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[1] Hussain, M., Climate change impact on water resources availability and hydropower production in Sarawak, Malaysia: Universiti Tecknologi Petronas, Malaysia, 2018.
[2] Ling, T.Y., Soo, C.L., Sivalingam, J.R., Nyanti, L, Sim, S.F., Grinang, J., Assessment of the Water and Sediment Quality of Tropical Forest Streams in Upper Reaches of the Baleh River, Sarawak, Malaysia, Subjected to Logging Activities. Journal of Chemistry, 2016, 8503931, 2016.
[3] Chin, J., Yusof, W., Hussain, M., Estimation of frequent peak flood discharge for the upper Rajang river basin in Sarawak, Malaysia. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment: WIT Press, p. 8, 99–106, 2020.
[4] Wang, Z., Lai, C., Chen, X., Yang, B., Zhao, S., Bai, X., Flood hazard risk assessment model based on random forest. Journal of Hydrology, 527, 1130-41, 2015.
[5] Bhandari, R., Parajuli, R., Lamichhane, G., Alyami, A., Kalra, A., Ahmad, S., et al. Utilizing Civil Geo-HECRAS Capabilities for Floodplain Mapping of Colorado River in Texas during Hurricane Harvey, 387-97 p, 2018.
[6] Hidro, S., Spillway – Operation, Surveillance and Maintenance Manual of Civil Works 2012.
[7] Schramm, P.J., Uejio, C.K., Hess, J.J., Marinucci, G.D., Luber, G., Climate models and the use of climate projections: a brief overview for health departments.
[8] Hirabayashi, Y., Tanoue, M., Sasaki, O., Zhou, X., Yamazaki, D., Global exposure to flooding from the new CMIP6 climate model projections. Scientific reports, 11(1), 3740, 2021.
[9] Limin, S., Oue, H., Takase, K., Estimation of Areal Average Rainfall in the Mountainous Kamo River Watershed, Japan. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology. 2015;71:90-7.
[10] Qing, Z., Gang, L., Zhiting, Z., editors. Improvement and optimization of Thiessen polygon method boundary treatment program. 2009 17th International Conference on Geoinformatics; 2009 12–14 Aug. 2009.
[11] Kadhim, Y., Allami, A., Al-Shamarti, H., Calculation of the mean annual rainfall in Iraq using several methods in GIS, 1156-60, 2020.
[12] Guide to hydrometeorological practices Geneva, World Meteorological Organization, 1965, Fr.S. 30. (WMO Report no 168. TP.82.). Journal of Hydrology, 4, 354, 1966.
[13] Bruce, J.P, Clark, R.H., CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION. In: Bruce JP, Clark RH, editors. Introduction to Hydrometeorology: Pergamon, p. 1-4, 1966.
[14] Ward, R.C., Robinson, M., Principles of hydrology/R.C. Ward, M. Robinson. Third edition. ed. London: McGraw-Hill, 1990.
[15] Ahmed, K.F., Wang, G., Silander, J., Wilson, A.M., Allen, J.M., Horton, R., et al. Statistical downscaling and bias correction of climate model outputs for climate change impact assessment in the U.S. northeast. Global and Planetary Change, 100, 320-32, 2013.
[16] Malaysia DoIaD. HP 26: Hydrological Procedure. Estimation of Design Rainstorm in Sabah and Sarawak (Revised and Update 2018). 2018.
[17] Ng, J.L., Yap, S., Huang, Y., Noh, N., Al-Mansob, R., Razman, R., Investigation of the best fit probability distribution for annual maximum rainfall in Kelantan River Basin. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 476, 012118, 2020.
[18] Khudri, M.M., Sadia, F., Determination of the Best Fit Probability Distribution for Annual Extreme Precipitation in Bangladesh. European Journal of Scientific Research, 103, 391-404, 2013.
[19] Singh, B., Rajpurohit, D., Vasishth, A., Singh, J., Probability Analysis for Estimation of Annual One Day Maximum Rainfall of Jhalarapatan Area of Rajasthan. Plant Archives, 12, 1093–100, 2012.
[20] Aksoy, H., Use of gamma distribution in hydrological analysis. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 24, 419-28, 2000.
[21] Amin, M., Rizwan M., Alazba, P., A best-fit probability distribution for the estimation of rainfall in northern regions of Pakistan. Open Life Sciences, 11, 2016.
[22] Nithiyanantham S., Probability analysis for consecutive-day maximum rainfall for Tiruchirapalli City (south India, Asia). Applied Water Science, 2015.
[23] Baghel, H., Mittal, H.K., Singh, P.K., Yadav., K.K., Jain, S., Frequency Analysis of Rainfall Data Using Probability Distribution Models. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8, 1390–6, 2019.
[24] E.M., Laurenson, RGM, and R.J., Nathan., RORB Version 6 – Runoff Routing Program User Manual, Monash University and Hydrology and Risk Consulting Pty Ltd, January 2010. 2010.
[25] BM Alliance Coal Operations Pty Ltd A., Flood Hydrology Technical Report, Red Hill Mining Lease EIS. 2013.
[26] SMEC, Baleh Hydroelectric Project – Hydrology review and update, Sarawak Energy Berhad, July 2013. 2013.
[27] SMEC., Baram Hydroelectric Project – Hydrology review and update, Sarawak Energy Berhad, June 2014. 2014.
[28] Selvalingam, S., Liong, S.Y., Manoharan, P., Application of RORB model to a catchment in Singapore. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 23, 81-90, 2007.
[29] Ogbonna, D., Okoro, B., Osuagwu, J., Application of flood routing model for flood mitigation in Orashi River, South-East Nigeria. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 05,31-42, 2017.
[30] Hussain, A., Flood Routing in Reservoir using Modified Puls Method. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2018.
[31] Chow, V.T., Open-channel hydraulics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.
[32] Moriasi, D., Arnold, J., Van Liew, M., Bingner, R., Harmel, R.D., Veith, T., Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Transactions of the ASABE, 50, 2007.
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Acadlore takes over the publication of IJEI from 2025 Vol. 8, No. 5. The preceding volumes were published under a CC BY 4.0 license by the previous owner, and displayed here as agreed between Acadlore and the previous owner. ✯ : This issue/volume is not published by Acadlore.

Open Access
Research article

Assessing Downstream Flood Risk Under Changing Climate for Bakun Dam in Sarawak

jerry betie chin1,2,
husna binti takaijudin1,
siti habibah binti shafiai1
1
Departmental of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
2
Hydro Department, Sarawak Energy Berhad, Malaysia
International Journal of Environmental Impacts
|
Volume 5, Issue 4, 2022
|
Pages 316-330
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

Rajang River Basin (RRB) comprise about 40% of the Sarawak State area in Malaysia. Any extreme storm event in the Upper RRB may cause a flood, affecting the downstream communities and infra- structures of the Rajang River. There are two large dams in a cascade scheme at upper RRB, Murum Dam and Bakun Dam. With the concern of changing climate impact, the future peak precipitation and peak river discharge are analysed in this study to assess the potential flood impact along the Rajang River. This study focused on developing flood modelling for downstream of Bakun Dam down to Be- laga Town. The peak rainfall analysis was carried out to generate peak discharge for the return period of 1 in 50 and 1 in 100 years of historical and projected future storm events. The corresponding flood- plains map pre- and post-Bakun Dam operations were generated using GeoHECRAS software. The study results show that the projected peak rainfall and peak discharge under future changing climate are increased between 6–27% and 7–30%, respectively, and this warrants attention from the relevant authorities and parties to access the flood risk downstream Bakun Dam continuously. The generated maps of pre- and post-Bakun Dam operation show that Bakun Dam can mitigate the flood from impacting the downstream structures and communities. The outcome from this study can be useful information to educate the local people and public about the benefit of having a Dam, not only for the source of power generation but also for flood mitigation.

Keywords: Bakun Dam, climate change impact, flood mapping, GeoHECRAS, peak flood discharge, peak rainfall, rainfall frequency analysis, Rajang River Basin, reservoir flood routing, RORB
Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1] Hussain, M., Climate change impact on water resources availability and hydropower production in Sarawak, Malaysia: Universiti Tecknologi Petronas, Malaysia, 2018.
[2] Ling, T.Y., Soo, C.L., Sivalingam, J.R., Nyanti, L, Sim, S.F., Grinang, J., Assessment of the Water and Sediment Quality of Tropical Forest Streams in Upper Reaches of the Baleh River, Sarawak, Malaysia, Subjected to Logging Activities. Journal of Chemistry, 2016, 8503931, 2016.
[3] Chin, J., Yusof, W., Hussain, M., Estimation of frequent peak flood discharge for the upper Rajang river basin in Sarawak, Malaysia. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment: WIT Press, p. 8, 99–106, 2020.
[4] Wang, Z., Lai, C., Chen, X., Yang, B., Zhao, S., Bai, X., Flood hazard risk assessment model based on random forest. Journal of Hydrology, 527, 1130-41, 2015.
[5] Bhandari, R., Parajuli, R., Lamichhane, G., Alyami, A., Kalra, A., Ahmad, S., et al. Utilizing Civil Geo-HECRAS Capabilities for Floodplain Mapping of Colorado River in Texas during Hurricane Harvey, 387-97 p, 2018.
[6] Hidro, S., Spillway – Operation, Surveillance and Maintenance Manual of Civil Works 2012.
[7] Schramm, P.J., Uejio, C.K., Hess, J.J., Marinucci, G.D., Luber, G., Climate models and the use of climate projections: a brief overview for health departments.
[8] Hirabayashi, Y., Tanoue, M., Sasaki, O., Zhou, X., Yamazaki, D., Global exposure to flooding from the new CMIP6 climate model projections. Scientific reports, 11(1), 3740, 2021.
[9] Limin, S., Oue, H., Takase, K., Estimation of Areal Average Rainfall in the Mountainous Kamo River Watershed, Japan. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology. 2015;71:90-7.
[10] Qing, Z., Gang, L., Zhiting, Z., editors. Improvement and optimization of Thiessen polygon method boundary treatment program. 2009 17th International Conference on Geoinformatics; 2009 12–14 Aug. 2009.
[11] Kadhim, Y., Allami, A., Al-Shamarti, H., Calculation of the mean annual rainfall in Iraq using several methods in GIS, 1156-60, 2020.
[12] Guide to hydrometeorological practices Geneva, World Meteorological Organization, 1965, Fr.S. 30. (WMO Report no 168. TP.82.). Journal of Hydrology, 4, 354, 1966.
[13] Bruce, J.P, Clark, R.H., CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION. In: Bruce JP, Clark RH, editors. Introduction to Hydrometeorology: Pergamon, p. 1-4, 1966.
[14] Ward, R.C., Robinson, M., Principles of hydrology/R.C. Ward, M. Robinson. Third edition. ed. London: McGraw-Hill, 1990.
[15] Ahmed, K.F., Wang, G., Silander, J., Wilson, A.M., Allen, J.M., Horton, R., et al. Statistical downscaling and bias correction of climate model outputs for climate change impact assessment in the U.S. northeast. Global and Planetary Change, 100, 320-32, 2013.
[16] Malaysia DoIaD. HP 26: Hydrological Procedure. Estimation of Design Rainstorm in Sabah and Sarawak (Revised and Update 2018). 2018.
[17] Ng, J.L., Yap, S., Huang, Y., Noh, N., Al-Mansob, R., Razman, R., Investigation of the best fit probability distribution for annual maximum rainfall in Kelantan River Basin. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 476, 012118, 2020.
[18] Khudri, M.M., Sadia, F., Determination of the Best Fit Probability Distribution for Annual Extreme Precipitation in Bangladesh. European Journal of Scientific Research, 103, 391-404, 2013.
[19] Singh, B., Rajpurohit, D., Vasishth, A., Singh, J., Probability Analysis for Estimation of Annual One Day Maximum Rainfall of Jhalarapatan Area of Rajasthan. Plant Archives, 12, 1093–100, 2012.
[20] Aksoy, H., Use of gamma distribution in hydrological analysis. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 24, 419-28, 2000.
[21] Amin, M., Rizwan M., Alazba, P., A best-fit probability distribution for the estimation of rainfall in northern regions of Pakistan. Open Life Sciences, 11, 2016.
[22] Nithiyanantham S., Probability analysis for consecutive-day maximum rainfall for Tiruchirapalli City (south India, Asia). Applied Water Science, 2015.
[23] Baghel, H., Mittal, H.K., Singh, P.K., Yadav., K.K., Jain, S., Frequency Analysis of Rainfall Data Using Probability Distribution Models. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8, 1390–6, 2019.
[24] E.M., Laurenson, RGM, and R.J., Nathan., RORB Version 6 – Runoff Routing Program User Manual, Monash University and Hydrology and Risk Consulting Pty Ltd, January 2010. 2010.
[25] BM Alliance Coal Operations Pty Ltd A., Flood Hydrology Technical Report, Red Hill Mining Lease EIS. 2013.
[26] SMEC, Baleh Hydroelectric Project – Hydrology review and update, Sarawak Energy Berhad, July 2013. 2013.
[27] SMEC., Baram Hydroelectric Project – Hydrology review and update, Sarawak Energy Berhad, June 2014. 2014.
[28] Selvalingam, S., Liong, S.Y., Manoharan, P., Application of RORB model to a catchment in Singapore. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 23, 81-90, 2007.
[29] Ogbonna, D., Okoro, B., Osuagwu, J., Application of flood routing model for flood mitigation in Orashi River, South-East Nigeria. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 05,31-42, 2017.
[30] Hussain, A., Flood Routing in Reservoir using Modified Puls Method. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2018.
[31] Chow, V.T., Open-channel hydraulics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.
[32] Moriasi, D., Arnold, J., Van Liew, M., Bingner, R., Harmel, R.D., Veith, T., Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Transactions of the ASABE, 50, 2007.
Cite this:
APA Style
IEEE Style
BibTex Style
MLA Style
Chicago Style
GB-T-7714-2015
Chin, J. B., Takaijudin, H. B., & Shafiai, S. H. B. (2022). Assessing Downstream Flood Risk Under Changing Climate for Bakun Dam in Sarawak. Int. J. Environ. Impacts., 5(4), 316-330. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V5-N4-316-330
J. B. Chin, H. B. Takaijudin, and S. H. B. Shafiai, "Assessing Downstream Flood Risk Under Changing Climate for Bakun Dam in Sarawak," Int. J. Environ. Impacts., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 316-330, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V5-N4-316-330
@research-article{Chin2022AssessingDF,
title={Assessing Downstream Flood Risk Under Changing Climate for Bakun Dam in Sarawak},
author={Jerry Betie Chin and Husna Binti Takaijudin and Siti Habibah Binti Shafiai},
journal={International Journal of Environmental Impacts},
year={2022},
page={316-330},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V5-N4-316-330}
}
Jerry Betie Chin, et al. "Assessing Downstream Flood Risk Under Changing Climate for Bakun Dam in Sarawak." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, v 5, pp 316-330. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V5-N4-316-330
Jerry Betie Chin, Husna Binti Takaijudin and Siti Habibah Binti Shafiai. "Assessing Downstream Flood Risk Under Changing Climate for Bakun Dam in Sarawak." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, 5, (2022): 316-330. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V5-N4-316-330
CHIN J B， TAKAIJUDIN H B， SHAFIAI S H B. Assessing Downstream Flood Risk Under Changing Climate for Bakun Dam in Sarawak[J]. International Journal of Environmental Impacts， 2022， 5(4)： 316-330. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V5-N4-316-330