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[1] Hall, A.R.W., Flow Patterns in Horizontal Three-Phase Flows of Oil, Water and Gas.Proceedings of Multiphase 1997, 1997.
[2] Beggs, D.H. & Brill, J.P., A Study of Two-Phase Flow in Inclined Pipes. Journal ofPetroleum Technology, 25(5), pp. 607–617, 1973.Figure 9: Results for Test case 218 showing (a and b) X-ray results and(c and d) CFD results.
[3] Baker, O., Simultaneous Flow of Oil and Gas. Oil and Gas Journal, 53, pp. 185–190,1954.
[4] Mandhane, J.M., Gregory, G.A. & Aziz, K., A Flow Pattern Map for Gas-Liquid Flowin Horizontal Pipes. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 1, pp. 537–553, 1974.
[5] Hill, T.J., Research in multiphase flow developed into new global discipline of flowassurance—an oil industry perspective. Proceedings of the 11th North American Conferenceon Multiphase Technology, 2018.
[6] Hu, B., Langsholt, M., Liu, L., Andersson, P. & Lawrence, C., Flow structure and phasedistribution in stratified and slug flows measured by X-ray tomography. InternationalJournal of Multiphase Flow, 67, pp. 162–179, 2014.
[7] Black, S., Commissioning and Initial Performance of an X-ray tomography Device,NEL Report Number 2018/559, 2019.
[8] Hirt, C.W. & Nichols, B.D., Volume of Fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of freeboundaries. Journal of Computational Physics, 39(1), pp. 201–225, 1981.
[9] De Schepper, S.C.K., Heynderickx, G.J. & Marin, G.B., CFD modelling of all gas-liquidand vapor-liquid flow regimes predicted by the Baker chart. Chemical EngineeringJournal, 138(1–3), pp. 349–357, 2008.
[10] Parvareh, A., Rahimi, M., Alizadehdakhel, A. & Alsairfai, A.A., CFD and ERTinvestigationson two-phase flow regimes in vertical and horizontal tubes. InternationalCommunications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 37(1), pp. 304–311, 2010.
[11] Brackbill, J.U., Kothe, D.B. & Zemach, C., A Continuum Method for Modelling SurfaceTension. Journal of Computational Physics, 100(1), pp. 335–354,1992.
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Open Access
Research article

X-Ray Tomography Reconstruction of Multiphase Flows and the Verification of CFD

Sandy Black,
Marc Laing
TUV SUD NEL, East Kilbride, Scotland
International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements
|
Volume 8, Issue 1, 2020
|
Pages 1-12
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
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Abstract:

Experimental studies using an X-ray tomography system were performed on a 4-inch horizontal section of the multiphase flow loop at NEL for gas–water and gas–oil–water flows. Values of liquid holdup and water liquid ratio are reported alongside analysis of the phase linear fraction through the cross-section of the pipe. The X-ray system revealed areas of gas entrainment and separation of oil and water which are not evident from high-speed video footage. The flow pattern of the tests was stratified-wavy, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The prediction of liquid holdup and gas distribution through the pipe height as determined by CFD, correlated well with that determined by X-ray tomography. however, the results suggest that a transient VOF with a high-order mesh resolution is required to account for gas entrainment. This study shows that an X-ray system can be utilised to provide quantifiable validation data which are of value to multiphase models in CFD and provide insight that is not apparent during high-speed video analysis. The data generated from this system will be of considerable value to multiphase flow specialists and instrumentation developers.

Keywords: CFD, Multiphase, Void fraction, Tomography, X-Ray

1. Introduction

2. X-Ray Tomography System

3. Experimental Setup

4. Experimental Results

5. CFD Model

6. Conclusion

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Acknowledgments

The work described in this report was carried out by TUV SUD Limited trading as NEL under contract to the Department of Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy as part of the National Measurement System’s Flow Programme. It was part funded by the Flow Programme and part funded by an Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund award.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1] Hall, A.R.W., Flow Patterns in Horizontal Three-Phase Flows of Oil, Water and Gas.Proceedings of Multiphase 1997, 1997.
[2] Beggs, D.H. & Brill, J.P., A Study of Two-Phase Flow in Inclined Pipes. Journal ofPetroleum Technology, 25(5), pp. 607–617, 1973.Figure 9: Results for Test case 218 showing (a and b) X-ray results and(c and d) CFD results.
[3] Baker, O., Simultaneous Flow of Oil and Gas. Oil and Gas Journal, 53, pp. 185–190,1954.
[4] Mandhane, J.M., Gregory, G.A. & Aziz, K., A Flow Pattern Map for Gas-Liquid Flowin Horizontal Pipes. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 1, pp. 537–553, 1974.
[5] Hill, T.J., Research in multiphase flow developed into new global discipline of flowassurance—an oil industry perspective. Proceedings of the 11th North American Conferenceon Multiphase Technology, 2018.
[6] Hu, B., Langsholt, M., Liu, L., Andersson, P. & Lawrence, C., Flow structure and phasedistribution in stratified and slug flows measured by X-ray tomography. InternationalJournal of Multiphase Flow, 67, pp. 162–179, 2014.
[7] Black, S., Commissioning and Initial Performance of an X-ray tomography Device,NEL Report Number 2018/559, 2019.
[8] Hirt, C.W. & Nichols, B.D., Volume of Fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of freeboundaries. Journal of Computational Physics, 39(1), pp. 201–225, 1981.
[9] De Schepper, S.C.K., Heynderickx, G.J. & Marin, G.B., CFD modelling of all gas-liquidand vapor-liquid flow regimes predicted by the Baker chart. Chemical EngineeringJournal, 138(1–3), pp. 349–357, 2008.
[10] Parvareh, A., Rahimi, M., Alizadehdakhel, A. & Alsairfai, A.A., CFD and ERTinvestigationson two-phase flow regimes in vertical and horizontal tubes. InternationalCommunications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 37(1), pp. 304–311, 2010.
[11] Brackbill, J.U., Kothe, D.B. & Zemach, C., A Continuum Method for Modelling SurfaceTension. Journal of Computational Physics, 100(1), pp. 335–354,1992.
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Black, S. & Laing, M. (2020). X-Ray Tomography Reconstruction of Multiphase Flows and the Verification of CFD. Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., 8(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N1-1-12
S. Black and M. Laing, "X-Ray Tomography Reconstruction of Multiphase Flows and the Verification of CFD," Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-12, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N1-1-12
@research-article{Black2020X-RayTR,
title={X-Ray Tomography Reconstruction of Multiphase Flows and the Verification of CFD},
author={Sandy Black and Marc Laing},
journal={International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements},
year={2020},
page={1-12},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N1-1-12}
}
Sandy Black, et al. "X-Ray Tomography Reconstruction of Multiphase Flows and the Verification of CFD." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, v 8, pp 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N1-1-12
Sandy Black and Marc Laing. "X-Ray Tomography Reconstruction of Multiphase Flows and the Verification of CFD." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, 8, (2020): 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N1-1-12
BLACK S， LAING M. X-Ray Tomography Reconstruction of Multiphase Flows and the Verification of CFD[J]. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements， 2020， 8(1)： 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V8-N1-1-12