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[2] United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition (UNSCN), The COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting people’s food environments: a resource list on Food Systems and Nutrition responses, available at https://www.unscn.org/en/news-events/recent- news?idnews=2039 2020.
[3] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Report, The impact of COVID-19 on food security and nutrition, available at http://www.fao.org/policy-sup- port/tools-and-publications/resources-details/es/c/1287907/2020, (accessed 19 August 2020).
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[8] Natural Resource Defense Council, Assessing corporate performance on waste reduc- tion: a strategic guide for investors, available at https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/ files/corporate-performance-food-waste-reduction-ib.pdf, 2017.
[9] Nosratabadi , S., Mosavi, A., & Lakner Z., Food Supply Chain and Business Model In- novation, January 2020. DOI: n10.20944/preprints202001.0125.v1 USDA, Economic Research Service Bulletin No. (EIB-216) 39 pp. 2020.
[10] WIRED, Why Meatpacking Plants Have Become Covid-19 Hot Spots, available at https://www.wired.com/story/why-meatpacking-plants-have-become-covid-19-hot- spots/, 2020 (accessed 31 December 2020).
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[13] Wunderlich, S.M., & Smoller, M., Consumer awareness and knowledge about food sources and possible environmental impact. International Journal of Environmental Impact, 2(1), pp. 85-96, 2019. https://www.witpress.com/journals N1-85-96, 2019. [Crossref]
[14] Wunderlich, S.M., Protecting the Environment by Reducing Food Loss and waste Across the Food Supply Chain. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 245, WIT Press, 2020, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line), 31-39. [Crossref]
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[17] Aldacoa, D. Hoehna, J. Lasoa, M. Margalloa, J., Ruiz-Salmóna, J., & Cristobala, R., Kahhatb, P., Villanueva-Reyc,A., Balad, L., Batlle-Bayerd, P., Fullana-i-Palmerd, A., Irabiena, I., Vazquez-Rowe., Food Waste Management During the COVID-19 Out- break: a Holistic Climate, Economic and Nutritional approach. Science of the Total Environment, 742, 2020. [Crossref]
[18] Sato, M., Nakano, M., & Wunderlich, S., Effective utilization of the stockpiled food in the local government storage through food banks in Japan: reduction of food waste. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 215, WIT Press, ISSN1743-3541. 2018.
[19] NASA Report. Global Temperature Anomalies from 1880 to 2018. https://svs.gsfc. nasa.gov/4626, 2019.
[20] Friedrich, T., Timmermann, A., Tigchelaar, M., Elison, Timm, O., & Andrey Gan- opolski, A., Nonlinear climate sensitivity and its implications for future greenhouse warming. Science Advances, 2(11), pp. e1501923, , 9 November 2016. [Crossref]
[21] USDA and EPA Launch U.S., Food Waste Challenge https://www.usda.gov/media/ press-releases/2013/06/04/usda-and-epa-launch-us-food-waste-challenge, 2013.
[22] Vázquez-Rowe, J., Laso, M., Margallo, I., García-Herrero, D., Hoehn, F.& Amo- Setién, A., Bala, R., Abajas, C., Sarabia, M.J., Durá, P., Fullana-i-Palmer, R., Al- daco., Food loss and waste metrics: a proposed nutritional cost footprint linking linear programming and life cycle assessment. International Journal Life Cycle As- sess, (2019). [Crossref]
[23] Carnevale, J. B., & Hatak, I., ‘Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COV- ID-19: Implications for human resource management’. Journal of Business Research, 116, pp. 183–187, , 2020. [Crossref]
[24] Pearson, D., & Perera, A., Reducing Food Waste: a Practitioner Guide Identifying Re- quirements for an Integrated Social Marketing Communication Campaign. Social Mar- keting Quarterly, 2018. . [Crossref]
[25] Natural Resource Defense Council Report, The Dating Game: how Confusing Food Date Labels Lead to Food Waste in America, available at https://www.nrdc.org/sites/ default/files/dating-game-report.pdf, 2013.
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[27] Wunderlich, S.M., & Smoller, M., Food supply chain in the United States: Potential environmental impact. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 215, WIT Press, ISSN 1743-3541, 2018.
[28] USDA, Economic Research Service Bulletin No. (EIB-216), 39 pp, 2020.
[29] Adamashvilia, N., Chiaraa,F., & Fiore M., Food Loss and waste, a global responsi- bility? Economia agro-alimentare / Food Economy, 21(3), pp. 825–846, 2020. , 2020. [Crossref]
[30] Shahidi, F. “Does COVID-19 affect food safety and security?”, Journal of Food Bioac- tives, 9, pp. 1–3, , 2020. [Crossref]
[31] OECD, “Food Supply Chains and COVID-19: impacts and Policy Lessons”, 2 June 2020, http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/, 2020.
[32] OECD (2020), “Focus on Green Recovery”, https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/ themes/green-recovery, 2020.
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Open Access
Research article

Food Supply Chain During Pandemic: Changes in Food Production, Food Loss and Waste

shahla m. wunderlich
Nutrition Optima LLC Princeton New Jersey, United States of America
International Journal of Energy Production and Management
|
Volume 4, Issue 2, 2019
|
Pages 101-112
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

The global COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 triggered disruption in almost all areas of the Food Supply Chain (FSC). During this year many confounding factors contributed to the disruption of the normal FSC and impacted the system adversely. This includes the agricultural food production system, the first phase of the FSC, to the final delivery of food to consumers. Food was lost or wasted as farmers were unable to transfer and distribute the food to retailers. Food shortages became problematic and consum- ers were not able to obtain necessary staples. Then consumers started to purchase too much (hoard- ing), as they feared shortages, which resulted in both rises in food prices and in higher food waste by consumers. Several reports indicated that food waste during this period was remarkably more than in pre-pandemic times. These situations were worsened as the pandemic continued. In this paper we define food loss as occurring mostly during the agricultural food production and food waste that mostly hap- pening during distribution of food at the retailer and consumer levels. The food loss and waste (FLW) both have been shown to add to the diminution of the natural resources and the rise in greenhouse gas emissions. The high level of greenhouse gas in turn can harm the environment. In the United States (U.S.), similar to other countries, natural resources such as land (about 50%) and water (67%) are used for agriculture and food production. The main objective of this paper is therefore, to emphasize some of the current findings on the potential impact of the pandemic on the FSC which resulted in more FLW. Many reports suggest every stage of the FSC can be a significant contributor of FLW and environmen- tal resource depletion. Long-term strategies must be implemented to keep the FSC robust, stable and sustainable during unfavorable circumstances and crises.

Keywords: environment, pandemic, consumer, food supply chain, food loss and waste, sustainability
Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1] United Nations Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Food Security and Nutrition, available at (https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_policy_brief_on_covid_im- pact_on_food_security.pdf, June 2020), (accessed 10 September 2020).
[2] United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition (UNSCN), The COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting people’s food environments: a resource list on Food Systems and Nutrition responses, available at https://www.unscn.org/en/news-events/recent- news?idnews=2039 2020.
[3] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Report, The impact of COVID-19 on food security and nutrition, available at http://www.fao.org/policy-sup- port/tools-and-publications/resources-details/es/c/1287907/2020, (accessed 19 August 2020).
[4] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Global Initiative on Food Loss and Waste Reduction, Rome, FAO, (also available at http://www.fao.org/3/a- i4068e.pdf), 2015.
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[6] United Nations, Sustainable Development Goals, available at https://www.un.org/sus- tainabledevelopment/hunger/, 2018.
[7] Wunderlich, S.M., & Martinez, N.M., Conserving natural resources through food loss reduction: production and consumption stages of food supply chain. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, ISSN 2095-6339 2018, available at https://doi. org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2018.06.002 2019.
[8] Natural Resource Defense Council, Assessing corporate performance on waste reduc- tion: a strategic guide for investors, available at https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/ files/corporate-performance-food-waste-reduction-ib.pdf, 2017.
[9] Nosratabadi , S., Mosavi, A., & Lakner Z., Food Supply Chain and Business Model In- novation, January 2020. DOI: n10.20944/preprints202001.0125.v1 USDA, Economic Research Service Bulletin No. (EIB-216) 39 pp. 2020.
[10] WIRED, Why Meatpacking Plants Have Become Covid-19 Hot Spots, available at https://www.wired.com/story/why-meatpacking-plants-have-become-covid-19-hot- spots/, 2020 (accessed 31 December 2020).
[11] Food and Agriculture Organization, Policy responses to keep input markets flowing in times of COVID-19, available at http://www.fao.org/3/ca8979en/CA8979EN.pdf (accessed December 2020), 2020. [Crossref]
[12] Richards, T. J., & Rickard, B., COVID-19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets. Cana- dian Journal of Agricultural Economy, 68, pp. 189–194. , 2020. [Crossref]
[13] Wunderlich, S.M., & Smoller, M., Consumer awareness and knowledge about food sources and possible environmental impact. International Journal of Environmental Impact, 2(1), pp. 85-96, 2019. https://www.witpress.com/journals N1-85-96, 2019. [Crossref]
[14] Wunderlich, S.M., Protecting the Environment by Reducing Food Loss and waste Across the Food Supply Chain. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 245, WIT Press, 2020, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line), 31-39. [Crossref]
[15] Natural Resources Defense Council, https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/wasted- food-IP.pdf, 2012.
[16] El Bilali, Hamid., Improving Supply Chains to Prevent Food Losses and Waste: An Overview. 1–19. © Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2020. http://dx.doi. org/10.19103/AS.2019.0053.08, 2020.
[17] Aldacoa, D. Hoehna, J. Lasoa, M. Margalloa, J., Ruiz-Salmóna, J., & Cristobala, R., Kahhatb, P., Villanueva-Reyc,A., Balad, L., Batlle-Bayerd, P., Fullana-i-Palmerd, A., Irabiena, I., Vazquez-Rowe., Food Waste Management During the COVID-19 Out- break: a Holistic Climate, Economic and Nutritional approach. Science of the Total Environment, 742, 2020. [Crossref]
[18] Sato, M., Nakano, M., & Wunderlich, S., Effective utilization of the stockpiled food in the local government storage through food banks in Japan: reduction of food waste. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 215, WIT Press, ISSN1743-3541. 2018.
[19] NASA Report. Global Temperature Anomalies from 1880 to 2018. https://svs.gsfc. nasa.gov/4626, 2019.
[20] Friedrich, T., Timmermann, A., Tigchelaar, M., Elison, Timm, O., & Andrey Gan- opolski, A., Nonlinear climate sensitivity and its implications for future greenhouse warming. Science Advances, 2(11), pp. e1501923, , 9 November 2016. [Crossref]
[21] USDA and EPA Launch U.S., Food Waste Challenge https://www.usda.gov/media/ press-releases/2013/06/04/usda-and-epa-launch-us-food-waste-challenge, 2013.
[22] Vázquez-Rowe, J., Laso, M., Margallo, I., García-Herrero, D., Hoehn, F.& Amo- Setién, A., Bala, R., Abajas, C., Sarabia, M.J., Durá, P., Fullana-i-Palmer, R., Al- daco., Food loss and waste metrics: a proposed nutritional cost footprint linking linear programming and life cycle assessment. International Journal Life Cycle As- sess, (2019). [Crossref]
[23] Carnevale, J. B., & Hatak, I., ‘Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COV- ID-19: Implications for human resource management’. Journal of Business Research, 116, pp. 183–187, , 2020. [Crossref]
[24] Pearson, D., & Perera, A., Reducing Food Waste: a Practitioner Guide Identifying Re- quirements for an Integrated Social Marketing Communication Campaign. Social Mar- keting Quarterly, 2018. . [Crossref]
[25] Natural Resource Defense Council Report, The Dating Game: how Confusing Food Date Labels Lead to Food Waste in America, available at https://www.nrdc.org/sites/ default/files/dating-game-report.pdf, 2013.
[26] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Report (FAO), The biodiver- sity that is crucial for our food and agriculture is disappearing by the day, available at http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1180463/icode/, 2019
[27] Wunderlich, S.M., & Smoller, M., Food supply chain in the United States: Potential environmental impact. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 215, WIT Press, ISSN 1743-3541, 2018.
[28] USDA, Economic Research Service Bulletin No. (EIB-216), 39 pp, 2020.
[29] Adamashvilia, N., Chiaraa,F., & Fiore M., Food Loss and waste, a global responsi- bility? Economia agro-alimentare / Food Economy, 21(3), pp. 825–846, 2020. , 2020. [Crossref]
[30] Shahidi, F. “Does COVID-19 affect food safety and security?”, Journal of Food Bioac- tives, 9, pp. 1–3, , 2020. [Crossref]
[31] OECD, “Food Supply Chains and COVID-19: impacts and Policy Lessons”, 2 June 2020, http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/, 2020.
[32] OECD (2020), “Focus on Green Recovery”, https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/ themes/green-recovery, 2020.
Cite this:
APA Style
IEEE Style
BibTex Style
MLA Style
Chicago Style
GB-T-7714-2015
Wunderlich, S. M. (2019). Food Supply Chain During Pandemic: Changes in Food Production, Food Loss and Waste. Int. J. Energy Prod. Manag., 4(2), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V4-N2-101-112
S. M. Wunderlich, "Food Supply Chain During Pandemic: Changes in Food Production, Food Loss and Waste," Int. J. Energy Prod. Manag., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 101-112, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V4-N2-101-112
@research-article{Wunderlich2019FoodSC,
title={Food Supply Chain During Pandemic: Changes in Food Production, Food Loss and Waste},
author={Shahla M. Wunderlich},
journal={International Journal of Energy Production and Management},
year={2019},
page={101-112},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V4-N2-101-112}
}
Shahla M. Wunderlich, et al. "Food Supply Chain During Pandemic: Changes in Food Production, Food Loss and Waste." International Journal of Energy Production and Management, v 4, pp 101-112. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V4-N2-101-112
Shahla M. Wunderlich. "Food Supply Chain During Pandemic: Changes in Food Production, Food Loss and Waste." International Journal of Energy Production and Management, 4, (2019): 101-112. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V4-N2-101-112
Wunderlich S. M.. Food Supply Chain During Pandemic: Changes in Food Production, Food Loss and Waste[J]. International Journal of Energy Production and Management， 2019， 4(2)： 101-112. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V4-N2-101-112