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[1] Nations, U., 2014. World urbanization prospects: the 2014 revision, highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352), New York, United.2. Strunk Jr W, White EB. The elements of style. 3rd edn., New York: Macmillan, 1979. [Crossref]
[2] Kennedy, C., Pincetl, S. & Bunje, P., The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design. Environmental Pollution, 159(8–9), pp. 1965–1973, 2011. [Crossref]
[3] Cohen, B., Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability. Technology in Society, 28, pp. 63–80, 2006. [Crossref]
[4] Sahely, H.R., Dudding, S. & Kennedy, C.A., Estimating the urban metabolism of Canadian cities: Greater Toronto area case study. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 483, pp. 468–483, 2003. [Crossref]
[5] Moore, J., Kissinger, M. & Rees, W.E., An urban metabolism and ecological footprint assessment of Metro Vancouver. Journal of Environmental Management, 124, pp. 51–61, 2013. [Crossref]
[6] Goldstein, B., Birkved, M. & Quitzau, M., Quantification of urban metabolism through coupling with the life cycle assessment framework: concept development and case study. Environmental Research Letters, 8(3), 2013. [Crossref]
[7] Chester, M., Pincetl, S. & Allenby, B., Avoiding unintended tradeoffs by integrating life-cycle impact assessment with urban metabolism. Current Opinion Environmental Sustainability, 4, pp. 451–457, 2012. [Crossref]
[8] Pincetl, S., Bunje, P. & Holmes, T., An expanded urban metabolism method: Toward a systems approach for assessing urban energy processes and causes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 107, pp. 193–202, 2012. [Crossref]
[9] Kennedy, C., Stewart, I.D., Ibrahim, N., Facchini, A. & Mele, R., Developing a multi-layered indicator set for urban metabolism studies in megacities. Ecological Indicators, 47, pp. 7–15, 2014. [Crossref]
[10] Arriyadh Development Authority, 2016. Investment climate in Arriyadh in 2015. Riyadh
[11] Arriyadh Development Authority, 2005. Synthesis report of MEDSTAR. In Arabic
[12] Khondaker, A.N., Rahman, S.M., Malik, K., Hossain, N., Razzak, A., Khan, R.A., Rahman, S.M., Malik, K. & Hossain, N., Dynamics of energy sector and GHG emissions in Saudi Arabia. Climate Policy, 15(4), pp. 517–541, 2014. [Crossref]
[13] Annual Statistical Booklet on Electricity Industry, Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority (ECRA), Sauid Arabia.
[14] Baseline Determination for the Electricity Grid in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia – Grid emission factor (GEF) according to CDM regulations, The National Committee for the Clean Development Mechanism, Saudi Arabia. Available at http://cdmdna.gov.sa/GEF.pdf (accessed 12 January 2017)
[15] IPCC. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, eds H.S. Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara & K. Tanabe, Published: IGES, Japan, 2006.
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Acadlore takes over the publication of IJEPM from 2025 Vol. 10, No. 3. The preceding volumes were published under a CC BY 4.0 license by the previous owner, and displayed here as agreed between Acadlore and the previous owner. ✯ : This issue/volume is not published by Acadlore.

Open Access
Research article

Temporal Trends of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

naif albelwi1,
alan kwan2,
yacine rezgui2
1
College of Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
2
School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
International Journal of Energy Production and Management
|
Volume 2, Issue 2, 2017
|
Pages 165-172
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
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Abstract:

The consumption of material, energy, and water resources is inextricably linked to population growth with a unique impact on urban areas, especially in light of significant investments in infrastructure to support urban development. Urban metabolism is becoming popular as it provides a framework accounting the mass and energy flows through a city. An urban metabolism study was conducted to estimate the inputs and outputs of energy and pollutants from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The objective of this study was to determine the energy consumption of Riyadh using locally generated data from 1986, 1996, 2006, and 2012 and analysing the temporal trends of energy consumption and associated environmental impact. The socioeconomic and biophysical characteristics of Riyadh are well represented in its metabolism indicators. The high growth rate in population along with urban expansion has resulted in an increase in energy consumption. Riyadh has seen an increase in energy consumption at a rate of about 6% per annum. On a per capita basis, preliminary results show that the energy consumption increased by 31% from 1996 to 2012. Also, per capita CO2 emissions have increased by the same percentage. Results also show increasing mobile energy consumption from 20k TJ in 1986 to 157k TJ in 2012, which points to Riyadh’s inefficient urban form. The study findings highlight the importance for developing effective policies for improving the use of resources.

Keywords: Resource consumption, Sustainability, Urban development, Urban metabolism

1. Introduction

2. Case Study

3. Methodology

4. Results

5. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the University of Taibah, Saudi Arabia, for its support. All opin- ions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the University.

References
[1] Nations, U., 2014. World urbanization prospects: the 2014 revision, highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352), New York, United.2. Strunk Jr W, White EB. The elements of style. 3rd edn., New York: Macmillan, 1979. [Crossref]
[2] Kennedy, C., Pincetl, S. & Bunje, P., The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design. Environmental Pollution, 159(8–9), pp. 1965–1973, 2011. [Crossref]
[3] Cohen, B., Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability. Technology in Society, 28, pp. 63–80, 2006. [Crossref]
[4] Sahely, H.R., Dudding, S. & Kennedy, C.A., Estimating the urban metabolism of Canadian cities: Greater Toronto area case study. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 483, pp. 468–483, 2003. [Crossref]
[5] Moore, J., Kissinger, M. & Rees, W.E., An urban metabolism and ecological footprint assessment of Metro Vancouver. Journal of Environmental Management, 124, pp. 51–61, 2013. [Crossref]
[6] Goldstein, B., Birkved, M. & Quitzau, M., Quantification of urban metabolism through coupling with the life cycle assessment framework: concept development and case study. Environmental Research Letters, 8(3), 2013. [Crossref]
[7] Chester, M., Pincetl, S. & Allenby, B., Avoiding unintended tradeoffs by integrating life-cycle impact assessment with urban metabolism. Current Opinion Environmental Sustainability, 4, pp. 451–457, 2012. [Crossref]
[8] Pincetl, S., Bunje, P. & Holmes, T., An expanded urban metabolism method: Toward a systems approach for assessing urban energy processes and causes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 107, pp. 193–202, 2012. [Crossref]
[9] Kennedy, C., Stewart, I.D., Ibrahim, N., Facchini, A. & Mele, R., Developing a multi-layered indicator set for urban metabolism studies in megacities. Ecological Indicators, 47, pp. 7–15, 2014. [Crossref]
[10] Arriyadh Development Authority, 2016. Investment climate in Arriyadh in 2015. Riyadh
[11] Arriyadh Development Authority, 2005. Synthesis report of MEDSTAR. In Arabic
[12] Khondaker, A.N., Rahman, S.M., Malik, K., Hossain, N., Razzak, A., Khan, R.A., Rahman, S.M., Malik, K. & Hossain, N., Dynamics of energy sector and GHG emissions in Saudi Arabia. Climate Policy, 15(4), pp. 517–541, 2014. [Crossref]
[13] Annual Statistical Booklet on Electricity Industry, Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority (ECRA), Sauid Arabia.
[14] Baseline Determination for the Electricity Grid in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia – Grid emission factor (GEF) according to CDM regulations, The National Committee for the Clean Development Mechanism, Saudi Arabia. Available at http://cdmdna.gov.sa/GEF.pdf (accessed 12 January 2017)
[15] IPCC. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, eds H.S. Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara & K. Tanabe, Published: IGES, Japan, 2006.
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Albelwi, N., Kwan, A., & Rezgui, Y. (2017). Temporal Trends of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Energy Prod. Manag., 2(2), 165-172. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V2-N2-165-172
N. Albelwi, A. Kwan, and Y. Rezgui, "Temporal Trends of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia," Int. J. Energy Prod. Manag., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 165-172, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V2-N2-165-172
@research-article{Albelwi2017TemporalTO,
title={Temporal Trends of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia},
author={Naif Albelwi and Alan Kwan and Yacine Rezgui},
journal={International Journal of Energy Production and Management},
year={2017},
page={165-172},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V2-N2-165-172}
}
Naif Albelwi, et al. "Temporal Trends of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Energy Production and Management, v 2, pp 165-172. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V2-N2-165-172
Naif Albelwi, Alan Kwan and Yacine Rezgui. "Temporal Trends of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Energy Production and Management, 2, (2017): 165-172. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V2-N2-165-172
ALBELWI N， KWAN A， REZGUI Y. Temporal Trends of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia[J]. International Journal of Energy Production and Management， 2017， 2(2)： 165-172. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V2-N2-165-172