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Open Access
Research article

The Virtual Water Flow of Crops in Semiarid Ceará, Brazil: The Impacts on the State’s Water Resources Management

Sérgio Rodrigues Rocha1,
Ticiana De Carvalho Studart2,
Maria Manuela Portela3,
Martina Zelenakova4
1
Central Bank of Brazil
2
UFC, Brazil
3
IST/UL, CERIS, Portugal
4
TUKE, Slovakia
International Journal of Environmental Impacts
|
Volume 4, Issue 3, 2021
|
Pages 231-242
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

Global markets foster economic growth, but production of traded goods also impacts water resource use. This is especially true for semiarid regions, given that increasing agricultural exports is a crucial pro-poor development strategy. The aim of this paper is to quantify the contribution of agricultural trade in terms of virtual water flows – blue, green and grey – between the state of Ceará-Brazil and its international partners from 1997 to 2012 and to analyse its impacts in the state’s water resources policy. Essentially, all virtual water exported and imported by ceará in agricultural products came from cashew nuts and wheat, corresponding in both cases up to 72% of green water. interestingly, virtual green water has an important role in production but has been underestimated in the state’s water resources management model, which despite successful focuses exclusively on blue water. The results show that the commercial balance of the total virtual water was always negative, meaning that Ceará imported more virtual water than it exported; this outcome is aligned with its water-scarce condition.

Keywords: Agricultural international trade, Ceará, Semiarid Brazil, Virtual water, Water footprint
References
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Allan J.A., Fortunately there are substitutes for water otherwise our hydro-political futures would be impossible. ODA, Priorities Water Resources Allocation Management, London: ODA, p. 13–26, 1993.
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Hoekstra A. & Hung P.Q., Virtual Water Trade: A Quantification of Virtual Water Flows between Nations in Relation to International Crop Trade, vol. 49. Delft: UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, 2002.
3.
Fan X, Li X, Yin J, Liang J., Temporal characteristics and spatial homogeneity of virtual water trade: a complex network analysis. Water Resources Management, 33, pp. 1467–80, 2019. [Crossref]
4.
Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY., The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci, 15:1577–600, 2011. [Crossref]
5.
Qasemipour E, Abbasi A., Virtual water flow and water footprint assessment of an arid region: a case study of South Khorasan province, Iran. Water (Switzerland), 11, 2019. [Crossref]
6.
MDIC., Comércio Exterior. Ministério Do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior Gov Do Bras Secr Comércio Exter (Secex) 2018. http://www.desenvolvimento.gov.br (accessed October 23, 2018).
7.
Hoekstra AY., The global dimension of water governance: why the river basin approach is no longer sufficient and why cooperative action at global level is needed. Water (Switzerland), 3:21–46, 2011. [Crossref]
8.
Chapagain AK, Hoekstra AY., Virtual water flows between nations in relation to trade in livestock and livestock products. 2003.
9.
CONAB., Produtos e serviços: indicadores da agropecuária. Cia Nac Abastecimento Gov Do Bras Ministério Da Agric Pecuária e Abast 2018. http://www.conab.gov.br (accessed October 20, 2018).
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EMATERCE., Publicações. Empres Assist Técnica e Extensão Rural Do Ceará Gov Do Estado Do Ceará Secr Do Desenvolv Agrário 2018. https://www.ematerce.ce.gov.br (accessed October 13, 2018).
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ADAGRI., Defesa vegetal. Agência Def Agropecuária Do Estado Do Ceará Gov Do Estado Do Ceará Secr Do Desenvolv Agrário 2018. https://www.adagri.ce.gov.br (accessed July 20, 2018).
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Cite this:
APA Style
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BibTex Style
MLA Style
Chicago Style
GB-T-7714-2015
Rocha, S. R., Studart, T. D. C., Portela, M. M., & Zelenakova, M. (2021). The Virtual Water Flow of Crops in Semiarid Ceará, Brazil: The Impacts on the State’s Water Resources Management. Int. J. Environ. Impacts., 4(3), 231-242. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V4-N3-231-242
S. R. Rocha, T. D. C. Studart, M. M. Portela, and M. Zelenakova, "The Virtual Water Flow of Crops in Semiarid Ceará, Brazil: The Impacts on the State’s Water Resources Management," Int. J. Environ. Impacts., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 231-242, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V4-N3-231-242
@research-article{Rocha2021TheVW,
title={The Virtual Water Flow of Crops in Semiarid Ceará, Brazil: The Impacts on the State’s Water Resources Management},
author={SéRgio Rodrigues Rocha and Ticiana De Carvalho Studart and Maria Manuela Portela and Martina Zelenakova},
journal={International Journal of Environmental Impacts},
year={2021},
page={231-242},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V4-N3-231-242}
}
SéRgio Rodrigues Rocha, et al. "The Virtual Water Flow of Crops in Semiarid Ceará, Brazil: The Impacts on the State’s Water Resources Management." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, v 4, pp 231-242. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V4-N3-231-242
SéRgio Rodrigues Rocha, Ticiana De Carvalho Studart, Maria Manuela Portela and Martina Zelenakova. "The Virtual Water Flow of Crops in Semiarid Ceará, Brazil: The Impacts on the State’s Water Resources Management." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, 4, (2021): 231-242. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V4-N3-231-242
ROCHA S R， Studart T. D. C.， Portela M. M.， et al. The Virtual Water Flow of Crops in Semiarid Ceará, Brazil: The Impacts on the State’s Water Resources Management[J]. International Journal of Environmental Impacts， 2021， 4(3)： 231-242. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V4-N3-231-242