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[1] Lindberg, F., Grimmond, C.S.B., Yogeswaran, N., Kotthaus, S. & Allen, L. Impact of city changes and weather on anthropogenic heat flux in Europe 1995–2015. Urban Climate, 4, pp. 1–15, 2013. [Crossref]
[2] Rafael, S., et al. Influence of urban resilience measures in the magnitude and behaviour of energy fluxes in the city of Porto (Portugal) under a climate change scenario. Science of the Total Environment, 566–567, pp. 1500–1510, 2016. [Crossref]
[3] Freeman, R. & Yearworth, M. Climate change and cities: Problem structuring methods and critical perspectives on low-carbon districts. Energy Research & Social Science, 25, pp.48–64, 2017. [Crossref]
[4] Araos, M., et al. Climate change adaptation planning in large cities: A systematic global assessment. Environmental Science & Policy, 66, pp. 375–382, 2016. [Crossref]
[5] Schiavon, M., Antonacci, G., Rada, E., Ragazzi, M. & Zardi, D. Modeling human exposure to air pollutants in an urban area. Revista De Chimie, 65, pp. 61–64, 2014.
[6] Grimmond, C.S. Urban climate in the coastal zone: Resilience to weather extremes. In Pelling, M. (ed.). Megacities and the Coast: Transformation for Resilience, a preliminary review of knowledge, practice and future, Abingdon: Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ), pp. 37–42, 2011.
[7] González, A., Donnelly, A., Jones, M., Chrysoulakis, N. & Lopes, M. A decision-support system for sustainable urban metabolism in Europe. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 38, pp. 109–119, 2013. [Crossref]
[8] WHO. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87, p. 63, 2009.
[9] Figueiredo, M.L., Monteiro, A., Lopes, M., Ferreira, J. & Borrego, C. Air quality assessment of Estarreja, an urban industrialized area, in a coastal region of Portugal. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, pp. 5847–5860, 2013. [Crossref]
[10] Borrego, C., et al. How urban structure can affect city sustainability from an air quality perspective. Environmental Modelling & Software, 21, pp. 461–467, 2006. [Crossref]
[11] Järvi, L., Grimmond, C.S.B. & Christen, A. The surface urban energy and water balance scheme (SUEWS): Evaluation in Los Angeles and Vancouver. Journal of Hydrology,411, pp. 219–237, 2011. [Crossref]
[12] Szabo, S., Nicholls, R. & Neumann, B. Making SDGs work for climate change hotspots. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 58(6), 24–33, 2016. [Crossref]
[13] Lopes, M., Borrego, C., Martins, H. & Amorim, J.H. Understanding Urban Metabolism: Guidelines for Urban Sustainable Development. New York: Routledge, pp. 197–205, 2014.
[14] IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC, 2014.
[15] Rafael, S., Martins, H., Borrego, C. & Lopes, M. Urban vulnerability and resilience to climate change. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 198, pp. 379–390, 2015. [Crossref]
[16] IPCC. Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC, 2013.
[17] Revi, A., et al. Urban areas. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,pp. 535–612, 2014.
[18] Chrysoulakis, N., de Castro, E.A. & Moors, E.J. Understanding Urban Metabolism: A Tool for Urban Planning, New York: Routledge, 2014.
[19] Akbari, H., Menon, S. & Rosenfeld, A. Global cooling: Increasing world-wide urban albedos to offset CO2. Climatic Change, 94, pp. 275–286, 2009. [Crossref]
[20] Wild, M., Ohmura, A. & Cubasch, U. GCM-simulated surface energy fluxes in climate change experiments. Journal of Climate, 10, pp. 3093–3110, 1997. <3093:GSSEFI>2.0.CO;2. [Crossref]
[21] Sheng, L., Liu, S.H. & Liu, H.P. Influences of climate change and its interannual variability on surface energy fluxes from 1948 to 2000. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,27, pp. 1438–1452, 2010. . [Crossref]
[22] Ma, E., Deng, X., Zhang, Q. & Liu, A. Spatial variation of surface energy fluxes due to land use changes across China. Energies, 7, pp. 2194–2206, 2014. [Crossref]
[23] Rafael, S., et al. Quantification and mapping of urban fluxes under climate change: Application of WRF-SUEWS model to Greater Porto area. Environmental Research, 155, pp.321–334, 2016. [Crossref]
[24] European Environment Agency (EEA). The European Environment: State and Outlook 2015: Synthesis, European Environment Agency, p. 42, 2015.
[25] Borrego, C., et al. Elaboração de Plano de Qualidade do Ar de Ozono da região Norte. Aveiro: Relatório 1 -Plano de trabalhos detalhado, 2014.
[26] Borrego, C., et al. Reducing NO2 pollution over urban areas: Air quality modelling as a fundamental management tool. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 223, pp. 5307–5320, 2012. [Crossref]
[27] Borrego, C., Sa, E., Carvalho, A., Sousa, S. & Miranda, A.I. Plans and programmes to improve air quality over Portugal: A numerical modelling approach. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 48, pp. 60–68, 2012. [Crossref]
[28] Thambiran, T. & Diab, R.D. A review of scientific linkages and interactions between climate change and air quality, with implications for air quality management in South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 106, pp. 20–27, 2010. [Crossref]
[29] Elminir, H.K. Dependence of urban air pollutants on meteorology. Science of the Total Environment, 350, pp. 225–237, 2005. [Crossref]
[30] Jacob, D.J. & Winner, D.A. Effect of climate change on air quality. Atmospheric Environment, 43, pp. 51–63, 2009. [Crossref]
[31] Flaum, J.B., Rao, S.T. & Zurbenko, I.G. Moderating the influence of meteorological conditions on ambient ozone concentrations. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 46, pp. 35–46, 1996. [Crossref]
[32] Lacressonnière, G., et al. European air quality in the 2030s and 2050s: Impacts of global and regional emission trends and of climate change. Atmospheric Environment, 92, pp. 348–358, 2014. [Crossref]
[33] Carvalho, A., Monteiro, A., Solman, S., Miranda, A.I. & Borrego, C. Climate-driven changes in air quality over Europe by the end of the 21st century, with special reference to Portugal. Environmental Science & Policy, 13, pp. 445–458, 2010. [Crossref]
[34] Sá, E., et al. Climate change and pollutant emissions impacts on air quality in 2050 over Portugal. Atmospheric Environment, 131, pp. 209–224, 2016. [Crossref]
[35] Marta-Almeida, M., Teixeira, J.C., Carvalho, M.J., Melo-Gonçalves, P. & Rocha, A.M. High resolution WRF climatic simulations for the Iberian Peninsula: Model validation. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 94, pp. 94–105, 2015. [Crossref]
[36] UNEP., IEA Training Manual Volume Two Themes: Vulnerability and Impact Assessment for Adaptation to Climate Change (VIA Module), Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme, 2010.
[37] Manders, A.M.M., et al. The impact of differences in large-scale circulation output from climate models on the regional modeling of ozone and PM. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, pp. 9441–9458, 2012. [Crossref]
[38] Zhang, Y., et al. Responses of future air quality to emission controls over North Caro-lina, part II: Analyses of future-year predictions and their policy implications. Atmos-pheric Environment, 44, pp. 2767–2779, 2010. [Crossref]
[39] Blackman, K., Perret, L., Savory, E. & Piquet, T. Field and wind tunnel modeling of an idealized street canyon flow. Atmospheric Environment, 106, pp. 139–153, 2015. [Crossref]
[40] Masson, V., et al. The canopy and aerosol particles interactions in Toulouse urban layer (CAPITOUL) experiment. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 102, pp. 135–157, 2008. [Crossref]
[41] Efthimiou, G.C., Berbekar, E., Harms, F., Bartzis, J.G. & Leitl, B. Prediction of high concentrations and concentration distribution of a continuous point source release in a semi-idealized urban canopy using CFD-RANS modeling. Atmospheric Environment, 100, pp. 48–56, 2015. [Crossref]
[42] Lateb, M., et al. On the use of numerical modelling for near-field pollutant dispersion in urban environments – A review. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 208, pp. 271–283, 2016. [Crossref]
[43] Grimmond, C.S.B., et al. Meteorological and air quality models for urban areas. Meteorological and Air Quality Models for Urban Areas, 35, pp. 97–123, 2009. [Crossref]
[44] Grimmond, C.S.B., et al., Initial results from phase 2 of the international urban energy balance model comparison. International Journal of Climatology, 31, pp. 244–272, 2011. [Crossref]
[45] Pyles, R.D., Weare, B.C., Paw U, K.T. & Gustafson, W., Coupling between the University of California, Davis, Advanced Canopy-Atmosphere-Soil Algorithm (ACASA) and MM5: Preliminary results for July 1998 for western North America. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 42, pp. 557–569, 2003. <0557:CBTUOC>2.0.CO;2. [Crossref]
[46] Masson, V., A physically-based scheme for the urban energy budget in atmospheric models. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 94, pp. 357–397, 2000. [Crossref]
[47] Lohrey, S. & Creutzig, F., A ‘sustainability window’of urban form. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 45, pp. 96–111, 2016. [Crossref]
[48] Slovic, A.D., de Oliveira, M.A., Biehl, J. & Ribeiro, H., How can urban policies improve air quality and help mitigate global climate change: A systematic mapping review. Journal of Urban Health, 93, pp. 73–95, 2016. [Crossref]
[49] Arneth, A., Unger, N., Kulmala, M. & Andreae, M.O., Atmospheric science. Clean the air, heat the planet? Science, 326, pp. 672–673, 2009. [Crossref]
[50] Wang, Z.L., Zhang, H. & Zhang, X.Y., Simultaneous reductions in emissions of black carbon and co-emitted species will weaken the aerosol net cooling effect. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, pp. 3671–3685, 2015. [Crossref]
[51] Maione, M. et al., Air quality and climate change: Designing new win-win policies for Europe. Environment: Science and Policy, 65, pp.48–57, 2016. [Crossref]
[52] Andersson, C. & Engardt, M., European ozone in a future climate: Importance of changes in dry deposition and isoprene emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 115, D02303, 2010. [Crossref]
[53] Bollen, J., van der Zwaan, B., Brink, C. & Eerens, H., Local air pollution and global climate change: A combined cost-benefit analysis. Resource and Energy Economics,31, pp. 161–181, 2009. [Crossref]
[54] Nemet, G.F., Holloway, T. & Meier, P., Implications of incorporating air-quality co-benefits into climate change policymaking. Environmental Research Letters, 5, p. 14007, 2010. [Crossref]
[55] Stohl, A. et al., Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, pp. 10529–10566, 2015. [Crossref]
[56] EU., Towards an EU Research and Innovation Policy Agenda for Nature-Based Solutions & Re-Naturing Cities – Final Report of the Horizon 2020 Expert Group on ‘Nature-Based Solutions & Re-Naturing Cities’. Brussels, Belgium: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015.
[57] Oke, T.R. Initial guidance to obtain representative meteorological observations at urban sites. World Meteorological Organization, WMO/TD1250, p. 51, 2006.
[58] Toparlar, Y. et al. CFD simulation and validation of urban microclimate: A case study for Bergpolder Zuid, Rotterdam. Building and Environment, 83, pp.79–90, 2015. [Crossref]
[59] Wu, X., Zou, X., Zhou, N., Zhang, C. & Shi, S. Deceleration efficiencies of shrub windbreaks in a wind tunnel. Aeolian Research, 16, pp. 11–23, 2015. [Crossref]
[60] Carvalho, D., Martins, H., Marta-Almeida, M., Rocha, A. & Borrego, C. Urban resilience to future urban heat waves under a climate change scenario: A case study for Porto urban area (Portugal). Urban Climate, 19, pp.1–27, 2016. [Crossref]
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Open Access
Research article

Air Quality, Urban Fluxes and Cities Resilience under Climate Change – A Brief Overview

carlos borrego,
sandra rafael,
vera rodrigues,
alexandra monteiro,
sandra sorte,
sílvia coelho,
myriam lopes
CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Portugal
International Journal of Environmental Impacts
|
Volume 1, Issue 1, 2017
|
Pages 14-27
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

Cities are home of about 70% of the European population, and it is expected that by 2050 this number will be achieved around the world. As a result, cities are facing important challenges related to pressures induced by changes on urban metabolism and by climate change (CC) effects. Understanding the key factors determining the vulnerability of a city provides a framework to consider resilience. These issues become more and more relevant since changes in urban structure and metabolism together with CC will start affecting atmospheric emissions, urban air quality and consequently human health. Cobenefits of an urban air quality and CC approach need to be further addressed taking into consideration that CC creates both risks and opportunities. Therefore, an integrated assessment of the interaction between resilience factors and CC effects, and its influence on the urban microclimate and air quality, is required to better adapt to future climate. This knowledge is fundamental to support policy makers and stake- holders helping them to choose the best strategies to manage resources, to mitigate extreme weather events and to predict air pollution episodes. This article offers a systematic review on CC impacts in cities, providing some adaptation strategies and suggesting future research topics.

Keywords: Air quality, Cities, Climate change, Cobenefits, Energy fluxes, Resilience, Weather patterns
Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
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[2] Rafael, S., et al. Influence of urban resilience measures in the magnitude and behaviour of energy fluxes in the city of Porto (Portugal) under a climate change scenario. Science of the Total Environment, 566–567, pp. 1500–1510, 2016. [Crossref]
[3] Freeman, R. & Yearworth, M. Climate change and cities: Problem structuring methods and critical perspectives on low-carbon districts. Energy Research & Social Science, 25, pp.48–64, 2017. [Crossref]
[4] Araos, M., et al. Climate change adaptation planning in large cities: A systematic global assessment. Environmental Science & Policy, 66, pp. 375–382, 2016. [Crossref]
[5] Schiavon, M., Antonacci, G., Rada, E., Ragazzi, M. & Zardi, D. Modeling human exposure to air pollutants in an urban area. Revista De Chimie, 65, pp. 61–64, 2014.
[6] Grimmond, C.S. Urban climate in the coastal zone: Resilience to weather extremes. In Pelling, M. (ed.). Megacities and the Coast: Transformation for Resilience, a preliminary review of knowledge, practice and future, Abingdon: Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ), pp. 37–42, 2011.
[7] González, A., Donnelly, A., Jones, M., Chrysoulakis, N. & Lopes, M. A decision-support system for sustainable urban metabolism in Europe. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 38, pp. 109–119, 2013. [Crossref]
[8] WHO. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87, p. 63, 2009.
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[11] Järvi, L., Grimmond, C.S.B. & Christen, A. The surface urban energy and water balance scheme (SUEWS): Evaluation in Los Angeles and Vancouver. Journal of Hydrology,411, pp. 219–237, 2011. [Crossref]
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[13] Lopes, M., Borrego, C., Martins, H. & Amorim, J.H. Understanding Urban Metabolism: Guidelines for Urban Sustainable Development. New York: Routledge, pp. 197–205, 2014.
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[23] Rafael, S., et al. Quantification and mapping of urban fluxes under climate change: Application of WRF-SUEWS model to Greater Porto area. Environmental Research, 155, pp.321–334, 2016. [Crossref]
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[25] Borrego, C., et al. Elaboração de Plano de Qualidade do Ar de Ozono da região Norte. Aveiro: Relatório 1 -Plano de trabalhos detalhado, 2014.
[26] Borrego, C., et al. Reducing NO2 pollution over urban areas: Air quality modelling as a fundamental management tool. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 223, pp. 5307–5320, 2012. [Crossref]
[27] Borrego, C., Sa, E., Carvalho, A., Sousa, S. & Miranda, A.I. Plans and programmes to improve air quality over Portugal: A numerical modelling approach. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 48, pp. 60–68, 2012. [Crossref]
[28] Thambiran, T. & Diab, R.D. A review of scientific linkages and interactions between climate change and air quality, with implications for air quality management in South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 106, pp. 20–27, 2010. [Crossref]
[29] Elminir, H.K. Dependence of urban air pollutants on meteorology. Science of the Total Environment, 350, pp. 225–237, 2005. [Crossref]
[30] Jacob, D.J. & Winner, D.A. Effect of climate change on air quality. Atmospheric Environment, 43, pp. 51–63, 2009. [Crossref]
[31] Flaum, J.B., Rao, S.T. & Zurbenko, I.G. Moderating the influence of meteorological conditions on ambient ozone concentrations. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 46, pp. 35–46, 1996. [Crossref]
[32] Lacressonnière, G., et al. European air quality in the 2030s and 2050s: Impacts of global and regional emission trends and of climate change. Atmospheric Environment, 92, pp. 348–358, 2014. [Crossref]
[33] Carvalho, A., Monteiro, A., Solman, S., Miranda, A.I. & Borrego, C. Climate-driven changes in air quality over Europe by the end of the 21st century, with special reference to Portugal. Environmental Science & Policy, 13, pp. 445–458, 2010. [Crossref]
[34] Sá, E., et al. Climate change and pollutant emissions impacts on air quality in 2050 over Portugal. Atmospheric Environment, 131, pp. 209–224, 2016. [Crossref]
[35] Marta-Almeida, M., Teixeira, J.C., Carvalho, M.J., Melo-Gonçalves, P. & Rocha, A.M. High resolution WRF climatic simulations for the Iberian Peninsula: Model validation. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 94, pp. 94–105, 2015. [Crossref]
[36] UNEP., IEA Training Manual Volume Two Themes: Vulnerability and Impact Assessment for Adaptation to Climate Change (VIA Module), Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme, 2010.
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[38] Zhang, Y., et al. Responses of future air quality to emission controls over North Caro-lina, part II: Analyses of future-year predictions and their policy implications. Atmos-pheric Environment, 44, pp. 2767–2779, 2010. [Crossref]
[39] Blackman, K., Perret, L., Savory, E. & Piquet, T. Field and wind tunnel modeling of an idealized street canyon flow. Atmospheric Environment, 106, pp. 139–153, 2015. [Crossref]
[40] Masson, V., et al. The canopy and aerosol particles interactions in Toulouse urban layer (CAPITOUL) experiment. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 102, pp. 135–157, 2008. [Crossref]
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[47] Lohrey, S. & Creutzig, F., A ‘sustainability window’of urban form. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 45, pp. 96–111, 2016. [Crossref]
[48] Slovic, A.D., de Oliveira, M.A., Biehl, J. & Ribeiro, H., How can urban policies improve air quality and help mitigate global climate change: A systematic mapping review. Journal of Urban Health, 93, pp. 73–95, 2016. [Crossref]
[49] Arneth, A., Unger, N., Kulmala, M. & Andreae, M.O., Atmospheric science. Clean the air, heat the planet? Science, 326, pp. 672–673, 2009. [Crossref]
[50] Wang, Z.L., Zhang, H. & Zhang, X.Y., Simultaneous reductions in emissions of black carbon and co-emitted species will weaken the aerosol net cooling effect. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, pp. 3671–3685, 2015. [Crossref]
[51] Maione, M. et al., Air quality and climate change: Designing new win-win policies for Europe. Environment: Science and Policy, 65, pp.48–57, 2016. [Crossref]
[52] Andersson, C. & Engardt, M., European ozone in a future climate: Importance of changes in dry deposition and isoprene emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 115, D02303, 2010. [Crossref]
[53] Bollen, J., van der Zwaan, B., Brink, C. & Eerens, H., Local air pollution and global climate change: A combined cost-benefit analysis. Resource and Energy Economics,31, pp. 161–181, 2009. [Crossref]
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[57] Oke, T.R. Initial guidance to obtain representative meteorological observations at urban sites. World Meteorological Organization, WMO/TD1250, p. 51, 2006.
[58] Toparlar, Y. et al. CFD simulation and validation of urban microclimate: A case study for Bergpolder Zuid, Rotterdam. Building and Environment, 83, pp.79–90, 2015. [Crossref]
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[60] Carvalho, D., Martins, H., Marta-Almeida, M., Rocha, A. & Borrego, C. Urban resilience to future urban heat waves under a climate change scenario: A case study for Porto urban area (Portugal). Urban Climate, 19, pp.1–27, 2016. [Crossref]
Cite this:
APA Style
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BibTex Style
MLA Style
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GB-T-7714-2015
Borrego, C., Rafael, S., Rodrigues, V., Monteiro, A., Sorte, S., Coelho, S., & Lopes, M. (2017). Air Quality, Urban Fluxes and Cities Resilience under Climate Change – A Brief Overview. Int. J. Environ. Impacts., 1(1), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V1-N1-14-27
C. Borrego, S. Rafael, V. Rodrigues, A. Monteiro, S. Sorte, S. Coelho, and M. Lopes, "Air Quality, Urban Fluxes and Cities Resilience under Climate Change – A Brief Overview," Int. J. Environ. Impacts., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 14-27, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V1-N1-14-27
@research-article{Borrego2017AirQU,
title={Air Quality, Urban Fluxes and Cities Resilience under Climate Change – A Brief Overview},
author={Carlos Borrego and Sandra Rafael and Vera Rodrigues and Alexandra Monteiro and Sandra Sorte and SíLvia Coelho and Myriam Lopes},
journal={International Journal of Environmental Impacts},
year={2017},
page={14-27},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V1-N1-14-27}
}
Carlos Borrego, et al. "Air Quality, Urban Fluxes and Cities Resilience under Climate Change – A Brief Overview." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, v 1, pp 14-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V1-N1-14-27
Carlos Borrego, Sandra Rafael, Vera Rodrigues, Alexandra Monteiro, Sandra Sorte, SíLvia Coelho and Myriam Lopes. "Air Quality, Urban Fluxes and Cities Resilience under Climate Change – A Brief Overview." International Journal of Environmental Impacts, 1, (2017): 14-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V1-N1-14-27
BORREGO C， RAFAEL S， RODRIGUES V， et al. Air Quality, Urban Fluxes and Cities Resilience under Climate Change – A Brief Overview[J]. International Journal of Environmental Impacts， 2017， 1(1)： 14-27. https://doi.org/10.2495/EI-V1-N1-14-27