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[1] Ackert, S., Engine maintenance concepts for financiers. Aircraft Monitor, 2, pp. 1–43,2011.
[2] Kurz, R. & Brun, K., Fouling mechanisms in axial compressors. Journal of Engineeringfor Gas Turbines and Power, 134(3), pp. 1–9, 2012. [Crossref]
[3] Meher-Homji, C.B. & Bromley, A., Gas turbine axial compressor fouling and washing.Proceedings of tnhe 33rd Turbomachinery Symposium, Vol. 1, pp. 163–192, 2004.
[4] Syverud, E., Brekke, O. & Bakken, L.E., Axial commpressor deterioration caused bysaltwater ingestion. Proceedings of GT2005—ASNME TurboExpo, Reno-Tahoe, USA,Vol. 1, pp. 1–11, 2005.
[5] Meher-Homji, C.B., Compressor and hot section fouling in gas tunbines—causes andeffects. Proceedings from the 9th Annual Industrial Energy Technology Conference,Houston, USA, Vol. 1, pp. 261–269, 1987.
[6] Meher-Homji, C.B., Chaker, M.A. & Motiwala, H.M., Gas turbine performance deterioration.Proceedings of the 30th Turbomachinery Symposium, College Station, USA,Vol. 1, pp. 139–175, 2001.
[7] Martn-Aragn, J. & Valds, M., A method to determine the economic cost of fouling ofgas turbine compressors. Applied Thermal Engineering, 69(1–2), pp. 261–266, 2014.
[8] Diakunchak, I.S., Performance deterioration in industrial gas turbines. InternationalGas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition, Orlando, USA, Vol. 4, pp. 1–8,1991.
[9] Oosting, J., Boonstra, K., de Haan, A., van der Vecht, D., Stalder, J.P. & Eicher, U.,On line compressor washing on large frame 9-fa gas turbines erosion on r0 compressorblade leading edge field performance with a novel on line wash system. Proceedings ofGT2007: ASME Turbo Expo, Montreal, Canada, Vol. 1, pp. 1–10, 2007.
[10] Mund, F.C. & Pilidis, P., Gas turbine compressor washing: Historical developments,trends and main design parameters for online systems. Journal of Engineering for GasTurbines and Power, 128(2), pp. 344–353, 2006. [Crossref]
[11] Mund, F.C. & Pilidis, P., Online compressor washing: a numerical survey of influencingparameters. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers—Journal of Powerand Energy, 219(1), pp. 13–23, 2005. [Crossref]
[12] Brun, K., Grimley, T.A., Foiles, W.C. & Kurz, R., Experimental evaluation of the effectivenessof online water-washing in gas turbine compressors. Proceedings of the 42ndTurbomachinery Symposium, Houston, USA, Vol. 1, pp. 1–18, 2013.
[13] Syverud, E. & Bakken, L.E., Online water wash tests of ge j85-13. Proceedings ofGT2005—ASME TurboExpo, Reno-Tahoe, USA, Vol. 1, pp. 1–9, 2005.
[14] Giljohann, S., Brutigam, K., Kuhn, S., Annasiri, S. & Russ, G., Investigations into theon—wing cleaning of commercial jet engines with co2 dry-ice blasting. Deutscher LuftundRaumfahrtkongress, Vol. 1, pp. 1–9, 2012.
[15] Rudek, A., Zitzmann, T., Russ, G. & Duignan, B., An energy-based approach to assessand predict erosive airfoil defouling. International Journal of Computational Methodsand Experimental Measurements: Materials and Contact Characterization, 6(3),pp. 476–486, 2018. [Crossref]
[16] Rudek, A., Muckenhaupt, D., Kombeitz, R., Zitzmann, T., Russ, G. & Duignan, B.,Experimental and numerical investigation of co2 dry-ice based aircraft compressorcleaning. Proceedings of 13th European Conference on Turbomachinery Fluid Dynamics& Thermodynamics, Lausanne, Switzerland, Vol. 13, pp. 1–16, 2019.
[17] Rudek, A., Development and Validation of a Numerical Model of the CO2 DryiceBlasting Process for Aircraft Engine Cleaning Applications. Ph.D. thesis, School ofMechanical and Design Engineering, Dublin Institute of Technology, 2018.
[18] Grant, G. & Tabakoff, W., Erosion prediction in turbomachinery resulting fromenvironmental solid particles. Journal of Aircraft, 12(5), pp. 471–478, 1975. [Crossref]
[19] Sundararajan, G. & Shewmon, P.G., The oblique impact of a hard ball againstductile, semi-infinite target materials - experiment and analysis. InternationalJournal of Impact Engineering, 6(1), pp. 3–22, 1987. [Crossref]
[20] Hutchings, I.M., Winter, R.E. & Field, J.E., Solid particle erosion of metals: the removalof surface material by spherical projectiles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of LondonSeries A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 348(1654), pp. 379–392, 1976. [Crossref]
[21] Hutchings, I.M., Macmillan, N.H. & Rickerby, D.G., Further studies of the obliqueimpact of a hard sphere against a ductile solid. International Journal of MechanicalSciences, 23(11), pp. 639–646, 1981. [Crossref]
[22] Tirupataiah, Y. & Sundararajan, G., A dynamic indentation technique for the characterizationof the high strain rate plastic flow behaviour of ductile metals and alloys.Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 39(2), pp. 243–271, 1991. [Crossref]
[23] Papini, M. & Spelt, J.K., Indentation-induced buckling of organic coatings part ii:measurements with impacting particles. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,40(10), pp. 1061–1068, 1998. [Crossref]
[24] Kleis, I. & Hussainova, I., Investigation of particle—wall impact process. Wear,233–235, pp. 168–173, 1999. [Crossref]
[25] Papini, M. & Spelt, J.K., Organic coating removal by particle impact. Wear, 213(1–2),pp. 185–199, 1997. [Crossref]
[26] Papini, M. & Spelt, J.K., Indentation-induced buckling of organic coatings part i: theoryand analysis. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 40(10), pp. 1043–1059,1998. [Crossref]
[27] Gondret, P., Hallouin, E., Lance, M. & Petit, L., Experiments on the motion of a solidsphere toward a wall: from viscous dissipation to elastohydrodynamic bouncing. Physicsof Fluids, 11(9), pp. 2803–2805, 1999. [Crossref]
[28] Gondret, P., Lance, M. & Petit, L., Bouncing motion of spherical particles in fluids.Physics of Fluids, 14(2), pp. 643–652, 2002. [Crossref]
[29] Barnocky, G. & Davis, R.H., Elastohydrodynamic collision and rebound of spheres:experimental verification. Physics of Fluids, 31(6), pp. 1324–1329, 1988. [Crossref]
[30] Davis, R.H., Rager, D.A. & Good, B.T., Elastohydrodynamic rebound of spheres fromcoated surfaces. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 468, pp. 107–119, 2002. [Crossref]
[31] Wall, S., John, W., Wang, H.C. & Goren, S.L., Measurements of kinetic energy lossfor particles impacting surfaces. Aerosol Science and Technology, 12(4), pp. 926–946,1990. [Crossref]
[32] Djurovic, B., Jean, E., Papini, M., Tangestanian, P. & Spelt, J.K., Coating removal fromfiber-composites and aluminum using starch media blasting. Wear, 224(1), pp. 22–37,1999. [Crossref]
[33] Li, D.Y., Elalem, K., Anderson, M.J. & Chiovelli, S., A microscale dynamical modelfor wear simulation. Wear, 225–229, pp. 380–386, 1999. [Crossref]
[34] Chen, Q. & Li, D.Y., Computer simulation of solid particle erosion. Wear, 254(3–4),pp. 203–210, 2003. [Crossref]
[35] Rudek, A., Russ, G. & Duignan, B., An experimental and numerical validation studyof particle laden supersonic flows. 9th International Conference on Multiphase Flow,Firenze, Italy, 9, pp. 1–6, 2016.
[36] Rudek, A., Russ, G. & Duignan, B., Particle laden flow investigations in special purposedry- ice blasting applications. Int International Journal of Computational Methods andExperimental Measurements: Advances in Fluid Mechanics, 4(4), pp. 393–402, 2016.
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Acadlore takes over the publication of IJCMEM from 2025 Vol. 13, No. 3. The preceding volumes were published under a CC BY 4.0 license by the previous owner, and displayed here as agreed between Acadlore and the previous owner. ✯ : This issue/volume is not published by Acadlore.

Open Access
Research article

A Validation Study for a New Erosion Model to Predict Erosive Airfoil Defouling

Arthur Rudek1,2,
David Muckenhaupt1,
Thomas Zitzmann1,
Gerald Russ1,
Barry Duignan2
1
Hochschule Darmstadt, University of Applied Sciences, Germany
2
Technical University Dublin, Ireland
International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements
|
Volume 8, Issue 1, 2020
|
Pages 13-26
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

A new defouling erosion model for Lagrangian particle tracking is used to predict defouling of amorphous, heterogeneous coatings such as those typically found in aircraft compressors. The main problem description, the mathematical formulation and the underpinning experiment of the model are presented in a previous communication by the authors. In this work, the Ansys CFX implementation of the model is described and an experiment is presented for the validation of the model. Air flows laden with a number of dry-ice particles are observed in an optically accessible stream channel containing a flat plate target. The defouling process of these particles is recorded with HSCs and the main parameters, such as indentation size in fouling layers, are processed and compared to corresponding numerical results. The model parameters considered are particle impact velocity and angle as well as particle and fouling material. Typical coatings which are relevant to commercial aircraft defouling processes are investi- gated. The target plate angle and the air velocity are varied and dry-ice particles of random size and shape are injected into the flow. The experiment is set up in a wind-tunnel test-rig and all recordings are made using two HSCs, a digital camera and Prandtl probe measurement. Experimental and numerical defouling results show good overall agreement for steep target angles but significant deviations for low target angles. Potential improvement to the defouling erosion model is discussed based on these results. The model as presented is used in large-scale compressor defouling simulations in the development process of on-wing aircraft maintenance systems.

Keywords: Aircraft engine defouling, CO2 dry-ice blasting, Solid particle erosion, Validation experiment

1. Introduction

2. State of the Art

3. Model Description

4. Experimental Set-Up

5. Main Results

6. Conclusion and Outlook

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1] Ackert, S., Engine maintenance concepts for financiers. Aircraft Monitor, 2, pp. 1–43,2011.
[2] Kurz, R. & Brun, K., Fouling mechanisms in axial compressors. Journal of Engineeringfor Gas Turbines and Power, 134(3), pp. 1–9, 2012. [Crossref]
[3] Meher-Homji, C.B. & Bromley, A., Gas turbine axial compressor fouling and washing.Proceedings of tnhe 33rd Turbomachinery Symposium, Vol. 1, pp. 163–192, 2004.
[4] Syverud, E., Brekke, O. & Bakken, L.E., Axial commpressor deterioration caused bysaltwater ingestion. Proceedings of GT2005—ASNME TurboExpo, Reno-Tahoe, USA,Vol. 1, pp. 1–11, 2005.
[5] Meher-Homji, C.B., Compressor and hot section fouling in gas tunbines—causes andeffects. Proceedings from the 9th Annual Industrial Energy Technology Conference,Houston, USA, Vol. 1, pp. 261–269, 1987.
[6] Meher-Homji, C.B., Chaker, M.A. & Motiwala, H.M., Gas turbine performance deterioration.Proceedings of the 30th Turbomachinery Symposium, College Station, USA,Vol. 1, pp. 139–175, 2001.
[7] Martn-Aragn, J. & Valds, M., A method to determine the economic cost of fouling ofgas turbine compressors. Applied Thermal Engineering, 69(1–2), pp. 261–266, 2014.
[8] Diakunchak, I.S., Performance deterioration in industrial gas turbines. InternationalGas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition, Orlando, USA, Vol. 4, pp. 1–8,1991.
[9] Oosting, J., Boonstra, K., de Haan, A., van der Vecht, D., Stalder, J.P. & Eicher, U.,On line compressor washing on large frame 9-fa gas turbines erosion on r0 compressorblade leading edge field performance with a novel on line wash system. Proceedings ofGT2007: ASME Turbo Expo, Montreal, Canada, Vol. 1, pp. 1–10, 2007.
[10] Mund, F.C. & Pilidis, P., Gas turbine compressor washing: Historical developments,trends and main design parameters for online systems. Journal of Engineering for GasTurbines and Power, 128(2), pp. 344–353, 2006. [Crossref]
[11] Mund, F.C. & Pilidis, P., Online compressor washing: a numerical survey of influencingparameters. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers—Journal of Powerand Energy, 219(1), pp. 13–23, 2005. [Crossref]
[12] Brun, K., Grimley, T.A., Foiles, W.C. & Kurz, R., Experimental evaluation of the effectivenessof online water-washing in gas turbine compressors. Proceedings of the 42ndTurbomachinery Symposium, Houston, USA, Vol. 1, pp. 1–18, 2013.
[13] Syverud, E. & Bakken, L.E., Online water wash tests of ge j85-13. Proceedings ofGT2005—ASME TurboExpo, Reno-Tahoe, USA, Vol. 1, pp. 1–9, 2005.
[14] Giljohann, S., Brutigam, K., Kuhn, S., Annasiri, S. & Russ, G., Investigations into theon—wing cleaning of commercial jet engines with co2 dry-ice blasting. Deutscher LuftundRaumfahrtkongress, Vol. 1, pp. 1–9, 2012.
[15] Rudek, A., Zitzmann, T., Russ, G. & Duignan, B., An energy-based approach to assessand predict erosive airfoil defouling. International Journal of Computational Methodsand Experimental Measurements: Materials and Contact Characterization, 6(3),pp. 476–486, 2018. [Crossref]
[16] Rudek, A., Muckenhaupt, D., Kombeitz, R., Zitzmann, T., Russ, G. & Duignan, B.,Experimental and numerical investigation of co2 dry-ice based aircraft compressorcleaning. Proceedings of 13th European Conference on Turbomachinery Fluid Dynamics& Thermodynamics, Lausanne, Switzerland, Vol. 13, pp. 1–16, 2019.
[17] Rudek, A., Development and Validation of a Numerical Model of the CO2 DryiceBlasting Process for Aircraft Engine Cleaning Applications. Ph.D. thesis, School ofMechanical and Design Engineering, Dublin Institute of Technology, 2018.
[18] Grant, G. & Tabakoff, W., Erosion prediction in turbomachinery resulting fromenvironmental solid particles. Journal of Aircraft, 12(5), pp. 471–478, 1975. [Crossref]
[19] Sundararajan, G. & Shewmon, P.G., The oblique impact of a hard ball againstductile, semi-infinite target materials - experiment and analysis. InternationalJournal of Impact Engineering, 6(1), pp. 3–22, 1987. [Crossref]
[20] Hutchings, I.M., Winter, R.E. & Field, J.E., Solid particle erosion of metals: the removalof surface material by spherical projectiles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of LondonSeries A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 348(1654), pp. 379–392, 1976. [Crossref]
[21] Hutchings, I.M., Macmillan, N.H. & Rickerby, D.G., Further studies of the obliqueimpact of a hard sphere against a ductile solid. International Journal of MechanicalSciences, 23(11), pp. 639–646, 1981. [Crossref]
[22] Tirupataiah, Y. & Sundararajan, G., A dynamic indentation technique for the characterizationof the high strain rate plastic flow behaviour of ductile metals and alloys.Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 39(2), pp. 243–271, 1991. [Crossref]
[23] Papini, M. & Spelt, J.K., Indentation-induced buckling of organic coatings part ii:measurements with impacting particles. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,40(10), pp. 1061–1068, 1998. [Crossref]
[24] Kleis, I. & Hussainova, I., Investigation of particle—wall impact process. Wear,233–235, pp. 168–173, 1999. [Crossref]
[25] Papini, M. & Spelt, J.K., Organic coating removal by particle impact. Wear, 213(1–2),pp. 185–199, 1997. [Crossref]
[26] Papini, M. & Spelt, J.K., Indentation-induced buckling of organic coatings part i: theoryand analysis. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 40(10), pp. 1043–1059,1998. [Crossref]
[27] Gondret, P., Hallouin, E., Lance, M. & Petit, L., Experiments on the motion of a solidsphere toward a wall: from viscous dissipation to elastohydrodynamic bouncing. Physicsof Fluids, 11(9), pp. 2803–2805, 1999. [Crossref]
[28] Gondret, P., Lance, M. & Petit, L., Bouncing motion of spherical particles in fluids.Physics of Fluids, 14(2), pp. 643–652, 2002. [Crossref]
[29] Barnocky, G. & Davis, R.H., Elastohydrodynamic collision and rebound of spheres:experimental verification. Physics of Fluids, 31(6), pp. 1324–1329, 1988. [Crossref]
[30] Davis, R.H., Rager, D.A. & Good, B.T., Elastohydrodynamic rebound of spheres fromcoated surfaces. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 468, pp. 107–119, 2002. [Crossref]
[31] Wall, S., John, W., Wang, H.C. & Goren, S.L., Measurements of kinetic energy lossfor particles impacting surfaces. Aerosol Science and Technology, 12(4), pp. 926–946,1990. [Crossref]
[32] Djurovic, B., Jean, E., Papini, M., Tangestanian, P. & Spelt, J.K., Coating removal fromfiber-composites and aluminum using starch media blasting. Wear, 224(1), pp. 22–37,1999. [Crossref]
[33] Li, D.Y., Elalem, K., Anderson, M.J. & Chiovelli, S., A microscale dynamical modelfor wear simulation. Wear, 225–229, pp. 380–386, 1999. [Crossref]
[34] Chen, Q. & Li, D.Y., Computer simulation of solid particle erosion. Wear, 254(3–4),pp. 203–210, 2003. [Crossref]
[35] Rudek, A., Russ, G. & Duignan, B., An experimental and numerical validation studyof particle laden supersonic flows. 9th International Conference on Multiphase Flow,Firenze, Italy, 9, pp. 1–6, 2016.
[36] Rudek, A., Russ, G. & Duignan, B., Particle laden flow investigations in special purposedry- ice blasting applications. Int International Journal of Computational Methods andExperimental Measurements: Advances in Fluid Mechanics, 4(4), pp. 393–402, 2016.
Cite this:
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Chicago Style
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Rudek, A., Muckenhaupt, D., Zitzmann, T., Russ, G., & Duignan, B. (2020). A Validation Study for a New Erosion Model to Predict Erosive Airfoil Defouling. Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., 8(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N1-13-26
A. Rudek, D. Muckenhaupt, T. Zitzmann, G. Russ, and B. Duignan, "A Validation Study for a New Erosion Model to Predict Erosive Airfoil Defouling," Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 13-26, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N1-13-26
@research-article{Rudek2020AVS,
title={A Validation Study for a New Erosion Model to Predict Erosive Airfoil Defouling},
author={Arthur Rudek and David Muckenhaupt and Thomas Zitzmann and Gerald Russ and Barry Duignan},
journal={International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements},
year={2020},
page={13-26},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N1-13-26}
}
Arthur Rudek, et al. "A Validation Study for a New Erosion Model to Predict Erosive Airfoil Defouling." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, v 8, pp 13-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N1-13-26
Arthur Rudek, David Muckenhaupt, Thomas Zitzmann, Gerald Russ and Barry Duignan. "A Validation Study for a New Erosion Model to Predict Erosive Airfoil Defouling." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, 8, (2020): 13-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N1-13-26
RUDEK A， MUCKENHAUPT D， ZITZMANN T， et al. A Validation Study for a New Erosion Model to Predict Erosive Airfoil Defouling[J]. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements， 2020， 8(1)： 13-26. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N1-13-26