Review of Earth Observation Techniques and Citizen Science Approach for Biodiversity Hotspot Study

The review study explores contemporary Earth observation (EO) methods and the influential role of citizen science in environmental research. It emphasizes the integration of diverse datasets-such as satellite imagery, field surveys, and citizen science contributions, to enhance the precision and efficiency of Earth system studies. By combining high-resolution remote sensing technologies with ground-based observations, researchers can effectively monitor and analyze biodiversity hotspots and other critical environmental phenomena. The study highlights the crucial role of citizen science and community engagement in broadening data collection efforts and involving the public in environmental monitoring initiatives. It also acknowledges the importance of field studies and research expeditions for validating and complementing EO data. A key focus of the review is the use of open-source tools and innovative methodologies that facilitate high-quality research on constrained budgets. This approach improves accessibility and repeatability, enabling significant scientific advancements without substantial financial investments. The review showcases how leveraging these integrated technologies can advance Earth science research and overcome financial barriers, ensuring that valuable scientific contributions are achievable even with limited resources. This review provides practical insights for integrating EO techniques, field studies, and citizen science, offering guidance for conducting impactful and cost-effective environmental research.