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[1] DNV, Det Norske Veritas, Barents 2020 Phase I. Technical report No. 2008-0664, Ice and Metocean, Barents 2020 Project. DNV: Oslo, Norway, 2008.
[2] Gudmestad, O.T., Marine construction and operation challenges in the Barents Sea. International Journal of Ship Research Technology, 60(3), pp. 128–137, 2013. doi: [Crossref]
[3] Larsen, A. & Markeset, T., Mapping of operations, maintenance and support design factors in arctic environments. The Proceedings of the European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL 2007), Stavanger, Norway, ISBN 978-0-415-44786-7, June 25–27, 2007.
[4] Kumar, R., Barabady, J., Markeset, T. & Kumar, U., Improving maintainability in extreme cold climatic conditions. International Journal of Performability Engineering, 8(5), pp. 563–572, 2012.
[5] Markeset, T., Design for high performance assurance for offshore production facilities in remote harsh and sensitive environment. Quarterly Journal of the Operational Research Society of India, OPSEARCH, 45(3), pp. 275–290, 2008.
[6] DNV, Det Norske Veritas, Winterization for Cold Climate, Oslo, Norway, DNV-OS-A201, 2013.
[7] Homlong, E., Panesar, S.S., Kumar, R. & Markeset, T., Influence of arctic environment on reliability, availability, maintainability and supportability. The Proceedings of Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management (COMADEM2011), Stavanger, Norway, ISBN 0-9541307-2-3, May 30–June 1, 2011.
[8] Markeset, T., Kumar, R. & Kumar, U., Remote operations and maintenance support services: A conceptual framework, Proceedings of the Mine Planning and Equipment Selection Conference (MPES2007), Bangkok, Thailand, December 11–13, 2007.
[9] Ayele, Y.Z., Barabadi, A. & Markeset, T., Spare part transportation management in High North. The Proceedings for the 22nd International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions (POAC2013), Espoo, Finland, June 9–13, 2013.
[10] Barabadi, A. & Markeset, T., Reliability and maintainability performance under Arctic conditions. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, 2(3), pp. 205–217, 2011. [Crossref]
[11] Jacobsen, S.R. & Gudmestad, O.T., Evacuation from petroleum facilities operating in the Barents Sea, Paper OMAE-2012-83329. Proceedings of OMAE, Vol. 1, Rio, 2012. doi: [Crossref]
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Open Access
Research article

Oil and Gas Operations Under Extreme Conditions in the Cold North

O.T. Gudmestad,
T. Markeset
University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements
|
Volume 3, Issue 1, 2015
|
Pages 7-12
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
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Abstract:

Norway’s oil industry is shifting attention toward the north, to the Barents Sea. This means it must adjust to temperatures down to −30°C, storms, sleet, and snow, and possibly to drift-ice in the case of operations toward the north and east of these seas. Furthermore, operations during winter time will be carried out in the blackest night as the sun is away for several weeks. We have some information about the climate; however, compared with our expertise from the southern Norwegian continental shelf, we know little about how to run an offshore production installation in a cold climate.

Keywords: Cold climate, High North, Oil and gas developments, Operations

1. Introduction

2. Government Has Opened the Barents Sea for Exploration and Production

3. Unpredictability

4. Longer Time Needed for Many Activities—Parts of the Year

5. Winterization

6. Enclosed Areas

7. Distances

8. Ice

9. Achievable Developments

10. The Threat

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge use of citations from an interview with the authors; ‘Working under extreme conditions’, by journalist Karen Anne Okstad as presented in Science Nordic on December 11, 2012: http://sciencenordic.com/working-under-extreme-conditions

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1] DNV, Det Norske Veritas, Barents 2020 Phase I. Technical report No. 2008-0664, Ice and Metocean, Barents 2020 Project. DNV: Oslo, Norway, 2008.
[2] Gudmestad, O.T., Marine construction and operation challenges in the Barents Sea. International Journal of Ship Research Technology, 60(3), pp. 128–137, 2013. doi: [Crossref]
[3] Larsen, A. & Markeset, T., Mapping of operations, maintenance and support design factors in arctic environments. The Proceedings of the European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL 2007), Stavanger, Norway, ISBN 978-0-415-44786-7, June 25–27, 2007.
[4] Kumar, R., Barabady, J., Markeset, T. & Kumar, U., Improving maintainability in extreme cold climatic conditions. International Journal of Performability Engineering, 8(5), pp. 563–572, 2012.
[5] Markeset, T., Design for high performance assurance for offshore production facilities in remote harsh and sensitive environment. Quarterly Journal of the Operational Research Society of India, OPSEARCH, 45(3), pp. 275–290, 2008.
[6] DNV, Det Norske Veritas, Winterization for Cold Climate, Oslo, Norway, DNV-OS-A201, 2013.
[7] Homlong, E., Panesar, S.S., Kumar, R. & Markeset, T., Influence of arctic environment on reliability, availability, maintainability and supportability. The Proceedings of Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management (COMADEM2011), Stavanger, Norway, ISBN 0-9541307-2-3, May 30–June 1, 2011.
[8] Markeset, T., Kumar, R. & Kumar, U., Remote operations and maintenance support services: A conceptual framework, Proceedings of the Mine Planning and Equipment Selection Conference (MPES2007), Bangkok, Thailand, December 11–13, 2007.
[9] Ayele, Y.Z., Barabadi, A. & Markeset, T., Spare part transportation management in High North. The Proceedings for the 22nd International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions (POAC2013), Espoo, Finland, June 9–13, 2013.
[10] Barabadi, A. & Markeset, T., Reliability and maintainability performance under Arctic conditions. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, 2(3), pp. 205–217, 2011. [Crossref]
[11] Jacobsen, S.R. & Gudmestad, O.T., Evacuation from petroleum facilities operating in the Barents Sea, Paper OMAE-2012-83329. Proceedings of OMAE, Vol. 1, Rio, 2012. doi: [Crossref]
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Gudmestad, O. T. & Markeset, T. (2015). Oil and Gas Operations Under Extreme Conditions in the Cold North. Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., 3(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V3-N1-7-12
O. T. Gudmestad and T. Markeset, "Oil and Gas Operations Under Extreme Conditions in the Cold North," Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 7-12, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V3-N1-7-12
@research-article{Gudmestad2015OilAG,
title={Oil and Gas Operations Under Extreme Conditions in the Cold North},
author={O.T. Gudmestad and T. Markeset},
journal={International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements},
year={2015},
page={7-12},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V3-N1-7-12}
}
O.T. Gudmestad, et al. "Oil and Gas Operations Under Extreme Conditions in the Cold North." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, v 3, pp 7-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V3-N1-7-12
O.T. Gudmestad and T. Markeset. "Oil and Gas Operations Under Extreme Conditions in the Cold North." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, 3, (2015): 7-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V3-N1-7-12
GUDMESTAD O T， MARKESET T. Oil and Gas Operations Under Extreme Conditions in the Cold North[J]. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements， 2015， 3(1)： 7-12. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V3-N1-7-12