Neighbourhood Degree-Based Graph Descriptors: A Comprehensive Analysis of Connectivity Patterns in Diverse Graph Families and Their Applicapability

Graph theory, a branch of discrete mathematics, has found extensive applications across diverse scientific and technological domains. In bioinformatics, the analysis of biological networks, including protein-protein interaction networks, has significantly benefited from graph theory methodologies [1]. Graph-based algorithms play a crucial role in identifying functional modules and predicting protein functions [2]. Moreover, in epidemiology, graph models are employed to study the spread of infectious diseases, where nodes represent individuals and edges represent potential transmission pathways [3]. The applications of graph theory extend into social network analysis, a field where the structure of relationships between individuals or entities is of paramount importance. Graph algorithms aid in identifying influential nodes, detecting communities, and understanding the dynamics of information propagation in online social networks [4], [5]. In the realm of transportation engineering, graph theory is essential for modeling and optimizing transportation networks. Algorithms such as Dijkstra’s algorithm and the Minimum Spanning Tree algorithm contribute to route optimization, traffic flow analysis, and infrastructure planning [6]. Similarly, in telecommunication networks, graph theory provides tools for designing efficient communication networks, optimizing data routing, and ensuring robust connectivity [7].

The applications of graph theory are not limited to traditional scientific disciplines. In cybersecurity, graph-based models are employed for detecting and analyzing network vulnerabilities, identifying potential threats, and devising strategies for securing information systems [8]. Additionally, in recommendation systems, graph-based collaborative filtering algorithms are used to provide personalized suggestions by modeling user-item interactions as a graph structure [9]. In chemistry and molecular biology, graph theory is applied to represent molecular structures, with topological indices serving as descriptors in quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies [10]. The analysis of chemical compounds as graphs enables the identification of structural features influencing biological activities, which is essential in drug discovery and design. The interdisciplinary nature of graph theory is evident in its applications across various scientific and technological fields, ranging from biology and epidemiology to transportation, telecommunications, cybersecurity, and beyond. As new challenges emerge, the versatility of graph theory continues to contribute valuable insights and solutions across a spectrum of domains.

In the quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) and QSAR studies, an integral term widely acknowledged is that of topological indices (TIs). TIs are numeric invariants considered as transformations that convert graphical structures into real numbers, expressed as $f:G \to \mathbb{R}^+$. Functioning as both predictor parameters and molecular descriptors, TIs play a crucial role in narrating molecular structures. Topological indices, derived from the structural connectivity of molecules, play a vital role in various scientific disciplines, offering a quantitative representation of molecular topology. In the field of chemoinformatics, these indices find extensive application in QSAR studies, aiding in the prediction of the biological activities of chemical compounds based on their molecular structures [11]. Also, topological indices play a big role in drug discovery and design. For example, it's important to understand how molecular structure affects pharmacological effects in order to find the best drug candidates [12]. In environmental chemistry, topological indices are employed to assess the toxicity and environmental impact of chemical substances, assisting in the identification of environmentally friendly compounds [13]. Additionally, in material science, topological indices play a role in predicting various physicochemical properties, contributing to the development of novel materials with tailored characteristics [14]. The usefulness of topological indices can be seen in bioinformatics, where they are used to study molecular networks and figure out how living things are connected [15], [16], [17].

Among the distance-based topological indices, the Weiner index [18] stands out as the oldest and most extensively studied. Its significance in elucidating molecular structures has been well established. Recent advancements in the field have been marked by the introduction of novel distance-based TIs known as status neighborhood indices, as inaugurated by Kulli [19]. This development adds to the evolving landscape of topological indices, opening new avenues for understanding and predicting molecular properties. The continuous exploration and application of these indices underscore their pivotal role in advancing the field of chemical informatics. To study research work on these graph topology descriptors, we refer to the studies [20], [21], [22], [23].

Let $G$ be a connected graph with $E(G)$ and $V(G)$ edge and vertex set respectively. Degree of vertex $\nu$ is number of vertices adjacent to $\nu$ and distance is length of shortest path between two vertices $\nu_1$ and $\nu_2$, denoted by $d(\nu)$ and $d(\nu_1,\nu_2)$ respectively. For vertex $\nu$, sum of all distances of all other vertices is called status of $\nu$ denoted by $\sigma_n(\nu)$. We refer the study [24] for undefined notions and terms. Now we define status sum of neighbor vertices:

$\sigma_n(u)= \sum_{u \in N(\nu)}\sigma (u)$

where, $N(\nu)=N_{G}\nu=\left\{\nu:u\nu \in E(G)\right\}$. Kulli [25] introduced first and second status neighbouredhood indices of a graph defined as:

$SNI_{1}=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2 \in E(G)}[\sigma_n(\nu_1)+\sigma_n(\nu_2)]\,\,\,\,\,\text{and}\,\,\,\,\,SNI_{2}=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2 \in E(G)}[\sigma_n(\nu_1).\sigma_n(\nu_2)] $

Kulli [19] introduced some new indices defined. Atom bond connectivity (ABC) status neighborhood index, geometric-arithmetic (GA) status neighborhood index and arithmetic-geometric (AG) status neighborhood index for a graph $G$ are defined as:

$ \mathcal{ABCSNI}(G)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(G)} \sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)-2}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}$

$ \mathcal{GASNI}(G)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(G)} \frac{2 \sqrt{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}$

$\mathcal{AGSNI}(G)= \sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(G)} \frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}{2 \sqrt{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}$

Harmonic status neighborhood index and its polynomial are defined as:

$ \mathcal{HSN}I(G)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(G)} {\frac{2}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+ \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}} $

$\mathcal{HSN}I(G,x)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(G)} x^{\frac{2}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+ \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}$

Symmetric division status neighborhood index and its polynomial are defined as:

$ \mathcal{SDSNI}(G)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(G)} {\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)} + \frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}} $

$\mathcal{SDSNI}(G,x)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(G)}x^ {\left(\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}+\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}\right)}$

Inverse sum index status neighborhood index and its polynomial are defined as:

$ \mathcal{ISSNI}(G)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(G_n)} {\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}} $

$\mathcal{ISSNI}(G,x)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(G)}x^{\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}} $

The augmented status neighborhood index and its polynomial are defined as:

$ \mathcal{ASNI}(G)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(G)} \left[{\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)-2}}\right]^3$

$\mathcal{ASNI}(G,x)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(G)}x^{\left[{\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)-2}}\right]^3} $

This article talks about neighborhood degree-based graph descriptors and their M-polynomials as an alternative to traditional valency-based descriptors that can be used to describe chemical structures in more detail. These indices were used on a number of well-known graph families to see how well they worked at capturing changes in the topological features of chemical structures. The results were then presented graphically to enhance clarity and comprehension.

In our quest to extract meaningful insights from molecular structures, we employ a diverse array of computational strategies to compute topological indices. Our approach involves leveraging sophisticated techniques such as the vertex partition strategy, where the molecular graph is systematically partitioned into subsets of vertices based on specific criteria. Additionally, we employ edge partition techniques, meticulously categorizing the graph’s edges to unveil intricate patterns that contribute to the overall molecular connectivity. We use expository strategies to make the results easier to understand and to capture important structural details. This gives us a full picture of how the different molecular parts are connected. In the pursuit of a thorough analysis, we harness sum of degrees of neighboring techniques, which involves summing the degrees of adjacent vertices to derive valuable information about the molecular environment. Degree checking techniques further refine our computations, allowing us to scrutinize the distribution of vertex degrees and identify pivotal nodes within the molecular structure. Combinatorial techniques, an integral part of our methodology, enable the exploration of combinatorial properties within the molecular graph, providing deeper insights into the graph’s topological characteristics. Table 1 delineates the different edge types in the Gear graph, organized based on their neighborhood vertex degrees and respective frequencies. Each set of edges was subjected to the application of the specified index formulas, and the resulting values were determined by multiplying them with the corresponding frequencies. Maple software was utilized for the computation of extensive summations. Similar approaches were employed for Table 2, which presents neighborhood degree-based vertex and edge partitions for the generalized Helm graph. Matlab was subsequently used to assess the numeric values of calculated formulas within the specified range in Table 3 and Table 4.

A Gear graph is obtained by replacing each edge on the perimeter of wheel graph $W_{n}$ by a path of length 2 and denoted by $G_{n}$. The Gear graph contains $3n$ edges and $2n+1$ vertices. In this graph, there are two tyoes of edges as given below:

$E_{1}=\left\{\nu_1\nu_2 \in E(G_n)|d_{G_n}(\nu_1)=2 \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, d_{G_n}(\nu_2)=3\right\} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,|E_1=2n|$

$E_{2}=\left\{\nu_1\nu_2 \in E(G_n)|d_{G_n}(\nu_1)=3 \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, d_{G_n}(\nu_2)=n\right\} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,|E_2=n|$

Therefore by calculation, there are two types of status edges as follows:

$E_{1}=\left\{\nu_1\nu_2 \in E(G_n)|\sigma(\nu_1)=5n-5 \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \sigma(\nu_2)=7n-10\right\} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,|E_1=2n|$

$E_{2}=\left\{\nu_1\nu_2 \in E(G_n)|\sigma(\nu_1)=5n-5 \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \sigma(\nu_2)=3n\right\} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,|E_2=n|$

By calculation, there are two types of status neighborhood edges given in Table 1.

By using status neighborhood edge partition of Gear graph $G_n$ given in Table 1, we compute the following:

• Atom bond vonnectivity (ABC) status neighborhood index:

$$\mathcal{ABCSNI}(G_n)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(G_n)} \sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)-2}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}} \\=2n\left(\frac{10(n-1)+(17n-20)-2}{10(n-1)(17n-20)}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}+n\left(\frac{(17n-20)+5n(n-1)-2}{(17n-20).5n(n-1)}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\\=2n\left(\frac{27n-32}{170n^2-370n+200}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}+n\left(\frac{5n^2+12n-22}{85n^3-185n^2+100n}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}$$

• Geometric-arithmetic (GA) status neighborhood index:

$$\mathcal{GASNI}(G_n)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(G_n)} \frac{2 \sqrt{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}\\= 2n.\,\frac{2 \sqrt{10(n-1)(17n-20)}}{10(n-1)+(17n-20)}+n.\,\frac{2 \sqrt{(17n-20).5n(n-1)}}{(17n-20)+5n(n-1)}\\= 4n\,\frac{\sqrt{170n^2-370n+200}}{27n-30}+2n\frac{\sqrt{85n^3-185n^2+100n}}{5n^2+12n-20}$$

• Arithmetic-geometric (AG) status neighborhood index:

$$\mathcal{AGSNI}(G_n)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(G_n)} \frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}{2 \sqrt{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}\\= 2n.\,\frac{10(n-1)+(17n-20)}{2 \sqrt{10(n-1)(17n-20)}}+n.\,\frac{(17n-20)+5n(n-1)}{2 \sqrt{(17n-20).5n(n-1)}}\\= n\,\frac{27n-30}{\sqrt{170n^2-370n+200}}+n\,\frac{5n^2+12n-20}{2\sqrt{85n^3-185n^2+100n}}$$

• Harmonic status neighborhood index and its polynomial:

$$\mathcal{HSN}(G_n)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(G_n)} {\frac{2}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+ \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}} \\=2n\left(\frac{2}{10(n-1)+(17n-20)}\right)+n\left(\frac{2}{(17n-20)+5n(n-1)}\right)\\=\frac{4n}{27n-30}+\frac{2n}{5n^2+12n-20}$$

$$\mathcal{HSN}(G_n,x)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(G)} x^{\frac{2}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+ \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}\\=2n.x^{\frac{2}{(10n-10)+(17n-20)}}+n.x^{\frac{2}{(17n-20)+(5n^2-5n)}}\\=2n.x^{\frac{2}{27n-30}}+n.x^{\frac{2}{5n^2+12n-20}}$$

• Symmetric division status neighborhood index and its polynomial:

$$\mathcal{SDSNI}(G_n)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(G)} {\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)} + \frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}\\=2n\left(\frac{10n-10}{17n-20}+\frac{17n-20}{10n-10}\right)+n\left(\frac{17n-20}{5n^2-5n}+\frac{5n^2-5n}{17n-20}\right)\\=2n\left(\frac{389n^2-880n+500}{170n^2-370n+200}\right)+n\left(\frac{25n^4-50n^3+314n^2-680n+400}{85n^3-185n^2+100n}\right)$$

$$\mathcal{SDSNI}(G_n,x)=\sum_{uv\in E(G_n)}x^ {\left(\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}+\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}\right)}\\=2nx^{\left(\frac{10n-10}{17n-20}+\frac{17n-20}{10n-10}\right)}+nx^{\left(\frac{17n-20}{5n^2-5n}+\frac{5n^2-5n}{17n-20}\right)}\\=2nx^{\left(\frac{389n^2-880n+500}{170n^2-370n+200}\right)}+nx^{\left(\frac{25n^4-50n^3+314n^2-680n+400}{85n^3-185n^2+100n}\right)}$$

• Inverse sum indeg status neighborhood index and its polynomial:

$$\mathcal{ISSNI}(G_n)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(G_n)} {\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}} \\=2n\frac{(10n-10)(17n-20)}{10n-10+17n-20}+n\frac{(17n-20)(5n^2-5n)}{17n-20+5n^2-5n}\\=2n\left(\frac{170n^2-370n+200}{27n-30}\right)+n\left(\frac{85n^3-185n^2+100n}{5n^2+12n-20}\right)$$

$$\mathcal{ISSN}(G_n,x)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(G_n)}x^{\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}} \\=2nx^{\frac{(10n-10)(17n-20)}{10n-10+17n-20}}+nx^{\frac{(17n-20)(5n^2-5n)}{17n-20+5n^2-5n}}\\=2nx^{\left(\frac{170n^2-370n+200}{27n-30}\right)}+nx^{\left(\frac{85n^3-185n^2+100n}{5n^2+12n-20}\right)}$$

• Augmented status neighborhood index and its polynomial:

$$\mathcal{ASNI}(G_n)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(G)} \left[{\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)-2}}\right]^3\\=2n\left[{\frac{(10n-10)(17n-20)}{10n-10+17n-20-2}}\right]^3+n\left[{\frac{(17n-20)(5n^2-5n)}{17n-20+5n^2-5n-2}}\right]^3\\=2n\left[{\frac{170n^2-370n+200}{27n-32}}\right]^3+n\left[{\frac{85n^3-185n^2+100n}{5n^2+12n-22}}\right]$$

$$\mathcal{ASNI}(G_n,x)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(G)}x^{\left[{\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)-2}}\right]^3} \\=2nx^{\left[{\frac{(10n-10)(17n-20)}{10n-10+17n-20-2}}\right]^3}+nx^{\left[{\frac{(17n-20)(5n^2-5n)}{17n-20+5n^2-5n-2}}\right]^3}\\=2nx^{\left[{\frac{170n^2-370n+200}{27n-32}}\right]^3}+nx^{\left[{\frac{85n^3-185n^2+100n}{5n^2+12n-22}}\right]^3}$$

A graph obtained by adjoining a pendant edge at each vertex of cycle of wheel graph is called the Helm graph and denoted by $H_{n}$. The Helm graph contains $3n$ edges and $2n+1$ vertices. In this graph, there are three tyoes of edges as given below:

$E_{1}=\left\{\nu_1\nu_2 \in E(H_n)|d_{H_n}(\nu_1)=1 \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, d_{H_n}(\nu_2)=4\right\} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,|E_1=n|$

$E_{2}=\left\{\nu_1\nu_2 \in E(H_n)|d_{H_n}(\nu_1)=4 \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, d_{H_n}(\nu_2)=4\right\} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,|E_2=n|$

$E_{3}=\left\{\nu_1\nu_2 \in E(H_n)|d_{H_n}(\nu_1)=4 \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, d_{H_n}(\nu_2)=5\right\} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,|E_3=n|$

Therefore by calculation, there are three types of status edges as follows:

$E_{1}=\left\{\nu_1\nu_2 \in E(H_n)|\sigma(\nu_1)=10n^2-63n+112 \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \sigma(\nu_2)=5n-7\right\} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,|E_1=n|$

$E_{2}=\left\{\nu_1\nu_2 \in E(H_n)|\sigma(\nu_1)=5n-7 \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \sigma(\nu_2)=5n-7\right\} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,|E_2=n|$

$E_{3}=\left\{\nu_1\nu_2 \in E(H_n)|\sigma(\nu_1)=5n-7 \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, \sigma(\nu_2)=3n\right\} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,|E_3=n|$

By calculation, there are three types of status neighborhood edges given in Table 2.

By using status neighborhood edge partition of Helm graph $H_n$ given in Table 2, we compute the following:

• Atom bond connectivity (ABC) status neighborhood index:

$$\mathcal{ABCSNI}(H_n)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(H_n)} \sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)-2}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}} \\=n\left(\frac{(5n-7)+(5n^2-15n+38)-2}{(5n-7)(5n^2-15n+38)}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\\+n\left(\frac{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-15n+38)-2}{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-15n+38)}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\\+n\left(\frac{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-7n-2)-2}{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-7n-2)}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\\=n\left(\frac{5n^2-10n+29}{25n^3-110n^2+295n-266}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\\+n\left(\frac{10n^2-30n+74}{25n^4-150n^3+605n^2-1140n+1444}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\\+n\left(\frac{10n^2-22n+36}{25n^4-110n^3+295n^2-266n}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}$$

• Geometric-arithmetic (GA) status neighborhood index:

$$\mathcal{GASNI}(H_n)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(H_n)} \frac{2 \sqrt{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}\\= n.\,\frac{2 \sqrt{(5n-7)(5n^2-15n+38)}}{(5n-7)+(5n^2-15n+38)}+n.\,\frac{2 \sqrt{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-15n+38)}}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-15n+38)}\\+n.\,\frac{2 \sqrt{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-7n)}}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-7n)}\\=n+n\frac{\sqrt{25n^4-110n^3+295n^2-266n}}{5n^2-11n+19}+ 2n\,\frac{\sqrt{25n^3-110n^2+295n-266}}{5n^2-10n+31}$$

• Arithmetic-geometric (AG) status neighborhood index:

$$\mathcal{AGSNI}(H_n)= \sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(H_n)}\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}{2 \sqrt{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}\\= 2n.\,\frac{(5n-7)+(5n^2-15n+38)}{2 \sqrt{(5n-7)(5n^2-15n+38)}}+n.\,\frac{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-15n+38)}{2 \sqrt{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-15n+38)}}+n.\,\frac{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-7n)}{2 \sqrt{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-7n)}}\\= n+ n\,\frac{5n^2-10n+31}{\sqrt{25n^3-110n^2+295n-266}}+n\,\frac{5n^2-11n+19}{2\sqrt{25n^4-110n^3+295n^2-266n}}$$

• Harmonic status neighborhood index and its polynomial:

$$\mathcal{HSN}I(H_n)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(H_n)} {\frac{2}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+ \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}\\ =n\left(\frac{2}{(5n-7)+(5n^2-15n+38)}\right)+n\left(\frac{2}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-15n+38)}\right)\\+n\left(\frac{2}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-7n)}\right)\\=\frac{2n}{5n^2-10n+31}+\frac{n}{5n^2-15n+38}+\frac{n}{5n^2-11n+19}$$

$$\mathcal{HSN}I(H_n,x)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(H_n)}x^{\frac{2}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+ \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}\\=n.x^{\frac{2}{(5n-7)+(5n^2-15n+38)}}+n.x^{\frac{2}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-15n+38)}}+n.x^{\frac{2}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-7n)}}\\=n.x^{\frac{2}{5n^2-10n+31}}+n.x^{\frac{2}{5n^2-15n+38}}+n.x^{\frac{2}{5n^2-11n+19}}$$

• Symmetric division status neighborhood index and its polynomial:

$$\mathcal{SDSNI}(H_n)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(H_n)} {\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)} + \frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}} \\=n\left(\frac{5n-7}{5n^2-15n+38}+\frac{5n^2-15n+38}{5n-7}\right)+n\left(\frac{5n^2-15n+38}{5n^2-15n+38}+\frac{5n^2-15n+38}{5n^2-15n+38}\right)+n\left(\frac{5n^2-15n+38}{5n^2-7n}+\frac{5n^2-7n}{5n^2-15n+38}\right)\\=2n+n\left(\frac{25n^4-150n^3+630n^2-1210n+1493}{25n^3-110n^2+295n-266}\right)+n\left(\frac{50n^4-220n^3+654n^2-1140n+1444}{25n^4-110n^3+295n^2-266n}\right)$$

$$\mathcal{SDSNI}(H_n,x)=\sum_{\nu_1 \nu_2\in E(H_n)}x^{\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)} + \frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}\\=nx^{\left(\frac{5n-7}{5n^2-15n+38}+\frac{5n^2-15n+38}{5n-7}\right)}+nx^{\left(\frac{5n^2-15n+38}{5n^2-15n+38}+\frac{5n^2-15n+38}{5n^2-15n+38}\right)}\\+nx^{\left(\frac{5n^2-15n+38}{5n^2-7n}+\frac{5n^2-7n}{5n^2-15n+38}\right)}\\=nx^2+ nx^{\left(\frac{25n^4-150n^3+630n^2-1210n+1493}{25n^3-110n^2+295n-266}\right)}+nx^{\left(\frac{50n^4-220n^3+654n^2-1140n+1444}{25n^4-110n^3+295n^2-266n}\right)}$$

• Inverse sum indeg status neighborhood index and its polynomial:

$$\mathcal{ISSNI}(H_n)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(H_n)} {\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}\\ =n\frac{(5n-7)(5n^2-15n+38)}{(5n-7)+(5n^2-15n+38)}+n\frac{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-15n+38)}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-15n+38)}+n\frac{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-7n)}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-7n)}\\ =n\left(\frac{25n^3-110n^2+295n-266}{5n^2-10n+31}\right)+\frac{1}{2}n(5n^2-15n+38)+\frac{n}{2}\left(\frac{25n^4-110n^3+295n^2-266n}{5n^2-11n+19}\right)$$

$$\mathcal{ISSNI}(H_n,x)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(H_n)}x^{\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_2)}}\\=nx^{\frac{(5n-7)(5n^2-15n+38)}{(5n-7)+(5n^2-15n+38)}}+nx^{\frac{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-15n+38)}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-15n+38)}}+nx^{\frac{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-7n)}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-7n)}}\\=nx^{\left(\frac{25n^3-110n^2+295n-266}{5n^2-10n+31}\right)}+nx^{\frac{1}{2}\left(5n^2-15n+38\right)}+nx^{\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{25n^4-110n^3+295n^2-266n}{5n^2-11n+19}\right)}$$

• Augmented status neighborhood index and its polynomial:

$$\mathcal{ASNI}(H_n)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(G_n)} \left[{\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)-2}}\right]^3\\ =n\left[\frac{(5n-7)(5n^2-15n+38)}{(5n-7)+(5n^2-15n+38)-2}\right]^3+n\left[\frac{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-15n+38)}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-15n+38)-2}\right]^3+n\left[\frac{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-7n)}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-7n)-2}\right]^3\\=n\left[\frac{25n^3-110n^2+295n-266}{5n^2-10n+29}\right]^3+ n\left[\frac{25n^4-150n^3+605n^2-1140n+1444}{10n^2-30n+74}\right]^3+n\left[\frac{25n^4-110n^3+295n^2-266n}{10n^2-22n+36}\right]^3$$

$$\mathcal{ASNI}(H_n,x)=\sum_{\nu_1\nu_2\in E(H_n)}x^{\left[{\frac{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)\times \sigma_{n}(\nu_1)}{\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)+\sigma_{n}(\nu_1)-2}}\right]^3}\\=nx^{\left[\frac{(5n-7)(5n^2-15n+38)}{(5n-7)+(5n^2-15n+38)-2}\right]^3}+nx^{\left[\frac{25n^4-150n^3+605n^2-1140n+1444}{10n^2-30n+74}\right]^3}\\ +nx^{\left[\frac{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-7n)}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-7n)-2}\right]^3}\\=nx^{\left[\frac{25n^3-110n^2+295n-266}{5n^2-10n+29}\right]^3}+nx^{\left[\frac{25n^4-150n^3+605n^2-1140n+1444}{10n^2-30n+74}\right]^3}+nx^{\left[\frac{(5n^2-15n+38)(5n^2-7n)}{(5n^2-15n+38)+(5n^2-7n)-2}\right]^3}$$

In this dedicated section of our research, we conducted a systematic generation of two comprehensive tables specifically tailored for the generalized Gear and Helm graphs. These tables were derived from the indices meticulously evaluated in the preceding section, employing sophisticated MATLAB algorithms designed to ensure accuracy and efficiency in the computational processes. For the convenience and transparency of interested researchers, the detailed MATLAB algorithms utilized in the calculations have been made publicly accessible on our GitHub repository [https://github.com/alleerazza786/MASNI]. The first table intricately lays out the numeric values corresponding to the generalized Gear graph, denoted as $G_n$, as the variable n systematically varies from 3 to 15. This comprehensive representation serves as a valuable resource for elucidating the numerical patterns and variations inherent in $G_n$ across different values of $n$. In the same way, the second table shows in detail the numerical values that go with the Helm graph, which is written as $H_n$. These values help us understand how it behaves when the variable $n$ changes within the given range. Together, these meticulously crafted tables and the accompanying MATLAB algorithms form a robust foundation for further analysis, fostering both transparency and reproducibility in our research endeavors.

In Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3, we present a visual representation elucidating the atom bond connectivity index (ABCI), arithmetic geometric index (AGI), and symmetric division status neighborhood index (SDSNI) for both graphs, all meticulously derived from the data encapsulated in Table 3 and Table 4. These pictures are very helpful for figuring out the complicated details in the atom bond connectivity, arithmetic geometric, and symmetric division status neighborhood parts of the graphs we're looking at. As the graphs unfold, a discernible trend emerges, highlighting the dynamic relationship between these TIs and the graph’s size and order. Notably, the numeric values of these descriptors exhibit a consistent increase with each incremental change in the graph size and order. This pattern accurately shows the natural connection between the topological indices and the changing complexity of the graphs' structures. It also gives us useful information about how TIs and graph structure work together. Based on the information in Table 3 and Table 4, the graphs are very helpful for not only understanding but also visually interpreting the complex relationships between ABCI, AGI, and SDSNI in the context of the graphs that were looked at. The correlation between the indices and the structure of the mentioned graphs serves as a fundamental tool for QSPR and QSAR analyses. This connection is particularly significant for chemistry researchers, as it significantly reduces the cost and time involved in predicting the physicochemical properties of numerous chemical compounds. The insights gained from studying these indices and their relationship with graph structures contribute to more efficient and economical approaches in the field of chemical research, facilitating quicker and more accurate predictions of properties crucial for various applications.

In conclusion, our study focused on formulating and evaluating general formulas for newly introduced graph descriptors for the generalized Gear and Helm graphs, well-known families in graph theory. Leveraging MATLAB algorithms, we computed the numeric values of these indices, allowing for a quantitative analysis of their behavior concerning graph size and order. The graphical analysis presented in the previous section, based on the calculated values and corresponding tables, revealed a consistent increase in descriptor values with the growth of graph size and order. This visual exploration provided valuable insights into the relationship between topological indices and the evolving structural complexities of the studied graphs, offering a comprehensive understanding of their interplay. Our findings contribute both theoretically and practically to the field, establishing a robust framework for further investigations into the application and interpretation of graph descriptors within diverse graph families.

The techniques outlined in our article can be applied for the in-depth analysis of the topological aspects of even more complex chemical structures. Additionally, similar methodologies can be employed to analyze distance and eccentricity-based descriptors. By extending these approaches, researchers can gain valuable insights into the structural characteristics and properties of intricate chemical compounds, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of their behavior and facilitating advancements in chemical research.