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[1] Marchand, J., Pleau, R. & Gange, R., Deterioration of concrete due to freezing and thawing. Materials Science of Concrete IV, eds. J. Skalny, S. Mindess, Americian Ceramic Society: Westerville, pp. 283–354, 1995.
[2] Scherer, G.W., Crystallization in pores. Cement and Concrete Research, 29, pp. 1347–1358, 1999. doi: [Crossref]
[3] Cai, H. & Liu, X., Freeze-thaw durability of concrete: ice formation process in pores. Cement and Concrete Research, 28(9), pp. 1281–1287, 1998. doi: [Crossref]
[4] Shi, X., Akin, M., Pan, T., Fay, L., Liu, Y. & Yang, Z., Deicer impacts on pavement materials: introduction and recent developments. The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 3, pp. 16–27, 2009. doi: [Crossref]
[5] Verbeck, G.J. & Klieger, P., Studies of salt scaling of concrete. Highway Research Board Bulletin, 150, pp. 1–13, 1957.
[6] Pigeon, M. & Pleau, R., Durability of Concrete in Cold Climates. E&FN Spon: London, 1992.
[7] Massazza, F., Pozzolanic cements. Cement and Concrete Composites, 15(4), pp. 185–214, 1993. doi: [Crossref]
[8] Malhotra, V.M. & Mehta, P.K., High-Performance, High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete: Materials, Mixture Proportioning, Properties, Construction Practice, and Case Histories (2nd edn.), Supplementary Cementing Materials for Sustainable Development: Ottawa, 2005.
[9] Chung, C.-W., Shon, C.-S. & Kim Y.-S., Chloride ion diffusivity of fl y ash and silica fume concretes exposed to freeze–thaw cycles. Construction and Building Materials, 24, pp. 1739–1745, 2010. doi: [Crossref]
[10] Jensen, O.M. & Hansen, P.F., Water-entrained cement-based materials I. Principles and theoretical background. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(4), pp. 647–654, 2001. doi: [Crossref]
[11] Brüdern, A.E. & Mechtcherine, V., Multifunctional use of SAP in strain-hardening cement-based composites. Proceedings of the International RILEM Conference on Use of Superabsorbent Polymers, eds. O.M. Jensen, M.T. Hasholt, S. Laustsen, RILEM Publ. SARL: Bagneux, pp. 11–22, 2010.
[12] Mönnig, S. & Lura, P., Superabsorbent polymers – an additive to increase the freezethaw resistance of high strength concrete. Advances in Construction Materials, pp. 351–358, 2007.
[13] Laustsen, S., Hasholt, M.T., Jensen, O.M., A new technology for air-entrainment of concrete. Microstructure related Durability of Cementitious Composites, eds. W. Sun, et al., RILEM Publ. SARL: Bagneux, pp. 1223–1230, 2008.
[14] Sikora, K. & Klemm, A.J., Freeze/thaw performance of polymer modifi ed cementitious mortars exposed to NaCl solution. Restoration of Buildings and Monuments, 18(3/4), pp. 1–8, 2012.
[15] Reinhardt, H.W., Assmann, A. & Mönnig, S., Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) – an admixture to increase the durability of concrete. Microstructure Related Durability of Cementitious Composites, eds. W. Sun, et al., RILEM Publ. SARL: Bagneux, pp. 313–322, 2008.
[16] Reinhardt, H.W. & Assmann, A., Enhanced drability of concrete by superabsorbent polymers. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Brittle Matrix Composites, eds. A.M. Brandt, IFTR and Woodhead Publishing: Warsaw & Cambridge, pp. 291–300, 2009. doi: [Crossref]
[17] Reinhardt, H.W. & Assmann, A., Effect of SAP on durability of concrete. Application of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) in Concrete Construction, State of the Art Report, eds. V. Mechtcherine, H.W. Reinhardt, Springer: Dordrecht; New York, pp. 115–135, 2012. doi: [Crossref]
[18] Klemm, A.J., The infl uence of superabsorbent polymers on the microstructural features and mechanical properties of cementitious mortars subjected to freezing and thawing conditions, 9th Symposium on High Performance Concrete, Rotorua, 2011.
[19] Esteves, L.P. & Jensen, O.M., Absorbency of superabsorbent polymers in cementitious environments. MRS Proceedings, pp. 1488, 2012.
[20] Sikora, K.S., The effect of superabsorbent polymers on the properties of cementitious mortars containing fl y ash. PhD thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2013.
[21] Yu, S. & Oguchi, C., Role of pore size distribution in salt uptake, damage, and predicting salt susceptibility. Engineering Geology, 115(3–4), pp. 226–236, 2010. doi: [Crossref]
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Acadlore takes over the publication of IJCMEM from 2025 Vol. 13, No. 3. The preceding volumes were published under a CC BY 4.0 license by the previous owner, and displayed here as agreed between Acadlore and the previous owner. ✯ : This issue/volume is not published by Acadlore.

Open Access
Research article

The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers on Performance of Fly Ash Cementitious Mortars Exposed to Accelerated Freezing/ Thawing Conditions

karol s. sikora1,
agnieszka j. klemm2
1
College of Engineering & Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
2
School of Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom
International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements
|
Volume 2, Issue 3, 2014
|
Pages 255-268
Received: N/A,
Revised: N/A,
Accepted: N/A,
Available online: N/A
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Abstract:

The paper is focused on identification of micro-structural and mechanical alterations in porous matrices of Portland fly ash cement mortar, during frost deterioration. An attempt is made to assess the efficiency of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) ‘protection’ based on analysis of three SAP types with different water absorption/desorption capacities. Two different exposure regimes have been adopted in the study; the exposure to freeze/thaw cycles and the exposure to freeze/thaw with de-icing solution. In order to eval- uate the effect of SAPs on the micro-structural features of deteriorating mortars comprehensive MIP and SEM analyses were performed. It has been found that SAPs with high water absorption capacities may prevent flexural strength reduction caused by frost action. The limitation in micro-cracks propagation by SAP additions can be attributed to the higher tensile strength of ‘SAP pores’ walls, resulting from densification of CSH gel. This is consistent with the finding of higher ‘breaking pressure’ for ‘SAP pores’. Nevertheless, it was shown that the additional exposure to salt ions reduces the initial resistance to less than one month. Desorption characteristics of SAPs may play a particularly important role in the case of very early exposure to F/T cycles. Too slow release of water does not sufficiently facilitate densification of structure prior frost action. Neither can it create a suitable network of air pockets for the expansion of ice and freezing water as in air-entrainers. This is particularly relevant to fly ash cementitious composites due to delayed pozzolanic reaction.

Keywords: Freezing/thawing cycles, Micro-structural characterisation, Portland fly ash cement, Salt crystallisation, Superabsorbent polymers
Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References
[1] Marchand, J., Pleau, R. & Gange, R., Deterioration of concrete due to freezing and thawing. Materials Science of Concrete IV, eds. J. Skalny, S. Mindess, Americian Ceramic Society: Westerville, pp. 283–354, 1995.
[2] Scherer, G.W., Crystallization in pores. Cement and Concrete Research, 29, pp. 1347–1358, 1999. doi: [Crossref]
[3] Cai, H. & Liu, X., Freeze-thaw durability of concrete: ice formation process in pores. Cement and Concrete Research, 28(9), pp. 1281–1287, 1998. doi: [Crossref]
[4] Shi, X., Akin, M., Pan, T., Fay, L., Liu, Y. & Yang, Z., Deicer impacts on pavement materials: introduction and recent developments. The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 3, pp. 16–27, 2009. doi: [Crossref]
[5] Verbeck, G.J. & Klieger, P., Studies of salt scaling of concrete. Highway Research Board Bulletin, 150, pp. 1–13, 1957.
[6] Pigeon, M. & Pleau, R., Durability of Concrete in Cold Climates. E&FN Spon: London, 1992.
[7] Massazza, F., Pozzolanic cements. Cement and Concrete Composites, 15(4), pp. 185–214, 1993. doi: [Crossref]
[8] Malhotra, V.M. & Mehta, P.K., High-Performance, High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete: Materials, Mixture Proportioning, Properties, Construction Practice, and Case Histories (2nd edn.), Supplementary Cementing Materials for Sustainable Development: Ottawa, 2005.
[9] Chung, C.-W., Shon, C.-S. & Kim Y.-S., Chloride ion diffusivity of fl y ash and silica fume concretes exposed to freeze–thaw cycles. Construction and Building Materials, 24, pp. 1739–1745, 2010. doi: [Crossref]
[10] Jensen, O.M. & Hansen, P.F., Water-entrained cement-based materials I. Principles and theoretical background. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(4), pp. 647–654, 2001. doi: [Crossref]
[11] Brüdern, A.E. & Mechtcherine, V., Multifunctional use of SAP in strain-hardening cement-based composites. Proceedings of the International RILEM Conference on Use of Superabsorbent Polymers, eds. O.M. Jensen, M.T. Hasholt, S. Laustsen, RILEM Publ. SARL: Bagneux, pp. 11–22, 2010.
[12] Mönnig, S. & Lura, P., Superabsorbent polymers – an additive to increase the freezethaw resistance of high strength concrete. Advances in Construction Materials, pp. 351–358, 2007.
[13] Laustsen, S., Hasholt, M.T., Jensen, O.M., A new technology for air-entrainment of concrete. Microstructure related Durability of Cementitious Composites, eds. W. Sun, et al., RILEM Publ. SARL: Bagneux, pp. 1223–1230, 2008.
[14] Sikora, K. & Klemm, A.J., Freeze/thaw performance of polymer modifi ed cementitious mortars exposed to NaCl solution. Restoration of Buildings and Monuments, 18(3/4), pp. 1–8, 2012.
[15] Reinhardt, H.W., Assmann, A. & Mönnig, S., Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) – an admixture to increase the durability of concrete. Microstructure Related Durability of Cementitious Composites, eds. W. Sun, et al., RILEM Publ. SARL: Bagneux, pp. 313–322, 2008.
[16] Reinhardt, H.W. & Assmann, A., Enhanced drability of concrete by superabsorbent polymers. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Brittle Matrix Composites, eds. A.M. Brandt, IFTR and Woodhead Publishing: Warsaw & Cambridge, pp. 291–300, 2009. doi: [Crossref]
[17] Reinhardt, H.W. & Assmann, A., Effect of SAP on durability of concrete. Application of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) in Concrete Construction, State of the Art Report, eds. V. Mechtcherine, H.W. Reinhardt, Springer: Dordrecht; New York, pp. 115–135, 2012. doi: [Crossref]
[18] Klemm, A.J., The infl uence of superabsorbent polymers on the microstructural features and mechanical properties of cementitious mortars subjected to freezing and thawing conditions, 9th Symposium on High Performance Concrete, Rotorua, 2011.
[19] Esteves, L.P. & Jensen, O.M., Absorbency of superabsorbent polymers in cementitious environments. MRS Proceedings, pp. 1488, 2012.
[20] Sikora, K.S., The effect of superabsorbent polymers on the properties of cementitious mortars containing fl y ash. PhD thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2013.
[21] Yu, S. & Oguchi, C., Role of pore size distribution in salt uptake, damage, and predicting salt susceptibility. Engineering Geology, 115(3–4), pp. 226–236, 2010. doi: [Crossref]
Cite this:
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Sikora, K. S. & Klemm, A. J. (2014). The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers on Performance of Fly Ash Cementitious Mortars Exposed to Accelerated Freezing/ Thawing Conditions. Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., 2(3), 255-268. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V2-N3-255-268
K. S. Sikora and A. J. Klemm, "The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers on Performance of Fly Ash Cementitious Mortars Exposed to Accelerated Freezing/ Thawing Conditions," Int. J. Comput. Methods Exp. Meas., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 255-268, 2014. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V2-N3-255-268
@research-article{Sikora2014TheEO,
title={The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers on Performance of Fly Ash Cementitious Mortars Exposed to Accelerated Freezing/ Thawing Conditions},
author={Karol S. Sikora and Agnieszka J. Klemm},
journal={International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements},
year={2014},
page={255-268},
doi={https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V2-N3-255-268}
}
Karol S. Sikora, et al. "The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers on Performance of Fly Ash Cementitious Mortars Exposed to Accelerated Freezing/ Thawing Conditions." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, v 2, pp 255-268. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V2-N3-255-268
Karol S. Sikora and Agnieszka J. Klemm. "The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers on Performance of Fly Ash Cementitious Mortars Exposed to Accelerated Freezing/ Thawing Conditions." International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements, 2, (2014): 255-268. doi: https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V2-N3-255-268
SIKORA K S， KLEMM A J. The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymers on Performance of Fly Ash Cementitious Mortars Exposed to Accelerated Freezing/ Thawing Conditions[J]. International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements， 2014， 2(3)： 255-268. https://doi.org/10.2495/CMEM-V2-N3-255-268