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[1] Lefebvre, A.H., Wang, X.F. & Martin, C.A., Spray characteristics of aerated-liquid pressure atomizers. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 4, pp. 293–298, 1988. [Crossref]
[2] Sovani, S.D., Sojka, P.E. & Lefebvre, A.H., Effervescent atomization. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 27, pp. 483–521, 2001. [Crossref]
[3] Mathur et al., Liquid JP-7 combustion in a scramjet combustor. AIAA Paper 2000-3581, August, 2000.
[4] Lin, K.-C., Rajnicek, C., McCall, J., Carter, C. & Fezzaa, K., Investigation of pureand aerated-liquid jets using x-ray phase contrast imaging technique. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, 649(1), pp. 194–196, 2011. [Crossref]
[5] Lin, K.-C., Carter, C., Smith, S. & Kastengren, A., Exploration of aerated-liquid jets using x-ray radiography. AIAA Paper 2012-0347, January, 2012.
[6] Lin, K.-C., Carter, C., Smith, S. & Kastengren, A., Exploration of near-field plume properties for aerated-liquid jets using x-ray radiography. AIAA Paper 2014-1183, January, 2014.
[7] Lin, K.-C., Carter, C., Smith, S. & Kastengren, A., Characterization of aeratedliquid jets using simultaneous x-ray radiography and x-ray fluorescence measurements. Atomization and Sprays, to be published.
[8] Peltier, S., Lin, K.-C., Carter, C. & Kastengren, A., Characterization of flow structures inside an aerated-liquid injector using x-ray diagnostics. Experiments in Fluids, 58, p. 111, 2017. [Crossref]
[9] Lin, K.-C., Kastengren, A.L., Carter, C. & Donbar, J., Exploration of two-phase flow structures in aerated-liquid jets using beryllium nozzles and x-ray fluorescence techniques. AIAA Paper 2017-0825, January, 2017
[10] Kastengren, A.L., Powell, C.F., Arms, D., Dufresne, E. & Wang, J., Spray diagnostics at the advanced photon source 7-BM beamline,” Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, May, 2010.
[11] Kastengren, A.L. & Powell, C.F., Synchrotron x-ray techniques for fluid dynamics. Experiments in Fluids, 55(3), Article 1686, 2014. [Crossref]
[12] Kastengren, A.L., X-ray fluorescence as a gas-phase mixing diagnostic. Proceeding of Central States Section of the Combustion Institute Spring Technical Meeting, March 2014.
[13] XCOM: Photon Cross Sections Database, NIST Standard Reference Database 8 (XGAM), available at: http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/xcom/index.cfm
[14] Schneider, C.A., Rashband, W.S. & Eliceiri, K.W., NIH image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods, 9, pp. 671–675, 2012. [Crossref]
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Open Access
Research article

Characterization of Time-Averaged and Temporal Two-Phase Flow Structures in Aerated-Liquid Jets Using X-Ray Diagnostics

Kuo-Cheng Lin1,
Alan L. Kastengren2,
Scott J. Peltier2,
Campbell D. Carter3
1
Taitech, Inc., USA
2
Argonne National Laboratory, USA
3
Air Force Research Laboratory, USA
International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements
|
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2018
|
Pages 139-151
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
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Abstract:

The structure of the two-phase flow inside the nozzle of an aerated-liquid injector and in the near field of the discharged plumes was experimentally explored with synchrotron x-ray diagnostics, including x-ray radiography, x-ray fluorescence, and x-ray high-speed imaging. One axisymmetric beryllium aerated liquid injector featuring the inside-out aerating scheme was fabricated to mate with three aerating tube designs for the creation of two-phase flows. Water and nitrogen were doped with x-ray fluorescent elements at low concentrations to facilitate the x-ray diagnostics. Quantitative time-averaged liquid mass distributions for the two-phase mixture were successfully obtained from both radiography and fluorescence measurements. Averaged flow properties, such as liquid density and liquid velocity, at various cross-sections, were also derived from these measurements. Temporal formation and evolution of the two-phase mixture inside the aerated-liquid injector were also characterized with high-speed imaging. It was found that an annular flow is typically created in the two-phase mixture near the nozzle exit, despite the complex fluid dynamics in the liquid/gas interaction, flow passage volume change, and recirculation zone. The two-phase flow structures in the nozzle and the spray regions created from the present injector and aerating tube configurations are highly similar for a given injection condition. The major factor contributing to the similarity of the two-phase flow structures in the two regions may be the large area contraction ratio between the mixing chamber and the nozzle passage, which leads to a significant increase in flow speed and thus to aerodynamic stretching of the two-phase flow into fine structures.

Keywords: Aerated-liquid jet, Annular flow, Beryllium, High-speed imaging, Two-phase flow, X-ray radiography
References
[1] Lefebvre, A.H., Wang, X.F. & Martin, C.A., Spray characteristics of aerated-liquid pressure atomizers. Journal of Propulsion and Power, 4, pp. 293–298, 1988. [Crossref]
[2] Sovani, S.D., Sojka, P.E. & Lefebvre, A.H., Effervescent atomization. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 27, pp. 483–521, 2001. [Crossref]
[3] Mathur et al., Liquid JP-7 combustion in a scramjet combustor. AIAA Paper 2000-3581, August, 2000.
[4] Lin, K.-C., Rajnicek, C., McCall, J., Carter, C. & Fezzaa, K., Investigation of pureand aerated-liquid jets using x-ray phase contrast imaging technique. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, 649(1), pp. 194–196, 2011. [Crossref]
[5] Lin, K.-C., Carter, C., Smith, S. & Kastengren, A., Exploration of aerated-liquid jets using x-ray radiography. AIAA Paper 2012-0347, January, 2012.
[6] Lin, K.-C., Carter, C., Smith, S. & Kastengren, A., Exploration of near-field plume properties for aerated-liquid jets using x-ray radiography. AIAA Paper 2014-1183, January, 2014.
[7] Lin, K.-C., Carter, C., Smith, S. & Kastengren, A., Characterization of aeratedliquid jets using simultaneous x-ray radiography and x-ray fluorescence measurements. Atomization and Sprays, to be published.
[8] Peltier, S., Lin, K.-C., Carter, C. & Kastengren, A., Characterization of flow structures inside an aerated-liquid injector using x-ray diagnostics. Experiments in Fluids, 58, p. 111, 2017. [Crossref]
[9] Lin, K.-C., Kastengren, A.L., Carter, C. & Donbar, J., Exploration of two-phase flow structures in aerated-liquid jets using beryllium nozzles and x-ray fluorescence techniques. AIAA Paper 2017-0825, January, 2017
[10] Kastengren, A.L., Powell, C.F., Arms, D., Dufresne, E. & Wang, J., Spray diagnostics at the advanced photon source 7-BM beamline,” Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, May, 2010.
[11] Kastengren, A.L. & Powell, C.F., Synchrotron x-ray techniques for fluid dynamics. Experiments in Fluids, 55(3), Article 1686, 2014. [Crossref]
[12] Kastengren, A.L., X-ray fluorescence as a gas-phase mixing diagnostic. Proceeding of Central States Section of the Combustion Institute Spring Technical Meeting, March 2014.
[13] XCOM: Photon Cross Sections Database, NIST Standard Reference Database 8 (XGAM), available at: http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/xcom/index.cfm
[14] Schneider, C.A., Rashband, W.S. & Eliceiri, K.W., NIH image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods, 9, pp. 671–675, 2012. [Crossref]
Cite this:
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GB-T-7714-2015
Lin, K. C., Kastengren, A. L., Peltier, S. J., & Carter, C. D. (2018). Characterization of Time-Averaged and Temporal Two-Phase Flow Structures in Aerated-Liquid Jets Using X-Ray Diagnostics. Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., 6(1), 139-151. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V6-N1-139-151
K. C. Lin, A. L.Kastengren, S. J. Peltier, and C. D. Carter, "Characterization of Time-Averaged and Temporal Two-Phase Flow Structures in Aerated-Liquid Jets Using X-Ray Diagnostics," Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 139-151, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V6-N1-139-151
@research-article{Lin2018CharacterizationOT,
title={Characterization of Time-Averaged and Temporal Two-Phase Flow Structures in Aerated-Liquid Jets Using X-Ray Diagnostics},
author={Kuo-Cheng Lin and Alan L. Kastengren and Scott J. Peltier and Campbell D. Carter},
journal={International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements},
year={2018},
page={139-151},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V6-N1-139-151}
}
Kuo-Cheng Lin, et al. "Characterization of Time-Averaged and Temporal Two-Phase Flow Structures in Aerated-Liquid Jets Using X-Ray Diagnostics." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, v 6, pp 139-151. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V6-N1-139-151
Kuo-Cheng Lin, Alan L. Kastengren, Scott J. Peltier and Campbell D. Carter. "Characterization of Time-Averaged and Temporal Two-Phase Flow Structures in Aerated-Liquid Jets Using X-Ray Diagnostics." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, 6, (2018): 139-151. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V6-N1-139-151
LIN K C， KASTENGREN A L， PELTIER S J， et al. Characterization of Time-Averaged and Temporal Two-Phase Flow Structures in Aerated-Liquid Jets Using X-Ray Diagnostics[J]. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements， 2018， 6(1)： 139-151. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V6-N1-139-151