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[1] Williams, G.D. & Williamson, E.B., Response of reinforced concrete bridge columns subjected to blast loads. Journal of Structural Engineering, 137(9), pp. 903–913, 2011. doi: [Crossref]
[2] Winget, D.G., Marchand, K.A. & Williamson, E.B., Analysis and design of critical bridges subjected to blast loads. Journal of Structural Engineering, 131(8), pp. 1243–1255, 2005. doi: [Crossref]
[3] ASCE, The Oklahoma city building: improving building response through multi-hazard mitigation. Report for FEMA. Report no. 277, New York, NY, 1996.
[4] Malvar, L.J., Crawford, J.E. & Morrill, K.B., Use of composites to resist blast. Journal of Composites for Construction, 11(6), pp. 601–610, 2007. doi: [Crossref]
[5] Dumas, P., Structural retrofi tting using fi ber reinforced polymers. Ms Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2012.
[6] Mirmiran, A. & Shahawy, M., Composite pile: a successful drive. Concrete International, 25(3), pp. 89–94, 2003.
[7] Zhu, Z., Joint construction and seismic performance of concrete-fi lled fi ber reinforced polymer tubes. PhD Dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2004.
[8] Elsanadedy, H., Almusallam, T., Abbas, H., Al-Salloum, Y., Alsayed, S. & Al-Haddad, M., Effect of blast loading on CFRP retrofi tted RC columns. IMPLAST 2010 Conference, Providence, Rhode Island, October, pp. 12–14, 2010. doi: [Crossref]
[9] Crawford, J.E., Malvar, L., Morrill, K.B. & Ferritto, J.M., Composite retrofi ts to increase the blast resistance of reinforced concrete buildings. 10th International Symposium Interaction of the Effects of Munitions with Structures, P-01-13, San Diego, CA, 2001.
[10] Williamson, E.B. & Winget, D.G., Risk management and design of critical bridges for terrorist attacks. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 10(1), pp. 96–106, 2005. doi: [Crossref]
[11] Hamed, E. & Rabinovitch, O., Dynamic behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with composite materials. Journal of Composites for Construction, 9(5), pp. 429–440, 2005. doi: [Crossref]
[12] Mosalam, K.M. & Mosallam, A.S., Nonlinear transient analysis of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to blast loading and retrofi tted with CFRP composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 32(8), pp. 623–636, 2001. doi: [Crossref]
[13] Shi, Y., Li, Z. & Hao, H., A new method for progressive collapse analysis of RC frames under blast loading. Engineering Structures, 32(6), pp. 1691–1703, 2010. doi: [Crossref]
[14] Nam, J., Kim, H., Kim, S., Kim, J.J. & Byun, K.J., Analytical study of fi nite element models for FRP retrofi tted concrete structure under blast loads. International Journal of Damage Mechanics, 18(5), pp. 461–490, 2009. doi: [Crossref]
[15] Ngo, T., Mendis, P., Gupta, A. & Ramsay, J., Blast loading and blast effects on structures – an overview. Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, 7, pp. 76–91.2007.
[16] Bentz, E.C. & Collins, M.P., Response 2000. Software Program for Load-Deformation Response of Reinforced Concrete Section, 2000, available at: http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~bentz/news.shtml.
[17] ANSYS, Inc., ANSYS Version 8.0, ANSYS, Inc.: Canonsburg, PA, 2003. doi: [Crossref]
[18] CEB-FIP, Design of concrete structures. CEB-FIP-Model-Code, British Standard Institution: London, UK, 1990. doi: phopd.35447 [Crossref]
[19] Ngo, T.D., Behaviour of high strength concrete subject to impulsive loading, PhD Dissertation, The University of Melbourne, Australia, 2005.
[20] Scott, B.D., Park, R. & Priestley, M., Stress–strain behavior of concrete confi ned by overlapping hoops at low and high strain rates. ACI Journal, 79(1), pp. 13–27, 1982. doi: [Crossref]
[21] Soroushian, P. & Choi, K., Steel mechanical properties at different strain rates. Journal of Structural Engineering, 113(4), pp. 63–672, 1987. doi: [Crossref]
[22] Shao, Y. & Mirmiran, A., Nonlinear cyclic response of laminated glass FRP tubes fi lled with concrete. Composite Structures, 65(1), pp. 91–101, 2004. doi: [Crossref]
[23] Kuksenko, V.S. & Tamuzs, V., Fracture Micromechanics of Polymer Materials, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: The Hague (Series on Fatigue and Fracture), 1981. doi: [Crossref]
[24] AT Blast Software, Applied Research Associates of Vicksburg, MS, available at: http://www.ara.com/products/AT-blast.htm.
[25] Ngo, T., Mendis, P., Teo, D. & Kusuma, G., Behavior of high-strength concrete columns subjected to blast loading, 7th International Conference on Steel-Concrete Composite Structures, Sydney, Australia, pp. 23–25, ASCCS, 2003.
[26] Berger/Abam Engineers, Seismic Design of Bridges – Design Example No. 8. Report for National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), Report no. A99067, Project 12-49, Washington, DC, 2001.
[27] SPSS, Inc., SPSS 11.5 for Windows, SPSS, Inc.: Chicago, IL. doi: [Crossref]
[28] Box, G.E.P. & Cox, D.R., An analysis of transformation (with discussion). Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 26, pp. 211–252, 1964.
[29] Shaat, A. & Fam, A., Effectiveness of different composite materials for repair of steel bridge girders, 3rd International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, Miami, FL, pp. 721–724, CICE, 2006.
[30] Teng, J.G. & Hu, Y.M., Theoretical model for FRP-confi ned circular concrete-fi lled steel tubes under axial compression, 3rd International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, Miami, FL, pp. 503–506, CICE, 2006.
[31] Kaul, R., Ravindrarajah, R.S. & Smith, S.T., Deformational behavior of FRP confi ned concrete under sustained compression, 3rd Int’l. Conf. FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, Miami, FL, pp. 207–210, CICE, 2006.
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Acadlore takes over the publication of IJCMEM from 2025 Vol. 13, No. 3. The preceding volumes were published under a CC BY 4.0 license by the previous owner, and displayed here as agreed between Acadlore and the previous owner. ✯ : This issue/volume is not published by Acadlore.

Open Access
Research article

Performance of FRP-Retrofitted Concrete Bridge Columns Under Blast Loading

r. zheng1,
p. zohrevand2,
h. erdogan3,
a. mirmiran2
1
Aker Marine Contractors US, Inc., 2103 City West Blvd., Houston, TX, USA
2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements
|
Volume 2, Issue 4, 2014
|
Pages 346-361
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
View Full Article|Download PDF

Abstract:

Contrary to military or essential government buildings, most bridges are designed without any consideration for blast resistance. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) can provide an effective means for strengthening of critical bridges against such loading. This study has focused on the effectiveness of FRP retrofitting in the dynamic response of reinforced concrete bridge columns under blast loading. Using a simplified equivalent I-section with a virtual material lumped at the two flanges; a lightly meshed uniaxial finite element model was developed and successfully validated against previous studies. The proposed model was then used for a thorough parametric study on the blast resistance of bridge substructures in the form of a single-column, two-column pier frame, and an entire bridge. The study showed the benefits of strengthening with composites against blast loading. The FRP tensile strength and diameter-to-thickness ratio, steel reinforcement ratio, and column length and damping ratio significantly affect the blast resistance of an FRP-retrofitted bridge. Finally, based on the parametric study results, predictive equations with multiple linear regression and high order terms were developed statistically for the FRP retrofit design of single columns against blast loading.

Keywords: Blast, Bridges, Concrete, Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), Finite element modeling, Retrofit
Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1] Williams, G.D. & Williamson, E.B., Response of reinforced concrete bridge columns subjected to blast loads. Journal of Structural Engineering, 137(9), pp. 903–913, 2011. doi: [Crossref]
[2] Winget, D.G., Marchand, K.A. & Williamson, E.B., Analysis and design of critical bridges subjected to blast loads. Journal of Structural Engineering, 131(8), pp. 1243–1255, 2005. doi: [Crossref]
[3] ASCE, The Oklahoma city building: improving building response through multi-hazard mitigation. Report for FEMA. Report no. 277, New York, NY, 1996.
[4] Malvar, L.J., Crawford, J.E. & Morrill, K.B., Use of composites to resist blast. Journal of Composites for Construction, 11(6), pp. 601–610, 2007. doi: [Crossref]
[5] Dumas, P., Structural retrofi tting using fi ber reinforced polymers. Ms Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2012.
[6] Mirmiran, A. & Shahawy, M., Composite pile: a successful drive. Concrete International, 25(3), pp. 89–94, 2003.
[7] Zhu, Z., Joint construction and seismic performance of concrete-fi lled fi ber reinforced polymer tubes. PhD Dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2004.
[8] Elsanadedy, H., Almusallam, T., Abbas, H., Al-Salloum, Y., Alsayed, S. & Al-Haddad, M., Effect of blast loading on CFRP retrofi tted RC columns. IMPLAST 2010 Conference, Providence, Rhode Island, October, pp. 12–14, 2010. doi: [Crossref]
[9] Crawford, J.E., Malvar, L., Morrill, K.B. & Ferritto, J.M., Composite retrofi ts to increase the blast resistance of reinforced concrete buildings. 10th International Symposium Interaction of the Effects of Munitions with Structures, P-01-13, San Diego, CA, 2001.
[10] Williamson, E.B. & Winget, D.G., Risk management and design of critical bridges for terrorist attacks. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 10(1), pp. 96–106, 2005. doi: [Crossref]
[11] Hamed, E. & Rabinovitch, O., Dynamic behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with composite materials. Journal of Composites for Construction, 9(5), pp. 429–440, 2005. doi: [Crossref]
[12] Mosalam, K.M. & Mosallam, A.S., Nonlinear transient analysis of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to blast loading and retrofi tted with CFRP composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 32(8), pp. 623–636, 2001. doi: [Crossref]
[13] Shi, Y., Li, Z. & Hao, H., A new method for progressive collapse analysis of RC frames under blast loading. Engineering Structures, 32(6), pp. 1691–1703, 2010. doi: [Crossref]
[14] Nam, J., Kim, H., Kim, S., Kim, J.J. & Byun, K.J., Analytical study of fi nite element models for FRP retrofi tted concrete structure under blast loads. International Journal of Damage Mechanics, 18(5), pp. 461–490, 2009. doi: [Crossref]
[15] Ngo, T., Mendis, P., Gupta, A. & Ramsay, J., Blast loading and blast effects on structures – an overview. Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, 7, pp. 76–91.2007.
[16] Bentz, E.C. & Collins, M.P., Response 2000. Software Program for Load-Deformation Response of Reinforced Concrete Section, 2000, available at: http://www.ecf.utoronto.ca/~bentz/news.shtml.
[17] ANSYS, Inc., ANSYS Version 8.0, ANSYS, Inc.: Canonsburg, PA, 2003. doi: [Crossref]
[18] CEB-FIP, Design of concrete structures. CEB-FIP-Model-Code, British Standard Institution: London, UK, 1990. doi: phopd.35447 [Crossref]
[19] Ngo, T.D., Behaviour of high strength concrete subject to impulsive loading, PhD Dissertation, The University of Melbourne, Australia, 2005.
[20] Scott, B.D., Park, R. & Priestley, M., Stress–strain behavior of concrete confi ned by overlapping hoops at low and high strain rates. ACI Journal, 79(1), pp. 13–27, 1982. doi: [Crossref]
[21] Soroushian, P. & Choi, K., Steel mechanical properties at different strain rates. Journal of Structural Engineering, 113(4), pp. 63–672, 1987. doi: [Crossref]
[22] Shao, Y. & Mirmiran, A., Nonlinear cyclic response of laminated glass FRP tubes fi lled with concrete. Composite Structures, 65(1), pp. 91–101, 2004. doi: [Crossref]
[23] Kuksenko, V.S. & Tamuzs, V., Fracture Micromechanics of Polymer Materials, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: The Hague (Series on Fatigue and Fracture), 1981. doi: [Crossref]
[24] AT Blast Software, Applied Research Associates of Vicksburg, MS, available at: http://www.ara.com/products/AT-blast.htm.
[25] Ngo, T., Mendis, P., Teo, D. & Kusuma, G., Behavior of high-strength concrete columns subjected to blast loading, 7th International Conference on Steel-Concrete Composite Structures, Sydney, Australia, pp. 23–25, ASCCS, 2003.
[26] Berger/Abam Engineers, Seismic Design of Bridges – Design Example No. 8. Report for National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), Report no. A99067, Project 12-49, Washington, DC, 2001.
[27] SPSS, Inc., SPSS 11.5 for Windows, SPSS, Inc.: Chicago, IL. doi: [Crossref]
[28] Box, G.E.P. & Cox, D.R., An analysis of transformation (with discussion). Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 26, pp. 211–252, 1964.
[29] Shaat, A. & Fam, A., Effectiveness of different composite materials for repair of steel bridge girders, 3rd International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, Miami, FL, pp. 721–724, CICE, 2006.
[30] Teng, J.G. & Hu, Y.M., Theoretical model for FRP-confi ned circular concrete-fi lled steel tubes under axial compression, 3rd International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, Miami, FL, pp. 503–506, CICE, 2006.
[31] Kaul, R., Ravindrarajah, R.S. & Smith, S.T., Deformational behavior of FRP confi ned concrete under sustained compression, 3rd Int’l. Conf. FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, Miami, FL, pp. 207–210, CICE, 2006.
Cite this:
APA Style
IEEE Style
BibTex Style
MLA Style
Chicago Style
GB-T-7714-2015
Zheng, R., Zohrevand, P., Erdogan, H., & Mirmiran, A. (2014). Performance of FRP-Retrofitted Concrete Bridge Columns Under Blast Loading. Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., 2(4), 346-361. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V2-N4-346-361
R. Zheng, P. Zohrevand, H. Erdogan, and A. Mirmiran, "Performance of FRP-Retrofitted Concrete Bridge Columns Under Blast Loading," Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 346-361, 2014. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V2-N4-346-361
@research-article{Zheng2014PerformanceOF,
title={Performance of FRP-Retrofitted Concrete Bridge Columns Under Blast Loading},
author={R. Zheng and P. Zohrevand and H. Erdogan and A. Mirmiran},
journal={International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements},
year={2014},
page={346-361},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V2-N4-346-361}
}
R. Zheng, et al. "Performance of FRP-Retrofitted Concrete Bridge Columns Under Blast Loading." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, v 2, pp 346-361. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V2-N4-346-361
R. Zheng, P. Zohrevand, H. Erdogan and A. Mirmiran. "Performance of FRP-Retrofitted Concrete Bridge Columns Under Blast Loading." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, 2, (2014): 346-361. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V2-N4-346-361
ZHENG R， ZOHREVAND P， ERDOGAN H， et al. Performance of FRP-Retrofitted Concrete Bridge Columns Under Blast Loading[J]. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements， 2014， 2(4)： 346-361. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V2-N4-346-361