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[1] Surgeon General of the United States, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2006-06-27. Retrieved 2012-07-24. Secondhand smoke causes premature death and disease in children and in adults who do not smoke, 2012.
[2] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), IARC Handbooks of cancer prevention, tobacco control, Vol. 13: Evaluating the effectiveness of smoke-free policies. France, 2009.
[3] Barnoya, J. & Navas-Acien, A., Protecting the World From Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Where Do We Stand and Where Do We Go From Here? Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(4), pp. 789–804, 2013.
[4] US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA ), Federal Register, Vol 78, No. 10, Tuesday 15 January 2013, National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter, pp. 3085–3287, 2013.
[5] Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Smoke-free policies reduce smoking– Smoking & tobacco use-smoking and tobacco use. Online, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/protection/reduce_smoking (accessed 2 November 2016).
[6] Fu, M., Martinez-Sanchez, J. & Galan, I., et al., Variability in the correlation between nicotine and PM2.5 as airborne markers of second-hand smoke exposure. Environmental Research, 127(1), pp. 49–55, 2013.
[7] Kim, B., Yun, D. & Kim, S., Assessment of secondhand smoke exposure levels by measuring PM2.5 concentration at various smoking hotspot places inside and outside campus. Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 5(2), pp. 76–85, 2014.
[8] WHO Document Production Services, WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Online, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42811/1/9241591013.pdf (accessed 10 November 2016).
[9] Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Health statistics 2015: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Online, http://kostat.go.kr/wnsearch/search.jsp (accessed 10 November 2016).
[10] Kim, S.R. Smoking prevalence and the association between smoking and sociodemographic factors using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data 2008 to 2010. Tobacco Use Insights 2012(5), pp. 17–26, 2012.
[11] Lee, K., Hahn E.J., Pieper, N., Okoli, C.T., Repace, J. & Troutman, A., Differential impacts of smoke-free laws on indoor air quality. Journal of Environmental Health, 70(8), pp. 24–30, 2008.
[12] Kim, J., Lim, C., Lee, D., Kim, H., Guak, S., Lee, N., Kim, S., Ha, K. & Lee, K., Indoor PM2.5 concentrations in different sizes of pubs with non-comprehensive smoke-free regulation. Journal of Environment and Health Science, 41(2), pp. 126–132, 2015.
[13] HaK., Characteristics of ETS exposure in internet cafes, pubs, and pool halls around a university campus. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 215, WIT Press, 2018, ISSN 1743–3541.
[14] G oodman, P., Agnew, M., McCaffrey, M., Paul, G. & Clancy, L., Effects of the Irish smoking ban on respiratory health of bar workers and air quality in Dublin pubs. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 175(8), pp. 840–5, 2007.
[15] S emple, S., Creely, K.S., Naji, A., Miller, B.G. & Ayres, J.G., Secondhand smoke levels in Scottish pubs: the effect of smoke-free legislation. Tobacco Control, 16(2), pp. 127–132. 2007.
[16] KHPF . Evaluation of effects of National smoke-free law by measuring indoor secondhand smoke. The Korea Health Promotion Fund, Ministry of Health & Welfare, 2013.
[17] A zagba, S., Kennedy, R.D. & Baskerville, N.B., Smoke-free school policy and exposure to second-hand smoke: A quasi-experimental analysis. Nicotine Tobacco Research. 2015. [Crossref]
[18] L ee, K., Hahn, E.J., Robertson, H.E., Lee, S., Vogel. S.L. & Travers, M.J., Strength of smoke-free air laws and indoor air quality. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 11(4), pp. 381–6, 2009.
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Open Access
Research article

Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and the Impact of a Smoking Ban in Internet Cafes, Pubs and Billiard Halls Around a University in Korea

kwonchul ha1,
donguk park2
1
Department of Biochemistry & Health Science, Changwon National University, South Korea
2
Department of Environmental Health, Korea Open National University, South Korea
International Journal of Environmental Impacts
|
Volume 2, Issue 4, 2019
|
Pages 356-365
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
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Abstract:

The objectives of this study were to determine indoor levels of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and assess the implementation rate of a smoking ban in hospitality venues surrounding a university campus by measuring particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) as an indicator of ETS. We identified the smoking state in business establishments and measured the indoor PM2.5 concentrations at 20 internet cafes, 38 pubs and 20 billiard halls using a Sidepak AM510 direct-reading portable real-time monitor from October 2014 to December 2015. Smoking was observed in 65% of the internet cafes and 85% of the billiard halls in 2015. The rate in pubs, which were subject to a legal smoking ban, was reduced to 10% in 2015 from 33.3% in 2014. The average PM2.5 concentrations in 2015 were 98.6 μg/m3, 29.6 μg/m3 and 135.4 μg/m3 in internet cafes, pubs and billiard halls, respectively. PM2.5 concentrations in internet cafes and billiard halls were 2 to 2.7 times higher than the 24-h exposure standard (50 μg/m3) for outdoor PM2.5 set by the Korean Ministry of Environment. Although a smoking ban had been imposed on internet cafes and pubs, smoking was still taking place in those locations. More stringent enforcement is required for the success of legal measures to protect patrons’ and workers’ health from second-hand smoke exposure. A ban on smoking in billiard halls should be introduced as soon as is feasible.

Keywords: ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke), internet café, billiard hall, PM2.5
Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1] Surgeon General of the United States, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2006-06-27. Retrieved 2012-07-24. Secondhand smoke causes premature death and disease in children and in adults who do not smoke, 2012.
[2] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), IARC Handbooks of cancer prevention, tobacco control, Vol. 13: Evaluating the effectiveness of smoke-free policies. France, 2009.
[3] Barnoya, J. & Navas-Acien, A., Protecting the World From Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Where Do We Stand and Where Do We Go From Here? Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(4), pp. 789–804, 2013.
[4] US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA ), Federal Register, Vol 78, No. 10, Tuesday 15 January 2013, National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter, pp. 3085–3287, 2013.
[5] Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Smoke-free policies reduce smoking– Smoking & tobacco use-smoking and tobacco use. Online, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/protection/reduce_smoking (accessed 2 November 2016).
[6] Fu, M., Martinez-Sanchez, J. & Galan, I., et al., Variability in the correlation between nicotine and PM2.5 as airborne markers of second-hand smoke exposure. Environmental Research, 127(1), pp. 49–55, 2013.
[7] Kim, B., Yun, D. & Kim, S., Assessment of secondhand smoke exposure levels by measuring PM2.5 concentration at various smoking hotspot places inside and outside campus. Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 5(2), pp. 76–85, 2014.
[8] WHO Document Production Services, WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Online, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42811/1/9241591013.pdf (accessed 10 November 2016).
[9] Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Health statistics 2015: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Online, http://kostat.go.kr/wnsearch/search.jsp (accessed 10 November 2016).
[10] Kim, S.R. Smoking prevalence and the association between smoking and sociodemographic factors using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data 2008 to 2010. Tobacco Use Insights 2012(5), pp. 17–26, 2012.
[11] Lee, K., Hahn E.J., Pieper, N., Okoli, C.T., Repace, J. & Troutman, A., Differential impacts of smoke-free laws on indoor air quality. Journal of Environmental Health, 70(8), pp. 24–30, 2008.
[12] Kim, J., Lim, C., Lee, D., Kim, H., Guak, S., Lee, N., Kim, S., Ha, K. & Lee, K., Indoor PM2.5 concentrations in different sizes of pubs with non-comprehensive smoke-free regulation. Journal of Environment and Health Science, 41(2), pp. 126–132, 2015.
[13] HaK., Characteristics of ETS exposure in internet cafes, pubs, and pool halls around a university campus. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 215, WIT Press, 2018, ISSN 1743–3541.
[14] G oodman, P., Agnew, M., McCaffrey, M., Paul, G. & Clancy, L., Effects of the Irish smoking ban on respiratory health of bar workers and air quality in Dublin pubs. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 175(8), pp. 840–5, 2007.
[15] S emple, S., Creely, K.S., Naji, A., Miller, B.G. & Ayres, J.G., Secondhand smoke levels in Scottish pubs: the effect of smoke-free legislation. Tobacco Control, 16(2), pp. 127–132. 2007.
[16] KHPF . Evaluation of effects of National smoke-free law by measuring indoor secondhand smoke. The Korea Health Promotion Fund, Ministry of Health & Welfare, 2013.
[17] A zagba, S., Kennedy, R.D. & Baskerville, N.B., Smoke-free school policy and exposure to second-hand smoke: A quasi-experimental analysis. Nicotine Tobacco Research. 2015. [Crossref]
[18] L ee, K., Hahn, E.J., Robertson, H.E., Lee, S., Vogel. S.L. & Travers, M.J., Strength of smoke-free air laws and indoor air quality. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 11(4), pp. 381–6, 2009.
Cite this:
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GB-T-7714-2015
Ha, K. & Park, D. (2019). Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and the Impact of a Smoking Ban in Internet Cafes, Pubs and Billiard Halls Around a University in Korea. Int. J. Environ. Impacts., 2(4), 356-365. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V2-N4-356-365
K. Ha and D. Park, "Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and the Impact of a Smoking Ban in Internet Cafes, Pubs and Billiard Halls Around a University in Korea," Int. J. Environ. Impacts., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 356-365, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V2-N4-356-365
@research-article{Ha2019EnvironmentalTS,
title={Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and the Impact of a Smoking Ban in Internet Cafes, Pubs and Billiard Halls Around a University in Korea},
author={Kwonchul Ha and Donguk Park},
journal={International Journal of Environmental Impacts},
year={2019},
page={356-365},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V2-N4-356-365}
}
Kwonchul Ha, et al. "Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and the Impact of a Smoking Ban in Internet Cafes, Pubs and Billiard Halls Around a University in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, v 2, pp 356-365. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V2-N4-356-365
Kwonchul Ha and Donguk Park. "Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and the Impact of a Smoking Ban in Internet Cafes, Pubs and Billiard Halls Around a University in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, 2, (2019): 356-365. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V2-N4-356-365
HA K， PARK D. Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and the Impact of a Smoking Ban in Internet Cafes, Pubs and Billiard Halls Around a University in Korea[J]. International Journal of Environmental Impacts， 2019， 2(4)： 356-365. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V2-N4-356-365