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1.
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2.
Hall Taylor, N.S., Hewitt, I.J., Ockendon, J.R. & Witelski, T.P., A new model for distur- bance waves. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 66, pp. 38–45, 2014. https:// doi.org/10.1016/J.IJMULTIPHASEFLOW.2014.06.004
3.
Alekseenko, S.V., Antipin, V.A., Cherdantsev, A.V., Kharlamov, S.M. & Markovich, D.M., Investigation of waves interaction in annular gas-liquid flow using high-speed fluo- rescent visualization technique. Microgravity Science and Technology, 20, pp. 271–275, 2008. [Crossref]
4.
Alekseenko, S.V., Cherdantsev, A.V., Cherdantsev, M.V., Isaenkov, S.V. & Markov- ich, D.M., Study of formation and development of disturbance waves in annular gas- liquid flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 77, pp. 65–75, 2015. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2015.08.007
5.
Wolf, A., Film Structure of Vertical Annular Flow, Imperial College of Science, Tech- nology and Medicine. London University, 1995.
6.
Schubring, D., Ashwood, A.C., Shedd, T.A. & Hurlburt, E.T., Planar laser-induced fluo- rescence (PLIF) measurements of liquid film thickness in annular flow. Part I: Methods and data. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 36, pp. 815–824, 2010. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2010.05.007
7.
Belt, R.J., Van’t Westende, J.M.C., Prasser, H.M. & Portela, L.M., Time and spatially resolved measurements of interfacial waves in vertical annular flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 36, pp. 570–587, 2010. flow.2010.03.004 [Crossref]
8.
Berna, C., Escrivá, A., Muñoz-Cobo, J.L. & Herranz, L.E., Review of droplet entrain- ment in annular flow: Interfacial waves and onset of entrainment. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 74, pp. 14–43, 2014. [Crossref]
9.
Berna, C., Escrivá, A., Muñoz-Cobo, J.L. & Herranz, L.E., Review of droplet entrain- ment in annular flow: Characterization of the entrained droplets. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 79, pp. 64–86 2015. [Crossref]
10.
Setyawan, A., Indarto, Deendarlianto, The effect of the fluid properties on the wave velocity and wave frequency of gas-liquid annular two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 71, pp. 25–41, 2016. expthermflusci.2015.10.008 [Crossref]
11.
Nusselt, W., Die oberflächenkondensation des wasserdampfes. Zeitschrift Des Vereines Dtsch. Ingenieure, 60, pp. 541–546 (no27) and pp. 569–575 (no 28), 1916.
12.
Takahama, H. & Kato, S., Longitudinal flow characteristics of vertically falling liq- uid films without concurrent gas flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 6, pp. 203–215, 1980. [Crossref]
13.
Mudawwar, I.A. & El-Masri, M.A., Momentum and heat transfer across freely-falling turbulent liquid films. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 12, pp. 771–790, 1986. [Crossref]
14.
Karapantsions, T.D., Paras, S.V. & Karabelas, A.J., Statistical characteristics of free falling films at high Reynolds numbers. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 15, pp. 1–21, 1989. [Crossref]
15.
Karimi, G. & Kawaji, M., An experimental study of freely falling films in a vertical tube. Chemical Engineering Science, 53, pp. 3501–3512, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0009-2509(98)00159-6
16.
Zadrazil, I., Matar, O.K. & Markides, C.N., An experimental characterization of down- wards gas-liquid annular flow by laser-induced fluorescence: Flow regimes and film statistics. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 60, pp. 87–102, 2014. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2013.11.008
17.
Cherdantsev, A.V., An, J.S., Charogiannis, A. & Markides, C.N., Simultaneous application of two laser-induced fluorescence approaches for film thickness measurements in annu- lar gas-liquid flows. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 119, pp. 237–258, 2019. [Crossref]
18.
Charogiannis, A., Sik An, J., Voulgaropoulos, V. & Markides, C.N., Structured pla- nar laser-induced fluorescence (S-PLIF) for the accurate identification of interfaces in multiphase flows. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 118, pp. 193–204, 2019. [Crossref]
19.
Smith, B.L., Assessment of CFD for NRS, OECD/NEA IAEA Work, 2008.
20.
Mahaffy, J., Chung, B., Dubois F., Ducros, F., Graffard, E., Heitsch, M., Henriksson, M., Komen, E., Moretti, F., Morii, T., Mühlbauer, P., Rohde, U., Scheuerer, M., Smith, B.L., Song, C., Watanabe, T. & Zigh, G., Best Practice Guidelines for the Use of CFD in Nuclear Reactor Safety Applications, 2014.
21.
Rivera, Y., Muñoz-Cobo, J.L., Berna, C., Escrivá, A. & Cordova, Y., Study of liquid film behaviour in vertical downward air–water annular flow. Advances in Fluid Mechanics XIII, pp. 77–88, 2020. [Crossref]
22.
Clark, W.W.P., The interfacial characteristics of falling film reactors, pp. 1–328, 2001. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14303/ (accessed September 5, 2018)
23.
Collier, J.G. & Hewitt, G., Data on the vertical flow of air-water mixtures in the annular and dispersed flow regions, Part II: Film thickness and entrainment data and analysis of pressure drop measurements. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 37, pp. 127–136, 1961.
24.
Telles, A.S. & Dukler, A.E., Statistical characteristics of thin, vertical, wavy, liquid films. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 9, pp. 412–421, 1970. [Crossref]
25.
Fukano, T., Measurement of time varying thickness of liquid film flowing with high speed gas flow by a constant electric current method (CECM). Nuclear Engineering and Design, 184, pp. 363–377, 1998. [Crossref]
26.
Zhao, Y., Markides, C.N., Matar, O.K. & Hewitt, G.F., Disturbance wave develop- ment in two-phase gas–liquid upwards vertical annular flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 55, pp. 111–129, 2013. [Crossref]
27.
Ghosh, S., Pratihar, D.K., Maiti, B. & Das, P.K., Automatic classification of vertical counter-current two-phase flow by capturing hydrodynamic characteristics through objective descriptions. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 52, pp. 102–120, 2013. [Crossref]
28.
Muñoz-Cobo, J., Chiva, S., Méndez, S., Monrós, G., Escrivá, A., Cuadros, J., Muñoz- Cobo, J.L., Chiva, S., Méndez, S., Monrós, G., Escrivá, A. & Cuadros, J.L., Development of conductivity sensors for multi-phase flow local measurements at the polytechnic Uni- versity of Valencia (UPV) and University Jaume I of Castellon (UJI). Sensors, 17, p. 1077, 2017. [Crossref]
29.
Rivera, Y., Muñoz-Cobo, J.L., Cuadros, J.L., Berna, C. & Escrivá, A., Experimental study of the effects produced by the changes of the liquid and gas superficial veloci- ties and the surface tension on the interfacial waves and the film thickness in annular concurrent upward vertical flows. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 120, 2021. [Crossref]
30.
Canonsburg, T.D., ANSYS meshing user’ s guide. Knowl. Creat. Diffus. Util, 15317,
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Simoneau, J.-P., Champigny, J. & Gelineau, O., Applications of large eddy simulations in nuclear field. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 240, pp. 429–439, 2010. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2008.08.018
32.
Iglesias, S.M., Dominguez, D.S., Escrivá, A., Muñoz-Cobo, J.L., Berna, C., Cuadros, J.L. & Rivera, Y., Computational fluid dynamics applied to the study of falling liquid films in a wave film generation facility. Proc. 6th Eur. Conf. Comput. Mech. Solids, Struct. Coupled Probl. ECCM 2018 7th Eur. Conf. Comput. Fluid Dyn. ECFD 2018, 2020.
33.
Fan, W., Cherdantsev, A.V. & Anglart, H., Experimental and numerical study of forma- tion and development of disturbance waves in annular gas-liquid flow. Energy, 207, p. 118309, 2020. [Crossref]
34.
Webb, D.R. & Hewitt, G.F., Downwards co-current annular flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 2, pp. 35–49, 1975. [Crossref]
35.
Karapantsios, T.D. & Karabelas, A.J., Longitudinal characteristics of wavy falling films. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 21, pp. 119–127, 1995. https://doi. org/10.1016/0301-9322(94)00048-o
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Acadlore takes over the publication of IJCMEM from 2025 Vol. 13, No. 3. The preceding volumes were published under a CC BY 4.0 license by the previous owner, and displayed here as agreed between Acadlore and the previous owner. ✯ : This issue/volume is not published by Acadlore.

Open Access
Research article

Experimental Measurements and CFD Results of Liquid Film Thickness in Vertical Downward Air–Water Annular Flow

Y. Rivera,
J.L. Muñoz-Cobo,
A. Escrivá,
C. Berna,
Y. Córdova
Instituto de Ingeniería Energética, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements
|
Volume 10, Issue 2, 2022
|
Pages 93-103
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

Annular gas–liquid flows have been extensively studied over the years. However, the nonlinear behavior of the interface is still currently the subject of study by multiple researchers worldwide. The appearance of a liquid layer on the wall and its turbulent behavior support the heat exchange of multiple systems in the industrial field. Research in this area allows the optimization of these instal- lations as well as the analysis of possible safety problems if the liquid film disappears. This study first shows some of the most important findings obtained in the GEPELON experimental facility (GEneración de PElícula ONdulatoria or Wavy Film Generator). The facility was built in order to analyze the behavior of the liquid film in annular downward air–water flow. The experimental range of the inlet conditions is 800–8000 for the ReL and 0–110,000 for the Reg. Measurements for the mean

film thickness show a fairly good agreement with the empirical correlations and the measurements of

other authors. One of the most demanded applications of this type of measurements is the validation of computational dynamics or CFD codes. Therefore, the experiment has been modeled using Ansys CFX software, and the simulation results have been compared with the experimental ones. This article outlines some of the reasons why two-phase flow simulations are currently challenging and how the codes are able to overcome them. Simulation predictions are fairly close to the experimental measurements, and the mean film thickness evolution when changing the boundary conditions also shows a good agreement.

Keywords: CFD simulation, Conductance probe, Experimental measurements, Film thickness, Vertical downward annular flow

1. Introduction

2. Experimental Facility

3. CFD Model

4. RESULTS

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to the plan of I+D support of the EXMOTRANSIN project ENE2016-79489-C2-1-P.

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Hanratty, T.J. & Hershman, A., Initiation of roll waves. AIChE Journal, 7, pp. 488–497, 1961. [Crossref]
2.
Hall Taylor, N.S., Hewitt, I.J., Ockendon, J.R. & Witelski, T.P., A new model for distur- bance waves. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 66, pp. 38–45, 2014. https:// doi.org/10.1016/J.IJMULTIPHASEFLOW.2014.06.004
3.
Alekseenko, S.V., Antipin, V.A., Cherdantsev, A.V., Kharlamov, S.M. & Markovich, D.M., Investigation of waves interaction in annular gas-liquid flow using high-speed fluo- rescent visualization technique. Microgravity Science and Technology, 20, pp. 271–275, 2008. [Crossref]
4.
Alekseenko, S.V., Cherdantsev, A.V., Cherdantsev, M.V., Isaenkov, S.V. & Markov- ich, D.M., Study of formation and development of disturbance waves in annular gas- liquid flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 77, pp. 65–75, 2015. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2015.08.007
5.
Wolf, A., Film Structure of Vertical Annular Flow, Imperial College of Science, Tech- nology and Medicine. London University, 1995.
6.
Schubring, D., Ashwood, A.C., Shedd, T.A. & Hurlburt, E.T., Planar laser-induced fluo- rescence (PLIF) measurements of liquid film thickness in annular flow. Part I: Methods and data. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 36, pp. 815–824, 2010. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2010.05.007
7.
Belt, R.J., Van’t Westende, J.M.C., Prasser, H.M. & Portela, L.M., Time and spatially resolved measurements of interfacial waves in vertical annular flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 36, pp. 570–587, 2010. flow.2010.03.004 [Crossref]
8.
Berna, C., Escrivá, A., Muñoz-Cobo, J.L. & Herranz, L.E., Review of droplet entrain- ment in annular flow: Interfacial waves and onset of entrainment. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 74, pp. 14–43, 2014. [Crossref]
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Berna, C., Escrivá, A., Muñoz-Cobo, J.L. & Herranz, L.E., Review of droplet entrain- ment in annular flow: Characterization of the entrained droplets. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 79, pp. 64–86 2015. [Crossref]
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Setyawan, A., Indarto, Deendarlianto, The effect of the fluid properties on the wave velocity and wave frequency of gas-liquid annular two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 71, pp. 25–41, 2016. expthermflusci.2015.10.008 [Crossref]
11.
Nusselt, W., Die oberflächenkondensation des wasserdampfes. Zeitschrift Des Vereines Dtsch. Ingenieure, 60, pp. 541–546 (no27) and pp. 569–575 (no 28), 1916.
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Takahama, H. & Kato, S., Longitudinal flow characteristics of vertically falling liq- uid films without concurrent gas flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 6, pp. 203–215, 1980. [Crossref]
13.
Mudawwar, I.A. & El-Masri, M.A., Momentum and heat transfer across freely-falling turbulent liquid films. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 12, pp. 771–790, 1986. [Crossref]
14.
Karapantsions, T.D., Paras, S.V. & Karabelas, A.J., Statistical characteristics of free falling films at high Reynolds numbers. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 15, pp. 1–21, 1989. [Crossref]
15.
Karimi, G. & Kawaji, M., An experimental study of freely falling films in a vertical tube. Chemical Engineering Science, 53, pp. 3501–3512, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0009-2509(98)00159-6
16.
Zadrazil, I., Matar, O.K. & Markides, C.N., An experimental characterization of down- wards gas-liquid annular flow by laser-induced fluorescence: Flow regimes and film statistics. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 60, pp. 87–102, 2014. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2013.11.008
17.
Cherdantsev, A.V., An, J.S., Charogiannis, A. & Markides, C.N., Simultaneous application of two laser-induced fluorescence approaches for film thickness measurements in annu- lar gas-liquid flows. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 119, pp. 237–258, 2019. [Crossref]
18.
Charogiannis, A., Sik An, J., Voulgaropoulos, V. & Markides, C.N., Structured pla- nar laser-induced fluorescence (S-PLIF) for the accurate identification of interfaces in multiphase flows. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 118, pp. 193–204, 2019. [Crossref]
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Mahaffy, J., Chung, B., Dubois F., Ducros, F., Graffard, E., Heitsch, M., Henriksson, M., Komen, E., Moretti, F., Morii, T., Mühlbauer, P., Rohde, U., Scheuerer, M., Smith, B.L., Song, C., Watanabe, T. & Zigh, G., Best Practice Guidelines for the Use of CFD in Nuclear Reactor Safety Applications, 2014.
21.
Rivera, Y., Muñoz-Cobo, J.L., Berna, C., Escrivá, A. & Cordova, Y., Study of liquid film behaviour in vertical downward air–water annular flow. Advances in Fluid Mechanics XIII, pp. 77–88, 2020. [Crossref]
22.
Clark, W.W.P., The interfacial characteristics of falling film reactors, pp. 1–328, 2001. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14303/ (accessed September 5, 2018)
23.
Collier, J.G. & Hewitt, G., Data on the vertical flow of air-water mixtures in the annular and dispersed flow regions, Part II: Film thickness and entrainment data and analysis of pressure drop measurements. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 37, pp. 127–136, 1961.
24.
Telles, A.S. & Dukler, A.E., Statistical characteristics of thin, vertical, wavy, liquid films. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 9, pp. 412–421, 1970. [Crossref]
25.
Fukano, T., Measurement of time varying thickness of liquid film flowing with high speed gas flow by a constant electric current method (CECM). Nuclear Engineering and Design, 184, pp. 363–377, 1998. [Crossref]
26.
Zhao, Y., Markides, C.N., Matar, O.K. & Hewitt, G.F., Disturbance wave develop- ment in two-phase gas–liquid upwards vertical annular flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 55, pp. 111–129, 2013. [Crossref]
27.
Ghosh, S., Pratihar, D.K., Maiti, B. & Das, P.K., Automatic classification of vertical counter-current two-phase flow by capturing hydrodynamic characteristics through objective descriptions. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 52, pp. 102–120, 2013. [Crossref]
28.
Muñoz-Cobo, J., Chiva, S., Méndez, S., Monrós, G., Escrivá, A., Cuadros, J., Muñoz- Cobo, J.L., Chiva, S., Méndez, S., Monrós, G., Escrivá, A. & Cuadros, J.L., Development of conductivity sensors for multi-phase flow local measurements at the polytechnic Uni- versity of Valencia (UPV) and University Jaume I of Castellon (UJI). Sensors, 17, p. 1077, 2017. [Crossref]
29.
Rivera, Y., Muñoz-Cobo, J.L., Cuadros, J.L., Berna, C. & Escrivá, A., Experimental study of the effects produced by the changes of the liquid and gas superficial veloci- ties and the surface tension on the interfacial waves and the film thickness in annular concurrent upward vertical flows. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 120, 2021. [Crossref]
30.
Canonsburg, T.D., ANSYS meshing user’ s guide. Knowl. Creat. Diffus. Util, 15317,
31.
Simoneau, J.-P., Champigny, J. & Gelineau, O., Applications of large eddy simulations in nuclear field. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 240, pp. 429–439, 2010. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2008.08.018
32.
Iglesias, S.M., Dominguez, D.S., Escrivá, A., Muñoz-Cobo, J.L., Berna, C., Cuadros, J.L. & Rivera, Y., Computational fluid dynamics applied to the study of falling liquid films in a wave film generation facility. Proc. 6th Eur. Conf. Comput. Mech. Solids, Struct. Coupled Probl. ECCM 2018 7th Eur. Conf. Comput. Fluid Dyn. ECFD 2018, 2020.
33.
Fan, W., Cherdantsev, A.V. & Anglart, H., Experimental and numerical study of forma- tion and development of disturbance waves in annular gas-liquid flow. Energy, 207, p. 118309, 2020. [Crossref]
34.
Webb, D.R. & Hewitt, G.F., Downwards co-current annular flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 2, pp. 35–49, 1975. [Crossref]
35.
Karapantsios, T.D. & Karabelas, A.J., Longitudinal characteristics of wavy falling films. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 21, pp. 119–127, 1995. https://doi. org/10.1016/0301-9322(94)00048-o
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Rivera, Y., Muñoz-Cobo, J. L., Escrivá, A., Berna, C., & Córdova, Y. (2022). Experimental Measurements and CFD Results of Liquid Film Thickness in Vertical Downward Air–Water Annular Flow. Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., 10(2), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V10-N2-93-103
Y. Rivera, J. L. Muñoz-Cobo, A. Escrivá, C. Berna, and Y. Córdova, "Experimental Measurements and CFD Results of Liquid Film Thickness in Vertical Downward Air–Water Annular Flow," Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 93-103, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V10-N2-93-103
@research-article{Rivera2022ExperimentalMA,
title={Experimental Measurements and CFD Results of Liquid Film Thickness in Vertical Downward Air–Water Annular Flow},
author={Y. Rivera and J.L. MuñOz-Cobo and A. Escrivá and C. Berna and Y. CóRdova},
journal={International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements},
year={2022},
page={93-103},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V10-N2-93-103}
}
Y. Rivera, et al. "Experimental Measurements and CFD Results of Liquid Film Thickness in Vertical Downward Air–Water Annular Flow." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, v 10, pp 93-103. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V10-N2-93-103
Y. Rivera, J.L. MuñOz-Cobo, A. Escrivá, C. Berna and Y. CóRdova. "Experimental Measurements and CFD Results of Liquid Film Thickness in Vertical Downward Air–Water Annular Flow." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, 10, (2022): 93-103. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V10-N2-93-103
RIVERA Y， MUÑOZ-COBO J L， ESCRIVÁ A， et al. Experimental Measurements and CFD Results of Liquid Film Thickness in Vertical Downward Air–Water Annular Flow[J]. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements， 2022， 10(2)： 93-103. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V10-N2-93-103