[19] Ruiz-Dueñas, F.J. & Martínez, Á.T., Microbial degradation of lignin: how a bulky recal-citrant polymer is efficiently recycled in nature and how we can take advantage of this. Microbial Biotechnology, 2(2), pp. 164–177, March 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/
[20] Ponnusamy, V.K., Nguyen, D.D., Dharmaraja, J., Shobana, S., Banu, R., Saratale, R.G., ... & Kumar, G., A review on lignin structure, pretreatments, fermentation reactions and biorefinery potential. Bioresource Technology, 271, pp. 462–472, January 2019. [Crossref]
[21] Wyman, C.E., Biomass ethanol : Technical progress, opportunities, and commer-cial challenges. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 24(1), pp. 189–226, November 1999. [Crossref]
[22] Verardi, A., De Bari, I., Ricca, E. & Calabrò, V., Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic bio-mass: Current status of processes and technologies and future perspectives. Bioethanol, February 2012. [Crossref]
[23] Pattnaik, R. & Mishra, S., Microbial pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biomethanation and waste management. Biotech, 8(11), p. 458, 2018. [Crossref]
[24] Siddiqui, Z., Horan, N.J. & Anaman, K., Optimisation of c:n ratio for co-digested pro-cessed industrial food waste and sewage sludge using the bmp test. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 9(1), January 2011. [Crossref]
[25] Boboescu, I.Z., Beigbeder, J.B., Damay, J., Duret, X., Lalonde, O. & Lavoie, J.M., Transitioning towards a circular economy in Quebec: An integrated process for first-, second- and third-generation ethanol from sweet sorghum and Chlorella vulgaris bio-mass. Industrial Biotechnology, 15(3), pp. 160–178, 2019. [Crossref]
[26] Milbrandt, A., A geographic perspective on the current biomass resource availability in the United States. NREL Tech. Report no, pp. 1–50, December, 2005. https://doi. org/10.2172/861485
[27] NRCan., Interactive maps | Natural resources Canada. [Online], available https://www. nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography/atlas-canada/interactive-maps/18234 2019.(accessed 23 May 2019).
[28] Kuo, J. & Dow, J., Biogas production from anaerobic digestion of food waste and rel-evant air quality implications. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 67(9), pp. 1000–1011, September 2017.
[29] Ragauskas, A.J. et al., Lignin valorization: Improving lignin processing in the biorefin-ery. Science, 344(6185), pp. 1246843– 1246843, May 2014.
[30] Xu, Z., Lei, P., Zhai, R., Wen, Z. & Jin, M., Recent advances in lignin valorization with bacterial cultures: Microorganisms, metabolic pathways, and bio-products. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 12(1), p. 32, December 2019.
[31] Kuokkanen, M., Vilppo, T., Kuokkanen, T., Stoor, T. & Niinimäki, J., Additives in wood pellet production - A pilot-scale study of binding agent usage. BioResources, 6(4), pp. 4331–4355, November 2011.
[32] Jayaraman, K. & Gokalp, I., Gasification characteristics of petcoke and coal blended petcoke using thermogravimetry and mass spectrometry analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 80, pp. 10–19, April 2015. [Crossref]
[33] Scarlat, N., Dallemand, J.F. & Fahl, F., Biogas: Developments and perspectives in Europe. Renewable Energy, 129, pp. 457–472, December 2018. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.006
[34] Wilkie, A.C., Biomethane from biomass, biowaste, and biofuels. In Bioenergy, American Society of Microbiology, 2008, pp. 195–205. [Crossref]
[35] Wang, A., Austin, D. & Song, H., Investigations of thermochemical upgrading of biomass and its model compounds: Opportunities for methane utilization. Fuel, 246, pp. 443–453, 2019. [Crossref]
[36] Lin Yunqin, L., Wang Dehan, W. & Wang Lishang, W., Biological pretreatment enhances biogas production in the anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper sludge. Waste Management & Research, 28(9), pp. 800–810, September 2010. https://doi. org/10.1177/0734242x09358734
[37] You, Z. et al., Effects of corn stover pretreated with NaOH and CaO on anaerobic co-digestion of swine manure and corn stover. Applied Sciences, 9(1), p. 123, December 2018. [Crossref]
[38] Adarme, O.F.H., Baêta, B.E.L., Lima, D.R.S., Gurgel, L.V.A. & de Aquino, S.F., Meth-ane and hydrogen production from anaerobic digestion of soluble fraction obtained by sugarcane bagasse ozonation. Industrial Crops and Products, 109, pp. 288–299, December 2017. [Crossref]
[39] Ahring, B.K., Biswas, R., Ahamed, A., Teller, P.J. & Uellendahl, H., Making lignin acces-sible for anaerobic digestion by wet-explosion pretreatment. Bioresource Technology, 175, pp. 182–188, January 2015. [Crossref]
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Lugo-Pimentel, M., Boboescu, I. Z., Beigbeder, J., Duret, X., Wolfaardt, F. J., Ghislain, T., & Lavoie, J. (2020). Biorefinery Done Right. Int. J. Energy Prod. Manag., 5(1), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N1-35-47
M. Lugo-Pimentel, I. Z. Boboescu, J. Beigbeder, X. Duret, F. J. Wolfaardt, T. Ghislain, and J. Lavoie, "Biorefinery Done Right," Int. J. Energy Prod. Manag., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 35-47, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N1-35-47
@research-article{Lugo-pimentel2020BiorefineryDR,
title={Biorefinery Done Right},
author={Michael Lugo-Pimentel and Iulian Zoltan Boboescu and Jean-Baptiste Beigbeder and Xavier Duret and Frederik Johannes Wolfaardt and Thierry Ghislain and Jean-Michel Lavoie},
journal={International Journal of Energy Production and Management},
year={2020},
page={35-47},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N1-35-47}
}
Michael Lugo-Pimentel, et al. "Biorefinery Done Right." International Journal of Energy Production and Management, v 5, pp 35-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N1-35-47
Michael Lugo-Pimentel, Iulian Zoltan Boboescu, Jean-Baptiste Beigbeder, Xavier Duret, Frederik Johannes Wolfaardt, Thierry Ghislain and Jean-Michel Lavoie. "Biorefinery Done Right." International Journal of Energy Production and Management, 5, (2020): 35-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N1-35-47
Lugo-pimentel M.， Boboescu I. Z.， Beigbeder J.， et al. Biorefinery Done Right[J]. International Journal of Energy Production and Management， 2020， 5(1)： 35-47. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V5-N1-35-47