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[1] IEC International Standard, Wind turbine generation system – 24: lightning protection, IEC 61400-24 (2010), International Electro-technical Commission, Geneva.
[2] IEA, Recommended practices for wind turbine testing and evaluation, 9. Lightning Protection for wind turbine installations, 1997 edn, IEA, Geneva, 1997.
[3] IEE Professional Group S1, New concepts in the generation, distribution and use of electrical energy: half-day colloquium on “Lightning protection of wind turbines”, 1997, p. 11.
[4] Sorensen, T., Sorensen, J.T. & Nielsen, H., Lightning damages to power generating wind turbines, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP98), 1998, pp. 176–179.
[5] McNiff, B., Wind turbine lightning protection project 1999–2001. NREL Subcontractor Report, SR-500-31115, 2002.
[6] Rachidi, F., Rubinstein, M., Montanya, J., et al., A review of current issues in lightning protection of new-generation wind turbine blades. IEEETransactions on Industrial Elec- tronics, 55(6), pp. 2489–2496, 2008. doi: [Crossref]
[7] Yoh, Y., Toshiaki, F. & Toshiaki, U., How does ring earth electrode effect to wind turbine? 42nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference, UPEC 2007, pp. 796–799, 2007.
[8] Glushakow, B., Effective lightning protection for windturbine generators. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 22(1), pp. 214–222, 2007. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1109/tec.2006.889622
[9] IEC International Standard, Protection against lightning – Part 3: physical damage to structures and life hazard, IEC 62305-3, International Electro-technical Commission, Geneva, 2006.
[10] Rakov, V.A., Transient response of a tall object to lightning. IEEE Transactions on Electro magnetic Compatibility, 43(4), pp. 654–661, 2001. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1109/15.974646
[11] Rakov, V.A. & Uman, M.A., Review and evaluation of lightning return stroke models including some aspects of their application. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 40(4), pp. 403–426, 1998. [Crossref]
[12] Rachidi, F., Rakov, V.A., Nucci, C.A. & Bermudez, J.L., The effect of vertically- extended strike object on the distribution of current along the lightning channel. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D23), p. 4699, 2002. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1029/2002jd002119
[13] Pavanello, D., Rachidi, F., Rakov, V.A., Nucci, C.A. & Bermudez, J.L., Return stroke current profiles and electromagnetic fields associated with lightning strikes to tall towers: comparison of engineering models. Journal of Electrostatics, 65, pp. 316–321, 2007. doi: [Crossref]
[14] Podgorski, S. & Landt, J.A., Three dimensional time domain modeling of lightning. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2(3), pp. 931–938, 1987. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1109/tpwrd.1987.4308198
[15] Petrache, E., Rachidi, F., Pavanello, D., et al., Lightning strikes to elevated structures: influence of grounding conditions on currents and electromagnetic fields, Presented at IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Chicago, 2005.
[16] Petrache, E., Rachidi, F., Pavanello, D., et al., Influence of the finite ground conductivity on the transient response to lightning of a tower and its grounding, Presented at 28th General Assembly of International Union of Radio Science (URSI), New Delhi, India, 2005.
[17] Podgorski, S. & Landt, J.A., Numerical analysis of the lightning–CN tower interaction, Presented at 6th Symposium and Technical Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zurich, Switzerland, 1985.
[18] Baba, Y. & Ishii, M., Numerical electromagnetic field analysis of lightning current in tall structures. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 16(2), pp. 324–328, 2001. doi: [Crossref]
[19] Kordi, B., Moini, R., Janischewskyj, W., et al., Application of the antenna theory model to a tall tower struck by lightning. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D17), 2003. doi: [Crossref]
[20] Matthews, J.C.G., Sarno, C. & Herring, R., Interaction between radar systems and wind farms, 2008 Loughborow Antennas & Propagation Conference, Loughborrow, UK, March 2008.
[21] Jin, M., Theory and Computation of Electromagnetic Fields, IEEE Press–Wiley: New Jersey, USA, 2010.
[22] Yamashita (ed.), Analysis Methods for Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Artech House: London, 1996.
[23] Poljak, D., Advanced Modeling in Computational EMC, Wiley: New York, 2007.
[24] Poljak, D. & Drissi, K.E.K., Electromagnetic field coupling to overhead wire configurations: antenna model versus transmission line approach. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1–18, 2012. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1155/2012/730145
[25] Burke, G.J. & Miller, E.K., Modeling antennas near to and penetrating a lossy interface. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 32(10), pp. 1040–1049, 1984. doi: [Crossref]
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Acadlore takes over the publication of IJCMEM from 2025 Vol. 13, No. 3. The preceding volumes were published under a CC BY 4.0 license by the previous owner, and displayed here as agreed between Acadlore and the previous owner. ✯ : This issue/volume is not published by Acadlore.

Open Access
Research article

Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues of Wind Turbine Analysis and Design

D. Poljak1,
D. Čavka2
1
University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Croatia
2
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Croatia
International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements
|
Volume 3, Issue 3, 2015
|
Pages 250-268
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

This article reviews numerical modeling methods for certain electromagnetic compatibility topics in wind turbine (WT) analysis. Some scenarios in which WTs behave as electromagnetic interference sources and victims, respectively, are considered. The formulation is carried out in the frequency domain and it is based on the related Electric Field Integral Equation type. The numerical solution of the governing equations is obtained by some variants of the boundary element method. The computational examples are related to the transient response of WTs struck by lightning and to the disturbances of radio system operation caused by WTs. The analysis of WT impact to the radar system operation is carried out by solving the corresponding integral equations via the boundary integral equation method combined with physical optics.

Keywords: electric field integral equation, electromagnetic interference, lightning strike, numerical solution, radar systems, wind turbines
References
[1] IEC International Standard, Wind turbine generation system – 24: lightning protection, IEC 61400-24 (2010), International Electro-technical Commission, Geneva.
[2] IEA, Recommended practices for wind turbine testing and evaluation, 9. Lightning Protection for wind turbine installations, 1997 edn, IEA, Geneva, 1997.
[3] IEE Professional Group S1, New concepts in the generation, distribution and use of electrical energy: half-day colloquium on “Lightning protection of wind turbines”, 1997, p. 11.
[4] Sorensen, T., Sorensen, J.T. & Nielsen, H., Lightning damages to power generating wind turbines, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP98), 1998, pp. 176–179.
[5] McNiff, B., Wind turbine lightning protection project 1999–2001. NREL Subcontractor Report, SR-500-31115, 2002.
[6] Rachidi, F., Rubinstein, M., Montanya, J., et al., A review of current issues in lightning protection of new-generation wind turbine blades. IEEETransactions on Industrial Elec- tronics, 55(6), pp. 2489–2496, 2008. doi: [Crossref]
[7] Yoh, Y., Toshiaki, F. & Toshiaki, U., How does ring earth electrode effect to wind turbine? 42nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference, UPEC 2007, pp. 796–799, 2007.
[8] Glushakow, B., Effective lightning protection for windturbine generators. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 22(1), pp. 214–222, 2007. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1109/tec.2006.889622
[9] IEC International Standard, Protection against lightning – Part 3: physical damage to structures and life hazard, IEC 62305-3, International Electro-technical Commission, Geneva, 2006.
[10] Rakov, V.A., Transient response of a tall object to lightning. IEEE Transactions on Electro magnetic Compatibility, 43(4), pp. 654–661, 2001. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1109/15.974646
[11] Rakov, V.A. & Uman, M.A., Review and evaluation of lightning return stroke models including some aspects of their application. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 40(4), pp. 403–426, 1998. [Crossref]
[12] Rachidi, F., Rakov, V.A., Nucci, C.A. & Bermudez, J.L., The effect of vertically- extended strike object on the distribution of current along the lightning channel. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D23), p. 4699, 2002. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1029/2002jd002119
[13] Pavanello, D., Rachidi, F., Rakov, V.A., Nucci, C.A. & Bermudez, J.L., Return stroke current profiles and electromagnetic fields associated with lightning strikes to tall towers: comparison of engineering models. Journal of Electrostatics, 65, pp. 316–321, 2007. doi: [Crossref]
[14] Podgorski, S. & Landt, J.A., Three dimensional time domain modeling of lightning. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2(3), pp. 931–938, 1987. doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1109/tpwrd.1987.4308198
[15] Petrache, E., Rachidi, F., Pavanello, D., et al., Lightning strikes to elevated structures: influence of grounding conditions on currents and electromagnetic fields, Presented at IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Chicago, 2005.
[16] Petrache, E., Rachidi, F., Pavanello, D., et al., Influence of the finite ground conductivity on the transient response to lightning of a tower and its grounding, Presented at 28th General Assembly of International Union of Radio Science (URSI), New Delhi, India, 2005.
[17] Podgorski, S. & Landt, J.A., Numerical analysis of the lightning–CN tower interaction, Presented at 6th Symposium and Technical Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zurich, Switzerland, 1985.
[18] Baba, Y. & Ishii, M., Numerical electromagnetic field analysis of lightning current in tall structures. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 16(2), pp. 324–328, 2001. doi: [Crossref]
[19] Kordi, B., Moini, R., Janischewskyj, W., et al., Application of the antenna theory model to a tall tower struck by lightning. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D17), 2003. doi: [Crossref]
[20] Matthews, J.C.G., Sarno, C. & Herring, R., Interaction between radar systems and wind farms, 2008 Loughborow Antennas & Propagation Conference, Loughborrow, UK, March 2008.
[21] Jin, M., Theory and Computation of Electromagnetic Fields, IEEE Press–Wiley: New Jersey, USA, 2010.
[22] Yamashita (ed.), Analysis Methods for Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Artech House: London, 1996.
[23] Poljak, D., Advanced Modeling in Computational EMC, Wiley: New York, 2007.
[24] Poljak, D. & Drissi, K.E.K., Electromagnetic field coupling to overhead wire configurations: antenna model versus transmission line approach. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1–18, 2012. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1155/2012/730145
[25] Burke, G.J. & Miller, E.K., Modeling antennas near to and penetrating a lossy interface. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, 32(10), pp. 1040–1049, 1984. doi: [Crossref]
Cite this:
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GB-T-7714-2015
Poljak, D. & Čavka, D. (2015). Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues of Wind Turbine Analysis and Design. Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., 3(3), 250-268. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V3-N3-250-268
D. Poljak and D. Čavka, "Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues of Wind Turbine Analysis and Design," Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 250-268, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V3-N3-250-268
@research-article{Poljak2015ElectromagneticCI,
title={Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues of Wind Turbine Analysis and Design},
author={D. Poljak and D. čAvka},
journal={International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements},
year={2015},
page={250-268},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V3-N3-250-268}
}
D. Poljak, et al. "Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues of Wind Turbine Analysis and Design." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, v 3, pp 250-268. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V3-N3-250-268
D. Poljak and D. čAvka. "Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues of Wind Turbine Analysis and Design." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, 3, (2015): 250-268. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V3-N3-250-268
POLJAK D， ČAVKA D. Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues of Wind Turbine Analysis and Design[J]. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements， 2015， 3(3)： 250-268. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V3-N3-250-268