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[1] Decker, P. et al., To coat or not to coat? The maintenance of Cor-Ten® sculptures. Materialand Corrosion, 59(3), pp. 239–247, 2008. [Crossref]
[2] Revie, R. W., Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook: Third Edition. 2011.
[3] Dunkley, F. G., Painting of railway rolling stock. Journal of the Institution ofLocomotive Engineers, 57(319), pp. 509–553, 1967. [Crossref]
[4] Fischer, M., Weathering Steel in Bridges. Structural Engineering International, 5(1),pp. 51–54, 1995. [Crossref]
[5] Mostafavi, D. et al., On Weathering: The Life of Buildings in Time. Massaciussets Intituteof Technology, 1993.
[6] https://www.pinterest.it/trackdesign9867/corten+art/?lp=true
[7] Kamimura, T. et al., Composition and protective ability of rust layer formed on weatheringsteel exposed to various environments. Corrosion Science, 48(9), pp. 2799–2812,2006. [Crossref]
[8] Morcillo, M. et al., Atmospheric corrosion data of weathering steels. A review. CorrosionScience, 77, pp. 6–24, 2013. [Crossref]
[9] Concli, F. et al., Load independent power losses of ordinary gears: Numerical andexperimental analysis. in 5th WTC 2013, 2, 2013.
[10] RJ, S. et al., For Architectural Applications-Unpainted High Strength Low Alloy Steel.Matls Prot, 8(12), pp. 70–77, 1969.
[11] Zhang, Q. C. et al., Corrosion behavior of weathering steel in marine atmosphere. MaterialsChemistry and Physics, 77(2), pp. 603–608, 2003. [Crossref]
[12] Wang, J. H. et al., The corrosion mechanisms of carbon steel and weathering steel inSO2 polluted atmospheres. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 47(1), pp. 1–8, 1997. [Crossref]
[13] Wang, R. et al., Electrochemical corrosion performance of Cr and Al alloy steels usinga J55 carbon steel as base alloy. Corrosion Science, 85, pp. 270–279, 2014. [Crossref]
[14] Guo, X. et al., Influence of carbon content and microstructure on corrosion behaviourof low alloy steels in a Cl− containing environment. Corrosion Science, 51(2), pp.242–251, 2009. [Crossref]
[15] Chiavari, C. et al., Atmospheric corrosion of Cor-Ten steel with different surface finish:Accelerated ageing and metal release. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 136(2–3), pp.477–486, 2012. [Crossref]
[16] https://www.autobrennero.it/documenti/4_Area_tecnica/Pubblicazioni/2010/barriere_sicurezza_A22.pdf
[17] https://www.autobrennero.it/it/la-rete-autostradale/la-sicurezza/barriere-sicurezza/
[18] Deflorian, F. et al., Premature corrosion failure of structural highway components madefrom weathering steel. Engineering Failure Analysis, 9(5), pp. 541–551, 2002. [Crossref]
[19] Whitworth, H. A. et al., Finite element modeling of the crash performance of roadsidebarriers. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 9(1), pp. 35–43, 2004. [Crossref]
[20] Ren, Z. et al., Computational and experimental crash analysis of the road safety barrier.Eng. Fail. Anal., 12(6) SPEC. ISS., pp. 963–973, 2005. [Crossref]
[21] Concli, F. et al., Experimental-Numerical Calibration of The Fracture Locus of a WeatheringSteel. WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences, 2019.
[22] Concli, F. et al., Fracture locus of a CORTEN steel: Finite Element calibration based onexperimental results. Procedia Structural Integrity, 2019.
[23] Voce, E., A practical strain-hardening function. Metallurgia, 51, pp. 219–226, 1955.
[24] Voce, E., The relationship between stress and strain for homogeneous deformation. J.Inst. Met., 74, pp. 537–562, 1948. [Crossref]
[25] Mirza, M. S. et al., Ductile fracture of pure copper: An experimental and numericalstudy. Journal De Physique. IV : JP, 7(3), pp. C3-891–C3-896, 1997. [Crossref]
[26] Rice, J. R. et al., On the ductile enlargement of voids in triaxial stress fields*. J. Journalof the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 17(3), pp. 201–217, 1969. [Crossref]
[27] Hancock, J. W. et al., On the mechanisms of ductile failure in high-strength steelssubjected to multi-axial stress-states. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,24(2–3), pp. 147–160, 1976. [Crossref]
[28] Johnson, G. R. et al., A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains,high strain rates and high temperatures. A Const. Model Data Met. Subj. to LargeStrains, High Strain Rates High Temp, pp. 541–547, 1983.
[29] Bao et al., On fracture locus in the equivalent strain and stress triaxiality space. InternationalJournal of Mechanical Sciences, 46(1), pp. 81–98, 2004. [Crossref]
[30] Suárez, F. et al., Distinct fracture patterns in construction steels for reinforced concreteunder quasistatic loading— A review. Metals, 8(3), 2018.
[31] Concli, F. et al., Numerical and experimental assessment of the static behavior of 3dprinted reticular Al structures produced by Selective Laser Melting: progressive damageand failure. Procedia Structural Integrity, pp. 204–212, 2018.
[32] Concli, F. et al., Numerical and experimental assessment of the static behavior of 3Dprinted reticular Al structures produced by Selective Laser Melting: proressive damageand failure. Procedia Structural Integrity, pp. 204–212, 2018.
[33] Concli, F. et al., Experimental–numerical assessment of ductile failure of AdditiveManufacturing selective laser melting reticular structures made of Al A357. Proocedingof the international. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science – Part C, 2019.
[34] A.ERRE Srl di Serravalle Pistoiese (PT) Italy. http://www.aerrecarpenteria.it/
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Acadlore takes over the publication of IJCMEM from 2025 Vol. 13, No. 3. The preceding volumes were published under a CC BY 4.0 license by the previous owner, and displayed here as agreed between Acadlore and the previous owner. ✯ : This issue/volume is not published by Acadlore.

Open Access
Research article

Fracture Locus of a Cor-Ten Weathering Steel: Experimental–Numerical Calibration

F. Concli,
L. Maccioni
Free University of Bolzano/Bozen, FaST, Bz, Italy
International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements
|
Volume 8, Issue 3, 2020
|
Pages 243-251
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
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Abstract:

Cor-Ten is a weathering steel exploited in the last decade for several applications such as bridges, artworks, building facades, etc. Besides a good strength, it naturally oxides creating a protective layer. This oxide, unlike rust, has the same specific volume of the pure metal. This characteristic allows over- coming the need of protecting treatments like galvanization, etc.

While its properties promote its exploitation in civil applications, there are also some examples of application where safety is a fundamental requirement. In the northern part of Italy, Cor-Ten is used for safety barriers (guard rails) along the highways. It is, therefore, fundamental to know the ductile behavior of this material, for which few data are available in literature.

Quasi-static experimental tensile tests have been performed on eight samples having different shapes. Numerical simulations carried out with an open-source code (Code_Aster) reproduced the experimental setup. In this way, it was possible to calculate the stress state and the plastic strain at failure needed for the calibration of the ductile damage model. The material model is based on classical incremental plastic response with isotropic hardening and phenomenological concept of damage.

Keywords: Code_Aster, Cor-Ten, ductile fracture, experiments, FEM, fracture locus
References
[1] Decker, P. et al., To coat or not to coat? The maintenance of Cor-Ten® sculptures. Materialand Corrosion, 59(3), pp. 239–247, 2008. [Crossref]
[2] Revie, R. W., Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook: Third Edition. 2011.
[3] Dunkley, F. G., Painting of railway rolling stock. Journal of the Institution ofLocomotive Engineers, 57(319), pp. 509–553, 1967. [Crossref]
[4] Fischer, M., Weathering Steel in Bridges. Structural Engineering International, 5(1),pp. 51–54, 1995. [Crossref]
[5] Mostafavi, D. et al., On Weathering: The Life of Buildings in Time. Massaciussets Intituteof Technology, 1993.
[6] https://www.pinterest.it/trackdesign9867/corten+art/?lp=true
[7] Kamimura, T. et al., Composition and protective ability of rust layer formed on weatheringsteel exposed to various environments. Corrosion Science, 48(9), pp. 2799–2812,2006. [Crossref]
[8] Morcillo, M. et al., Atmospheric corrosion data of weathering steels. A review. CorrosionScience, 77, pp. 6–24, 2013. [Crossref]
[9] Concli, F. et al., Load independent power losses of ordinary gears: Numerical andexperimental analysis. in 5th WTC 2013, 2, 2013.
[10] RJ, S. et al., For Architectural Applications-Unpainted High Strength Low Alloy Steel.Matls Prot, 8(12), pp. 70–77, 1969.
[11] Zhang, Q. C. et al., Corrosion behavior of weathering steel in marine atmosphere. MaterialsChemistry and Physics, 77(2), pp. 603–608, 2003. [Crossref]
[12] Wang, J. H. et al., The corrosion mechanisms of carbon steel and weathering steel inSO2 polluted atmospheres. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 47(1), pp. 1–8, 1997. [Crossref]
[13] Wang, R. et al., Electrochemical corrosion performance of Cr and Al alloy steels usinga J55 carbon steel as base alloy. Corrosion Science, 85, pp. 270–279, 2014. [Crossref]
[14] Guo, X. et al., Influence of carbon content and microstructure on corrosion behaviourof low alloy steels in a Cl− containing environment. Corrosion Science, 51(2), pp.242–251, 2009. [Crossref]
[15] Chiavari, C. et al., Atmospheric corrosion of Cor-Ten steel with different surface finish:Accelerated ageing and metal release. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 136(2–3), pp.477–486, 2012. [Crossref]
[16] https://www.autobrennero.it/documenti/4_Area_tecnica/Pubblicazioni/2010/barriere_sicurezza_A22.pdf
[17] https://www.autobrennero.it/it/la-rete-autostradale/la-sicurezza/barriere-sicurezza/
[18] Deflorian, F. et al., Premature corrosion failure of structural highway components madefrom weathering steel. Engineering Failure Analysis, 9(5), pp. 541–551, 2002. [Crossref]
[19] Whitworth, H. A. et al., Finite element modeling of the crash performance of roadsidebarriers. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 9(1), pp. 35–43, 2004. [Crossref]
[20] Ren, Z. et al., Computational and experimental crash analysis of the road safety barrier.Eng. Fail. Anal., 12(6) SPEC. ISS., pp. 963–973, 2005. [Crossref]
[21] Concli, F. et al., Experimental-Numerical Calibration of The Fracture Locus of a WeatheringSteel. WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences, 2019.
[22] Concli, F. et al., Fracture locus of a CORTEN steel: Finite Element calibration based onexperimental results. Procedia Structural Integrity, 2019.
[23] Voce, E., A practical strain-hardening function. Metallurgia, 51, pp. 219–226, 1955.
[24] Voce, E., The relationship between stress and strain for homogeneous deformation. J.Inst. Met., 74, pp. 537–562, 1948. [Crossref]
[25] Mirza, M. S. et al., Ductile fracture of pure copper: An experimental and numericalstudy. Journal De Physique. IV : JP, 7(3), pp. C3-891–C3-896, 1997. [Crossref]
[26] Rice, J. R. et al., On the ductile enlargement of voids in triaxial stress fields*. J. Journalof the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 17(3), pp. 201–217, 1969. [Crossref]
[27] Hancock, J. W. et al., On the mechanisms of ductile failure in high-strength steelssubjected to multi-axial stress-states. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,24(2–3), pp. 147–160, 1976. [Crossref]
[28] Johnson, G. R. et al., A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains,high strain rates and high temperatures. A Const. Model Data Met. Subj. to LargeStrains, High Strain Rates High Temp, pp. 541–547, 1983.
[29] Bao et al., On fracture locus in the equivalent strain and stress triaxiality space. InternationalJournal of Mechanical Sciences, 46(1), pp. 81–98, 2004. [Crossref]
[30] Suárez, F. et al., Distinct fracture patterns in construction steels for reinforced concreteunder quasistatic loading— A review. Metals, 8(3), 2018.
[31] Concli, F. et al., Numerical and experimental assessment of the static behavior of 3dprinted reticular Al structures produced by Selective Laser Melting: progressive damageand failure. Procedia Structural Integrity, pp. 204–212, 2018.
[32] Concli, F. et al., Numerical and experimental assessment of the static behavior of 3Dprinted reticular Al structures produced by Selective Laser Melting: proressive damageand failure. Procedia Structural Integrity, pp. 204–212, 2018.
[33] Concli, F. et al., Experimental–numerical assessment of ductile failure of AdditiveManufacturing selective laser melting reticular structures made of Al A357. Proocedingof the international. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science – Part C, 2019.
[34] A.ERRE Srl di Serravalle Pistoiese (PT) Italy. http://www.aerrecarpenteria.it/
Cite this:
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Concli, F. & Maccioni, L. (2020). Fracture Locus of a Cor-Ten Weathering Steel: Experimental–Numerical Calibration. Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., 8(3), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N3-243-251
F. Concli and L. Maccioni, "Fracture Locus of a Cor-Ten Weathering Steel: Experimental–Numerical Calibration," Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 243-251, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N3-243-251
@research-article{Concli2020FractureLO,
title={Fracture Locus of a Cor-Ten Weathering Steel: Experimental–Numerical Calibration},
author={F. Concli and L. Maccioni},
journal={International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements},
year={2020},
page={243-251},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N3-243-251}
}
F. Concli, et al. "Fracture Locus of a Cor-Ten Weathering Steel: Experimental–Numerical Calibration." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, v 8, pp 243-251. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N3-243-251
F. Concli and L. Maccioni. "Fracture Locus of a Cor-Ten Weathering Steel: Experimental–Numerical Calibration." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, 8, (2020): 243-251. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N3-243-251
CONCLI F， MACCIONI L. Fracture Locus of a Cor-Ten Weathering Steel: Experimental–Numerical Calibration[J]. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements， 2020， 8(3)： 243-251. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N3-243-251