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[1] Zhao, F.Q., Lai, M.C. & Harrington, D.L., Automotive spark-ignited direct-injection gasoline engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 25, pp. 437–562, 1999. [Crossref]
[2] Ganesan, V., Internal Combustion Engines. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2003.
[3] Heywood, J.B., Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New Delhi, 1988.
[4] Addepalli, S.K. & Mallikarjuna, J.M., Effect of engine performance on mixture strati fication in a wall guided GDI engine: a quantitative CFD analysis. SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles, 10, pp. 562–571, 2017. [Crossref]
[5] Costa, M., Marchitto, L., Merola, S.S. & Sorge, U., Study of mixture formation and early flame development in a research GDI engine through numerical simulation and UV-digital imaging. Energy, 77, pp. 88–96, 2014. [Crossref]
[6] Li, T., Nishida, K., Zhang, Y. & Hiroyasu, H., Effect of split injection on stratified charge formation of direct injection spark ignition engines. International Journal of Engine Research, 8, pp. 205–219, 2007. [Crossref]
[7] Costa, M., Catapano, F., Sementaa, P., Sorge, U. & Vaglieco, B.M., Mixture preparation and combustion in a GDI engine under stoichiometric or lean charge: an experimental and numerical study on an optically accessible engine. Applied Energy, 180, pp. 86–103, 2016. [Crossref]
[8] Costa, M., Sorge, U., Merola, S., Irimescu, A., La Villetta, M. & Rocco, V., Split injection in a homogeneous stratified gasoline direct injection engine for high combustion efficiency and low pollutants emission. Energy, 117, pp. 405–415, 2016. [Crossref]
[9] Krishna, A., Mallikarjuna, J. M., Davinder, K. & Ramachandra Babu, Y., In-cylinder flow analysis in a two-stroke engine A comparison of different turbulence models using CFD (SAE Technical Paper, 2013-01-1085), 2013. [Crossref]
[10] Addepalli, S.K., Mallikarjuna, J.M. & Davinder, K., Effect of engine parameters on in-cylinder flows in a two-stroke gasoline direct injection engine. Applied Energy, 176, pp. 282–294, 2000. [Crossref]
[11] Yakhot, V. & Orszag, S.A., Renormalization group analysis of turbulence. I. basic theory. Journal of Scientific Computing, 1, pp. 3–51, 1986. [Crossref]
[12] Reitz, R.D., Modeling atomization processes in high-pressure vaporizing sprays. Atomisation and Spray Technology, 3, pp. 309–337, 1987.
[13] O’Rourke, P.J. & Amsden, A.A., A particle numerical model for wall film dynamics in port-injected engines (SAE Technical Paper, 961961), 1996.
[14] O’Rourke, P. J. & Amsden, A., A spray/wall interaction submodel for the KIVA-3 wall film model (SAE Technical Paper, 2000-01-0271), 2000.
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Open Access
Research article

Effect of Fuel Injector Hole Diameter and Injection Timing on the Mixture Formation in a GDI Engine - A CFD Study

Priyanka D. Jadhav,
J. M. Mallikarjuna
Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai
International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements
|
Volume 6, Issue 4, 2018
|
Pages 737-748
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
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Abstract:

Performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine are mainly influenced by the in-cylinder mixture preparation. However, in these engines, mixture formation depends upon many factors viz., fuel injection strategy and parameters, mode of operation, engine geometry, etc. Therefore, understanding the mixture formation, under various engine operating conditions and fuel system configurations, is very much essential. In this study, an attempt has been made to understand the effect of fuel injector-hole diameter and fuel injection timing on the mixture formation in a four-stroke, wall-guided GDI engine using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The CFD simulations are carried out from inlet valve opening (IVO) to exhaust valve opening (EVO) period using the CONVERGE. The CFD models used are validated with the available data from the literature. The engine considered has a compression ratio (CR) of 11.5. All the CFD simulations are carried out at the engine speed of 2000 rev/min. Three fuel injector-hole diameters viz., 0.1, 0.14 and 0.18 mm and three fuel injection timings viz., 605, 620 and 635 crank angle degree (CAD) are considered for the analysis. The mixture formation is analyzed in the vicinity of the spark plug and at other parts of the combustion chamber. From the results, it is found that higher nozzle-hole diameter yielded very rich mixture zones near spark plug. Also, lower nozzle-hole diameter and retarded fuel injection timing showed higher indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP).

Keywords: Combustion, Fuel injection strategies, GDI engine, Mixture stratification
Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1] Zhao, F.Q., Lai, M.C. & Harrington, D.L., Automotive spark-ignited direct-injection gasoline engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 25, pp. 437–562, 1999. [Crossref]
[2] Ganesan, V., Internal Combustion Engines. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2003.
[3] Heywood, J.B., Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New Delhi, 1988.
[4] Addepalli, S.K. & Mallikarjuna, J.M., Effect of engine performance on mixture strati fication in a wall guided GDI engine: a quantitative CFD analysis. SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles, 10, pp. 562–571, 2017. [Crossref]
[5] Costa, M., Marchitto, L., Merola, S.S. & Sorge, U., Study of mixture formation and early flame development in a research GDI engine through numerical simulation and UV-digital imaging. Energy, 77, pp. 88–96, 2014. [Crossref]
[6] Li, T., Nishida, K., Zhang, Y. & Hiroyasu, H., Effect of split injection on stratified charge formation of direct injection spark ignition engines. International Journal of Engine Research, 8, pp. 205–219, 2007. [Crossref]
[7] Costa, M., Catapano, F., Sementaa, P., Sorge, U. & Vaglieco, B.M., Mixture preparation and combustion in a GDI engine under stoichiometric or lean charge: an experimental and numerical study on an optically accessible engine. Applied Energy, 180, pp. 86–103, 2016. [Crossref]
[8] Costa, M., Sorge, U., Merola, S., Irimescu, A., La Villetta, M. & Rocco, V., Split injection in a homogeneous stratified gasoline direct injection engine for high combustion efficiency and low pollutants emission. Energy, 117, pp. 405–415, 2016. [Crossref]
[9] Krishna, A., Mallikarjuna, J. M., Davinder, K. & Ramachandra Babu, Y., In-cylinder flow analysis in a two-stroke engine A comparison of different turbulence models using CFD (SAE Technical Paper, 2013-01-1085), 2013. [Crossref]
[10] Addepalli, S.K., Mallikarjuna, J.M. & Davinder, K., Effect of engine parameters on in-cylinder flows in a two-stroke gasoline direct injection engine. Applied Energy, 176, pp. 282–294, 2000. [Crossref]
[11] Yakhot, V. & Orszag, S.A., Renormalization group analysis of turbulence. I. basic theory. Journal of Scientific Computing, 1, pp. 3–51, 1986. [Crossref]
[12] Reitz, R.D., Modeling atomization processes in high-pressure vaporizing sprays. Atomisation and Spray Technology, 3, pp. 309–337, 1987.
[13] O’Rourke, P.J. & Amsden, A.A., A particle numerical model for wall film dynamics in port-injected engines (SAE Technical Paper, 961961), 1996.
[14] O’Rourke, P. J. & Amsden, A., A spray/wall interaction submodel for the KIVA-3 wall film model (SAE Technical Paper, 2000-01-0271), 2000.
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Jadhav, P. D. & Mallikarjuna, J. M. (2018). Effect of Fuel Injector Hole Diameter and Injection Timing on the Mixture Formation in a GDI Engine - A CFD Study. Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., 6(4), 737-748. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V6-N4-737-748
P. D. Jadhav and J. M. Mallikarjuna, "Effect of Fuel Injector Hole Diameter and Injection Timing on the Mixture Formation in a GDI Engine - A CFD Study," Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 737-748, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V6-N4-737-748
@research-article{Jadhav2018EffectOF,
title={Effect of Fuel Injector Hole Diameter and Injection Timing on the Mixture Formation in a GDI Engine - A CFD Study},
author={Priyanka D. Jadhav and J. M. Mallikarjuna},
journal={International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements},
year={2018},
page={737-748},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V6-N4-737-748}
}
Priyanka D. Jadhav, et al. "Effect of Fuel Injector Hole Diameter and Injection Timing on the Mixture Formation in a GDI Engine - A CFD Study." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, v 6, pp 737-748. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V6-N4-737-748
Priyanka D. Jadhav and J. M. Mallikarjuna. "Effect of Fuel Injector Hole Diameter and Injection Timing on the Mixture Formation in a GDI Engine - A CFD Study." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, 6, (2018): 737-748. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V6-N4-737-748
JADHAV P D， MALLIKARJUNA J M. Effect of Fuel Injector Hole Diameter and Injection Timing on the Mixture Formation in a GDI Engine - A CFD Study[J]. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements， 2018， 6(4)： 737-748. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V6-N4-737-748