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[1] Alcamo, J., Flörke, M., Märker, M. (2007). Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climatic changes. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 52(2): 247-275. [Crossref]
[2] Natural Resources and Environment Ministry (2021). The mekong river basin comprehensive plan for 2021-2030, aiming for a sustainable future by 2050. http://dwrm.gov.vn/uploads/laws/file/2017/2022/1bao-cao-tong-hop-quy-hoach-thlvs-cuu-long.pdf.
[3] Lan, N.T.P. (2023). Vietnamese smallholder farming economy in the Mekong Delta. https://cvs.twl.ncku.edu.tw/conf/2023/NGO_Thi_Phuong_Lan.pdf.
[4] Purwanto, E., Biasini, N., Yulianto, A., Sitompul, C., Gunawan, T. (2023). Environmental Awareness and Food Waste Reduction Among Generation Z in Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Impacts, 6(3): 101-111. [Crossref]
[5] Warner, K., Van der Geest, K. (2013). Loss and damage from climate change: Local-level evidence from nine vulnerable countries. International Journal of Global Warming, 5(4): 367-386. [Crossref]
[6] Loc, H.H., Lixian, M.L., Park, E., Dung, T.D., Shrestha, S., Yoon, Y.J. (2021). How the saline water intrusion has reshaped the agricultural landscape of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, a review. Science of the Total Environment, 794: 148651. [Crossref]
[7] Adger, W.N., de Campos, R.S., Codjoe, S.N.A., et al. (2021). Perceived environmental risks and insecurity reduce future migration intentions in hazardous migration source areas. One Earth, 4(1): 146-157. [Crossref]
[8] Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2): 179-211. [Crossref]
[9] Lujala, P., Bezu, S., Kolstad, I., Mahmud, M., Wiig, A. (2020). How do host–migrant proximities shape attitudes toward internal climate migrants? Global Environmental Change, 65: 102156. [Crossref]
[10] Martin, M., Billah, M., Siddiqui, T., Abrar, C., Black, R., Kniveton, D. (2014). Climate-related migration in rural Bangladesh: a behavioural model. Population and Environment, 36: 85-110. [Crossref]
[11] Lili, D., Ying, Y., Qiuhui, H., Mengxi, L. (2021). Residents’ acceptance of using desalinated water in China based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Marine Policy, 123: 104293. [Crossref]
[12] Sengupta, A., Samanta, G. (2022). Understanding immobility of a highly vulnerable coastal village in the Indian Sundarban. Regional Environmental Change, 22(3): 90. [Crossref]
[13] Rakib, M.A., Sasaki, J., Pal, S., Newaz, M.A., Bodrud-Doza, M., Bhuiyan, M.A. (2019). An investigation of coastal vulnerability and internal consistency of local perceptions under climate change risk in the southwest part of Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Management, 231: 419-428. [Crossref]
[14] Khong, T.D., Loch, A., Young, M.D. (2020). Perceptions and responses to rising salinity intrusion in the Mekong River Delta: What drives a long-term community-based strategy? Science of The Total Environment, 711: 134759. [Crossref]
[15] Hasnat, M.A., Chowdhury, M.A., Abdullah-Al-Mamun, M.M. (2022). Perception of people on climate-induced migration issues in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Migration and Development, 11(1): 142-162. [Crossref]
[16] Tran, D.D., Dang, M.M., Du Duong, B., Sea, W., Vo, T. T. (2021). Livelihood vulnerability and adaptability of coastal communities to extreme drought and salinity intrusion in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 57: 102183. [Crossref]
[17] Koerth, J., Vafeidis, A.T., Hinkel, J. (2017). Household-level coastal adaptation and its drivers: A systematic case study review. Risk Analysis, 37(4): 629-646. [Crossref]
[18] Schwaller, N.L., Kelmenson, S., BenDor, T.K., Spurlock, D. (2020). From abstract futures to concrete experiences: How does political ideology interact with threat perception to affect climate adaptation decisions? Environmental Science & Policy, 112: 440-452. [Crossref]
[19] Alameddine, I., Jawhari, G., El-Fadel, M. (2017). Social perception of public water supply network and groundwater quality in an urban setting facing saltwater intrusion and water shortages. Environmental Management, 59: 571-583. [Crossref]
[20] Touza, J., Lacambra, C., Kiss, A., et al. (2021). Coping and adaptation in response to environmental and climatic stressors in Caribbean coastal communities. Environmental Management, 68(4): 505-521. [Crossref]
[21] Bhattachan, A., Jurjonas, M.D., Moody, A.C., et al. (2018). Sea level rise impacts on rural coastal social-ecological systems and the implications for decision making. Environmental Science & Policy, 90: 122-134. [Crossref]
[22] Muoneke, O.B., Okere, K.I., Alemayehu, F.K. (2023). Interplay between socio-economic challenges, environmental sustainability and the moderating role of government effectiveness in the Med-9 countries. Resources Policy, 85: 104017. [Crossref]
[23] Deng, Y., Young, C., Fu, X., Song, J., Peng, Z.R. (2017). The integrated impacts of human activities and rising sea level on the saltwater intrusion in the east coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Natural Hazards, 85: 1063-1088. [Crossref]
[24] Tran, D.D., Hoang, L.P., Tran, T.A. (2024). Farmers’ livelihoods and adaptation in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Current practices and policy implications. In The Mekong River Basin, pp. 527-558. [Crossref]
[25] Tran, T., Duong, D.V., Loc, H.H., et al. (2024). Integrated assessment of salinity intrusion and water scarcity in Ben Tre, Mekong Delta: implications for sustainable livelihoods and adaptive water management. Environment, Development and Sustainability. [Crossref]
[26] Luu, T., Voorintholt, D., Minkman, E., Nguyen, T.B., Gverdtsiteli, G., Linh, T.C., Nguyen, H.Q. (2022). Mismatches between policy planning and implementation on the actively living with flood approach in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Water International, 47(2): 297-320. [Crossref]
[27] Nguyen, C.H. (2022). Reasons for migration among Vietnamese professional migrants in Australia. Migration and Development, 11(3): 1144-1161. [Crossref]
[28] Dada, O.A., Angnuureng, D.B., Almar, R., Dzantor, S., Morand, P. (2022). Social perceptions of coastal hazards in the Anlo Beach Community in the Western Region of Ghana. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 26(6): 63. [Crossref]
[29] Hair Jr, J.F., Matthews, L.M., Matthews, R.L., Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: Updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2): 107-123. [Crossref]
[30] Gevaert, J., Doms, J., Vandevenne, E., Van Aerden, K. (2024). Strategies for surveying platform workers: lessons from a Belgian case study. Quality & Quantity. [Crossref]
[31] Janus, M., Brinkman, S., Duku, E., et al. (2007). The early development instrument: a population-based measure for communities. Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University.
[32] Marsh, H.W., Guo, J., Dicke, T., Parker, P.D., Craven, R. G. (2020). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), and set-ESEM: Optimal balance between goodness of fit and parsimony. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 55(1): 102-119. [Crossref]
[33] Fischer, A., Lichters, M., Gudergan, S.P. (2023). Partial least squares structural equation modeling-based discrete choice modeling: An illustration in modeling hospital choice with latent class segmentation. In State of the Art in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Methodological Extensions and Applications in the Social Sciences and Beyond, pp. 23-29. [Crossref]
[34] Hussein, H.A., Khalif, M.A., Warsame, A.A. (2023). The impact of trade openness on economic growth in Somalia. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(1): 327-333. [Crossref]
[35] Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory 2nd edition. New York: McGraw.
[36] Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C.M., Hair, J.F. (2017). Treating unobserved heterogeneity in PLS-SEM: A multi-method approach. In Partial least squares path modeling: Basic Concepts, Methodological Issues and Applications, pp. 197-217. [Crossref]
[37] Fornell, C., Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1): 39-50. [Crossref]
[38] Stoler, J., Pearson, A.L., Rosinger, A.Y., et al. (2022). The role of water in environmental migration. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 9(3): e1584. [Crossref]
[39] Apel, H., Triet, N.V.K., Dung, N.V., Toan, T. Q. (2024). Chapter 14 - Saltwater intrusion in the Mekong Delta: Causes, future prospects and recommendations. In The Mekong River Basin, pp. 453-478. [Crossref]
[40] Miller, F., Dun, O. (2019). Resettlement and the environment in Vietnam: Implications for climate change adaptation planning. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 60(2): 132-147. [Crossref]
[41] Jin, C., Li, B., Jansen, S.J., Boumeester, H.J., Boelhouwer, P.J. (2022). What attracts young talents? Understanding the migration intention of university students to first-tier cities in China. Cities, 128: 103802. [Crossref]
[42] Hadiapurwa, A., Ali, M., Ropo, E., Hernawan, A.H. (2024). Teacher effort in strengthening student’s thinking skill and awareness upon environment conservation: PLS-SEM of climate change education (CCE) study. International Journal of Environmental Impacts, 7(1): 111-119. [Crossref]
[43] Seddiky, M.A., Ara, E., Karim, A. (2024). Climate change-induced hazard risks and migration in Bangladesh: A case study. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 7: 100253. [Crossref]
[44] Qian, L., Liu, L., Liu, H., Shi, X. (2024). How does Migration Impact Individuals’ Public Safety Perceptions? Evidence from China. Social Indicators Research, 174: 503-524. [Crossref]
[45] Mohan, C., Robinson, J., Vodwal, L., Kumari, N. (2024). Sustainable Development Goals for addressing environmental challenges. In Green Chemistry Approaches to Environmental Sustainability, pp. 357-374. [Crossref]
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Open Access
Research article

Climate Change Induced Saltwater Intrusion and Migration Intentions in the Mekong Delta

anh nu nguyet nguyen1,2,
ninh van nguyen3*
1
Faculty of Sociology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 71006 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2
Vietnam National University, 71006 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3
Faculty of Commerce and Tourism, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 71408 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
International Journal of Environmental Impacts
|
Volume 7, Issue 3, 2024
|
Pages 515-524
Received: 07-04-2024,
Revised: 08-24-2024,
Accepted: 09-02-2024,
Available online: 09-29-2024
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

This study uses the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine how saltwater intrusion information affects dry season migratory intentions in impacted areas. The study collected data from coastal communities in Ca Mau, Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, and Ben Tre using online and in-person questionnaires. The data that was gathered was then evaluated using Partial Least Square – structural equation modeling. The findings indicate that individual attitudes toward saltwater intrusion play a significant role in shaping their perception of its impact. Notably, there is a willingness to adapt. Although subjective norms are not yet clearly expressed, this factor influences salinity intrusion awareness, meaning that people actively monitor and apply adaptive solutions to respond to environmental changes. Moreover, perceived behavioral control directly influences migration intentions, suggesting that enhanced resilience and coping strategies could mitigate migration pressures. Government policies and infrastructure play a crucial moderating role by providing essential support and adaptations, which influence residents’ responses to environmental challenges. This study underscores the need for targeted governmental and community-focused interventions to enhance resilience and reduce migration driven by environmental stressors in the Mekong Delta, contributing to the broader discourse on climate change adaptation and community resilience.

Keywords: Climate change, Saltwater intrusion, Migration intention, Mekong Delta
Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Acknowledgments

The authors express our gratitude to our agency for arranging a suitable time to focus on enhancing the research capacity of lecturers at the Industry University of Ho Chi Minh City and the University of Social Sciences and Humanities at Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1] Alcamo, J., Flörke, M., Märker, M. (2007). Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climatic changes. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 52(2): 247-275. [Crossref]
[2] Natural Resources and Environment Ministry (2021). The mekong river basin comprehensive plan for 2021-2030, aiming for a sustainable future by 2050. http://dwrm.gov.vn/uploads/laws/file/2017/2022/1bao-cao-tong-hop-quy-hoach-thlvs-cuu-long.pdf.
[3] Lan, N.T.P. (2023). Vietnamese smallholder farming economy in the Mekong Delta. https://cvs.twl.ncku.edu.tw/conf/2023/NGO_Thi_Phuong_Lan.pdf.
[4] Purwanto, E., Biasini, N., Yulianto, A., Sitompul, C., Gunawan, T. (2023). Environmental Awareness and Food Waste Reduction Among Generation Z in Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Impacts, 6(3): 101-111. [Crossref]
[5] Warner, K., Van der Geest, K. (2013). Loss and damage from climate change: Local-level evidence from nine vulnerable countries. International Journal of Global Warming, 5(4): 367-386. [Crossref]
[6] Loc, H.H., Lixian, M.L., Park, E., Dung, T.D., Shrestha, S., Yoon, Y.J. (2021). How the saline water intrusion has reshaped the agricultural landscape of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, a review. Science of the Total Environment, 794: 148651. [Crossref]
[7] Adger, W.N., de Campos, R.S., Codjoe, S.N.A., et al. (2021). Perceived environmental risks and insecurity reduce future migration intentions in hazardous migration source areas. One Earth, 4(1): 146-157. [Crossref]
[8] Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2): 179-211. [Crossref]
[9] Lujala, P., Bezu, S., Kolstad, I., Mahmud, M., Wiig, A. (2020). How do host–migrant proximities shape attitudes toward internal climate migrants? Global Environmental Change, 65: 102156. [Crossref]
[10] Martin, M., Billah, M., Siddiqui, T., Abrar, C., Black, R., Kniveton, D. (2014). Climate-related migration in rural Bangladesh: a behavioural model. Population and Environment, 36: 85-110. [Crossref]
[11] Lili, D., Ying, Y., Qiuhui, H., Mengxi, L. (2021). Residents’ acceptance of using desalinated water in China based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Marine Policy, 123: 104293. [Crossref]
[12] Sengupta, A., Samanta, G. (2022). Understanding immobility of a highly vulnerable coastal village in the Indian Sundarban. Regional Environmental Change, 22(3): 90. [Crossref]
[13] Rakib, M.A., Sasaki, J., Pal, S., Newaz, M.A., Bodrud-Doza, M., Bhuiyan, M.A. (2019). An investigation of coastal vulnerability and internal consistency of local perceptions under climate change risk in the southwest part of Bangladesh. Journal of Environmental Management, 231: 419-428. [Crossref]
[14] Khong, T.D., Loch, A., Young, M.D. (2020). Perceptions and responses to rising salinity intrusion in the Mekong River Delta: What drives a long-term community-based strategy? Science of The Total Environment, 711: 134759. [Crossref]
[15] Hasnat, M.A., Chowdhury, M.A., Abdullah-Al-Mamun, M.M. (2022). Perception of people on climate-induced migration issues in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Migration and Development, 11(1): 142-162. [Crossref]
[16] Tran, D.D., Dang, M.M., Du Duong, B., Sea, W., Vo, T. T. (2021). Livelihood vulnerability and adaptability of coastal communities to extreme drought and salinity intrusion in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 57: 102183. [Crossref]
[17] Koerth, J., Vafeidis, A.T., Hinkel, J. (2017). Household-level coastal adaptation and its drivers: A systematic case study review. Risk Analysis, 37(4): 629-646. [Crossref]
[18] Schwaller, N.L., Kelmenson, S., BenDor, T.K., Spurlock, D. (2020). From abstract futures to concrete experiences: How does political ideology interact with threat perception to affect climate adaptation decisions? Environmental Science & Policy, 112: 440-452. [Crossref]
[19] Alameddine, I., Jawhari, G., El-Fadel, M. (2017). Social perception of public water supply network and groundwater quality in an urban setting facing saltwater intrusion and water shortages. Environmental Management, 59: 571-583. [Crossref]
[20] Touza, J., Lacambra, C., Kiss, A., et al. (2021). Coping and adaptation in response to environmental and climatic stressors in Caribbean coastal communities. Environmental Management, 68(4): 505-521. [Crossref]
[21] Bhattachan, A., Jurjonas, M.D., Moody, A.C., et al. (2018). Sea level rise impacts on rural coastal social-ecological systems and the implications for decision making. Environmental Science & Policy, 90: 122-134. [Crossref]
[22] Muoneke, O.B., Okere, K.I., Alemayehu, F.K. (2023). Interplay between socio-economic challenges, environmental sustainability and the moderating role of government effectiveness in the Med-9 countries. Resources Policy, 85: 104017. [Crossref]
[23] Deng, Y., Young, C., Fu, X., Song, J., Peng, Z.R. (2017). The integrated impacts of human activities and rising sea level on the saltwater intrusion in the east coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Natural Hazards, 85: 1063-1088. [Crossref]
[24] Tran, D.D., Hoang, L.P., Tran, T.A. (2024). Farmers’ livelihoods and adaptation in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Current practices and policy implications. In The Mekong River Basin, pp. 527-558. [Crossref]
[25] Tran, T., Duong, D.V., Loc, H.H., et al. (2024). Integrated assessment of salinity intrusion and water scarcity in Ben Tre, Mekong Delta: implications for sustainable livelihoods and adaptive water management. Environment, Development and Sustainability. [Crossref]
[26] Luu, T., Voorintholt, D., Minkman, E., Nguyen, T.B., Gverdtsiteli, G., Linh, T.C., Nguyen, H.Q. (2022). Mismatches between policy planning and implementation on the actively living with flood approach in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Water International, 47(2): 297-320. [Crossref]
[27] Nguyen, C.H. (2022). Reasons for migration among Vietnamese professional migrants in Australia. Migration and Development, 11(3): 1144-1161. [Crossref]
[28] Dada, O.A., Angnuureng, D.B., Almar, R., Dzantor, S., Morand, P. (2022). Social perceptions of coastal hazards in the Anlo Beach Community in the Western Region of Ghana. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 26(6): 63. [Crossref]
[29] Hair Jr, J.F., Matthews, L.M., Matthews, R.L., Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: Updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2): 107-123. [Crossref]
[30] Gevaert, J., Doms, J., Vandevenne, E., Van Aerden, K. (2024). Strategies for surveying platform workers: lessons from a Belgian case study. Quality & Quantity. [Crossref]
[31] Janus, M., Brinkman, S., Duku, E., et al. (2007). The early development instrument: a population-based measure for communities. Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University.
[32] Marsh, H.W., Guo, J., Dicke, T., Parker, P.D., Craven, R. G. (2020). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), and set-ESEM: Optimal balance between goodness of fit and parsimony. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 55(1): 102-119. [Crossref]
[33] Fischer, A., Lichters, M., Gudergan, S.P. (2023). Partial least squares structural equation modeling-based discrete choice modeling: An illustration in modeling hospital choice with latent class segmentation. In State of the Art in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Methodological Extensions and Applications in the Social Sciences and Beyond, pp. 23-29. [Crossref]
[34] Hussein, H.A., Khalif, M.A., Warsame, A.A. (2023). The impact of trade openness on economic growth in Somalia. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(1): 327-333. [Crossref]
[35] Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory 2nd edition. New York: McGraw.
[36] Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C.M., Hair, J.F. (2017). Treating unobserved heterogeneity in PLS-SEM: A multi-method approach. In Partial least squares path modeling: Basic Concepts, Methodological Issues and Applications, pp. 197-217. [Crossref]
[37] Fornell, C., Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1): 39-50. [Crossref]
[38] Stoler, J., Pearson, A.L., Rosinger, A.Y., et al. (2022). The role of water in environmental migration. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 9(3): e1584. [Crossref]
[39] Apel, H., Triet, N.V.K., Dung, N.V., Toan, T. Q. (2024). Chapter 14 - Saltwater intrusion in the Mekong Delta: Causes, future prospects and recommendations. In The Mekong River Basin, pp. 453-478. [Crossref]
[40] Miller, F., Dun, O. (2019). Resettlement and the environment in Vietnam: Implications for climate change adaptation planning. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 60(2): 132-147. [Crossref]
[41] Jin, C., Li, B., Jansen, S.J., Boumeester, H.J., Boelhouwer, P.J. (2022). What attracts young talents? Understanding the migration intention of university students to first-tier cities in China. Cities, 128: 103802. [Crossref]
[42] Hadiapurwa, A., Ali, M., Ropo, E., Hernawan, A.H. (2024). Teacher effort in strengthening student’s thinking skill and awareness upon environment conservation: PLS-SEM of climate change education (CCE) study. International Journal of Environmental Impacts, 7(1): 111-119. [Crossref]
[43] Seddiky, M.A., Ara, E., Karim, A. (2024). Climate change-induced hazard risks and migration in Bangladesh: A case study. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 7: 100253. [Crossref]
[44] Qian, L., Liu, L., Liu, H., Shi, X. (2024). How does Migration Impact Individuals’ Public Safety Perceptions? Evidence from China. Social Indicators Research, 174: 503-524. [Crossref]
[45] Mohan, C., Robinson, J., Vodwal, L., Kumari, N. (2024). Sustainable Development Goals for addressing environmental challenges. In Green Chemistry Approaches to Environmental Sustainability, pp. 357-374. [Crossref]
Cite this:
APA Style
IEEE Style
BibTex Style
MLA Style
Chicago Style
GB-T-7714-2015
Nguyen, A. N. N. & Nguyen, N. V. (2024). Climate Change Induced Saltwater Intrusion and Migration Intentions in the Mekong Delta. Int. J. Environ. Impacts., 7(3), 515-524. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijei.070313
A. N. N. Nguyen and N. V. Nguyen, "Climate Change Induced Saltwater Intrusion and Migration Intentions in the Mekong Delta," Int. J. Environ. Impacts., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 515-524, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijei.070313
@research-article{Nguyen2024ClimateCI,
title={Climate Change Induced Saltwater Intrusion and Migration Intentions in the Mekong Delta},
author={Anh Nu Nguyet Nguyen and Ninh Van Nguyen},
journal={International Journal of Environmental Impacts},
year={2024},
page={515-524},
doi={https://doi.org/10.18280/ijei.070313}
}
Anh Nu Nguyet Nguyen, et al. "Climate Change Induced Saltwater Intrusion and Migration Intentions in the Mekong Delta." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, v 7, pp 515-524. doi: https://doi.org/10.18280/ijei.070313
Anh Nu Nguyet Nguyen and Ninh Van Nguyen. "Climate Change Induced Saltwater Intrusion and Migration Intentions in the Mekong Delta." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, 7, (2024): 515-524. doi: https://doi.org/10.18280/ijei.070313
NGUYEN A N N， NGUYEN N V. Climate Change Induced Saltwater Intrusion and Migration Intentions in the Mekong Delta[J]. International Journal of Environmental Impacts， 2024， 7(3)： 515-524. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijei.070313