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[1] Energy Information Administration, Nigeria Analysis Brief. Energy Information Administration 2003.
[2] Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR, 2018), Nigerian Oil and Gas industry Annual Report.
[3] Ajide, O.M. & Isaac, O.O., An assessment of the physical impact of oil spillage using GIS and remote sensing technologies: empirical evidence from Jesse Town, Delta State Nigeria. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 12(II), 2013.
[4] National Oil Spill Contingency Plan for Nigeria, 2013.
[6] Anyanova, E. ‘Oil Pollution and International Marine Environmental Law Creative Commons Attribution’ 1997.
[7] Nelson, J.R. & Grubesic, T.H. Oil spill modeling: Risk, spatial vulnerability, and impact assessment. Progress in Physical Geography, 42(1), pp. 112–127, 2017. [Crossref]
[8] National Research Council. The Oil Spill Recovery Institute: Pas, Present and Future Directions. The National Academics Press: Washington, DC, 2003.
[9] USEIA. Offshore Production Nearly 30% of Global Crude Output. United States Energy Information Administration. 2016.
[10] Rocha, L.A.S., Junqueira, P. & Roque, J.L. Overcoming deep and ultra deepwater drilling challenges. In: Offshore Technology Conference (5–8 May), Houston, Texas: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2003.
[11] Skogdalen, J.E. & Vinnem, J.E. Quantitative risk analysis of oil and gas drilling, using Deepwater Horizon as case study. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 100, pp. 58–66, 2012.
[12] NOAA. Largest Oil Spills Affecting U.S. Waters Since 1969. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. Available at: http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/ oil-andchemical-spills/oil-spills/largest-oil-spills-affect ing-us-waters-1969.html (accessed 11 April 2017), (2017b).
[13] UNEP, Africa Environment Outlook: Past Present and Future Perspectives. UNEP, 400, pp, 2002.
[14] Nwilo, P.C. & Badejo, O.T., Oil Spill Problems and Management in the Niger Delta. International Oil Spill Conference, Miami, Florida, USA, 2005.
[15] Eziukwu, A. (2015), ‘Bonga Oil Spill Affected 168,000 People in 350 Communities—Monarch’, Premium Times, 2015. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-southregional/180674-bonga-oil-spill-affected-168000-people-in-350-communities-monarch.html.
[16] Standing, A., Corruption and Industrial Fishing in Africa, U4 Brief, vol. 7 (Cape Town, 2008). https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/3188-corruption-andindustrial-fishing-inafrica. pdf, 2008.
[17] Interview with Rev. Ayadi (2017), Coordinating Chairman Akwa-Ibom State and the Acting Chairman Niger Delta Branch of ARFAN. Telephone interview, 28 June 2017.
[18] Onuoha, F.C. (2012), ‘Piracy and Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea: Nigeria as a Microcosm’ (Qatar, 2012); Michael Baghebo, Ubi Peter Samuel, and N. Nwagbara Eucharia, Environmental Damage Caused by the Activities of Multiinational Oil Giants in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(6), pp. 9–13, 2012.
[19] Okafor, Y., ‘Nigeria’s Depleting Fish Stocks May Pose a Threat to Regional Security’; Julius Osahon, ‘Oil Exploration Threatening 6.5 Million Fishing Population in Niger Delta’, The Guardian Nigeria, 2018. https://guardian.ng/news/oil-exploration-threatening-6-5-million-fishing-population-in-niger-delta-2/, 2018.
[20] Oshineye, A., The petroleum industry in Nigeria: An Overview. Modern Practice Journal of Finanace & Investment Law. Learned Publishments Limited. 4(4), 2000.
[21] Brubaker, D., Marine Pollution and International Law: Principles and Practice, Belhaven: London 1993.
[22] Gennaro, M., Oil pollution liability and control under international maritime law: market incentives as an alternative to government regulation. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 371(1) (January 2004), pp. 265–298, 2004. ISSN 0090-2594.
[23] http://www.itopf.com/knowledge-resources/%20documents-guides/document/ tip-13_/
[24] Fingas, M.F., The Basics of Oil Spill Cleanup, 3rd ed., CRC Press: Boca Raton, p: 225, 2013.
[25] Tarnecki, J.H. & Patterson, W.F., Changes in Red Snapper diet and trophic ecology following the deepwater horizon oil spill. Marine and Coastal Fisheries, 7, pp. 135–147, 2015.
[26] Whitehead, A., Dubansky, B., Bodinier, C., Garcia, T.I., Miles, S., et al., Genomic and physiological footprint of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on resident marsh fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, pp. 20298–20302, 2012.
[27] Haney, J.C., Geiger, H.J. & Short, J.W., Bird mortality from the deepwater horizon oil spill. I. Exposure probability in the offshore Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 513, pp. 225–237, 2014.
[28] https://www.fws.gov/home/dhoilspill/pdfs/Consolidated%20Wildlife%20 Table%2001252011.pdf
[29] White, H.K., Hsing, P.Y., Cho, W., Shank, T.M., Cordes, E.E., et al., Impact of the deepwater horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, pp. 20303–20308, 2012.
[30] Almeda, R., Baca, S., Hyatt, C. & Buskey, E.J., Ingestion and sublethal effects of physically and chemically dispersed crude oil on marine planktonic copepods. Ecotoxicology, 23, pp. 988–1003, 2014.
[31] Schwing, P.T., Romero, I.C., Brooks, G.R., Hastings, D.W., Larson, R.A., et al., A decline in benthic foraminifera following the deepwater horizon event in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One, 10: p. e0128505, 2015.
[32] Neff, J. M., Bothner, M. H., Maciolek, N.J. & Grassle, J.F., Impacts of exploratory drilling for oil and gas on the benthic environment of Georges Bank. Marine Environmental Research, 27, 77–114, 1989. [Crossref]
[33] Stone, J., Piscitelli, M., Demes, K., Chang, S., Quayle, M. & Withers, D., Economic and biophysical impacts of oil tanker spills relevant to Vancouver, Canada. VancouverEconomic Commission, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. http://www. vancouvereconomic.com/userfiles/file/Attachments/VEC%20Report%20%20Impacts%20of%20Oil%20Tanker%20Spills%20Relevant% 20to%20Vancouver.pdf, 2013.
[34] Turner, R.K. Hadley, D., Luisetti, T., Lam, V.W.Y. & Cheung, W.W.L., An introduction to socio-economic assessment within a Marine Strategy Framework. UK Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, March. www. defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/offshore-cable-licenses/index.htm., 2010.
[35] Borja, A., Andersen, J. H., Berg, T., Carstensen, J., Halpern, B.S., Heiskanen, A.S., Korpinen, S, Lowndes, J.S.S., Martin, G. & Rodriguez-Ezpeleta, N., Integrative assessment of marine systems: the ecosystem approach in practice. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, Article 20. , 2016a (March 2016). [Crossref]
[36] Borja, A., Elliott, M., Snelgrove, P., Austen, M., Berg, J., Cochrane, S., Carstensen, J., Roberto, D., Greenstreet, S., Heiskanen, A.S., Lynam, C, Mea, M., Newton, A., Patricio, J., Uusitalo, I., Uyarra, M. & Wilson, C., Bridging the gap between policy and science of marine ecosystems. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3. , 2016b. [Crossref]
[37] Turner, R.K. & Schaafsma, M. (eds), Coastal Zones Ecosystem Services: From Science to Values and Decision Making. Studies in Ecological Economics, Volume 9. Springer: Switzerland 2015.
[38] Atkin, J.P, Burdon, D., Elliot, M. & Gregory, A.J. Management of the marine environment: integrating ecosystem services and societal benefits with the DPSIR Framework in a systems approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, pp. 215–226, 2011.
[39] Gari, S.R., Newton, A. & Kely, J.D. A review of the application and evolution of the DPSIR framework with an emphasis on coastal, social-ecological systems. Ocean & Coastal Management, 103, pp. 63–77, 2015.
[40] Smith, C.J., Papadopoulou, K.N., Barnard, S., Mazik, K., Elliott, M., Patricio, J., Solaun, O., Little, S., Bhatia, N. & Borja, A. Managing the marine environment, conceptual models and assessment: considerations for the European marine strategy Framework directive, Frontiers in Marine Science, 3: p. 144, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ fmars.2016.00144, 2016.
[41] Lewison, R.L., Rudd, M.A., Al-Hayek, W., Baldwin, C., Beger, M., Lieske, S.N. et al. How the DPSIR framework can be used for structuring problems and facilitating empirical research in coastal systems. Environmental Science & Policy, 56, pp. 110–119, 2016.
[42] Patricio, J, Elliott, M., Mazik, K., Papadopoulou, K.N. & Smith, C.J. DPSIR-two decades of trying to develop a unifying framework for marine environmental management? Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, p. 177, 2016.00177, 2016. [Crossref]
[43] McCoy, M.A. & Salerno, J.A., Assessing the Effects of Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill on Human Health. A Summary of the June 2010 Workshop. National Academics Press, 2010.
[44] Smith, R.A., Slack, J.R., Wyant, T. & Lanfear, K.J., The Oil Spill Risk Analysis Model of the U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1227. 1982.
[45] LaBelle, R.P. & Anderson, C.M., The application of oceanography to oil-spill modeling for the outer continental shelf oil and gas leasing program. Marine Technology Society Journal, 19(2), pp. 19–26, 1985.
[46] Ji, Z-G., Johnson, W.R., Price, J.W. and Marshall, C.F., Oil-spill risk analysis for assessing environmental impacts. In Proceedings of the 2003 International Oil Spill Conference, Vancouver, Canada. 2003.
[47] Ji, Z-G., Johnson, W.R. & Marshall, C.F., Deepwater oil-spill modeling for assessingenvironmental impacts. In Proceedings of the 2004 Oil Spill Conference, Alicante, Spain, 2004.
[48] Li, Z. & Smith, C., Oil Spill Risk Analysis: Conditional Probabilities for the Beaufort Sea Planning Area, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management: Sterling, VA. OCS Report BOEM 2020-003. 130p, 2020.
[49] Ji, Z-G, Johnson, W.R. & DuFore, C.M., Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Lease Sales, Eastern Planning Area, Central Planning Area, and Western Planning Area, 2017–2022, and Gulf-wide OCS Program, 2017–2086. OCS Report BOEM 2017- 010. 64p, 2017.
[50] Johnson, W.R., Ji, Z-G, Marshall, C.F. & Lear, E.M., Oil-Spill Risk Analysis: Contingency Planning Statistics for Gulf of Mexico OCS Activities in the Walker Ridge Planning Area, 2007.
[51] Ji, Z-G & Smith, C., Oil Spill Risk Analysis: Cook Inlet Planning Area OCS Lease Sale 258. OCS Report BOEM 2021-001, 2021.
[52] Vashishtha, S., Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil by Microbial Consortium, National Institute of Technology: Rourkela, India, 2011.
[53] Li, P., Cai, Q., Lin, W., Chen, B., & Zhang, B., Offshore Oil Spill Response Practices and Emerging Challenges, Marine Pollution Bulletin, available online at , 2016. [Crossref]
[54] Law, R.J., Kirby, M.F., Moore, J., Barry, J, Sapp, M., & Balaam, J., PREMIAM-Pollution Response in Emergencies Marine Impact Assessment and Monitoring: Post-Incident Monitoring Guidelines. Science Series Technical Report, Cefas: Lowestoft, 146 (164 pp.), 2011a.
[55] Turner, M; Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Review of Offshore Oil-spill Prevention and Remediation Requirements and Practices in Newfoundland and Labrador 2010.
[56] Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA, 2012), Contingency planning for Marine Pollution Preparedness and Response: Guidelines for Ports.
[57] Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD, 2013), Facing the Resource Curse: Norway’s Oil for Development Programme.
[58] Vaughan, S.; Environment and Sustainable Development, 2010 Fall Report of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable evelopment 2010.
[59] Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Audit of the Canadian Coast Guard-Environmental Response Services (68091) 2010.
[60] National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority (NOPSEMA, 2012), Oil Spill Contingency Planning, N-04700-GN0940.
[61] International Maritime Organisation, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships (MARPOL). Protocol-Annex 1 Resolutions for the prevention of pollution by oil, 1983.
[62] International Maritime Organization, International Convention for the establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (FUND) 1992.
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Acadlore takes over the publication of IJEI from 2025 Vol. 8, No. 5. The preceding volumes were published under a CC BY 4.0 license by the previous owner, and displayed here as agreed between Acadlore and the previous owner. ✯ : This issue/volume is not published by Acadlore.

Open Access
Research article

Offshore Oil Spill Response Base and Management of Deepwater/Offshore Oil Resources in the Nigerian Marine Waters: A Review

Josiah C. Ogbuka1,
Emmanuel E. Nwanmuoh2,
Anastasia I. Ogbo3,
Fred E. Achoru1
1
Institute of Maritime Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
2
Department of marketing, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
3
Department of management, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
International Journal of Environmental Impacts
|
Volume 5, Issue 1, 2022
|
Pages 65-81
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

Oil contributes to about 25% of GDP, 95% of annual foreign revenue and 65% of Nigeria’s annual budgetary projections. Nigerian territorial waters and exclusive economic zone harbor over 30 offshore oil fields, 620 deepwater and offshore oil wells, leading to widespread oil exploration, exploitation and production activities. The recent widespread offshore and deepwater oil activities expose the marine waters and their ecosystems to potential risks of diverse degrees of oil spills which degrade the marine ecosystem services and function, as well as huge socio-economic loss to the nation. For instance, in 2011, a well blowout at the Shell Nigeria Petroleum Company Bonga Oilfield spilled about 40,000 barrels of oil into the Atlantic Ocean, which impacted coastal settlements, ground and surface water, fish- ing grounds and farmlands. This paper reports on the theoretical basis for Offshore Oil Spill Response Base in the context of published literature (secondary sources), conventions and conference/workshop resolutions, as well as reflecting on the inadequacies of the existing regulations to sufficiently address pollution in Nigerian marine waters and the Gulf of Guinea. Our study reveals the dominance of studies on causes, impacts, risks, vulnerability, prevention and remediation of oil spills, especially in onshore areas, with paucity of research on offshore oil spill preparedness, prevention, control and response, especially in developing contexts like Nigeria. This paper also outlines the basis for integrating Offshore Oil Spill Response Base into the management strategies for deepwater oil development to significantly minimize/respond to offshore oil spills, which will contribute to environmental sustainability of the Niger-Delta and the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem towards realizing sustainable development goals 14 targets.

Keywords: Atlantic Ocean, Bonga Oilfield, GCLME, Gulf of Guinea, Niger-Delta, Oil spills, Sustainable development goal 14, Territorial/marine environment

1. Introduction

2. Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks

3. Discussion

4. Conclusion

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Acknowledgments

We thank key regulators in the petroleum industry and marine/maritime sector, as well as the Federal Ministry of Environment, Abuja, Nigeria, and petroleum industry operators for providing some relevant information and documentations that assisted in the production of this paper. It is our expectation that this work contributes to strategic national development initiative aimed at sustainable management of marine resources and the marine environment in line with the sustainable development goals 14. Thanks to the reviewers from the University of Nigeria, especially Prof. Obinna Onwujekwe, for assisting to improve on the quality of the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
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[2] Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR, 2018), Nigerian Oil and Gas industry Annual Report.
[3] Ajide, O.M. & Isaac, O.O., An assessment of the physical impact of oil spillage using GIS and remote sensing technologies: empirical evidence from Jesse Town, Delta State Nigeria. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 12(II), 2013.
[4] National Oil Spill Contingency Plan for Nigeria, 2013.
[6] Anyanova, E. ‘Oil Pollution and International Marine Environmental Law Creative Commons Attribution’ 1997.
[7] Nelson, J.R. & Grubesic, T.H. Oil spill modeling: Risk, spatial vulnerability, and impact assessment. Progress in Physical Geography, 42(1), pp. 112–127, 2017. [Crossref]
[8] National Research Council. The Oil Spill Recovery Institute: Pas, Present and Future Directions. The National Academics Press: Washington, DC, 2003.
[9] USEIA. Offshore Production Nearly 30% of Global Crude Output. United States Energy Information Administration. 2016.
[10] Rocha, L.A.S., Junqueira, P. & Roque, J.L. Overcoming deep and ultra deepwater drilling challenges. In: Offshore Technology Conference (5–8 May), Houston, Texas: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2003.
[11] Skogdalen, J.E. & Vinnem, J.E. Quantitative risk analysis of oil and gas drilling, using Deepwater Horizon as case study. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 100, pp. 58–66, 2012.
[12] NOAA. Largest Oil Spills Affecting U.S. Waters Since 1969. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. Available at: http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/ oil-andchemical-spills/oil-spills/largest-oil-spills-affect ing-us-waters-1969.html (accessed 11 April 2017), (2017b).
[13] UNEP, Africa Environment Outlook: Past Present and Future Perspectives. UNEP, 400, pp, 2002.
[14] Nwilo, P.C. & Badejo, O.T., Oil Spill Problems and Management in the Niger Delta. International Oil Spill Conference, Miami, Florida, USA, 2005.
[15] Eziukwu, A. (2015), ‘Bonga Oil Spill Affected 168,000 People in 350 Communities—Monarch’, Premium Times, 2015. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-southregional/180674-bonga-oil-spill-affected-168000-people-in-350-communities-monarch.html.
[16] Standing, A., Corruption and Industrial Fishing in Africa, U4 Brief, vol. 7 (Cape Town, 2008). https://www.cmi.no/publications/file/3188-corruption-andindustrial-fishing-inafrica. pdf, 2008.
[17] Interview with Rev. Ayadi (2017), Coordinating Chairman Akwa-Ibom State and the Acting Chairman Niger Delta Branch of ARFAN. Telephone interview, 28 June 2017.
[18] Onuoha, F.C. (2012), ‘Piracy and Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea: Nigeria as a Microcosm’ (Qatar, 2012); Michael Baghebo, Ubi Peter Samuel, and N. Nwagbara Eucharia, Environmental Damage Caused by the Activities of Multiinational Oil Giants in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 5(6), pp. 9–13, 2012.
[19] Okafor, Y., ‘Nigeria’s Depleting Fish Stocks May Pose a Threat to Regional Security’; Julius Osahon, ‘Oil Exploration Threatening 6.5 Million Fishing Population in Niger Delta’, The Guardian Nigeria, 2018. https://guardian.ng/news/oil-exploration-threatening-6-5-million-fishing-population-in-niger-delta-2/, 2018.
[20] Oshineye, A., The petroleum industry in Nigeria: An Overview. Modern Practice Journal of Finanace & Investment Law. Learned Publishments Limited. 4(4), 2000.
[21] Brubaker, D., Marine Pollution and International Law: Principles and Practice, Belhaven: London 1993.
[22] Gennaro, M., Oil pollution liability and control under international maritime law: market incentives as an alternative to government regulation. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 371(1) (January 2004), pp. 265–298, 2004. ISSN 0090-2594.
[23] http://www.itopf.com/knowledge-resources/%20documents-guides/document/ tip-13_/
[24] Fingas, M.F., The Basics of Oil Spill Cleanup, 3rd ed., CRC Press: Boca Raton, p: 225, 2013.
[25] Tarnecki, J.H. & Patterson, W.F., Changes in Red Snapper diet and trophic ecology following the deepwater horizon oil spill. Marine and Coastal Fisheries, 7, pp. 135–147, 2015.
[26] Whitehead, A., Dubansky, B., Bodinier, C., Garcia, T.I., Miles, S., et al., Genomic and physiological footprint of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on resident marsh fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, pp. 20298–20302, 2012.
[27] Haney, J.C., Geiger, H.J. & Short, J.W., Bird mortality from the deepwater horizon oil spill. I. Exposure probability in the offshore Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 513, pp. 225–237, 2014.
[28] https://www.fws.gov/home/dhoilspill/pdfs/Consolidated%20Wildlife%20 Table%2001252011.pdf
[29] White, H.K., Hsing, P.Y., Cho, W., Shank, T.M., Cordes, E.E., et al., Impact of the deepwater horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, pp. 20303–20308, 2012.
[30] Almeda, R., Baca, S., Hyatt, C. & Buskey, E.J., Ingestion and sublethal effects of physically and chemically dispersed crude oil on marine planktonic copepods. Ecotoxicology, 23, pp. 988–1003, 2014.
[31] Schwing, P.T., Romero, I.C., Brooks, G.R., Hastings, D.W., Larson, R.A., et al., A decline in benthic foraminifera following the deepwater horizon event in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One, 10: p. e0128505, 2015.
[32] Neff, J. M., Bothner, M. H., Maciolek, N.J. & Grassle, J.F., Impacts of exploratory drilling for oil and gas on the benthic environment of Georges Bank. Marine Environmental Research, 27, 77–114, 1989. [Crossref]
[33] Stone, J., Piscitelli, M., Demes, K., Chang, S., Quayle, M. & Withers, D., Economic and biophysical impacts of oil tanker spills relevant to Vancouver, Canada. VancouverEconomic Commission, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. http://www. vancouvereconomic.com/userfiles/file/Attachments/VEC%20Report%20%20Impacts%20of%20Oil%20Tanker%20Spills%20Relevant% 20to%20Vancouver.pdf, 2013.
[34] Turner, R.K. Hadley, D., Luisetti, T., Lam, V.W.Y. & Cheung, W.W.L., An introduction to socio-economic assessment within a Marine Strategy Framework. UK Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, March. www. defra.gov.uk/corporate/consult/offshore-cable-licenses/index.htm., 2010.
[35] Borja, A., Andersen, J. H., Berg, T., Carstensen, J., Halpern, B.S., Heiskanen, A.S., Korpinen, S, Lowndes, J.S.S., Martin, G. & Rodriguez-Ezpeleta, N., Integrative assessment of marine systems: the ecosystem approach in practice. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, Article 20. , 2016a (March 2016). [Crossref]
[36] Borja, A., Elliott, M., Snelgrove, P., Austen, M., Berg, J., Cochrane, S., Carstensen, J., Roberto, D., Greenstreet, S., Heiskanen, A.S., Lynam, C, Mea, M., Newton, A., Patricio, J., Uusitalo, I., Uyarra, M. & Wilson, C., Bridging the gap between policy and science of marine ecosystems. Frontiers in Marine Science, 3. , 2016b. [Crossref]
[37] Turner, R.K. & Schaafsma, M. (eds), Coastal Zones Ecosystem Services: From Science to Values and Decision Making. Studies in Ecological Economics, Volume 9. Springer: Switzerland 2015.
[38] Atkin, J.P, Burdon, D., Elliot, M. & Gregory, A.J. Management of the marine environment: integrating ecosystem services and societal benefits with the DPSIR Framework in a systems approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, pp. 215–226, 2011.
[39] Gari, S.R., Newton, A. & Kely, J.D. A review of the application and evolution of the DPSIR framework with an emphasis on coastal, social-ecological systems. Ocean & Coastal Management, 103, pp. 63–77, 2015.
[40] Smith, C.J., Papadopoulou, K.N., Barnard, S., Mazik, K., Elliott, M., Patricio, J., Solaun, O., Little, S., Bhatia, N. & Borja, A. Managing the marine environment, conceptual models and assessment: considerations for the European marine strategy Framework directive, Frontiers in Marine Science, 3: p. 144, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ fmars.2016.00144, 2016.
[41] Lewison, R.L., Rudd, M.A., Al-Hayek, W., Baldwin, C., Beger, M., Lieske, S.N. et al. How the DPSIR framework can be used for structuring problems and facilitating empirical research in coastal systems. Environmental Science & Policy, 56, pp. 110–119, 2016.
[42] Patricio, J, Elliott, M., Mazik, K., Papadopoulou, K.N. & Smith, C.J. DPSIR-two decades of trying to develop a unifying framework for marine environmental management? Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, p. 177, 2016.00177, 2016. [Crossref]
[43] McCoy, M.A. & Salerno, J.A., Assessing the Effects of Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill on Human Health. A Summary of the June 2010 Workshop. National Academics Press, 2010.
[44] Smith, R.A., Slack, J.R., Wyant, T. & Lanfear, K.J., The Oil Spill Risk Analysis Model of the U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1227. 1982.
[45] LaBelle, R.P. & Anderson, C.M., The application of oceanography to oil-spill modeling for the outer continental shelf oil and gas leasing program. Marine Technology Society Journal, 19(2), pp. 19–26, 1985.
[46] Ji, Z-G., Johnson, W.R., Price, J.W. and Marshall, C.F., Oil-spill risk analysis for assessing environmental impacts. In Proceedings of the 2003 International Oil Spill Conference, Vancouver, Canada. 2003.
[47] Ji, Z-G., Johnson, W.R. & Marshall, C.F., Deepwater oil-spill modeling for assessingenvironmental impacts. In Proceedings of the 2004 Oil Spill Conference, Alicante, Spain, 2004.
[48] Li, Z. & Smith, C., Oil Spill Risk Analysis: Conditional Probabilities for the Beaufort Sea Planning Area, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management: Sterling, VA. OCS Report BOEM 2020-003. 130p, 2020.
[49] Ji, Z-G, Johnson, W.R. & DuFore, C.M., Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Lease Sales, Eastern Planning Area, Central Planning Area, and Western Planning Area, 2017–2022, and Gulf-wide OCS Program, 2017–2086. OCS Report BOEM 2017- 010. 64p, 2017.
[50] Johnson, W.R., Ji, Z-G, Marshall, C.F. & Lear, E.M., Oil-Spill Risk Analysis: Contingency Planning Statistics for Gulf of Mexico OCS Activities in the Walker Ridge Planning Area, 2007.
[51] Ji, Z-G & Smith, C., Oil Spill Risk Analysis: Cook Inlet Planning Area OCS Lease Sale 258. OCS Report BOEM 2021-001, 2021.
[52] Vashishtha, S., Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil by Microbial Consortium, National Institute of Technology: Rourkela, India, 2011.
[53] Li, P., Cai, Q., Lin, W., Chen, B., & Zhang, B., Offshore Oil Spill Response Practices and Emerging Challenges, Marine Pollution Bulletin, available online at , 2016. [Crossref]
[54] Law, R.J., Kirby, M.F., Moore, J., Barry, J, Sapp, M., & Balaam, J., PREMIAM-Pollution Response in Emergencies Marine Impact Assessment and Monitoring: Post-Incident Monitoring Guidelines. Science Series Technical Report, Cefas: Lowestoft, 146 (164 pp.), 2011a.
[55] Turner, M; Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources, Review of Offshore Oil-spill Prevention and Remediation Requirements and Practices in Newfoundland and Labrador 2010.
[56] Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA, 2012), Contingency planning for Marine Pollution Preparedness and Response: Guidelines for Ports.
[57] Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD, 2013), Facing the Resource Curse: Norway’s Oil for Development Programme.
[58] Vaughan, S.; Environment and Sustainable Development, 2010 Fall Report of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable evelopment 2010.
[59] Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Audit of the Canadian Coast Guard-Environmental Response Services (68091) 2010.
[60] National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority (NOPSEMA, 2012), Oil Spill Contingency Planning, N-04700-GN0940.
[61] International Maritime Organisation, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships (MARPOL). Protocol-Annex 1 Resolutions for the prevention of pollution by oil, 1983.
[62] International Maritime Organization, International Convention for the establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (FUND) 1992.
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Ogbuka, J. C., Nwanmuoh, E. E., Ogbo, A. I., & Achoru, F. E. (2022). Offshore Oil Spill Response Base and Management of Deepwater/Offshore Oil Resources in the Nigerian Marine Waters: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Impacts., 5(1), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V5-N1-65-81
J. C. Ogbuka, E. E. Nwanmuoh, A. I. Ogbo, and F. E. Achoru, "Offshore Oil Spill Response Base and Management of Deepwater/Offshore Oil Resources in the Nigerian Marine Waters: A Review," Int. J. Environ. Impacts., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 65-81, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V5-N1-65-81
@research-article{Ogbuka2022OffshoreOS,
title={Offshore Oil Spill Response Base and Management of Deepwater/Offshore Oil Resources in the Nigerian Marine Waters: A Review},
author={Josiah C. Ogbuka and Emmanuel E. Nwanmuoh and Anastasia I. Ogbo and Fred E. Achoru},
journal={International Journal of Environmental Impacts},
year={2022},
page={65-81},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V5-N1-65-81}
}
Josiah C. Ogbuka, et al. "Offshore Oil Spill Response Base and Management of Deepwater/Offshore Oil Resources in the Nigerian Marine Waters: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, v 5, pp 65-81. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V5-N1-65-81
Josiah C. Ogbuka, Emmanuel E. Nwanmuoh, Anastasia I. Ogbo and Fred E. Achoru. "Offshore Oil Spill Response Base and Management of Deepwater/Offshore Oil Resources in the Nigerian Marine Waters: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, 5, (2022): 65-81. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V5-N1-65-81
OGBUKA J C， NWANMUOH E E， OGBO A I， et al. Offshore Oil Spill Response Base and Management of Deepwater/Offshore Oil Resources in the Nigerian Marine Waters: A Review[J]. International Journal of Environmental Impacts， 2022， 5(1)： 65-81. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V5-N1-65-81