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[1] Campisi, T. & Saeli, M., Constructive characters of the Western Sicilian masonry inthe XVIII and XIX centuries. Proceedings of 6th REHABEND 2016 - Euro-AmericanCongress, pp. 1237–1244, 2016.
[2] Campisi, T. & Saeli, M., Aristocratic palaces in the XVIII century in Palermo. Theconstruction site of Merendino-Costantino Palace. Proceedings of the 5th InternationalCongress on Construction History (ICCH5), Vol. 1, pp. 333–340, 2015.
[3] Campisi, T. & Mutolo, S., La protezione sismica nel cantiere palermitano del XVIIIsecolo: sistemi preventivi e di ricostruzione. Il caso delle cupole e dei soffitti voltatiin legno e canne. Proceedings of the Conference “Norme per l’edilizia storica diffusa.Quale spazio per la tutela?”, 2001.
[4] Campisi, T. & Fatta, G., “I terribili tremuoti” nel XVIII secolo a Palermo. Dai dannialle nuove esperienze costruttive. Proceedings of the Congress Ar.Tec., pp. 19–33, 2009.
[5] Campisi, T. & Mutolo, S., Palermo pietra su pietra. Apparecchi murari dell’ediliziasettecentesca, Ila Palma: Palermo, 2003.
[6] Giuffrè, A. & Carocci, C., Codice di pratica per la sicurezza e la conservazione delcentro storico di Palermo, Laterza: Bari, 1999.
[8] Pliny the Elder., Rackham, H., Jones, W.H.S., Naturalis Historia. Harvard University:Cambridge, Mass. XXXV, 48, 1963.
[9] Palladio, A., The Four Books of Architecture, Dover Publications, Inc., New york: USA.Vol. I, XIX, p. 2, 1570.
[10] Bacchetta, A., Edilizia rurale romana, All’insegna del Giglio: Milano, 2003.
[11] Giovannoni, G., La tecnica delle costruzioni presso i Romani, Bardi: Roma, 1925.
[12] Adam, J.P., La construction romaine, matériaux et techniques, Picard: Paris, 1984.
[13] Tobriner, S., La casa baraccata: un sistema antisismico nella Calabria del XVIII secolo,Costruire in laterizio, 56, pp. 110–115, 1997.
[14] Battistini, B., Strutture in legno in zona sismica, Dissertation for the Degree in CivilEngineering, University of Bologna, academic year 2009/10.
[15] Ruggieri, N., Il sistema antisismico borbonico muratura con intelaiatura lignea genesie sviluppo in Calabria alla fine del ‘700. Bollettino degli Ingegneri, 10, pp. 1–14, 2013.
[16] Vivenzio, G., Istoria e teoria de’ tremuoti in generale: ed in particolare di quelli dellaCalabria e di Messina del MDCCLXXXXIII, Stamperia Reale: Napoli, 1783.
[17] Pesso, L., Sul consolidamento delle fabbriche nelle Calabrie contro i danni da terremoto,L’ingegneria civile e le arti industriali, Torino, 1876.
[18] Campisi, T. & Scibilia, F., The Use of Wood with an Anti-seismic function in thearchitecture of Palermo during the 18th Century. In: H. Cruz, J. Saporiti Machado,A. Campos Costa, P. Xavier Candeias, N. Ruggieri & J. Manuel Catarino (eds.), HistoricalEarthquake-Resistant Timber Framing in the Mediterranean Area, Lecture Notes inCivil Engineering, Springer International Publishing: Switzerland, pp. 113–124, 2016.
[19] Campisi, T., I soffitti in legno e canne nella tradizione costruttiva palermitana del XVIIe XVIII secolo. Recupero & Conservazione, 41, pp. 38–44 & 42, pp. 62–66, 2001.
[20] Campisi, T., Wooden domes, vaulted and flat ceilings, partition walls in the Sicilianconstructive tradition. Knowledge for the safeguard of architecture and technic. Proceedingsof the 6th International Congress “science and technology for the safeguardof cultural heritage in the Mediterranean Basin”, vol. I, pp. 78–85, 2013.
[21] França, J.A., A reconstrução de Lisboa e a arquitectura pombalina, Biblioteca Breve:Amadora, 1989.
[22] Various authors, Manual of practice, Vol. I-II. Construction specifications Institute:Alexandria, Virginia, 1980.
[23] Lopes, V., Descriçao do sistema construtivo Pombalino, Dissertation for the Degree inArchitecture, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1999.
[24] Segurado, J.E., Trabalhos de carpintaria civil, Biblioteca de Instução Professional,Livraria Bertrand: Lisboa, w.d.
[25] Günay, R., The Tradition of the Turkish House and Safranbolu Houses, EndüstriMerkezi Yayınları, 1998.
[26] Aktaş, Y.D., Seismic resistance of traditional timber-frame hımış structures in Turkey:a brief overview. International Wood Products Journal, 1–8, 2017.
[27] Langenbach, R., From “Opus Craticium” to the “Chicago Frame”: earthquakeresistanttraditional construction. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 1,pp. 29–59, 2007.
[28] Langenbach, R., What we can learn from traditional construction in seismic areas,available at www.conservationtech.com/IstanCon/keynote.htm
[29] Langenbach, R., Learning from the past to protect the future: armature crosswalls.Engineering Structures, 30(8), pp. 2096–2100, 2008.
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Open Access
Review article

Timber Anti-Seismic Devices in Historical Architecture in the Mediterranean Area

Tiziana Campisi1,
Manfredi Saeli1,2
1
Department of Architecture (DARCH), Polytechnic School, University of Palermo, Italy
2
Department of Materials Engineering and Ceramics/CICECO, University of Aveiro, Portugal
International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements
|
Volume 5, Issue 6, 2017
|
Pages 940-952
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

This work investigates the exploitation of a historical timber device used as masonry reinforcement in seismic prevention in the Mediterranean area. Such a technology is realized by means of a three-dimensional timber frame embedded in stone masonry in order to bind together the various structural parts, and contribute to the overall seismic resistance. Very often, such a constructive principle was extended not only to the weakest parts but to the whole building, creating new structural configurations that were able to absorb the effects of seismic ground motions. From Roman times (opus craticium), this system spread all across the Mediterranean area becoming common during the eighteenth century in Italy (Bourbon casa baraccata), in Portugal (Pombaline gaiola), in Turkey (hımış), etc. However, examples of timber devices and frameworks may be found almost worldwide: in the continental northern Europe, including those countries that are usually not subjected to earthquakes, as well as in Central Asia or in Japan, to America and North Africa. A large number of examples are reported to show how some traditional technologies, along with the suboptimal rules of the art, made a robust construction possible. Furthermore, by means of philological criterion and detailed analysis of seismic vulnerability improvement, the knowledge of such a system may allow developing novel designs and specific preservation works that could ensure the structural safety of historical constructions without modifying their main structural configuration. From such a perspective, this study examines the aspects of using diffused timber frameworks with masonry infill that go beyond anti-seismic technology, describes the common constructive features and helps develop guidelines for preservation of such systems.

Keywords: construction materials, constructive technology, historical architecture, masonry, seismic reinforcement, timber frame, wood
References
[1] Campisi, T. & Saeli, M., Constructive characters of the Western Sicilian masonry inthe XVIII and XIX centuries. Proceedings of 6th REHABEND 2016 - Euro-AmericanCongress, pp. 1237–1244, 2016.
[2] Campisi, T. & Saeli, M., Aristocratic palaces in the XVIII century in Palermo. Theconstruction site of Merendino-Costantino Palace. Proceedings of the 5th InternationalCongress on Construction History (ICCH5), Vol. 1, pp. 333–340, 2015.
[3] Campisi, T. & Mutolo, S., La protezione sismica nel cantiere palermitano del XVIIIsecolo: sistemi preventivi e di ricostruzione. Il caso delle cupole e dei soffitti voltatiin legno e canne. Proceedings of the Conference “Norme per l’edilizia storica diffusa.Quale spazio per la tutela?”, 2001.
[4] Campisi, T. & Fatta, G., “I terribili tremuoti” nel XVIII secolo a Palermo. Dai dannialle nuove esperienze costruttive. Proceedings of the Congress Ar.Tec., pp. 19–33, 2009.
[5] Campisi, T. & Mutolo, S., Palermo pietra su pietra. Apparecchi murari dell’ediliziasettecentesca, Ila Palma: Palermo, 2003.
[6] Giuffrè, A. & Carocci, C., Codice di pratica per la sicurezza e la conservazione delcentro storico di Palermo, Laterza: Bari, 1999.
[8] Pliny the Elder., Rackham, H., Jones, W.H.S., Naturalis Historia. Harvard University:Cambridge, Mass. XXXV, 48, 1963.
[9] Palladio, A., The Four Books of Architecture, Dover Publications, Inc., New york: USA.Vol. I, XIX, p. 2, 1570.
[10] Bacchetta, A., Edilizia rurale romana, All’insegna del Giglio: Milano, 2003.
[11] Giovannoni, G., La tecnica delle costruzioni presso i Romani, Bardi: Roma, 1925.
[12] Adam, J.P., La construction romaine, matériaux et techniques, Picard: Paris, 1984.
[13] Tobriner, S., La casa baraccata: un sistema antisismico nella Calabria del XVIII secolo,Costruire in laterizio, 56, pp. 110–115, 1997.
[14] Battistini, B., Strutture in legno in zona sismica, Dissertation for the Degree in CivilEngineering, University of Bologna, academic year 2009/10.
[15] Ruggieri, N., Il sistema antisismico borbonico muratura con intelaiatura lignea genesie sviluppo in Calabria alla fine del ‘700. Bollettino degli Ingegneri, 10, pp. 1–14, 2013.
[16] Vivenzio, G., Istoria e teoria de’ tremuoti in generale: ed in particolare di quelli dellaCalabria e di Messina del MDCCLXXXXIII, Stamperia Reale: Napoli, 1783.
[17] Pesso, L., Sul consolidamento delle fabbriche nelle Calabrie contro i danni da terremoto,L’ingegneria civile e le arti industriali, Torino, 1876.
[18] Campisi, T. & Scibilia, F., The Use of Wood with an Anti-seismic function in thearchitecture of Palermo during the 18th Century. In: H. Cruz, J. Saporiti Machado,A. Campos Costa, P. Xavier Candeias, N. Ruggieri & J. Manuel Catarino (eds.), HistoricalEarthquake-Resistant Timber Framing in the Mediterranean Area, Lecture Notes inCivil Engineering, Springer International Publishing: Switzerland, pp. 113–124, 2016.
[19] Campisi, T., I soffitti in legno e canne nella tradizione costruttiva palermitana del XVIIe XVIII secolo. Recupero & Conservazione, 41, pp. 38–44 & 42, pp. 62–66, 2001.
[20] Campisi, T., Wooden domes, vaulted and flat ceilings, partition walls in the Sicilianconstructive tradition. Knowledge for the safeguard of architecture and technic. Proceedingsof the 6th International Congress “science and technology for the safeguardof cultural heritage in the Mediterranean Basin”, vol. I, pp. 78–85, 2013.
[21] França, J.A., A reconstrução de Lisboa e a arquitectura pombalina, Biblioteca Breve:Amadora, 1989.
[22] Various authors, Manual of practice, Vol. I-II. Construction specifications Institute:Alexandria, Virginia, 1980.
[23] Lopes, V., Descriçao do sistema construtivo Pombalino, Dissertation for the Degree inArchitecture, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1999.
[24] Segurado, J.E., Trabalhos de carpintaria civil, Biblioteca de Instução Professional,Livraria Bertrand: Lisboa, w.d.
[25] Günay, R., The Tradition of the Turkish House and Safranbolu Houses, EndüstriMerkezi Yayınları, 1998.
[26] Aktaş, Y.D., Seismic resistance of traditional timber-frame hımış structures in Turkey:a brief overview. International Wood Products Journal, 1–8, 2017.
[27] Langenbach, R., From “Opus Craticium” to the “Chicago Frame”: earthquakeresistanttraditional construction. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 1,pp. 29–59, 2007.
[28] Langenbach, R., What we can learn from traditional construction in seismic areas,available at www.conservationtech.com/IstanCon/keynote.htm
[29] Langenbach, R., Learning from the past to protect the future: armature crosswalls.Engineering Structures, 30(8), pp. 2096–2100, 2008.
Cite this:
APA Style
IEEE Style
BibTex Style
MLA Style
Chicago Style
GB-T-7714-2015
Campisi, T. & Saeli, M. (2017). Timber Anti-Seismic Devices in Historical Architecture in the Mediterranean Area. Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., 5(6), 940-952. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V5-N6-940-952
T. Campisi and M. Saeli, "Timber Anti-Seismic Devices in Historical Architecture in the Mediterranean Area," Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 940-952, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V5-N6-940-952
@review-article{Campisi2017TimberAD,
title={Timber Anti-Seismic Devices in Historical Architecture in the Mediterranean Area},
author={Tiziana Campisi and Manfredi Saeli},
journal={International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements},
year={2017},
page={940-952},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V5-N6-940-952}
}
Tiziana Campisi, et al. "Timber Anti-Seismic Devices in Historical Architecture in the Mediterranean Area." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, v 5, pp 940-952. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V5-N6-940-952
Tiziana Campisi and Manfredi Saeli. "Timber Anti-Seismic Devices in Historical Architecture in the Mediterranean Area." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, 5, (2017): 940-952. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V5-N6-940-952
CAMPISI T， SAELI M. Timber Anti-Seismic Devices in Historical Architecture in the Mediterranean Area[J]. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements， 2017， 5(6)： 940-952. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V5-N6-940-952