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[1] Yepes, V. & Medina, J.R., Land use tourism models in Spanish Coastal Areas. A case study of the Valencia Region. Journal of Coastal Research, SI49, pp. 83–88, 2005.
[2] Sardá, R. & Fluviá, M., Tourist development in the costa brava (Girona, Spain): A quantification of pressures on the coastal environment, Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management, eds. W. Salomons, R.K. Turner, L.D. Lacerda & S. Ramachandran, Springer: Berlin & Heidelberg, pp. 257–277, 1999.
[3] Yepes, V., La gestión de las playas basándose en normas de calidad y medio ambiente. Actas del II Congreso Internacional de Ingeniería Civil, Territorio y Medio Ambiente, Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos: Santiago de Compostela, Spain, pp. 835–846, 2004.
[4] Sardá, R., Ariza, E. & Jimenez, J.A., Buscando el uso sostenible de las playas. En: Rodriguez-Perez, A, Roig, X., Pons, GX y JA Marín (eds.) La gestión integrada de playas y dunas: experiencias en Latinoamérica, Norte de Africa y Europa. Mon. Sociedad Historia Natural Balears, 18, pp. 13–21, 2012.
[5] Yamahara, K.M., Layton, B.A., Santoro, A.E. & Boehm, A.B., Beach sands along the California coast are diffuse sources of fecal bacteria to coastal waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(13), pp. 4515–4521, 2007. [Crossref]
[6] Bosch, A., Lucena, F., Gironés, R. & Jofre, J., Survey of viral pollution in Besós River (Barcelona). Water Pollution Control Federation, 58(1), pp. 87–91, 1986.
[7] Wyn‐Jones, A. & Sellwood, J., Enteric viruses in the aquatic environment. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91(6), pp. 945–962, 2001. [Crossref]
[8] Aragonés, L., López, I., Palazón, A., López-Úbeda, R. & García, C., Evaluation of the quality of coastal bathing waters in Spain through fecal bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococcus. Science of The Total Environment, 566–567, pp. 288–297, 2016. [Crossref]
[9] Ecolevante, Estudio ecocartográfico de las provincias de Valencia y Alicante, D.G.d. Costas (ed), Madris: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 2006.
[10] EcoMAG., Estudio ecocartográfico de las provincias de Granada, Almería y Murcia., D.G.d. Costas (ed), Madris: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 2009.
[11] Nayade., Sistema de Información Nacional de Aguas de Baño, 2015, available at http://nayade.msc.es/Splayas/home.html (accessed 7 April 2016).
[12] López, I., Aragonés, L., Villacampa, Y., Compañ, P. & Satorre, R., Morphological classification of microtidal sand and gravel beaches. Ocean Engineering, 109, pp. 309–319, 2015. [Crossref]
[13] Hammami, S., Salem, A.B., Ashour, M.L., Cheriaa, J., Graziano, G. & Mighri, Z., A novel methylated sesquiterpene from seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Natural Product Research, 27(14), pp. 1265–1270, 2013. [Crossref]
[14] Estado, P.d., Puertos del Estado, 2012, available at http://www.puertos.es/en-us (accessed 15 December 2012).
[15] Méndez, F.J., Losada, I.J. & Losada, M.A., Hydrodynamics induced by wind waves in a vegetation field. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 104(C8), pp. 18383–18396, 1999. [Crossref]
[16] Koftis, T., Prinos, P. & Stratigaki, V., Wave damping over artificial Posidonia oceanicameadow: A large-scale experimental study. Coastal Engineering, 73, pp. 71–83, 2013. [Crossref]
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Open Access
Research article

Determination of the Most Influential Factors in the Concentration of Bacteria in Coastal Waters

a. palazón1,
l. aragonés2,
i. lópez2,
r. lópez-úbeda3,
j.m. saval2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Catholic University of Murcia, Spain
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Alicante University, Spain
3
Department of Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Spain
International Journal of Environmental Impacts
|
Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017
|
Pages 61-69
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
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Abstract:

Control of water quality of coastal waters is essential to ensure the safety of bathers. Therefore, the current legislation establishes maximum concentration levels of faecal bacteria, in particular Escherichia coli and intestinal Enterococci. After several studies, it is known that there are environmental and physical factors such as the level of urbanization of the beach, sediment type, rainfall, salinity and water temperature, which influence the concentration of these bacteria. However, there are many other factors, such as the morphology of the beach, its orientation relative to waves and the proximity of spills, that can affect the survival of these bacteria and therefore directly influence the water quality in the coastal zone. In this article, 270 beaches between the provinces of Valencia and Granada (Spain) were analysed. It was observed that the local factors that further affect the concentration of faecal bacteria in coastal water are the presence of meadows of Posidonia oceanica, the orientation of the beach with respect to the direction of the most common incident waves and the agricultural discharges in the sea.

Keywords: Coastal discharges, E. coli, Enterococcus, Posidonia oceanica, Water quality
Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1] Yepes, V. & Medina, J.R., Land use tourism models in Spanish Coastal Areas. A case study of the Valencia Region. Journal of Coastal Research, SI49, pp. 83–88, 2005.
[2] Sardá, R. & Fluviá, M., Tourist development in the costa brava (Girona, Spain): A quantification of pressures on the coastal environment, Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management, eds. W. Salomons, R.K. Turner, L.D. Lacerda & S. Ramachandran, Springer: Berlin & Heidelberg, pp. 257–277, 1999.
[3] Yepes, V., La gestión de las playas basándose en normas de calidad y medio ambiente. Actas del II Congreso Internacional de Ingeniería Civil, Territorio y Medio Ambiente, Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos: Santiago de Compostela, Spain, pp. 835–846, 2004.
[4] Sardá, R., Ariza, E. & Jimenez, J.A., Buscando el uso sostenible de las playas. En: Rodriguez-Perez, A, Roig, X., Pons, GX y JA Marín (eds.) La gestión integrada de playas y dunas: experiencias en Latinoamérica, Norte de Africa y Europa. Mon. Sociedad Historia Natural Balears, 18, pp. 13–21, 2012.
[5] Yamahara, K.M., Layton, B.A., Santoro, A.E. & Boehm, A.B., Beach sands along the California coast are diffuse sources of fecal bacteria to coastal waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(13), pp. 4515–4521, 2007. [Crossref]
[6] Bosch, A., Lucena, F., Gironés, R. & Jofre, J., Survey of viral pollution in Besós River (Barcelona). Water Pollution Control Federation, 58(1), pp. 87–91, 1986.
[7] Wyn‐Jones, A. & Sellwood, J., Enteric viruses in the aquatic environment. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91(6), pp. 945–962, 2001. [Crossref]
[8] Aragonés, L., López, I., Palazón, A., López-Úbeda, R. & García, C., Evaluation of the quality of coastal bathing waters in Spain through fecal bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococcus. Science of The Total Environment, 566–567, pp. 288–297, 2016. [Crossref]
[9] Ecolevante, Estudio ecocartográfico de las provincias de Valencia y Alicante, D.G.d. Costas (ed), Madris: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 2006.
[10] EcoMAG., Estudio ecocartográfico de las provincias de Granada, Almería y Murcia., D.G.d. Costas (ed), Madris: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 2009.
[11] Nayade., Sistema de Información Nacional de Aguas de Baño, 2015, available at http://nayade.msc.es/Splayas/home.html (accessed 7 April 2016).
[12] López, I., Aragonés, L., Villacampa, Y., Compañ, P. & Satorre, R., Morphological classification of microtidal sand and gravel beaches. Ocean Engineering, 109, pp. 309–319, 2015. [Crossref]
[13] Hammami, S., Salem, A.B., Ashour, M.L., Cheriaa, J., Graziano, G. & Mighri, Z., A novel methylated sesquiterpene from seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Natural Product Research, 27(14), pp. 1265–1270, 2013. [Crossref]
[14] Estado, P.d., Puertos del Estado, 2012, available at http://www.puertos.es/en-us (accessed 15 December 2012).
[15] Méndez, F.J., Losada, I.J. & Losada, M.A., Hydrodynamics induced by wind waves in a vegetation field. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 104(C8), pp. 18383–18396, 1999. [Crossref]
[16] Koftis, T., Prinos, P. & Stratigaki, V., Wave damping over artificial Posidonia oceanicameadow: A large-scale experimental study. Coastal Engineering, 73, pp. 71–83, 2013. [Crossref]
Cite this:
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Palazón, A., Aragonés, L., López, I., López-úbeda, R., & Saval, J. (2017). Determination of the Most Influential Factors in the Concentration of Bacteria in Coastal Waters. Int. J. Environ. Impacts., 1(1), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V1-N1-61-69
A. Palazón, L. Aragonés, I. López, R. López-úbeda, and J. Saval, "Determination of the Most Influential Factors in the Concentration of Bacteria in Coastal Waters," Int. J. Environ. Impacts., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 61-69, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V1-N1-61-69
@research-article{Palazón2017DeterminationOT,
title={Determination of the Most Influential Factors in the Concentration of Bacteria in Coastal Waters},
author={A. PalazóN and L. AragonéS and I. LóPez and R. LóPez-úBeda and J.M. Saval},
journal={International Journal of Environmental Impacts},
year={2017},
page={61-69},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V1-N1-61-69}
}
A. PalazóN, et al. "Determination of the Most Influential Factors in the Concentration of Bacteria in Coastal Waters." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, v 1, pp 61-69. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V1-N1-61-69
A. PalazóN, L. AragonéS, I. LóPez, R. LóPez-úBeda and J.M. Saval. "Determination of the Most Influential Factors in the Concentration of Bacteria in Coastal Waters." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, 1, (2017): 61-69. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V1-N1-61-69
PALAZÓN A， ARAGONÉS I， LÓPEZ I， et al. Determination of the Most Influential Factors in the Concentration of Bacteria in Coastal Waters[J]. International Journal of Environmental Impacts， 2017， 1(1)： 61-69. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V1-N1-61-69