Latest open access articles published in Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering at https://www.acadlore.com/journals/JCHE https://www.acadlore.com/journals/JCHE Acadlore en Creative Commons Attribution(CC - BY) JCHE support@acadlore.com https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2026_4_1/jche040102 Rapid urbanization in Egbeagu Amansea of Nigeria poses a significant threat to the maintenance of groundwater quality, thus creating a requisite to support effective water management with comprehensive data. This study investigated the hydro-chemical characteristics of groundwater in Awka North, Anambra State. Samples of groundwater were collected from seven boreholes and a hand-dug well during the wet season. These samples were analyzed for physiochemical parameters, such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids, total hardness, major cations (Ca$^{2+}$, Mg$^{2+}$, Na$^{+}$, and K$^{+}$), and anions (HCO$_{3}^{-}$, Cl$^{-}$, SO$_{4}^{2-}$, and NO$_{3}^{-}$). The study employed standard hydro-chemical methods, such as Piper and the United States salinity (USSL) diagrams to characterize water types and determine the dominant hydro-chemical processes influencing groundwater chemistry. The results of the Piper trilinear diagram revealed that bicarbonate (HCO$_{3}^{-}$ + CO$_{3}^{2-}$) was the dominant anion, hence reflecting carbonate dissolution in the aquifer. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values ranged from 0.53–0.674, thus classifying all samples in the low (S1) category and indicating minimal sodium hazard for soil. EC values spanned 44–130.6 $\mu$S/cm, placing samples in the low (C1) to medium (C2) categories. The study confirms that the groundwater in the study area is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. 03-15-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Rapid urbanization in Egbeagu Amansea of Nigeria poses a significant threat to the maintenance of groundwater quality, thus creating a requisite to support effective water management with comprehensive data. This study investigated the hydro-chemical characteristics of groundwater in Awka North, Anambra State. Samples of groundwater were collected from seven boreholes and a hand-dug well during the wet season. These samples were analyzed for physiochemical parameters, such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids, total hardness, major cations (Ca$^{2+}$, Mg$^{2+}$, Na$^{+}$, and K$^{+}$), and anions (HCO$_{3}^{-}$, Cl$^{-}$, SO$_{4}^{2-}$, and NO$_{3}^{-}$). The study employed standard hydro-chemical methods, such as Piper and the United States salinity (USSL) diagrams to characterize water types and determine the dominant hydro-chemical processes influencing groundwater chemistry. The results of the Piper trilinear diagram revealed that bicarbonate (HCO$_{3}^{-}$ + CO$_{3}^{2-}$) was the dominant anion, hence reflecting carbonate dissolution in the aquifer. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values ranged from 0.53–0.674, thus classifying all samples in the low (S1) category and indicating minimal sodium hazard for soil. EC values spanned 44–130.6 $\mu$S/cm, placing samples in the low (C1) to medium (C2) categories. The study confirms that the groundwater in the study area is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.</p> ]]> Evaluation of Groundwater Hydrochemistry in Egbeagu Amansea, Anambra State, Nigeria for Sustainable Water Management ijeoma immaculata nwajuaku john chukwuma okonkwo doi: 10.56578/jche040102 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 03-15-2026 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 03-15-2026 2026 4 1 Article 11 10.56578/jche040102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2026_4_1/jche040102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2026_4_1/jche040101 A three-dimensional seismic response analysis of an asphalt concrete face rockfill dam constructed on a thick overburden layer at the upper reservoir of a pumped-storage power station was conducted using the nonlinear finite element method. The study focused on evaluating the seismic safety of the dam body and the seepage control system. The results indicated that, under the design seismic load, the peak dynamic displacements of the dam body in the horizontal, vertical, and axial directions were 23.87 cm, 10.44 cm, and 26.13 cm, respectively, and the peak accelerations were 2.98 m/s$^2$, 2.01 m/s$^2$, and 2.98 m/s$^2$, respectively. The maximum permanent deformations in the same directions were 18.42 cm, -61.60 cm, and -5.61 cm/18.69 cm, with a settlement ratio of 0.37%. For the asphalt concrete face slab, the peak dynamic displacements in the horizontal, vertical, and axial directions were 23.87 cm, 9.42 cm, and 24.86 cm, respectively. The maximum and minimum principal strains of the face slab after the earthquake were 1.29% and -0.74%. The maximum principal tensile strains of the geomembrane at the reservoir bottom during and after the earthquake were -1.43% and -1.50%. Under the seismic check conditions, the dynamic responses of the dam body, face slab, and geomembrane increased. Comprehensive analysis of the results shows that the seismic response patterns of the dam are consistent with the general characteristics of rockfill dams on thick overburden layers. The dynamic response of the asphalt concrete face slab around the reservoir and the geomembrane at the reservoir bottom did not exceed their respective safety thresholds, indicating that the dam exhibits high seismic safety under seismic loading. 12-26-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>A three-dimensional seismic response analysis of an asphalt concrete face rockfill dam constructed on a thick overburden layer at the upper reservoir of a pumped-storage power station was conducted using the nonlinear finite element method. The study focused on evaluating the seismic safety of the dam body and the seepage control system. The results indicated that, under the design seismic load, the peak dynamic displacements of the dam body in the horizontal, vertical, and axial directions were 23.87 cm, 10.44 cm, and 26.13 cm, respectively, and the peak accelerations were 2.98 m/s$^2$, 2.01 m/s$^2$, and 2.98 m/s$^2$, respectively. The maximum permanent deformations in the same directions were 18.42 cm, -61.60 cm, and -5.61 cm/18.69 cm, with a settlement ratio of 0.37%. For the asphalt concrete face slab, the peak dynamic displacements in the horizontal, vertical, and axial directions were 23.87 cm, 9.42 cm, and 24.86 cm, respectively. The maximum and minimum principal strains of the face slab after the earthquake were 1.29% and -0.74%. The maximum principal tensile strains of the geomembrane at the reservoir bottom during and after the earthquake were -1.43% and -1.50%. Under the seismic check conditions, the dynamic responses of the dam body, face slab, and geomembrane increased. Comprehensive analysis of the results shows that the seismic response patterns of the dam are consistent with the general characteristics of rockfill dams on thick overburden layers. The dynamic response of the asphalt concrete face slab around the reservoir and the geomembrane at the reservoir bottom did not exceed their respective safety thresholds, indicating that the dam exhibits high seismic safety under seismic loading.</p> ]]> Seismic Safety Analysis of Asphalt Concrete Face Rockfill Dam on Thick Overburden Layer kai peng xin cheng weijun cen jialin zhang doi: 10.56578/jche040101 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-26-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-26-2025 2026 4 1 Article 1 10.56578/jche040101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2026_4_1/jche040101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_4/jche030405 The suitability of the Garko area (Wudil Sheet 81 SE) for dam construction has been assessed through the analysis of aeromagnetic data with a spatial resolution of 500 m line spacing and a flight altitude of 80 m. The investigation, conducted in north-central Nigeria, aimed to delineate subsurface structural features and identify magnetic anomalies relevant to dam site selection. The integration of quantitative filtering techniques with magnetic interpretation significantly improved the reproducibility and reliability of the geophysical site evaluation process, thereby enhancing the accuracy of the assessment for sustainable dam development. The Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI) data was processed using upward continuation at a height of 1 km, with the resulting dataset serving as the primary input for the analysis. Several edge detection methods and interpretation techniques were employed, including the Gaussian filter (cut-off frequency of 0.05 cycles/km), Reduce to Pole (RTP) (for low latitudes), and Tilt Derivatives filters, to delineate structural trends and boundary zones. From the TMI data derived from the Tilt Derivative map, three magnetic zones were identified: a low magnetic intensity zone (LM) with an amplitude range of -1.4 to -0.3 nT, a moderate magnetic zone (MM) with amplitudes ranging from -0.3 to 0.4 nT, and a high magnetic intensity zone (HM) with amplitudes from 0.4 to 1.3 nT. These zones were represented by color codes from blue to pink, corresponding to the magnetic amplitude values. Lineament analysis conducted on the Tilt Derivative map revealed prominent NE–SW and NW–SE structural trends, which are believed to control subsurface drainage and fracture systems. Areas characterized by low magnetic intensities and sparse lineament density were identified as geologically stable, suggesting their suitability for the foundation of a dam. This study demonstrates that magnetic data, when combined with advanced geophysical techniques, can play a pivotal role in site selection for sustainable infrastructure development. 12-21-2025 <![CDATA[ The suitability of the Garko area (Wudil Sheet 81 SE) for dam construction has been assessed through the analysis of aeromagnetic data with a spatial resolution of 500 m line spacing and a flight altitude of 80 m. The investigation, conducted in north-central Nigeria, aimed to delineate subsurface structural features and identify magnetic anomalies relevant to dam site selection. The integration of quantitative filtering techniques with magnetic interpretation significantly improved the reproducibility and reliability of the geophysical site evaluation process, thereby enhancing the accuracy of the assessment for sustainable dam development. The Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI) data was processed using upward continuation at a height of 1 km, with the resulting dataset serving as the primary input for the analysis. Several edge detection methods and interpretation techniques were employed, including the Gaussian filter (cut-off frequency of 0.05 cycles/km), Reduce to Pole (RTP) (for low latitudes), and Tilt Derivatives filters, to delineate structural trends and boundary zones. From the TMI data derived from the Tilt Derivative map, three magnetic zones were identified: a low magnetic intensity zone (LM) with an amplitude range of -1.4 to -0.3 nT, a moderate magnetic zone (MM) with amplitudes ranging from -0.3 to 0.4 nT, and a high magnetic intensity zone (HM) with amplitudes from 0.4 to 1.3 nT. These zones were represented by color codes from blue to pink, corresponding to the magnetic amplitude values. Lineament analysis conducted on the Tilt Derivative map revealed prominent NE–SW and NW–SE structural trends, which are believed to control subsurface drainage and fracture systems. Areas characterized by low magnetic intensities and sparse lineament density were identified as geologically stable, suggesting their suitability for the foundation of a dam. This study demonstrates that magnetic data, when combined with advanced geophysical techniques, can play a pivotal role in site selection for sustainable infrastructure development. ]]> Geophysical Evaluation of Subsurface Structural Characteristics for Dam Site Selection in the Garko Area, Wudil Sheet 81 SE, Northern Nigeria Using Aeromagnetic Data mubarak abubakar maruf abiola agbaje rahama tijjani darma adamu muhammad doi: 10.56578/jche030405 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-21-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-21-2025 2025 3 4 Article 231 10.56578/jche030405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_4/jche030405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_4/jche030404 The pimary goal of this research was to delineate optimal zones for the establishment of wells by integrating geophysical and hydrogeological techniques, namely electrical resistivity tomography and piezometric analysis. Carried out on the southern flank of Mount Bamboutos within the Menoua Division in Cameroon, the current study addressed the local issue of inadequate water supply, which persists in view of the scarcity of water resources and limited success achieved by previous initiatives. A total of 21 wells and 31 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) locations were investigated and seven distinct geophysical anomalies were identified, with resistivity values ranging from 28.61 to 216 703 $\Omega \cdot$m, and thicknesses varying from 0.228 to 46.64 meters. The anomalies were associated with weathered geological formations, including decomposed rocks, fractured basaltic trachytes, and alteritic layers. Considerable spatial variations were found in hydraulic parameters: (i) Hydraulic conductivity ranged between 0.004 and 16.915 m/day; (ii) Transmissivity values extended from 0.017 to 227.841 m$^2$/day; and (iii) Porosity estimates fluctuated between 0.736% and 38.226%. Aquifers hosted in alteritic materials were found at depths about 1.63 to 26 m whereas those associated with fractured basaltic trachytes exceeded 26 m in depth. Piezometric measurements revealed a predominant groundwater flow direction from the northeast toward the southwest. Depressed hydraulic head zones, particularly in the southwestern and central areas, were considered favorable for groundwater exploitation. Aquifer thicknesses ranged from 14.7 to 46.6 m primarily concentrated in the southwestern, southeastern, central, and northern parts of the study area. Based on the integration of geophysical and piezometric data, a hydrogeological map was generated to highlight several promising zones for borehole development. The map serves as a practical decision-support tool to select favorable drilling sites, reduce borehole failure rates and directly support the planning of local water supply. The outcome of this multidisciplinary investigation provided valuable contributions to guide the sustainable management and development of groundwater resources in the region. 12-14-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The pimary goal of this research was to delineate optimal zones for the establishment of wells by integrating geophysical and hydrogeological techniques, namely electrical resistivity tomography and piezometric analysis. Carried out on the southern flank of Mount Bamboutos within the Menoua Division in Cameroon, the current study addressed the local issue of inadequate water supply, which persists in view of the scarcity of water resources and limited success achieved by previous initiatives. A total of 21 wells and 31 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) locations were investigated and seven distinct geophysical anomalies were identified, with resistivity values ranging from 28.61 to 216 703 $\Omega \cdot$m, and thicknesses varying from 0.228 to 46.64 meters. The anomalies were associated with weathered geological formations, including decomposed rocks, fractured basaltic trachytes, and alteritic layers. Considerable spatial variations were found in hydraulic parameters: (i) Hydraulic conductivity ranged between 0.004 and 16.915 m/day; (ii) Transmissivity values extended from 0.017 to 227.841 m$^2$/day; and (iii) Porosity estimates fluctuated between 0.736% and 38.226%. Aquifers hosted in alteritic materials were found at depths about 1.63 to 26 m whereas those associated with fractured basaltic trachytes exceeded 26 m in depth. Piezometric measurements revealed a predominant groundwater flow direction from the northeast toward the southwest. Depressed hydraulic head zones, particularly in the southwestern and central areas, were considered favorable for groundwater exploitation. Aquifer thicknesses ranged from 14.7 to 46.6 m primarily concentrated in the southwestern, southeastern, central, and northern parts of the study area. Based on the integration of geophysical and piezometric data, a hydrogeological map was generated to highlight several promising zones for borehole development. The map serves as a practical decision-support tool to select favorable drilling sites, reduce borehole failure rates and directly support the planning of local water supply. The outcome of this multidisciplinary investigation provided valuable contributions to guide the sustainable management and development of groundwater resources in the region.</p> ]]> Integrated Geophysical and Hydrogeological Approaches for Aquifer Characterization in the Northeast part of Menoua Division in Cameroon jean victor kenfack rodrigue talla toteu malick rosvelt demanou messe stéphane tchomtchoua tagne rosvaltine kune emshie rosvaltine lucas kengni doi: 10.56578/jche030404 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-14-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-14-2025 2025 3 4 Article 212 10.56578/jche030404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_4/jche030404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_4/jche030403 The optimization of tunnel blasting parameters and support designs is critical for enhancing both structural stability and engineering efficiency. This study employs the Holmquist-Johnson-Cook (HJC) numerical model to simulate the blasting process of the Xiahong Tunnel in China, with a particular focus on the vibration velocity and damage zones at various locations. A fluid-solid coupling method is applied to model the interaction between the surrounding rock and blasting forces, and the effects of different detonation sequences and radial uncoupling coefficients on the peak vibration velocities and damage domains are thoroughly examined. The results indicate that blasting from the outside to the inside results in a more cohesive damage domain compared to the traditional inside-out approach. Specifically, the peak vibration velocity of the surrounding rock during inside-out blasting reaches 161.4 cm/s, which is higher than the 82.2 cm/s observed with outside-in blasting. Therefore, the outside-in blasting sequence is identified as the more optimal strategy. Furthermore, an increase in the radial decoupling coefficient gradually reduces the damage domain, with the coefficient k = 2.0 showing no significant improvement in damage domain reduction. However, a decoupling coefficient that is too small leads to excessive over-excavation. Based on this analysis, the optimal radial decoupling coefficient is found to be k = 1.5, offering the most balanced damage domain reduction without causing over-excavation. The analysis also explores the influence of the initial lining thickness of sprayed concrete on the vibration characteristics of the surrounding rock. Both structural stability and economic considerations suggest an ideal thickness for the initial lining. The findings of this study provide valuable guidance for the subsequent implementation of tunnel blasting and support optimization in engineering practices. 11-30-2025 <![CDATA[ The optimization of tunnel blasting parameters and support designs is critical for enhancing both structural stability and engineering efficiency. This study employs the Holmquist-Johnson-Cook (HJC) numerical model to simulate the blasting process of the Xiahong Tunnel in China, with a particular focus on the vibration velocity and damage zones at various locations. A fluid-solid coupling method is applied to model the interaction between the surrounding rock and blasting forces, and the effects of different detonation sequences and radial uncoupling coefficients on the peak vibration velocities and damage domains are thoroughly examined. The results indicate that blasting from the outside to the inside results in a more cohesive damage domain compared to the traditional inside-out approach. Specifically, the peak vibration velocity of the surrounding rock during inside-out blasting reaches 161.4 cm/s, which is higher than the 82.2 cm/s observed with outside-in blasting. Therefore, the outside-in blasting sequence is identified as the more optimal strategy. Furthermore, an increase in the radial decoupling coefficient gradually reduces the damage domain, with the coefficient k = 2.0 showing no significant improvement in damage domain reduction. However, a decoupling coefficient that is too small leads to excessive over-excavation. Based on this analysis, the optimal radial decoupling coefficient is found to be k = 1.5, offering the most balanced damage domain reduction without causing over-excavation. The analysis also explores the influence of the initial lining thickness of sprayed concrete on the vibration characteristics of the surrounding rock. Both structural stability and economic considerations suggest an ideal thickness for the initial lining. The findings of this study provide valuable guidance for the subsequent implementation of tunnel blasting and support optimization in engineering practices. ]]> Optimization of Tunnel Blasting and Support Parameters Using the HJC Numerical Model: A Fluid-Solid Coupling Approach wenting dai kunpeng fang doi: 10.56578/jche030403 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 11-30-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 11-30-2025 2025 3 4 Article 200 10.56578/jche030403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_4/jche030403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_4/jche030402 Offshore converter stations are the core equipment for large-scale transmission of energy from distant offshore wind farms. When designing and constructing converter station platforms in high seismic intensity regions, their seismic performance must be considered. Numerical simulation and shaking table model testing are two important methods for studying the structural dynamic characteristics and seismic response. The effectiveness of numerical simulations for investigating the seismic response of offshore converter station platforms needs to be validated through shaking table model tests. Due to the limitations of the shaking table's surface area and load capacity, the prototype structure must be scaled down based on similarity theory. To meet the test requirements, acrylic and aluminum alloy are selected as model materials for the pile legs and platform body, respectively. In order to simplify the model for testing, the pile legs are designed using a bending stiffness equivalence method, while the upper platform is designed to satisfy mass similarity and sufficient stiffness. The dynamic characteristics of the foundation-pile-soil interaction are equivalently modeled using numerical simulations. After the model is constructed, dynamic characteristic tests are performed, and the results are compared with the numerical simulation analysis of the prototype structure. The results indicate that the selected model materials and simplified design are reasonable, providing a useful reference for shaking table tests of similar offshore platforms. 10-14-2025 <![CDATA[ Offshore converter stations are the core equipment for large-scale transmission of energy from distant offshore wind farms. When designing and constructing converter station platforms in high seismic intensity regions, their seismic performance must be considered. Numerical simulation and shaking table model testing are two important methods for studying the structural dynamic characteristics and seismic response. The effectiveness of numerical simulations for investigating the seismic response of offshore converter station platforms needs to be validated through shaking table model tests. Due to the limitations of the shaking table's surface area and load capacity, the prototype structure must be scaled down based on similarity theory. To meet the test requirements, acrylic and aluminum alloy are selected as model materials for the pile legs and platform body, respectively. In order to simplify the model for testing, the pile legs are designed using a bending stiffness equivalence method, while the upper platform is designed to satisfy mass similarity and sufficient stiffness. The dynamic characteristics of the foundation-pile-soil interaction are equivalently modeled using numerical simulations. After the model is constructed, dynamic characteristic tests are performed, and the results are compared with the numerical simulation analysis of the prototype structure. The results indicate that the selected model materials and simplified design are reasonable, providing a useful reference for shaking table tests of similar offshore platforms. ]]> Shaking Table Test Design for the Self-Installation Platform of Offshore Converter Stations lihe wang zhaorong ma can zheng zhiwei niu renfeng zheng fangjie li doi: 10.56578/jche030402 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 10-14-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 10-14-2025 2025 3 4 Article 188 10.56578/jche030402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_4/jche030402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_4/jche030401 In order to improve the durability of road structures, this study investigated the influence of temperatures, vehicle speeds, and axle configurations on pavement deflections with the PLAXIS 3D, a three-dimensional finite element modeling specifically developed for analyzing geotechnical engineering projects. A total of 32 models were developed, considering the temperatures of 4°C, 10°C, 20°C, and 30°C, when combined with the moving load velocities of 60, 80, 100, and 120 km/h. The effects of uneven distributions of axle loads were examined to capture the realistic condition of traffic loading. The results indicated that when the axle loads on both wheels were identical, the maximum pavement settlement occurred at the midpoint between them. Under unequal axle loading, the maximum settlement shifted to the wheel carrying the heavier load. This study revealed that a rising temperature reduced the strength of pavement materials, thus leading to a greater deflection. Nevertheless, higher vehicle speeds reduced pavement deflections due to decreased load–pavement interaction time. The findings highlighted the coupled effects of thermal conditions, traffic speeds, and load distributions on pavement performance, thus providing useful insights for the improved design and maintenance of sustainable road structures. 10-12-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>In order to improve the durability of road structures, this study investigated the influence of temperatures, vehicle speeds, and axle configurations on pavement deflections with the PLAXIS 3D, a three-dimensional finite element modeling specifically developed for analyzing geotechnical engineering projects. A total of 32 models were developed, considering the temperatures of 4°C, 10°C, 20°C, and 30°C, when combined with the moving load velocities of 60, 80, 100, and 120 km/h. The effects of uneven distributions of axle loads were examined to capture the realistic condition of traffic loading. The results indicated that when the axle loads on both wheels were identical, the maximum pavement settlement occurred at the midpoint between them. Under unequal axle loading, the maximum settlement shifted to the wheel carrying the heavier load. This study revealed that a rising temperature reduced the strength of pavement materials, thus leading to a greater deflection. Nevertheless, higher vehicle speeds reduced pavement deflections due to decreased load–pavement interaction time. The findings highlighted the coupled effects of thermal conditions, traffic speeds, and load distributions on pavement performance, thus providing useful insights for the improved design and maintenance of sustainable road structures.</p> ]]> 3D Modelling of Pavement Deflections Considering the Variations in Temperatures, Moving Vehicle Speeds, and Axle Loads nassim el koufachy mohsen seyedi sepehr saedi doi: 10.56578/jche030401 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 10-12-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 10-12-2025 2025 3 4 Article 181 10.56578/jche030401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_4/jche030401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_3/jche030305 The mechanisms governing underground pipeline rupture in erodible soils remain a critical focus in geotechnical engineering, particularly under full pipe flow conditions. In this study, the impact of geogrid reinforcement on the fracture behavior of buried pipelines was systematically investigated using transparent soil modelling techniques, which enabled real-time visualization of subsurface erosion dynamics. Geogrid reinforcement was applied across varying spatial extents to identify the optimal reinforcement zone for mitigating collapse-induced failure. Soil-particle migration and cavity formation were monitored under different hydraulic scenarios, facilitating a detailed characterization of erosion pit evolution and subgrade instability. Test results demonstrated that appropriately positioned geogrid reinforcement significantly delayed the initiation and progression of subsidence, reduced the depth and volume of collapse zones, and enhanced the structural integrity of the surrounding subgrade. Under pressure-free conditions, geogrid installation was found to slow the erosion rate, whereas under full pipe flow, the reinforcement effectively suppressed sudden cavity collapse and curtailed the expansion of erosion-prone areas. These findings highlight the critical role of geogrid placement in maintaining pipeline stability by moderating soil loss and controlling void development. The use of transparent soil provided unique insights into the spatial and temporal characteristics of internal erosion, allowing for a more precise delineation of geogrid influence zones. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of subsurface failure mechanisms in reinforced systems and offers practical guidance for infrastructure resilience against hydraulic-induced ground deformation. 09-08-2025 <![CDATA[ The mechanisms governing underground pipeline rupture in erodible soils remain a critical focus in geotechnical engineering, particularly under full pipe flow conditions. In this study, the impact of geogrid reinforcement on the fracture behavior of buried pipelines was systematically investigated using transparent soil modelling techniques, which enabled real-time visualization of subsurface erosion dynamics. Geogrid reinforcement was applied across varying spatial extents to identify the optimal reinforcement zone for mitigating collapse-induced failure. Soil-particle migration and cavity formation were monitored under different hydraulic scenarios, facilitating a detailed characterization of erosion pit evolution and subgrade instability. Test results demonstrated that appropriately positioned geogrid reinforcement significantly delayed the initiation and progression of subsidence, reduced the depth and volume of collapse zones, and enhanced the structural integrity of the surrounding subgrade. Under pressure-free conditions, geogrid installation was found to slow the erosion rate, whereas under full pipe flow, the reinforcement effectively suppressed sudden cavity collapse and curtailed the expansion of erosion-prone areas. These findings highlight the critical role of geogrid placement in maintaining pipeline stability by moderating soil loss and controlling void development. The use of transparent soil provided unique insights into the spatial and temporal characteristics of internal erosion, allowing for a more precise delineation of geogrid influence zones. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of subsurface failure mechanisms in reinforced systems and offers practical guidance for infrastructure resilience against hydraulic-induced ground deformation. ]]> Influence of Geogrid Reinforcement on Pipeline Failure Mechanisms under Full Pipe Flow: Insights from Transparent Soil Modelling yuanyu duan weiwen zhang zhen xu lianguo cheng xu lu doi: 10.56578/jche030305 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 09-08-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 09-08-2025 2025 3 3 Article 168 10.56578/jche030305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_3/jche030305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_3/jche030304 The existing literature focused primarily on practical applications of the BIM in project management, sustainable development, and facility management (FM), while the theoretical foundations of the model remained largely underdeveloped. This article provides a systematic literature review on the basic mechanisms of the BIM, including information representation, data exchange mechanisms, decision support, and new network models integrating semantic, topological, and spatial aspects. Despite the widespread adoption of standards such as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), Construction Operations Building Information Exchange (COBie), and BIM Collaboration Format (BCF), there is a lack of consistent ontologies integrating the function, structure, and behavior of objects. As data exchange mechanisms remain limited by interoperability issues, the impact of the BIM on decision-making processes has not been captured in universal theoretical models. The latest approaches, based on networked data representation, offer promising prospects but require further empirical validation. The results of the review imply the development of integrated ontological frameworks, formalization of information exchange processes, and creation of theoretical models to support decision-making. 09-08-2025 <![CDATA[ The existing literature focused primarily on practical applications of the BIM in project management, sustainable development, and facility management (FM), while the theoretical foundations of the model remained largely underdeveloped. This article provides a systematic literature review on the basic mechanisms of the BIM, including information representation, data exchange mechanisms, decision support, and new network models integrating semantic, topological, and spatial aspects. Despite the widespread adoption of standards such as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), Construction Operations Building Information Exchange (COBie), and BIM Collaboration Format (BCF), there is a lack of consistent ontologies integrating the function, structure, and behavior of objects. As data exchange mechanisms remain limited by interoperability issues, the impact of the BIM on decision-making processes has not been captured in universal theoretical models. The latest approaches, based on networked data representation, offer promising prospects but require further empirical validation. The results of the review imply the development of integrated ontological frameworks, formalization of information exchange processes, and creation of theoretical models to support decision-making. ]]> Theoretical Mechanisms of Building Information Modelling (BIM): Information Representation, Data Exchange, and Decision Support andrzej szymon borkowski doi: 10.56578/jche030304 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 09-08-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 09-08-2025 2025 3 3 Article 159 10.56578/jche030304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_3/jche030304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_3/jche030303 This study presents a comprehensive comparison of modern cementitious composites, including UHPC, ECC, and GFRC, with traditional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and ancient Opus Caementicium (Roman). Emphasis is placed on mechanical, physical, and rheological properties, as well as environmental and durability aspects. Advanced composites demonstrate superior short-termmechanical performance and improved impermeability, while Roman binders exhibit unparalleled long-term resilience in marine environments. Furthermore, the integration of pozzolanic materials and industrial by-products in contemporary mixes highlights ongoing efforts toward sustainable construction. Recent developments in China, including metakaolin–slag blends and nano-silica additives, as well as bio-inspired self-healing approaches, illustrate promising pathways for reducing carbon footprint and enhancing durability. 07-24-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This study presents a comprehensive comparison of modern cementitious composites, including UHPC, ECC, and GFRC, with traditional Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and ancient <em>Opus Caementicium</em> (Roman). Emphasis is placed on mechanical, physical, and rheological properties, as well as environmental and durability aspects. Advanced composites demonstrate superior short-termmechanical performance and improved impermeability, while Roman binders exhibit unparalleled long-term resilience in marine environments. Furthermore, the integration of pozzolanic materials and industrial by-products in contemporary mixes highlights ongoing efforts toward sustainable construction. Recent developments in China, including metakaolin–slag blends and nano-silica additives, as well as bio-inspired self-healing approaches, illustrate promising pathways for reducing carbon footprint and enhancing durability.</p> ]]> Innovating Modern Cement by Harnessing Solutions from Ancient Roman Concrete luca piancastelli enrico lorenzini doi: 10.56578/jche030303 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 07-24-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 07-24-2025 2025 3 3 Article 151 10.56578/jche030303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_3/jche030303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_3/jche030302 To facilitate a rigorous evaluation of damage progression in in-service steel frame structures subjected to seismic loading, a seismic damage model that integrates the effects of atmospheric corrosion has been developed. Corrosion-induced deterioration significantly influences the structural integrity of bolted steel frames, yet its impact on seismic performance remains inadequately quantified. In this study, a performance-based seismic damage assessment framework has been established, wherein corrosion-related degradation is incorporated into the structural damage evolution process. Drawing on an extensive review of domestic and international research, a refined damage index classification system has been formulated to characterize varying levels of structural impairment. To validate the proposed model, a seismic collapse simulation was conducted on a 1:4 scaled-down steel frame specimen, enabling a comprehensive analysis of damage accumulation over different service durations. The results confirm that the developed model accurately captures the progressive deterioration and collapse behavior of corroded steel frames under seismic excitation. This study provides a quantitative basis for assessing the post-earthquake residual load-bearing capacity of in-service bolted steel frame structures, offering critical insights for structural resilience evaluation and maintenance planning. 07-09-2025 <![CDATA[ To facilitate a rigorous evaluation of damage progression in in-service steel frame structures subjected to seismic loading, a seismic damage model that integrates the effects of atmospheric corrosion has been developed. Corrosion-induced deterioration significantly influences the structural integrity of bolted steel frames, yet its impact on seismic performance remains inadequately quantified. In this study, a performance-based seismic damage assessment framework has been established, wherein corrosion-related degradation is incorporated into the structural damage evolution process. Drawing on an extensive review of domestic and international research, a refined damage index classification system has been formulated to characterize varying levels of structural impairment. To validate the proposed model, a seismic collapse simulation was conducted on a 1:4 scaled-down steel frame specimen, enabling a comprehensive analysis of damage accumulation over different service durations. The results confirm that the developed model accurately captures the progressive deterioration and collapse behavior of corroded steel frames under seismic excitation. This study provides a quantitative basis for assessing the post-earthquake residual load-bearing capacity of in-service bolted steel frame structures, offering critical insights for structural resilience evaluation and maintenance planning. ]]> Seismic Damage Modeling of Corroded Bolted Steel Frame Structures in Atmospheric Environments: A Performance-Based Assessment pengfei wang xiaofei wang yongying guan jian yang wei chen doi: 10.56578/jche030302 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 07-09-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 07-09-2025 2025 3 3 Article 139 10.56578/jche030302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_3/jche030302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_3/jche030301 The risk of catastrophic flooding from sequential dam breaches in cascade reservoir systems has become increasingly critical under the influence of complex climate change and extreme geological events. In this study, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic dam-break model was developed to analyse flood propagation and inundation dynamics for the $RE1$, $RE2$, and $RE3$ cascade reservoirs in the lower Southwest China River Basin, considering various instantaneous full and partial collapse scenarios. Four distinct scenarios were simulated to evaluate breach characteristics and inundation impacts. Notably, Scenario 3-involving the simultaneous instantaneous full collapse of all three reservoirs-produced peak flow rates of 341,200 m$^3$/s, 1,157,900 m$^3$/s, and 340,100 m$^3$/s at $RE1$, $RE2$, and $RE3$, respectively. Under this worst-case scenario, maximum inundation depths at representative sites A, B, C, and D reached 69.51 m, 79.87 m, 77.16 m, and 48.38 m, with high-severity flooding areas extending over 0.95 km$^2$, 1.10 km$^2$, 1.21 km$^2$, and 1.73 km$^2$, respectively. In comparison, Scenarios 1 and 2 generated lower peak flow rates, smaller inundation areas, and less severe flooding, while Scenario 4-representing overtopping without structural breach-resulted in a substantial reduction of high-risk zones. The findings highlight the pronounced escalation of flood risk under simultaneous multi-reservoir collapse conditions and underscore the necessity for enhanced coordinated flood management and emergency response strategies in cascade reservoir systems. This study offers valuable insights into dam failure risk assessment, contributing to improved flood mitigation policies and emergency preparedness in regions vulnerable to extreme hydrological events. 06-10-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The risk of catastrophic flooding from sequential dam breaches in cascade reservoir systems has become increasingly critical under the influence of complex climate change and extreme geological events. In this study, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic dam-break model was developed to analyse flood propagation and inundation dynamics for the $RE1$, $RE2$, and $RE3$ cascade reservoirs in the lower Southwest China River Basin, considering various instantaneous full and partial collapse scenarios. Four distinct scenarios were simulated to evaluate breach characteristics and inundation impacts. Notably, Scenario 3-involving the simultaneous instantaneous full collapse of all three reservoirs-produced peak flow rates of 341,200 m$^3$/s, 1,157,900 m$^3$/s, and 340,100 m$^3$/s at $RE1$, $RE2$, and $RE3$, respectively. Under this worst-case scenario, maximum inundation depths at representative sites A, B, C, and D reached 69.51 m, 79.87 m, 77.16 m, and 48.38 m, with high-severity flooding areas extending over 0.95 km$^2$, 1.10 km$^2$, 1.21 km$^2$, and 1.73 km$^2$, respectively. In comparison, Scenarios 1 and 2 generated lower peak flow rates, smaller inundation areas, and less severe flooding, while Scenario 4-representing overtopping without structural breach-resulted in a substantial reduction of high-risk zones. The findings highlight the pronounced escalation of flood risk under simultaneous multi-reservoir collapse conditions and underscore the necessity for enhanced coordinated flood management and emergency response strategies in cascade reservoir systems. This study offers valuable insights into dam failure risk assessment, contributing to improved flood mitigation policies and emergency preparedness in regions vulnerable to extreme hydrological events.</p> ]]> Flood Inundation Risk Analysis of Cascade Reservoirs Under Diverse Collapse Scenarios: A Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Modelling Approach meirong jia xiangyi ding junying chu xinyi ma xiaojie tang doi: 10.56578/jche030301 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 06-10-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 06-10-2025 2025 3 3 Article 124 10.56578/jche030301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_3/jche030301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_2/jche030205 Detailed Understanding of Roman concrete requires context from Roman military and civil engineering. The Romans prioritized durable infrastructure due to the impracticality of maintaining temporary wooden structures across their vast empire. This led to the development of long-lasting roads, bridges, and fortifications, many of which still exist today. Roman construction techniques, including concrete use, evolved significantly over time. Although Vitruvius documented early methods in the 1st century BC, later advancements—such as “hot mixing”—were not included in his texts. Roman concrete’s durability, especially in late Empire formulations, contributed to its longevity and continued use through the medieval period. In modern times, concrete construction shifted towards heavily reinforced structures, often without adequate protection. This has led to durability issues, highlighted by events like the collapse of the Morandi Bridge. In contrast, Roman concrete demonstrates superior longevity and self-healing properties despite being unreinforced. The study of Roman concrete offers valuable insights for modern construction, suggesting that minimally reinforced or unreinforced methods inspired by Roman practices could enhance durability and sustainability. 05-14-2025 <![CDATA[ Detailed Understanding of Roman concrete requires context from Roman military and civil engineering. The Romans prioritized durable infrastructure due to the impracticality of maintaining temporary wooden structures across their vast empire. This led to the development of long-lasting roads, bridges, and fortifications, many of which still exist today. Roman construction techniques, including concrete use, evolved significantly over time. Although Vitruvius documented early methods in the 1st century BC, later advancements—such as “hot mixing”—were not included in his texts. Roman concrete’s durability, especially in late Empire formulations, contributed to its longevity and continued use through the medieval period. In modern times, concrete construction shifted towards heavily reinforced structures, often without adequate protection. This has led to durability issues, highlighted by events like the collapse of the Morandi Bridge. In contrast, Roman concrete demonstrates superior longevity and self-healing properties despite being unreinforced. The study of Roman concrete offers valuable insights for modern construction, suggesting that minimally reinforced or unreinforced methods inspired by Roman practices could enhance durability and sustainability. ]]> Evolving Durability Strategies in Concrete Structures from the Roman Era to Today luca piancastelli enrico lorenzini doi: 10.56578/jche030205 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 05-14-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 05-14-2025 2025 3 2 Article 113 10.56578/jche030205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_2/jche030205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_2/jche030204 Traditional tensioning monitoring techniques for prestressed concrete structures often exhibit limitations in real-time performance, accuracy, and adaptability to complex stress distributions. To address these challenges, an intelligent monitoring framework is developed based on a Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network. Using the Dongjiacun aqueduct as a case study, a comprehensive methodology is established, integrating numerical simulation, Machine Learning (ML), and real-time data processing. Initially, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is conducted to simulate stress distribution during the tensioning process, allowing for the extraction of critical stress data at key structural locations. These data serve as the foundation for training the RBF neural network, which functions as a high-fidelity surrogate model capable of efficiently predicting stress variations with enhanced accuracy. By leveraging the network's strong generalization capabilities, the proposed framework ensures rapid and precise estimation of stress evolution throughout the tensioning process. Furthermore, an intelligent monitoring platform is designed, incorporating real-time data acquisition, automated stress prediction, and visualization functionalities. The platform facilitates prestress control and structural health assessment, contributing to the long-term safety and durability of prestressed concrete structures. Additionally, an interactive user interface is prototyped using Mock Plus to enhance usability and facilitate intuitive interpretation of stress-related insights. The proposed approach not only advances the automation and intelligence of tensioning monitoring but also provides a robust technical foundation for optimizing prestress management in large-scale infrastructure applications. 05-06-2025 <![CDATA[ Traditional tensioning monitoring techniques for prestressed concrete structures often exhibit limitations in real-time performance, accuracy, and adaptability to complex stress distributions. To address these challenges, an intelligent monitoring framework is developed based on a Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network. Using the Dongjiacun aqueduct as a case study, a comprehensive methodology is established, integrating numerical simulation, Machine Learning (ML), and real-time data processing. Initially, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is conducted to simulate stress distribution during the tensioning process, allowing for the extraction of critical stress data at key structural locations. These data serve as the foundation for training the RBF neural network, which functions as a high-fidelity surrogate model capable of efficiently predicting stress variations with enhanced accuracy. By leveraging the network's strong generalization capabilities, the proposed framework ensures rapid and precise estimation of stress evolution throughout the tensioning process. Furthermore, an intelligent monitoring platform is designed, incorporating real-time data acquisition, automated stress prediction, and visualization functionalities. The platform facilitates prestress control and structural health assessment, contributing to the long-term safety and durability of prestressed concrete structures. Additionally, an interactive user interface is prototyped using Mock Plus to enhance usability and facilitate intuitive interpretation of stress-related insights. The proposed approach not only advances the automation and intelligence of tensioning monitoring but also provides a robust technical foundation for optimizing prestress management in large-scale infrastructure applications. ]]> Development of an Intelligent Monitoring Framework for Concrete Tensioning Quality Based on the Radial Basis Function Neural Network jie chen kenan zhao kai sun doi: 10.56578/jche030204 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 05-06-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 05-06-2025 2025 3 2 Article 100 10.56578/jche030204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_2/jche030204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_2/jche030203 The accurate estimation of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient is crucial for predicting solute transport in natural water bodies. In this study, an analytical (integral) method based on first principles is compared with Fischer’s widely used empirical approach, which is implemented in hydraulic modeling software such as the Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). The primary objective is to evaluate the accuracy, applicability, and limitations of both methods under varying hydraulic conditions. A key advantage of the analytical approach is its ability to estimate the dispersion coefficient using velocity data alone, eliminating the need for high-cost tracer experiments that rely on solute concentration measurements. The determination index suggests an acceptable level of agreement between the two methods; however, the empirical approach systematically overestimates dispersion coefficients. Furthermore, a clear inverse relationship is observed between the slope of the channel and the magnitude of the dispersion coefficient, which is attributed to the increasing influence of shear velocity on the diffusion process. As slope values increase, solute separation time decreases, and concentration gradients become steeper. Conversely, at lower slopes, solute dispersion occurs over a broader time frame, resulting in lower concentration peaks. These findings indicate that while Fischer’s method provides a robust empirical framework, it should be supplemented with field measurements to improve reliability. In contrast, the analytical method offers a more theoretically grounded alternative that may enhance predictive accuracy in solute transport modeling. The implications of these results extend to water quality management, contaminant transport studies, and hydraulic engineering applications, where the selection of an appropriate dispersion estimation method significantly influences predictive outcomes. 04-22-2025 <![CDATA[ The accurate estimation of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient is crucial for predicting solute transport in natural water bodies. In this study, an analytical (integral) method based on first principles is compared with Fischer’s widely used empirical approach, which is implemented in hydraulic modeling software such as the Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). The primary objective is to evaluate the accuracy, applicability, and limitations of both methods under varying hydraulic conditions. A key advantage of the analytical approach is its ability to estimate the dispersion coefficient using velocity data alone, eliminating the need for high-cost tracer experiments that rely on solute concentration measurements. The determination index suggests an acceptable level of agreement between the two methods; however, the empirical approach systematically overestimates dispersion coefficients. Furthermore, a clear inverse relationship is observed between the slope of the channel and the magnitude of the dispersion coefficient, which is attributed to the increasing influence of shear velocity on the diffusion process. As slope values increase, solute separation time decreases, and concentration gradients become steeper. Conversely, at lower slopes, solute dispersion occurs over a broader time frame, resulting in lower concentration peaks. These findings indicate that while Fischer’s method provides a robust empirical framework, it should be supplemented with field measurements to improve reliability. In contrast, the analytical method offers a more theoretically grounded alternative that may enhance predictive accuracy in solute transport modeling. The implications of these results extend to water quality management, contaminant transport studies, and hydraulic engineering applications, where the selection of an appropriate dispersion estimation method significantly influences predictive outcomes. ]]> Comparative Analysis of Analytical and Empirical Methods for Estimating the Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient in Open-Channel Flows mohammed j. mawat doi: 10.56578/jche030203 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 04-22-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 04-22-2025 2025 3 2 Article 91 10.56578/jche030203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_2/jche030203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_2/jche030202 The effects of polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) on the rheological properties and workability of cement-based composites were investigated by testing parameters such as static yield stress, dynamic yield stress, plastic viscosity, slump flow, bleeding rate, and penetration depth. The correlation between the dosage of PCE and the rheological parameters of fresh cement-based composites was analyzed. The results indicated that with an increase in the PCE dosage, the static yield stress, dynamic yield stress, and plastic viscosity of fresh cement-based composites decreased, demonstrating that PCE can improve the rheological properties of these composites. As the PCE dosage increased, the slump flow and bleeding rate of fresh cement-based composites also increased, but the rate of change decreased at higher dosages. Additionally, with an increase in PCE dosage, the penetration depth gradually increased, while the penetration depth difference ($\Delta {H}$) decreased. Furthermore, the compressive strength of cement-based composite cubes slightly decreased with an increase in PCE dosage. 04-14-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The effects of polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) on the rheological properties and workability of cement-based composites were investigated by testing parameters such as static yield stress, dynamic yield stress, plastic viscosity, slump flow, bleeding rate, and penetration depth. The correlation between the dosage of PCE and the rheological parameters of fresh cement-based composites was analyzed. The results indicated that with an increase in the PCE dosage, the static yield stress, dynamic yield stress, and plastic viscosity of fresh cement-based composites decreased, demonstrating that PCE can improve the rheological properties of these composites. As the PCE dosage increased, the slump flow and bleeding rate of fresh cement-based composites also increased, but the rate of change decreased at higher dosages. Additionally, with an increase in PCE dosage, the penetration depth gradually increased, while the penetration depth difference ($\Delta {H}$) decreased. Furthermore, the compressive strength of cement-based composite cubes slightly decreased with an increase in PCE dosage.</p> ]]> Effects of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer on the Rheological Properties of Cement-Based Composites peng zhang jingjiang wu xiaoxue wei chengshi zhang zhen gao doi: 10.56578/jche030202 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 04-14-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 04-14-2025 2025 3 2 Article 77 10.56578/jche030202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_2/jche030202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_2/jche030201 The instability of mining waste dumps poses significant environmental hazards, including loss of life, damage to infrastructure, and ecological degradation. The complex interdependence of Thermal, Hydraulic, and Mechanical (THM) processes has been increasingly recognised as a critical factor influencing slope stability. In this study, a coupled THM numerical model was developed using the finite element method (FEM) to evaluate slope stability in a coal mine waste dump in Maamba, Zambia. Key parameters, including stress distribution, displacement, pore water pressure, and temperature variations, were incorporated to achieve a comprehensive assessment of slope failure mechanisms. Field data and geotechnical investigations were integrated with advanced computational simulations to ensure realistic modelling. The findings demonstrated that conventional limit equilibrium methods (LEM) underestimated the impact of coupled processes on slope failure. The safety factor was observed to decrease by more than 30% due to THM interactions, with thermal gradients and hydro-mechanical (H-M) responses identified as primary contributors to slope instability. The results underscore the necessity of incorporating THM coupling in slope stability assessments, particularly in geotechnically sensitive mining environments. The proposed framework provides a scientifically grounded methodology for evaluating and mitigating landslide risks in mining waste dumps, offering valuable insights applicable to regions with similar geotechnical and climatic conditions. The findings contribute to the refinement of slope stability management strategies and provide a basis for the development of risk mitigation measures in vulnerable mining areas. 03-13-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The instability of mining waste dumps poses significant environmental hazards, including loss of life, damage to infrastructure, and ecological degradation. The complex interdependence of Thermal, Hydraulic, and Mechanical (THM) processes has been increasingly recognised as a critical factor influencing slope stability. In this study, a coupled THM numerical model was developed using the finite element method (FEM) to evaluate slope stability in a coal mine waste dump in Maamba, Zambia. Key parameters, including stress distribution, displacement, pore water pressure, and temperature variations, were incorporated to achieve a comprehensive assessment of slope failure mechanisms. Field data and geotechnical investigations were integrated with advanced computational simulations to ensure realistic modelling. The findings demonstrated that conventional limit equilibrium methods (LEM) underestimated the impact of coupled processes on slope failure. The safety factor was observed to decrease by more than 30% due to THM interactions, with thermal gradients and hydro-mechanical (H-M) responses identified as primary contributors to slope instability. The results underscore the necessity of incorporating THM coupling in slope stability assessments, particularly in geotechnically sensitive mining environments. The proposed framework provides a scientifically grounded methodology for evaluating and mitigating landslide risks in mining waste dumps, offering valuable insights applicable to regions with similar geotechnical and climatic conditions. The findings contribute to the refinement of slope stability management strategies and provide a basis for the development of risk mitigation measures in vulnerable mining areas.</p> ]]> Numerical Analysis of Slope Stability in a Coal Mine Waste Dump Under Coupled Hydro-Mechanical-Thermal Influences: A Case Study of Maamba, Zambia lunenge aggrey lisulo oscar kamasongo kalaluka kwalombota doi: 10.56578/jche030201 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 03-13-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 03-13-2025 2025 3 2 Article 56 10.56578/jche030201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_2/jche030201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_1/jche030105 The impact of artificial hailstones on G300 steel sheets with varying thicknesses has been systematically investigated to evaluate the resulting dent depths. Two distinct methods for producing simulated hailstones were employed: one utilizing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) adhesive and the other incorporating liquid nitrogen. Comparative analyses of these techniques revealed that the liquid nitrogen method, in conjunction with demineralized water, yielded more accurate results than the PVA adhesive-based method. Experimental findings were cross-referenced with theoretical predictions and finite element simulations, with model accuracy being validated against existing research in the field. The study focused on three hailstone diameters—38mm, 45mm, and 50mm—across various sheet thicknesses. Results indicate that dent depth is primarily influenced by the impact energy, sheet metal thickness, and hailstone diameter. Notably, the momentum of the hailstone plays a critical role, with smaller, higher-momentum hailstones inducing permanent deformations comparable to those of larger, lower-momentum hailstones, even when the impact energies are equivalent. The findings suggest that variations in hailstone momentum can lead to similar deformation patterns across different sizes, emphasizing the importance of momentum in the design of steel sheet materials for enhanced hailstone impact resistance. This study contributes valuable insights for the development of more resilient materials in industries subject to dynamic impact loading, such as automotive and aerospace engineering. 02-18-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The impact of artificial hailstones on G300 steel sheets with varying thicknesses has been systematically investigated to evaluate the resulting dent depths. Two distinct methods for producing simulated hailstones were employed: one utilizing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) adhesive and the other incorporating liquid nitrogen. Comparative analyses of these techniques revealed that the liquid nitrogen method, in conjunction with demineralized water, yielded more accurate results than the PVA adhesive-based method. Experimental findings were cross-referenced with theoretical predictions and finite element simulations, with model accuracy being validated against existing research in the field. The study focused on three hailstone diameters—38mm, 45mm, and 50mm—across various sheet thicknesses. Results indicate that dent depth is primarily influenced by the impact energy, sheet metal thickness, and hailstone diameter. Notably, the momentum of the hailstone plays a critical role, with smaller, higher-momentum hailstones inducing permanent deformations comparable to those of larger, lower-momentum hailstones, even when the impact energies are equivalent. The findings suggest that variations in hailstone momentum can lead to similar deformation patterns across different sizes, emphasizing the importance of momentum in the design of steel sheet materials for enhanced hailstone impact resistance. This study contributes valuable insights for the development of more resilient materials in industries subject to dynamic impact loading, such as automotive and aerospace engineering.</p> ]]> Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Hail Impact-Induced Dent Depth on Steel Sheets meryem dilara kop mehmet eren uz yuze nian mehmet avcar doi: 10.56578/jche030105 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 02-18-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 02-18-2025 2025 3 1 Article 49 10.56578/jche030105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_1/jche030105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_1/jche030104 This study investigates the effect of magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)$_2$ flame retardant treatment on corn stalk fiber and its impact on the properties of fiber asphalt when mixed at a 3% concentration with asphalt. The study examines the changes in fiber aspect ratio and microscopic morphology before and after flame retardant treatment, and explores the underlying mechanisms that influence the basic performance of fiber asphalt. The effects of flame retardant-treated corn stalk fibers on the asphalt binder were assessed using tests such as softening point, penetration, elongation, temperature scanning, and bending beam rheometer. The results indicate that as the concentration of magnesium hydroxide increases, the three main indicators of the fiber asphalt binder first increase and then decrease. The highest softening point (49.8°C) occurred at a concentration of 2%, the highest penetration (7.6mm) at 1%, and the highest elongation (12.7cm) at 1%. The high and low-temperature performance tests show that the fiber asphalt binder made with 1% magnesium hydroxide-treated corn stalk fibers achieves the best balance of both high and low-temperature properties. 02-10-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This study investigates the effect of magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)$_2$ flame retardant treatment on corn stalk fiber and its impact on the properties of fiber asphalt when mixed at a 3% concentration with asphalt. The study examines the changes in fiber aspect ratio and microscopic morphology before and after flame retardant treatment, and explores the underlying mechanisms that influence the basic performance of fiber asphalt. The effects of flame retardant-treated corn stalk fibers on the asphalt binder were assessed using tests such as softening point, penetration, elongation, temperature scanning, and bending beam rheometer. The results indicate that as the concentration of magnesium hydroxide increases, the three main indicators of the fiber asphalt binder first increase and then decrease. The highest softening point (49.8°C) occurred at a concentration of 2%, the highest penetration (7.6mm) at 1%, and the highest elongation (12.7cm) at 1%. The high and low-temperature performance tests show that the fiber asphalt binder made with 1% magnesium hydroxide-treated corn stalk fibers achieves the best balance of both high and low-temperature properties.</p> ]]> Effect of Magnesium Hydroxide Flame Retardant Treatment on the Properties of Corn Stalk Fiber peng tian hao zhang heng zhang li li zhengyang mou hongshen zhao doi: 10.56578/jche030104 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 02-10-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 02-10-2025 2025 3 1 Article 33 10.56578/jche030104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_1/jche030104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_1/jche030103 In urban environments, the scarcity of available land often necessitates the construction of closely spaced, high-rise buildings, which rely heavily on pile foundations to support substantial loads. However, the pile-driving process, essential for such foundations, generates vibrations that can propagate through the ground and affect surrounding structures, potentially leading to adverse consequences. These vibrations can disrupt the comfort of residents and cause structural damage to adjacent buildings, including residential properties, hotels, and hospitals, where both the comfort and safety of occupants are of paramount importance. Furthermore, pile-driving-induced vibrations can result in the development of cracks in the architecture, settlement of foundations, or even severe structural failure in sensitive installations. To assess the effects of pile-driving on nearby buildings, a series of 77 finite element models were developed using PLAXIS 3D, which simulated varying pile-to-building distances and driving depths. The analyses focused on both the comfort of residents and the structural integrity of adjacent buildings, with comparisons drawn against international standards for vibration levels. The results revealed that the optimal driving depth could effectively minimize peak vibration levels, thereby reducing the risk of disruption to nearby structures. Additionally, the influence of parameters such as pile-driving load, pile penetration depth, and soil characteristics on vibration propagation was systematically explored. The findings provide critical insights into the mitigation of pile-driving-induced vibrations in urban settings and offer guidance for optimizing pile-driving operations to safeguard both resident comfort and structural safety. 01-07-2025 <![CDATA[ In urban environments, the scarcity of available land often necessitates the construction of closely spaced, high-rise buildings, which rely heavily on pile foundations to support substantial loads. However, the pile-driving process, essential for such foundations, generates vibrations that can propagate through the ground and affect surrounding structures, potentially leading to adverse consequences. These vibrations can disrupt the comfort of residents and cause structural damage to adjacent buildings, including residential properties, hotels, and hospitals, where both the comfort and safety of occupants are of paramount importance. Furthermore, pile-driving-induced vibrations can result in the development of cracks in the architecture, settlement of foundations, or even severe structural failure in sensitive installations. To assess the effects of pile-driving on nearby buildings, a series of 77 finite element models were developed using PLAXIS 3D, which simulated varying pile-to-building distances and driving depths. The analyses focused on both the comfort of residents and the structural integrity of adjacent buildings, with comparisons drawn against international standards for vibration levels. The results revealed that the optimal driving depth could effectively minimize peak vibration levels, thereby reducing the risk of disruption to nearby structures. Additionally, the influence of parameters such as pile-driving load, pile penetration depth, and soil characteristics on vibration propagation was systematically explored. The findings provide critical insights into the mitigation of pile-driving-induced vibrations in urban settings and offer guidance for optimizing pile-driving operations to safeguard both resident comfort and structural safety. ]]> Numerical Evaluation of Pile-Driving-Induced Vibrations in Soil and Their Impact on Adjacent Structures marwan abdelsalam mohsen seyedi doi: 10.56578/jche030103 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 01-07-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 01-07-2025 2025 3 1 Article 17 10.56578/jche030103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_1/jche030103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_1/jche030102 Cutoff walls are an essential method for seepage prevention in dams. During the construction and operation of reservoirs, factors such as construction techniques, variations in groundwater conditions within the dam body, geological movements, and climatic factors may lead to potential seepage risks, necessitating inspection. Traditional methods like borehole coring and water pressure tests have limited monitoring ranges, while non-destructive methods like high-density electrical surveys and shallow seismic exploration have low deep-resolution capabilities, making them unsuitable for detecting deep-seated seepage in concrete walls. In recent years, Cross-borehole Tomography (CT) geophysical techniques, based on boreholes on both sides, have been widely applied in various engineering geophysical projects. Seepage in cutoff walls can lead to an increase in local moisture content, resulting in low-resistivity anomalies, providing a physical basis for the exploration using cross-borehole resistivity CT. This study investigates the resistivity response characteristics of cross-borehole resistivity CT through numerical simulation based on the resistivity characteristics of seepage in cutoff walls. The numerical simulation results indicate that this method effectively identifies seepage conditions in cutoff walls, and the resolution of cross-borehole resistivity CT is significantly related to the cross-hole spacing and the distance to the seepage points. This study provides a preliminary verification of the feasibility of applying cross-borehole resistivity CT for detecting seepage in cutoff walls and offers insights for seepage detection strategies. 01-07-2025 <![CDATA[ Cutoff walls are an essential method for seepage prevention in dams. During the construction and operation of reservoirs, factors such as construction techniques, variations in groundwater conditions within the dam body, geological movements, and climatic factors may lead to potential seepage risks, necessitating inspection. Traditional methods like borehole coring and water pressure tests have limited monitoring ranges, while non-destructive methods like high-density electrical surveys and shallow seismic exploration have low deep-resolution capabilities, making them unsuitable for detecting deep-seated seepage in concrete walls. In recent years, Cross-borehole Tomography (CT) geophysical techniques, based on boreholes on both sides, have been widely applied in various engineering geophysical projects. Seepage in cutoff walls can lead to an increase in local moisture content, resulting in low-resistivity anomalies, providing a physical basis for the exploration using cross-borehole resistivity CT. This study investigates the resistivity response characteristics of cross-borehole resistivity CT through numerical simulation based on the resistivity characteristics of seepage in cutoff walls. The numerical simulation results indicate that this method effectively identifies seepage conditions in cutoff walls, and the resolution of cross-borehole resistivity CT is significantly related to the cross-hole spacing and the distance to the seepage points. This study provides a preliminary verification of the feasibility of applying cross-borehole resistivity CT for detecting seepage in cutoff walls and offers insights for seepage detection strategies. ]]> Numerical Simulation of Resistivity Response Characteristics in Seepage Detection of Cutoff Walls Using Cross-Hole Resistivity Tomography qicheng fu xinjiang yu bo li junjie zhou shiwen fan shengbo mei lingzhi li doi: 10.56578/jche030102 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 01-07-2025 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 01-07-2025 2025 3 1 Article 8 10.56578/jche030102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_1/jche030102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_1/jche030101 Pre-stressed concrete continuous box girder bridges are widely used in bridge engineering due to their excellent mechanical properties. However, as the service life of the bridge increases and heavy vehicles exert additional loads, cracks may develop in the structure, leading to pre-stress loss and affecting its safety. This paper focuses on the reinforcement of an actual bridge and determines the pre-reinforcement stress state and stiffness degradation through load testing. The test results are combined with numerical simulations to analyze the stiffness of the box girder section. When the section stiffness is reduced by 5%, the deflection at the mid-span control section of the box girder is 11.7 mm, which is in good agreement with the actual condition. By integrating the bridge's appearance inspection results with numerical simulations, pre-stress loss in the box girder is analyzed. When the pre-stress loss reaches 10%, transverse cracks appear at the bottom of the main girder, similar to the results of field inspections. Based on this, the analysis considers a 5% stiffness reduction and a 10% pre-stress loss to evaluate the box girder. 12-12-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Pre-stressed concrete continuous box girder bridges are widely used in bridge engineering due to their excellent mechanical properties. However, as the service life of the bridge increases and heavy vehicles exert additional loads, cracks may develop in the structure, leading to pre-stress loss and affecting its safety. This paper focuses on the reinforcement of an actual bridge and determines the pre-reinforcement stress state and stiffness degradation through load testing. The test results are combined with numerical simulations to analyze the stiffness of the box girder section. When the section stiffness is reduced by 5%, the deflection at the mid-span control section of the box girder is 11.7 mm, which is in good agreement with the actual condition. By integrating the bridge's appearance inspection results with numerical simulations, pre-stress loss in the box girder is analyzed. When the pre-stress loss reaches 10%, transverse cracks appear at the bottom of the main girder, similar to the results of field inspections. Based on this, the analysis considers a 5% stiffness reduction and a 10% pre-stress loss to evaluate the box girder.</p> ]]> Load Testing and Damage Analysis of Reinforced Pre-stressed Concrete Continuous Box Girder Bridge gen wang doi: 10.56578/jche030101 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-12-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-12-2024 2025 3 1 Article 1 10.56578/jche030101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2025_3_1/jche030101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_4/jche020405 The reuse of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in road construction has become increasingly prevalent due to its potential environmental and economic benefits. The aging characteristics of RAP, particularly the degradation of its bitumen content, are critical for evaluating its suitability for future applications. The aging process is influenced by various meteorological factors, including solar radiation, temperature fluctuations, and precipitation. This study investigates the impact of these factors on the properties of bitumen in RAP, focusing on a pavement constructed between 2002 and 2005. After eight years of service, the pavement was milled and the material was stored in a stockpile for an additional eight years. The bitumen properties, specifically penetration and softening point, were measured at regular intervals over the 16-year period. Cumulative meteorological data, including temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation, were recorded and analysed in relation to the observed aging effects on the bitumen. The results demonstrated a linear correlation between the cumulative meteorological conditions and the degree of bitumen aging. Increased exposure to solar radiation and temperature fluctuations accelerated the aging process, while prolonged periods of precipitation appeared to have a moderating effect. These findings suggest that both the duration and intensity of exposure to specific environmental conditions must be considered when assessing the viability of using RAP in future pavement construction. 12-04-2024 <![CDATA[ The reuse of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in road construction has become increasingly prevalent due to its potential environmental and economic benefits. The aging characteristics of RAP, particularly the degradation of its bitumen content, are critical for evaluating its suitability for future applications. The aging process is influenced by various meteorological factors, including solar radiation, temperature fluctuations, and precipitation. This study investigates the impact of these factors on the properties of bitumen in RAP, focusing on a pavement constructed between 2002 and 2005. After eight years of service, the pavement was milled and the material was stored in a stockpile for an additional eight years. The bitumen properties, specifically penetration and softening point, were measured at regular intervals over the 16-year period. Cumulative meteorological data, including temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation, were recorded and analysed in relation to the observed aging effects on the bitumen. The results demonstrated a linear correlation between the cumulative meteorological conditions and the degree of bitumen aging. Increased exposure to solar radiation and temperature fluctuations accelerated the aging process, while prolonged periods of precipitation appeared to have a moderating effect. These findings suggest that both the duration and intensity of exposure to specific environmental conditions must be considered when assessing the viability of using RAP in future pavement construction. ]]> Long-Term Aging of Recycled Asphalt Pavements: The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on Bitumen Properties Over 16 Years serdal terzi mehmet saltan sebnem karahancer gulay malkoc tansel divrik fatih ergezer ekinhan eriskin kemal muhammet erten doi: 10.56578/jche020405 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-04-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-04-2024 2024 2 4 Article 250 10.56578/jche020405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_4/jche020405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_4/jche020404 To address the complexities and inaccuracies associated with traditional methods of concrete compactness monitoring, in this paper, a real-time monitoring approach based on long short-term memory (LSTM) networks has been developed. Traditional methods often involve cumbersome data processing and yield large errors, especially in complex environments, in contrast, the proposed method leverages the LSTM network's ability to process time-series data, enhancing accuracy in detecting compactness defects within concrete structures, and the ultrasonic wave velocity through concrete under standard conditions has been set as a baseline value. The platform can visualize the curve of ultrasonic propagation speed in the monitored concrete over time, allowing for a direct comparison with the baseline to assess the extent and location of potential defects. The degree of deviation from the baseline indicates the compactness and defect severity, facilitating more accurate monitoring. Additionally, a user-friendly monitoring platform interface has been designed using Mock Plus, enabling rapid prototyping and optimization for enhanced data visualization and user interaction, this design allows for effective real-time monitoring, data processing, and user engagement. By integrating advanced machine learning techniques with intuitive platform design, the proposed method offers a significant improvement in monitoring concrete compactness, potentially benefiting both research and practical applications in structural health monitoring. 11-06-2024 <![CDATA[ To address the complexities and inaccuracies associated with traditional methods of concrete compactness monitoring, in this paper, a real-time monitoring approach based on long short-term memory (LSTM) networks has been developed. Traditional methods often involve cumbersome data processing and yield large errors, especially in complex environments, in contrast, the proposed method leverages the LSTM network's ability to process time-series data, enhancing accuracy in detecting compactness defects within concrete structures, and the ultrasonic wave velocity through concrete under standard conditions has been set as a baseline value. The platform can visualize the curve of ultrasonic propagation speed in the monitored concrete over time, allowing for a direct comparison with the baseline to assess the extent and location of potential defects. The degree of deviation from the baseline indicates the compactness and defect severity, facilitating more accurate monitoring. Additionally, a user-friendly monitoring platform interface has been designed using Mock Plus, enabling rapid prototyping and optimization for enhanced data visualization and user interaction, this design allows for effective real-time monitoring, data processing, and user engagement. By integrating advanced machine learning techniques with intuitive platform design, the proposed method offers a significant improvement in monitoring concrete compactness, potentially benefiting both research and practical applications in structural health monitoring. ]]> Real-Time Monitoring and Platform Design for Concrete Compactness Using Long Short-Term Memory Networks kenan zhao jie chen yanke shi kai sun doi: 10.56578/jche020404 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 11-06-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 11-06-2024 2024 2 4 Article 238 10.56578/jche020404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_4/jche020404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_4/jche020403 Field data collection is a crucial component of geological surveys in hydraulic engineering. Traditional methods, such as manual handwriting and data entry, are cumbersome and inefficient, failing to meet the demands of digital and intelligent recording processes. This study develops an intelligent speech recognition and recording method tailored for hydraulic engineering geology, leveraging specialized terminology and speech recognition technology. Initially, field geological work documents are collected and processed to create audio data through manual recording and speech synthesis, forming a speech recognition training dataset. This dataset is used to train and construct a speech-to-text recognition model specific to hydraulic engineering geology, including fine-tuning a Conformer acoustic model and building an N-gram language model to achieve accurate mapping between speech and specialized vocabulary. The model's effectiveness and superiority are validated in practical engineering applications through comparative experiments focusing on decoding speed and character error rate (CER). The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a word error rate of only 2.6% on the hydraulic engineering geology dataset, with a single character decoding time of 15.5ms. This performance surpasses that of typical speech recognition methods and mainstream commercial software for mobile devices, significantly improving the accuracy and efficiency of field geological data collection. The method provides a novel technological approach for data collection and recording in hydraulic engineering geology. 10-31-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Field data collection is a crucial component of geological surveys in hydraulic engineering. Traditional methods, such as manual handwriting and data entry, are cumbersome and inefficient, failing to meet the demands of digital and intelligent recording processes. This study develops an intelligent speech recognition and recording method tailored for hydraulic engineering geology, leveraging specialized terminology and speech recognition technology. Initially, field geological work documents are collected and processed to create audio data through manual recording and speech synthesis, forming a speech recognition training dataset. This dataset is used to train and construct a speech-to-text recognition model specific to hydraulic engineering geology, including fine-tuning a Conformer acoustic model and building an N-gram language model to achieve accurate mapping between speech and specialized vocabulary. The model's effectiveness and superiority are validated in practical engineering applications through comparative experiments focusing on decoding speed and character error rate (CER). The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a word error rate of only 2.6% on the hydraulic engineering geology dataset, with a single character decoding time of 15.5ms. This performance surpasses that of typical speech recognition methods and mainstream commercial software for mobile devices, significantly improving the accuracy and efficiency of field geological data collection. The method provides a novel technological approach for data collection and recording in hydraulic engineering geology.</p> ]]> An Intelligent Recording Method for Field Geological Survey Data in Hydraulic Engineering Based on Speech Recognition zuguang zhang qiubing ren wenchao zhao mingchao li leping liu yuangeng lyu doi: 10.56578/jche020403 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 10-31-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 10-31-2024 2024 2 4 Article 220 10.56578/jche020403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_4/jche020403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_4/jche020402 Blast-induced ground vibration, a by-product of rock fragmentation, presents significant challenges, particularly in areas adjacent to residential structures, where excessive vibration can cause structural damage and propagate cracks. This study proposes a novel framework integrating Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to predict Peak Particle Velocity (PPV), a critical metric for assessing ground vibration intensity. Field data were gathered from Singareni coal mines, capturing a range of blasting parameters, including burden, spacing, explosive quantity, and maximum charge per delay. PCA was employed to identify and retain the most influential variables, reducing dimensionality while preserving essential information. The optimised subset of features was subsequently used to train the ANN model. The model’s performance was evaluated using regression analysis, yielding a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.92), indicating its robustness and accuracy in predicting PPV. A comparative analysis with conventional empirical equations demonstrated the superiority of the ANN model, which consistently provided more precise estimates of vibration intensity. The integration of PCA not only improved model performance but also enhanced computational efficiency by eliminating redundant parameters. This research underscores the potential of combining advanced statistical techniques with machine learning models to improve the predictability of blast-induced ground vibrations. The proposed framework offers a practical tool for mine operators to mitigate the environmental impact of blasting activities, particularly in sensitive areas. 10-20-2024 <![CDATA[ Blast-induced ground vibration, a by-product of rock fragmentation, presents significant challenges, particularly in areas adjacent to residential structures, where excessive vibration can cause structural damage and propagate cracks. This study proposes a novel framework integrating Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to predict Peak Particle Velocity (PPV), a critical metric for assessing ground vibration intensity. Field data were gathered from Singareni coal mines, capturing a range of blasting parameters, including burden, spacing, explosive quantity, and maximum charge per delay. PCA was employed to identify and retain the most influential variables, reducing dimensionality while preserving essential information. The optimised subset of features was subsequently used to train the ANN model. The model’s performance was evaluated using regression analysis, yielding a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.92), indicating its robustness and accuracy in predicting PPV. A comparative analysis with conventional empirical equations demonstrated the superiority of the ANN model, which consistently provided more precise estimates of vibration intensity. The integration of PCA not only improved model performance but also enhanced computational efficiency by eliminating redundant parameters. This research underscores the potential of combining advanced statistical techniques with machine learning models to improve the predictability of blast-induced ground vibrations. The proposed framework offers a practical tool for mine operators to mitigate the environmental impact of blasting activities, particularly in sensitive areas. ]]> A Principal Component-Enhanced Neural Network Framework for Forecasting Blast-Induced Ground Vibrations t. pradeep n. sri chandrahas yewuhalashet fissha doi: 10.56578/jche020402 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 10-20-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 10-20-2024 2024 2 4 Article 206 10.56578/jche020402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_4/jche020402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_4/jche020401 The Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method has been applied to solve the Boussinesq equations in order to simulate hypothetical one-dimensional dam break flows (DBFs) across varying depth ratios. Initial simulations reveal that the influence of Boussinesq terms remains minimal during the early stages of DBF when the depth ratio is less than 0.4. However, these terms become increasingly significant at later stages of the flow. In comparison to simulations based on the Saint-Venant equations, the Boussinesq-SPH model underestimates flow depths in regions of constant elevation while overestimating the propagation speed of the positive surge wave, with this overestimation becoming more pronounced as the depth ratio increases. Notably, the first and third Boussinesq terms exert the greatest influence on the simulation results. The findings also indicate the presence of non-hydrostatic pressure distributions within the DBF, which contribute to the accelerated movement of the positive surge. This study offers valuable insights into the modelling of flows that exhibit non-hydrostatic behaviour, and the results may be instrumental in improving the analysis of similar flow phenomena, especially those involving complex pressure distributions and wave propagation dynamics. 10-07-2024 <![CDATA[ The Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method has been applied to solve the Boussinesq equations in order to simulate hypothetical one-dimensional dam break flows (DBFs) across varying depth ratios. Initial simulations reveal that the influence of Boussinesq terms remains minimal during the early stages of DBF when the depth ratio is less than 0.4. However, these terms become increasingly significant at later stages of the flow. In comparison to simulations based on the Saint-Venant equations, the Boussinesq-SPH model underestimates flow depths in regions of constant elevation while overestimating the propagation speed of the positive surge wave, with this overestimation becoming more pronounced as the depth ratio increases. Notably, the first and third Boussinesq terms exert the greatest influence on the simulation results. The findings also indicate the presence of non-hydrostatic pressure distributions within the DBF, which contribute to the accelerated movement of the positive surge. This study offers valuable insights into the modelling of flows that exhibit non-hydrostatic behaviour, and the results may be instrumental in improving the analysis of similar flow phenomena, especially those involving complex pressure distributions and wave propagation dynamics. ]]> A Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Approach for One-Dimensional Dam Break Flow Simulation with Boussinesq Equations manoj kumar diwakar pranab kumar mohapatra doi: 10.56578/jche020401 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 10-07-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 10-07-2024 2024 2 4 Article 197 10.56578/jche020401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_4/jche020401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_3/jche020305 The Pearl River Delta Water Resources Allocation Project is characterized by an extensive distribution of buildings along a lengthy alignment and the application of diverse construction methodologies. Given these complexities, comprehensive safety monitoring measures are essential during both the temporary construction and operational phases to ensure the structural integrity and safety of the project. This study examines the critical aspects of safety monitoring, tailored to the unique characteristics and demands of the project, by focusing on the monitoring objectives, specific monitoring tasks, and the inherent challenges posed by the project's scope and variety. Emphasis is placed on identifying key safety monitoring difficulties, such as maintaining accuracy across varying construction methods and terrain conditions, and ensuring compliance with evolving regulatory standards. Additionally, innovative solutions and advanced monitoring techniques that address these challenges are explored, highlighting the integration of novel technologies and approaches that enhance monitoring effectiveness. The discussion is framed within the context of existing engineering requirements and regulatory frameworks, providing insights into the strategic implementation of safety monitoring protocols that are both adaptable and robust. This paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on the safety management of large-scale water resource projects by presenting a detailed analysis of the challenges encountered and the innovations employed to mitigate risks, thus supporting sustainable and safe development in complex engineering environments. 09-26-2024 <![CDATA[ The Pearl River Delta Water Resources Allocation Project is characterized by an extensive distribution of buildings along a lengthy alignment and the application of diverse construction methodologies. Given these complexities, comprehensive safety monitoring measures are essential during both the temporary construction and operational phases to ensure the structural integrity and safety of the project. This study examines the critical aspects of safety monitoring, tailored to the unique characteristics and demands of the project, by focusing on the monitoring objectives, specific monitoring tasks, and the inherent challenges posed by the project's scope and variety. Emphasis is placed on identifying key safety monitoring difficulties, such as maintaining accuracy across varying construction methods and terrain conditions, and ensuring compliance with evolving regulatory standards. Additionally, innovative solutions and advanced monitoring techniques that address these challenges are explored, highlighting the integration of novel technologies and approaches that enhance monitoring effectiveness. The discussion is framed within the context of existing engineering requirements and regulatory frameworks, providing insights into the strategic implementation of safety monitoring protocols that are both adaptable and robust. This paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on the safety management of large-scale water resource projects by presenting a detailed analysis of the challenges encountered and the innovations employed to mitigate risks, thus supporting sustainable and safe development in complex engineering environments. ]]> Safety Monitoring Technologies for the Water Resources Allocation Project in the Pearl River Delta: Challenges and Innovations yaling tian wei liang bo li doi: 10.56578/jche020305 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 09-26-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 09-26-2024 2024 2 3 Article 185 10.56578/jche020305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_3/jche020305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_3/jche020304 The scouring process, characterised by the erosion of sediment around bridge piers due to fluid flow, poses a significant risk to the structural integrity of bridges. Scour depth, defined as the vertical distance from the initial riverbed level to the bottom of the scour hole, is driven by the formation of vortices near bridge piers. Mitigating scour damage after it has advanced to a critical stage is often more disruptive and costly than preemptive measures based on accurate predictions. In response to this challenge, a range of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) numerical modelling techniques has been developed for scour depth estimation around bridge piers. Among the available methods, the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) is widely employed, with the majority of studies focusing on the 1D modelling approach. The current study evaluates the relative efficacy of 1D and 2D models using the case of the Kelanisiri Bridge, which traverses the Kelani River in Sri Lanka. The performance of the 1D model was assessed by comparing predicted water levels at an intermediate river gauge with field data, while the 2D model was calibrated and validated against observed riverbed levels. Both approaches were applied to estimate scour depths following the 2016 flood event. The findings revealed that the 2D HEC-RAS model provided a superior match with observed field data when compared to the 1D model, achieving a coefficient of determination (R$^2$) of 0.98 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.13, indicating a higher degree of accuracy and reliability. As a result, the 2D model is recommended as the more effective approach for predicting scour depth around bridge piers. Further validation of these numerical results through scaled laboratory physical modelling is recommended to ensure greater accuracy in future predictive efforts. 09-26-2024 <![CDATA[ The scouring process, characterised by the erosion of sediment around bridge piers due to fluid flow, poses a significant risk to the structural integrity of bridges. Scour depth, defined as the vertical distance from the initial riverbed level to the bottom of the scour hole, is driven by the formation of vortices near bridge piers. Mitigating scour damage after it has advanced to a critical stage is often more disruptive and costly than preemptive measures based on accurate predictions. In response to this challenge, a range of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) numerical modelling techniques has been developed for scour depth estimation around bridge piers. Among the available methods, the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) is widely employed, with the majority of studies focusing on the 1D modelling approach. The current study evaluates the relative efficacy of 1D and 2D models using the case of the Kelanisiri Bridge, which traverses the Kelani River in Sri Lanka. The performance of the 1D model was assessed by comparing predicted water levels at an intermediate river gauge with field data, while the 2D model was calibrated and validated against observed riverbed levels. Both approaches were applied to estimate scour depths following the 2016 flood event. The findings revealed that the 2D HEC-RAS model provided a superior match with observed field data when compared to the 1D model, achieving a coefficient of determination (R$^2$) of 0.98 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.13, indicating a higher degree of accuracy and reliability. As a result, the 2D model is recommended as the more effective approach for predicting scour depth around bridge piers. Further validation of these numerical results through scaled laboratory physical modelling is recommended to ensure greater accuracy in future predictive efforts. ]]> Comparative Analysis of 1D and 2D Modeling Approaches for Scour Depth Estimation: A Case Study of the Kelanisiri Bridge, Sri Lanka ashvinie thembiliyagoda kasun de silva nimal wijayaratna doi: 10.56578/jche020304 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 09-26-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 09-26-2024 2024 2 3 Article 171 10.56578/jche020304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_3/jche020304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_3/jche020303 The substitution of cement with coal gangue powder (CGP) offers significant potential for energy conservation, emission reduction, and environmental sustainability. To optimize the mechanical properties of coal gangue cement paste, a modified response surface methodology (RSM) model was developed, incorporating grinding parameters as independent variables and compressive strength as the response variable. The feasibility of the model was validated through coefficient estimation, variance analysis, and fitting statistics. The analysis revealed that milling speed was the most significant factor influencing the compressive strength at 20% substitution, while the ball-to-material ratio predominantly affected the strength at 50% substitution. An increase in milling speed was observed to significantly broaden the particle size distribution, with larger particles (15.14$\mathrm{\mu m}$ to 275.42$\mathrm{\mu m}$) serving primarily as micro-aggregates, and smaller particles (0.32$\mathrm{\mu m}$ to 15.14$\mathrm{\mu m}$) functioning as fillers within ultra-fine pores. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) further corroborated these findings. Numerical optimization based on the RSM model identified optimal grinding parameters: a ball-to-material ratio of 1.40, a milling time of 0.843 hours, and a milling speed of 300 rpm. These parameters are recommended to achieve the target compressive strengths of 25 MPa at 20% CGP substitution and 10 MPa at 50% CGP substitution. This study provides a cost-effective and feasible approach for the utilization of coal gangue in cementitious materials, contributing to the advancement of sustainable construction practices. 09-09-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The substitution of cement with coal gangue powder (CGP) offers significant potential for energy conservation, emission reduction, and environmental sustainability. To optimize the mechanical properties of coal gangue cement paste, a modified response surface methodology (RSM) model was developed, incorporating grinding parameters as independent variables and compressive strength as the response variable. The feasibility of the model was validated through coefficient estimation, variance analysis, and fitting statistics. The analysis revealed that milling speed was the most significant factor influencing the compressive strength at 20% substitution, while the ball-to-material ratio predominantly affected the strength at 50% substitution. An increase in milling speed was observed to significantly broaden the particle size distribution, with larger particles (15.14$\mathrm{\mu m}$ to 275.42$\mathrm{\mu m}$) serving primarily as micro-aggregates, and smaller particles (0.32$\mathrm{\mu m}$ to 15.14$\mathrm{\mu m}$) functioning as fillers within ultra-fine pores. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) further corroborated these findings. Numerical optimization based on the RSM model identified optimal grinding parameters: a ball-to-material ratio of 1.40, a milling time of 0.843 hours, and a milling speed of 300 rpm. These parameters are recommended to achieve the target compressive strengths of 25 MPa at 20% CGP substitution and 10 MPa at 50% CGP substitution. This study provides a cost-effective and feasible approach for the utilization of coal gangue in cementitious materials, contributing to the advancement of sustainable construction practices.</p> ]]> Optimization of Ball-Milling Parameters for Enhanced Compressive Strength of Coal Gangue Cement Paste: A Response Surface Methodology Approach surnam lubona mapulanga guijuan hu liyun cui doi: 10.56578/jche020303 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 09-09-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 09-09-2024 2024 2 3 Article 151 10.56578/jche020303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_3/jche020303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_3/jche020302 Rainwater harvesting (RH) techniques, specifically the implementation of Bio-pore Infiltration Holes (BIH), have been investigated as cost-effective and practical methods for managing surface runoff and mitigating flood risks. This study aimed to evaluate the infiltration rates of BIH in secondary forest and agricultural moorland areas, providing a basis for sustainable soil and water conservation practices. A survey methodology was employed to assess infiltration rates using the Horton equation model applied to circular holes with a depth of 50 cm. Soil samples were collected from the vicinity of the BIH for analysis of physical properties at the Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University. A 4-inch diameter PVC pipe, inserted 30 cm into the soil, was used to measure water infiltration, with water levels recorded up to 60 cm. The findings indicated that infiltration rates in both secondary forest and agricultural lands were moderate. The physical characteristics of the soil, including its texture and organic carbon content, were identified as suboptimal, which constrained the efficiency of waste absorption through the infiltration process. The soil texture in both land types was classified as sandy according to USDA standards, making it susceptible to erosion, which is directly related to the infiltration capacity and the potential for soil transport during erosion events. The carbon organic content was relatively low, at 2.50% in secondary forest land and 1.17% in agricultural land, indicating medium-level criteria for organic content. To enhance soil conservation and flood mitigation, it is recommended that efforts be made to increase organic material content through compost application and post-flood land rehabilitation. Expanding the use of BIH in high-risk flood areas is advocated to effectively reduce and control surface runoff. 08-12-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Rainwater harvesting (RH) techniques, specifically the implementation of Bio-pore Infiltration Holes (BIH), have been investigated as cost-effective and practical methods for managing surface runoff and mitigating flood risks. This study aimed to evaluate the infiltration rates of BIH in secondary forest and agricultural moorland areas, providing a basis for sustainable soil and water conservation practices. A survey methodology was employed to assess infiltration rates using the Horton equation model applied to circular holes with a depth of 50 cm. Soil samples were collected from the vicinity of the BIH for analysis of physical properties at the Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University. A 4-inch diameter PVC pipe, inserted 30 cm into the soil, was used to measure water infiltration, with water levels recorded up to 60 cm. The findings indicated that infiltration rates in both secondary forest and agricultural lands were moderate. The physical characteristics of the soil, including its texture and organic carbon content, were identified as suboptimal, which constrained the efficiency of waste absorption through the infiltration process. The soil texture in both land types was classified as sandy according to USDA standards, making it susceptible to erosion, which is directly related to the infiltration capacity and the potential for soil transport during erosion events. The carbon organic content was relatively low, at 2.50% in secondary forest land and 1.17% in agricultural land, indicating medium-level criteria for organic content. To enhance soil conservation and flood mitigation, it is recommended that efforts be made to increase organic material content through compost application and post-flood land rehabilitation. Expanding the use of BIH in high-risk flood areas is advocated to effectively reduce and control surface runoff.</p> ]]> Evaluation of Rainwater Harvesting and Bio-pore Infiltration Holes for Flood Mitigation and Soil Conservation naharuddin naharuddin sudirman daeng massiri hendra pribadi arman maiwa muhammad ihsan doi: 10.56578/jche020302 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 08-12-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 08-12-2024 2024 2 3 Article 142 10.56578/jche020302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_3/jche020302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_3/jche020301 The fatigue life of H-type rigid hangers, crucial components in bridge engineering, is investigated in this study, particularly under the influence of torsional vibrations induced by wind loads. These hangers, integral to the integrity and longevity of bridge structures, are characterized by their high aspect ratio and low torsional stiffness, which predispose them to fatigue under such conditions. The focus of the research is the hangers of Dongping Bridge, located in Foshan, Guangdong. Through the application of theoretical analysis and finite element simulation using ABAQUS, the effects of bolting actions were simulated using connector elements, which enhanced computational efficiency and facilitated the stress analysis at the bolt holes in node plates. Furthermore, fe-safe fatigue analysis software was utilized to evaluate the fatigue life, adhering to established guidelines. The findings reveal that selecting an appropriate stiffness for the connector elements is critical in accurately simulating the bolting action. It was determined that the torsional amplitude at mid-span is a viable indicator for assessing fatigue damage. A torsional vibration control threshold of 6.25° is recommended for hangers measuring 40.212 meters in length. 07-17-2024 <![CDATA[ The fatigue life of H-type rigid hangers, crucial components in bridge engineering, is investigated in this study, particularly under the influence of torsional vibrations induced by wind loads. These hangers, integral to the integrity and longevity of bridge structures, are characterized by their high aspect ratio and low torsional stiffness, which predispose them to fatigue under such conditions. The focus of the research is the hangers of Dongping Bridge, located in Foshan, Guangdong. Through the application of theoretical analysis and finite element simulation using ABAQUS, the effects of bolting actions were simulated using connector elements, which enhanced computational efficiency and facilitated the stress analysis at the bolt holes in node plates. Furthermore, fe-safe fatigue analysis software was utilized to evaluate the fatigue life, adhering to established guidelines. The findings reveal that selecting an appropriate stiffness for the connector elements is critical in accurately simulating the bolting action. It was determined that the torsional amplitude at mid-span is a viable indicator for assessing fatigue damage. A torsional vibration control threshold of 6.25° is recommended for hangers measuring 40.212 meters in length. ]]> Assessment of Fatigue Life in H-Type Bridge Hangers Subjected to Torsional Vibration yuyang sun zhouyuan xu zhihao wang doi: 10.56578/jche020301 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 07-17-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 07-17-2024 2024 2 3 Article 131 10.56578/jche020301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_3/jche020301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_2/jche020205 To address the lack of clear formulae for calculating the circumferential stress in steel epoxy sleeve-reinforced pipelines under internal pressure, this study constructs a mechanical model based on the specific stress characteristics of these pipelines. Using stress solution methods and deformation compatibility relationships, theoretical formulas for circumferential stress in the pipeline layer, epoxy resin layer, and sleeve layer under internal pressure are derived. The theoretical formulas are validated through numerical simulations using ANSYS software, which includes models with and without flanges. The calculations were performed for common pipelines with outer diameters of 219mm, 660mm, and 1219mm. The results show that the discrepancies between theoretical and numerical solutions of circumferential stress in all layers of both model types are within 10%. Specifically, the circumferential stress in the pipeline layer of the flanged model is lower than that of the non-flanged model and also lower than the theoretical values. The error between the theoretical and numerical solutions for pipelines of different diameters does not exceed 10%, confirming the validity and applicability of the theoretical formulas. This suggests that using the simplified mechanical model for circumferential stress calculations ensures a conservative approach for the structural assessment of pipelines. The formulas provided herein can serve as a reference for the design and evaluation of steel epoxy sleeve-reinforced pipelines under internal pressure. 06-24-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>To address the lack of clear formulae for calculating the circumferential stress in steel epoxy sleeve-reinforced pipelines under internal pressure, this study constructs a mechanical model based on the specific stress characteristics of these pipelines. Using stress solution methods and deformation compatibility relationships, theoretical formulas for circumferential stress in the pipeline layer, epoxy resin layer, and sleeve layer under internal pressure are derived. The theoretical formulas are validated through numerical simulations using ANSYS software, which includes models with and without flanges. The calculations were performed for common pipelines with outer diameters of 219mm, 660mm, and 1219mm. The results show that the discrepancies between theoretical and numerical solutions of circumferential stress in all layers of both model types are within 10%. Specifically, the circumferential stress in the pipeline layer of the flanged model is lower than that of the non-flanged model and also lower than the theoretical values. The error between the theoretical and numerical solutions for pipelines of different diameters does not exceed 10%, confirming the validity and applicability of the theoretical formulas. This suggests that using the simplified mechanical model for circumferential stress calculations ensures a conservative approach for the structural assessment of pipelines. The formulas provided herein can serve as a reference for the design and evaluation of steel epoxy sleeve-reinforced pipelines under internal pressure.</p> ]]> Calculation of Circumferential Stress in Steel Epoxy Sleeve-Reinforced Pipelines Under Internal Pressure xinyang zhang haonan liu jiaqin zhang yanke shi leige xu doi: 10.56578/jche020205 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 06-24-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 06-24-2024 2024 2 2 Article 120 10.56578/jche020205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_2/jche020205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_2/jche020204 This study investigates the stability of steel columns subjected to axial compression, focusing on square hollow sections (SHS) with both uniform and non-uniform cross-sections. The stability of fixed-free end SHS columns with uniform cross-sections was initially verified using analytical equations. To obtain the critical load and design buckling resistance for each SHS column, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was employed. The results indicate that while analytical equations can validate the stability of uniform SHS columns, they are insufficient for columns with non-uniform cross-sections. Consequently, the FEA emerges as a robust alternative for analyzing columns with varying cross-sections along their length. This study highlights the necessity of numerical methods for verifying the stability of structurally complex columns, such as those with perforations for mechanical and electrical applications. The finite element model was validated and applied to non-uniform cross-section columns, providing insights into the stability of these columns under practical conditions. This research aims to offer an alternative analytical approach for structural engineering applications where column stability is critical, especially for non-uniform cross-sectional designs that facilitate handling processes in various engineering scenarios. 06-23-2024 <![CDATA[ This study investigates the stability of steel columns subjected to axial compression, focusing on square hollow sections (SHS) with both uniform and non-uniform cross-sections. The stability of fixed-free end SHS columns with uniform cross-sections was initially verified using analytical equations. To obtain the critical load and design buckling resistance for each SHS column, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was employed. The results indicate that while analytical equations can validate the stability of uniform SHS columns, they are insufficient for columns with non-uniform cross-sections. Consequently, the FEA emerges as a robust alternative for analyzing columns with varying cross-sections along their length. This study highlights the necessity of numerical methods for verifying the stability of structurally complex columns, such as those with perforations for mechanical and electrical applications. The finite element model was validated and applied to non-uniform cross-section columns, providing insights into the stability of these columns under practical conditions. This research aims to offer an alternative analytical approach for structural engineering applications where column stability is critical, especially for non-uniform cross-sectional designs that facilitate handling processes in various engineering scenarios. ]]> Stability Analysis of Steel Columns with Fixed-Free Ends under Axial Compression: Uniform and Non-Uniform Square Hollow Sections elza m. m. fonseca doi: 10.56578/jche020204 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 06-23-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 06-23-2024 2024 2 2 Article 109 10.56578/jche020204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_2/jche020204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_2/jche020203 Recent observations of global warming phenomena have necessitated the evaluation of the service performance of asphalt pavements, which is substantially influenced by surface temperature levels. This study employed twelve distinct machine learning algorithms—K-neighbors, linear regression, multi-layer perceptron, lasso, ridge, support vector regression, decision tree, AdaBoost, random forest, extra tree, gradient boosting, and XGBoost—to predict the surface temperature of asphalt pavements. Data were sourced from the Road Weather Information System of Iowa State University, comprising 12,581 data points including air temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed, wind direction, wind gust, and pavement sensor temperature. These data were segmented into training (80%) and testing (20%) datasets. Analysis of model outcomes indicated that the Extra Tree algorithm was superior, exhibiting the highest R$^2$ value of 0.95, whereas the Support Vector Regression algorithm recorded the lowest, with an R$^2$ value of 0.70. Furthermore, Shapley Additive Explanations were utilized to interpret model results, providing insights into the contributions of various predictors to model outcomes. The findings affirm that machine learning algorithms are effective for predicting asphalt pavement surface temperatures, thereby supporting pavement management systems in adapting to changing environmental conditions. 06-12-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Recent observations of global warming phenomena have necessitated the evaluation of the service performance of asphalt pavements, which is substantially influenced by surface temperature levels. This study employed twelve distinct machine learning algorithms—K-neighbors, linear regression, multi-layer perceptron, lasso, ridge, support vector regression, decision tree, AdaBoost, random forest, extra tree, gradient boosting, and XGBoost—to predict the surface temperature of asphalt pavements. Data were sourced from the Road Weather Information System of Iowa State University, comprising 12,581 data points including air temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed, wind direction, wind gust, and pavement sensor temperature. These data were segmented into training (80%) and testing (20%) datasets. Analysis of model outcomes indicated that the Extra Tree algorithm was superior, exhibiting the highest R$^2$ value of 0.95, whereas the Support Vector Regression algorithm recorded the lowest, with an R$^2$ value of 0.70. Furthermore, Shapley Additive Explanations were utilized to interpret model results, providing insights into the contributions of various predictors to model outcomes. The findings affirm that machine learning algorithms are effective for predicting asphalt pavement surface temperatures, thereby supporting pavement management systems in adapting to changing environmental conditions.</p> ]]> Impact of Meteorological Factors on Asphalt Pavement Surface Temperatures: A Machine Learning Approach tahsin baykal fatih ergezer ekinhan eriskin serdal terzi doi: 10.56578/jche020203 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 06-12-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 06-12-2024 2024 2 2 Article 100 10.56578/jche020203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_2/jche020203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_2/jche020202 The construction phase of concrete face rockfill dams is often marred by prominent panel cracking issues, with a lack of reliable foundations for anti-cracking design. To control tensile stresses and enhance crack resistance during construction, this study focuses on the primary factors influencing concrete panel stress in cold regions and the standards for crack resistance control. Through sensitivity analysis using simulation methods and incorporating case studies from typical projects, the mechanisms behind cracking were elucidated, and relevant recommendations were proposed. The research indicates that environmental temperatures in cold regions play a dominant role in load-related stresses, with daily temperature variations and cold waves acting as inducing factors. The impact of drying shrinkage is minimal under current conditions of adequate water curing, and the effect of panel deflection deformation is small. Regarding constraints, the influence of the bedding constraint is significant, whereas reinforcement measures have a minimal effect. Among performance parameters, casting temperature has a pronounced impact, as do autogenous volume changes and the coefficient of thermal expansion, while the influence of the adiabatic temperature rise varies insignificantly within a certain range. This study holds significant importance for the prevention of cracking in concrete face rockfill dam panels. 04-09-2024 <![CDATA[ The construction phase of concrete face rockfill dams is often marred by prominent panel cracking issues, with a lack of reliable foundations for anti-cracking design. To control tensile stresses and enhance crack resistance during construction, this study focuses on the primary factors influencing concrete panel stress in cold regions and the standards for crack resistance control. Through sensitivity analysis using simulation methods and incorporating case studies from typical projects, the mechanisms behind cracking were elucidated, and relevant recommendations were proposed. The research indicates that environmental temperatures in cold regions play a dominant role in load-related stresses, with daily temperature variations and cold waves acting as inducing factors. The impact of drying shrinkage is minimal under current conditions of adequate water curing, and the effect of panel deflection deformation is small. Regarding constraints, the influence of the bedding constraint is significant, whereas reinforcement measures have a minimal effect. Among performance parameters, casting temperature has a pronounced impact, as do autogenous volume changes and the coefficient of thermal expansion, while the influence of the adiabatic temperature rise varies insignificantly within a certain range. This study holds significant importance for the prevention of cracking in concrete face rockfill dam panels. ]]> Mechanisms of Cracking and Stress Control During the Construction Phase of Concrete Face Rockfill Dams in Cold Regions junbang duan qiujing zhou wendong zhao jinghong zhao jianbo li yanna li doi: 10.56578/jche020202 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 04-09-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 04-09-2024 2024 2 2 Article 87 10.56578/jche020202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_2/jche020202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_2/jche020201 Dam deformation monitoring is a critical technical measure to ensure the safe and stable operation of dams. It involves measuring the structural deformation response of engineering dams using monitoring instruments or technological means. By analyzing the regularity and trend of deformation monitoring data, potential safety anomalies can be forecasted and warned against, providing timely and reliable data for the formulation and implementation of risk removal measures. Horizontal displacement, as the most intuitive and effective reflection of the dam's state under the action of internal and external loads and foundation deformation, is an indispensable part of dam safety monitoring. Currently, the plumb line method and the tensioned wire method are mainly used for horizontal displacement monitoring of dams. A plumb line coordinate instrument measures the horizontal deformation in the upstream and downstream directions and the left and right bank directions through two axes, or the radial and tangential horizontal displacements for arch dams. Compared to other principles, optoelectronic plumb line coordinate instruments have better long-term stability and anti-interference ability and are widely used on engineering sites. However, the orthogonality of the two measuring directions of the instrument is often overlooked. This paper starts from the principle of the development of the plumb line coordinate instrument, analyzes the source of instrument orthogonal error, and combines data collection, structural analysis, and experimental verification. By applying methods such as least squares and regression analysis, an effective calibration calculation and error correction method is proposed. This method is then programmed into the developed plumb line coordinate instrument to meet the real-time correction and output of measured values, providing a reliable technical method for the accuracy and continuous real-time remote monitoring of dam horizontal displacement monitoring. It also offers a technical path for the orthogonality testing of plumb line coordinate instruments. 04-04-2024 <![CDATA[ Dam deformation monitoring is a critical technical measure to ensure the safe and stable operation of dams. It involves measuring the structural deformation response of engineering dams using monitoring instruments or technological means. By analyzing the regularity and trend of deformation monitoring data, potential safety anomalies can be forecasted and warned against, providing timely and reliable data for the formulation and implementation of risk removal measures. Horizontal displacement, as the most intuitive and effective reflection of the dam's state under the action of internal and external loads and foundation deformation, is an indispensable part of dam safety monitoring. Currently, the plumb line method and the tensioned wire method are mainly used for horizontal displacement monitoring of dams. A plumb line coordinate instrument measures the horizontal deformation in the upstream and downstream directions and the left and right bank directions through two axes, or the radial and tangential horizontal displacements for arch dams. Compared to other principles, optoelectronic plumb line coordinate instruments have better long-term stability and anti-interference ability and are widely used on engineering sites. However, the orthogonality of the two measuring directions of the instrument is often overlooked. This paper starts from the principle of the development of the plumb line coordinate instrument, analyzes the source of instrument orthogonal error, and combines data collection, structural analysis, and experimental verification. By applying methods such as least squares and regression analysis, an effective calibration calculation and error correction method is proposed. This method is then programmed into the developed plumb line coordinate instrument to meet the real-time correction and output of measured values, providing a reliable technical method for the accuracy and continuous real-time remote monitoring of dam horizontal displacement monitoring. It also offers a technical path for the orthogonality testing of plumb line coordinate instruments. ]]> Research and Experimentation on the Orthogonal Error Correction Method for Horizontal Displacement Monitoring fangfang zhou suoying mao jikai zhang doi: 10.56578/jche020201 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 04-04-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 04-04-2024 2024 2 2 Article 75 10.56578/jche020201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_2/jche020201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_1/jche020105 Pile foundations, as one of the main foundation forms for bridges and offshore wind power structures, are prone to scour pits around them under the long-term action of water flow, leading to a decrease in bearing capacity. Traditional pile foundation scour prevention measures, such as the construction of protective jetties and riprap protection, are cumbersome and ineffective. Considering the inevitable generation of a large amount of spoil in engineering construction, by optimizing the performance of cement-stabilized soil, it is expected to use the discarded spoil for pile foundation scour management. Aiming at the underwater anti-dispersive cement-stabilized soil based on kaolin, 67 sets of single-factor rotation experiments were carried out to study the effects of changes in the addition of anti-dispersive agents ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) from 0‰ to 1‰, cement content from 8% to 14%, and water content from 1.4 to 2 times the liquid limit on the anti-dispersion performance, fluidity, and 7d and 28d unconfined compressive strength of the cement soil. The results show that the anti-dispersive agent HPMC can maximize the anti-dispersion performance of the cement soil, with the addition increased from 0‰ to 1‰, the anti-dispersion performance of the cement soil increased by 76.1%, but the fluidity decreased by 54.0%, and the strength of the 28d age cement soil increased by about 52.9%. Anti-dispersive agents can be added to quickly improve the anti-dispersion performance of the cement soil in pile foundation scour management, but attention should also be paid to its weakening effect on the fluidity of the cement soil; the increase in water content has the greatest impact on the fluidity of the cement soil, with the water content increased from 1.4 times the liquid limit to twice the liquid limit, the fluidity increased by 80.3%; the cement content increased from 8% to 14%, the unconfined compressive strength of the cement soil increased by more than double, and the anti-dispersion performance increased by 26.8%. Based on the experimental results, the recommended mix ratio of kaolin-based cement soil for pile foundation scour repair is: 0.75‰ EVA addition, 1.6 times the liquid limit water content, 10% cement content. 03-21-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Pile foundations, as one of the main foundation forms for bridges and offshore wind power structures, are prone to scour pits around them under the long-term action of water flow, leading to a decrease in bearing capacity. Traditional pile foundation scour prevention measures, such as the construction of protective jetties and riprap protection, are cumbersome and ineffective. Considering the inevitable generation of a large amount of spoil in engineering construction, by optimizing the performance of cement-stabilized soil, it is expected to use the discarded spoil for pile foundation scour management. Aiming at the underwater anti-dispersive cement-stabilized soil based on kaolin, 67 sets of single-factor rotation experiments were carried out to study the effects of changes in the addition of anti-dispersive agents ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) from 0‰ to 1‰, cement content from 8% to 14%, and water content from 1.4 to 2 times the liquid limit on the anti-dispersion performance, fluidity, and 7d and 28d unconfined compressive strength of the cement soil. The results show that the anti-dispersive agent HPMC can maximize the anti-dispersion performance of the cement soil, with the addition increased from 0‰ to 1‰, the anti-dispersion performance of the cement soil increased by 76.1%, but the fluidity decreased by 54.0%, and the strength of the 28d age cement soil increased by about 52.9%. Anti-dispersive agents can be added to quickly improve the anti-dispersion performance of the cement soil in pile foundation scour management, but attention should also be paid to its weakening effect on the fluidity of the cement soil; the increase in water content has the greatest impact on the fluidity of the cement soil, with the water content increased from 1.4 times the liquid limit to twice the liquid limit, the fluidity increased by 80.3%; the cement content increased from 8% to 14%, the unconfined compressive strength of the cement soil increased by more than double, and the anti-dispersion performance increased by 26.8%. Based on the experimental results, the recommended mix ratio of kaolin-based cement soil for pile foundation scour repair is: 0.75‰ EVA addition, 1.6 times the liquid limit water content, 10% cement content.</p> ]]> Investigating the Properties and Determinants of Underwater Anti-Dispersive Cementitious Soil with Kaolin: An Experimental Approach chengbo xiao ting huang xiaojun yuan ao jiao doi: 10.56578/jche020105 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 03-21-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 03-21-2024 2024 2 1 Article 65 10.56578/jche020105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_1/jche020105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_1/jche020104 The construction, maintenance, and repair of civil infrastructure demand substantial economic investment, underscoring the necessity of structural health monitoring (SHM) to mitigate property loss resulting from structural failures. Within the domain of SHM systems, the integration of fiber-optic sensors (FOS) is distinguished by their diminutive size, lightweight nature, resistance to corrosion, and straightforward installation procedures, thus garnering widespread recognition. Despite the voluminous publications addressing this subject, comprehensive surveys employing bibliometric and scientometric methodologies remain scarce. This review scrutinizes 1066 publications spanning the past decade through scientometric examination, delineating publication trends, journals of significant contribution, leading researchers, foremost affiliations, and the prevalence of keywords. The analysis reveals a consistent upward trajectory in research activity, with the United States and China emerging as pivotal contributors. Employing VOS viewer for clustering visualization, the study categorizes keywords into discrete clusters, elucidating the breadth of applications and the interconnectedness of topics based on the strength of their associations. This investigation stands as a novel contribution, furnishing a holistic overview of FOS research within SHM, charting historical and current trends, and pinpointing emergent research avenues. The findings are poised to serve as an invaluable repository for scholars endeavoring to incorporate SHM systems equipped with FOS into their forthcoming investigations. 03-21-2024 <![CDATA[ The construction, maintenance, and repair of civil infrastructure demand substantial economic investment, underscoring the necessity of structural health monitoring (SHM) to mitigate property loss resulting from structural failures. Within the domain of SHM systems, the integration of fiber-optic sensors (FOS) is distinguished by their diminutive size, lightweight nature, resistance to corrosion, and straightforward installation procedures, thus garnering widespread recognition. Despite the voluminous publications addressing this subject, comprehensive surveys employing bibliometric and scientometric methodologies remain scarce. This review scrutinizes 1066 publications spanning the past decade through scientometric examination, delineating publication trends, journals of significant contribution, leading researchers, foremost affiliations, and the prevalence of keywords. The analysis reveals a consistent upward trajectory in research activity, with the United States and China emerging as pivotal contributors. Employing VOS viewer for clustering visualization, the study categorizes keywords into discrete clusters, elucidating the breadth of applications and the interconnectedness of topics based on the strength of their associations. This investigation stands as a novel contribution, furnishing a holistic overview of FOS research within SHM, charting historical and current trends, and pinpointing emergent research avenues. The findings are poised to serve as an invaluable repository for scholars endeavoring to incorporate SHM systems equipped with FOS into their forthcoming investigations. ]]> Bibliometric and Scientometric Trends in Structural Health Monitoring Using Fiber-Optic Sensors: A Comprehensive Review khairil mahbubi ahmad zaki guntur nugroho doi: 10.56578/jche020104 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 03-21-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 03-21-2024 2024 2 1 Article 51 10.56578/jche020104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_1/jche020104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_1/jche020103 In response to the escalating pressures of urbanization and population growth on the ecosystems and flood risks in Bor County, Jonglei State, South Sudan, this study proposes the implementation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) as a resilience-building measure. Through the design of open drainage channels featuring non-uniform flow, inclusive of main and sub-channels alongside infiltration wells, the research aims at mitigating flooding, enhancing water quality, and fostering sustainable development within the region. The necessity for managing substantial runoff volumes has been identified, with a decade of rainfall data employed to accommodate annual variability. The evaluation of SUDS techniques to mitigate flooding entails a customized design approach, integrating cost estimation with flood mitigation strategies and the assessment of short- and long-term co-benefits. Hydrological analysis of ten years of rainfall data facilitated the sizing of channels for storm events ranging from 2 to 5 years, with precipitation intensities between 73.82 and 93.08 mm/day, resulting in the planning of open trapezoidal channels with dimensions to support 5 $m^3/s$ flows. Moreover, infiltration wells, with diameters of 2–3 meters and depths of 3-5 meters, have demonstrated potential in reducing runoff volumes by up to 70% in a 0.5-hectare modelled area. The incorporation of drop structures aims to control slopes ranging from 6-15% in channels, thereby preventing erosion for flows up to 20 $m^3/s$. The adaptability of SUDS approaches, commonly applied in developed nations, to the tropical environment of Bor is scrutinized, highlighting the necessity for localized adaptation due to data limitations and modelling simplifications. The potential barriers posed by capital costs underscore the importance of a life cycle analysis. The success of SUDS implementation in Bor County is contingent upon community engagement, ensuring acceptance and ownership. It is recommended that low-cost, simplistic pilot projects, focusing initially on rain gardens and permeable pavements, precede large-scale implementation. Through strategic planning, SUDS hold the potential to enhance climate resilience in the expanding community of Bor County. An integrated technical analysis provides actionable solutions for flood mitigation, advocating for further monitoring and community-driven initiatives to transition SUDS from concept to reality. 03-12-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>In response to the escalating pressures of urbanization and population growth on the ecosystems and flood risks in Bor County, Jonglei State, South Sudan, this study proposes the implementation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) as a resilience-building measure. Through the design of open drainage channels featuring non-uniform flow, inclusive of main and sub-channels alongside infiltration wells, the research aims at mitigating flooding, enhancing water quality, and fostering sustainable development within the region. The necessity for managing substantial runoff volumes has been identified, with a decade of rainfall data employed to accommodate annual variability. The evaluation of SUDS techniques to mitigate flooding entails a customized design approach, integrating cost estimation with flood mitigation strategies and the assessment of short- and long-term co-benefits. Hydrological analysis of ten years of rainfall data facilitated the sizing of channels for storm events ranging from 2 to 5 years, with precipitation intensities between 73.82 and 93.08 mm/day, resulting in the planning of open trapezoidal channels with dimensions to support 5 $m^3/s$ flows. Moreover, infiltration wells, with diameters of 2–3 meters and depths of 3-5 meters, have demonstrated potential in reducing runoff volumes by up to 70% in a 0.5-hectare modelled area. The incorporation of drop structures aims to control slopes ranging from 6-15% in channels, thereby preventing erosion for flows up to 20 $m^3/s$. The adaptability of SUDS approaches, commonly applied in developed nations, to the tropical environment of Bor is scrutinized, highlighting the necessity for localized adaptation due to data limitations and modelling simplifications. The potential barriers posed by capital costs underscore the importance of a life cycle analysis. The success of SUDS implementation in Bor County is contingent upon community engagement, ensuring acceptance and ownership. It is recommended that low-cost, simplistic pilot projects, focusing initially on rain gardens and permeable pavements, precede large-scale implementation. Through strategic planning, SUDS hold the potential to enhance climate resilience in the expanding community of Bor County. An integrated technical analysis provides actionable solutions for flood mitigation, advocating for further monitoring and community-driven initiatives to transition SUDS from concept to reality.</p> ]]> Evaluating Flood Hazard Mitigation through Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems in Bor, Jonglei State, South Sudan abraham ayuen ngong deng nursetiawan nursetiawan jazaul ikhsan doi: 10.56578/jche020103 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 03-12-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 03-12-2024 2024 2 1 Article 31 10.56578/jche020103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_1/jche020103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_1/jche020102 High-grade highways are an important part of the modern comprehensive transportation system. However, due to frequent natural disasters, harsh meteorological conditions, and fragile geological environments, high-grade highway construction projects face significant risks, and how to specifically manage and control these construction risks to reduce them to a socially acceptable level has become a pressing technical issue. Therefore, this study combines the construction characteristics and risk features of high-grade highways, applies the Hall's three-dimensional structural theory to comprehensively identify potential risk factors from the dimensions of time, structure, and logic, and builds the logical dimension from four aspects: people, materials, environment, and management. To filter the main influencing factors, the Delphi method is adopted to construct a risk assessment indicator system, with the expert opinions fully taken into consideration. To address the subjectivity in the weight calculation process of risk assessment indicators, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Entropy Weight Method are used to calculate the subjective and objective weights, respectively. A combined weighting model is established based on game theory principles and is used to optimize the weights of the risk assessment indicators. In view of the fuzziness of risks during high-grade highway construction, fuzzy mathematics theory is introduced to construct the risk assessment model. In this study, this method is applied to the construction of the Elsiyah Highway to clarify the risk level of the project and propose targeted control measures. The results show that the risk level of the Elsiyah Highway project is relatively high. The risk level is conditionally acceptable, but measures must be taken to reduce the risks. 01-25-2024 <![CDATA[ High-grade highways are an important part of the modern comprehensive transportation system. However, due to frequent natural disasters, harsh meteorological conditions, and fragile geological environments, high-grade highway construction projects face significant risks, and how to specifically manage and control these construction risks to reduce them to a socially acceptable level has become a pressing technical issue. Therefore, this study combines the construction characteristics and risk features of high-grade highways, applies the Hall's three-dimensional structural theory to comprehensively identify potential risk factors from the dimensions of time, structure, and logic, and builds the logical dimension from four aspects: people, materials, environment, and management. To filter the main influencing factors, the Delphi method is adopted to construct a risk assessment indicator system, with the expert opinions fully taken into consideration. To address the subjectivity in the weight calculation process of risk assessment indicators, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Entropy Weight Method are used to calculate the subjective and objective weights, respectively. A combined weighting model is established based on game theory principles and is used to optimize the weights of the risk assessment indicators. In view of the fuzziness of risks during high-grade highway construction, fuzzy mathematics theory is introduced to construct the risk assessment model. In this study, this method is applied to the construction of the Elsiyah Highway to clarify the risk level of the project and propose targeted control measures. The results show that the risk level of the Elsiyah Highway project is relatively high. The risk level is conditionally acceptable, but measures must be taken to reduce the risks. ]]> Risk Assessment of High-grade Highway Construction Based on Combined Weighting and Fuzzy Mathematics wei wu mengmeng ma xuezhong hu bo xu yufei chen yutie jiao zongkun li wei ge pieter van gelder doi: 10.56578/jche020102 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 01-25-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 01-25-2024 2024 2 1 Article 16 10.56578/jche020102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_1/jche020102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_1/jche020101 Decades of engineering practice have substantiated that the implementation of construction joints is a pivotal method for mitigating dam cracking. The integration of various joint types, notably transverse and induced joints, within roller-compacted concrete (RCC) arch dams has emerged as a promising strategy to curtail cracking and structural failure. This approach leverages the unique structural characteristics inherent to each joint type. Given the intricate, variable, and dynamic nature of thermal stress in RCC arch dams, the design process for crack prevention, particularly the configuration of induced joints, demands an accurate representation of the dam's operational conditions from construction through to service. Investigations in practical engineering contexts have revealed that the utilization of a contact unit simulation methodology, featuring an open/close iterative function for modeling the behavior of induced and transverse joints in RCC arch dams, proves effective. This method is complemented by the adoption of equivalent strength theory as the criterion for structural integrity assessment. A comprehensive process simulation encompassing the entire dam structure further enhances the efficacy of this approach. Such simulations facilitate a more granular examination of joint placement within the dam and the structural design of the joints themselves. As a result, induced joints can be optimally opened in alignment with design expectations, thereby alleviating tensile stress triggered by temperature reductions. This strategy assures superior construction quality of the dam's concrete body, contributing significantly to the longevity and safety of RCC arch dams. 01-14-2024 <![CDATA[ Decades of engineering practice have substantiated that the implementation of construction joints is a pivotal method for mitigating dam cracking. The integration of various joint types, notably transverse and induced joints, within roller-compacted concrete (RCC) arch dams has emerged as a promising strategy to curtail cracking and structural failure. This approach leverages the unique structural characteristics inherent to each joint type. Given the intricate, variable, and dynamic nature of thermal stress in RCC arch dams, the design process for crack prevention, particularly the configuration of induced joints, demands an accurate representation of the dam's operational conditions from construction through to service. Investigations in practical engineering contexts have revealed that the utilization of a contact unit simulation methodology, featuring an open/close iterative function for modeling the behavior of induced and transverse joints in RCC arch dams, proves effective. This method is complemented by the adoption of equivalent strength theory as the criterion for structural integrity assessment. A comprehensive process simulation encompassing the entire dam structure further enhances the efficacy of this approach. Such simulations facilitate a more granular examination of joint placement within the dam and the structural design of the joints themselves. As a result, induced joints can be optimally opened in alignment with design expectations, thereby alleviating tensile stress triggered by temperature reductions. This strategy assures superior construction quality of the dam's concrete body, contributing significantly to the longevity and safety of RCC arch dams. ]]> Designing Induced Joints in RCC Arch Dams for Enhanced Crack Prevention: A Contact Unit Simulation and Equivalent Strength Theory Approach haifeng li doi: 10.56578/jche020101 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 01-14-2024 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 01-14-2024 2024 2 1 Article 1 10.56578/jche020101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2024_2_1/jche020101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2023_1_1/jche010105 In response to the mechanical performance alterations of PVC-P geomembranes due to improper handling or subgrade particle action during construction and operation, a series of axial tensile tests on PVC-P geomembranes with various scratch damages were conducted. Multifactorial variance analysis was performed using Python, and a multivariate regression model for the fracture strength and elongation at break of scratched PVC-P geomembranes was developed using SPSS. The precision of the regression model was evaluated using parameters such as the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The results indicated that the fracture strength and elongation at break of PVC-P geomembranes are significantly affected by a combination of scratch angle, length, and depth. The impact on elongation at break is greater than on fracture strength, with the scratch angle having the most significant effect. The developed multivariate regression model yielded R2 values of 0.98 and 0.97 for fracture strength and elongation at break, respectively. The MAEs were 0.62 kN/m and 7.96%, and the MAPEs were 3.06% and 5.13%, respectively. The RMSEs were 0.84 kN/m and 12.08%. The high fitting accuracy of the model suggests its utility for evaluating the mechanical performance of PVC-P geomembranes with scratch damage. 12-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>In response to the mechanical performance alterations of PVC-P geomembranes due to improper handling or subgrade particle action during construction and operation, a series of axial tensile tests on PVC-P geomembranes with various scratch damages were conducted. Multifactorial variance analysis was performed using Python, and a multivariate regression model for the fracture strength and elongation at break of scratched PVC-P geomembranes was developed using SPSS. The precision of the regression model was evaluated using parameters such as the coefficient of determination (R²), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The results indicated that the fracture strength and elongation at break of PVC-P geomembranes are significantly affected by a combination of scratch angle, length, and depth. The impact on elongation at break is greater than on fracture strength, with the scratch angle having the most significant effect. The developed multivariate regression model yielded R² values of 0.98 and 0.97 for fracture strength and elongation at break, respectively. The MAEs were 0.62 kN/m and 7.96%, and the MAPEs were 3.06% and 5.13%, respectively. The RMSEs were 0.84 kN/m and 12.08%. The high fitting accuracy of the model suggests its utility for evaluating the mechanical performance of PVC-P geomembranes with scratch damage.</p> ]]> Regression Model for the Mechanical Properties of PVC-P Geomembranes with Scratch Damage xianlei zhang jianqun liu wenhui zhang hesong liu doi: 10.56578/jche010105 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-30-2023 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-30-2023 2023 1 1 Article 49 10.56578/jche010105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2023_1_1/jche010105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2023_1_1/jche010104 This study introduces a novel methodology for optimizing the design of small dams in the Western Desert of Iraq, a region characterized by its vast expanse and significant flood water influx, particularly in the Horan Valley. The approach integrates Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with a custom-developed Visual Basic program, termed the Optimal Height and Location Model (OHALM), to determine the most effective dam height and location. The initial phase of the study involved utilizing GIS to identify potential dam sites in Horan Valley, based on a set of defined criteria. Subsequently, OHALM was employed to ascertain the optimal dam height, taking into account economic factors such as minimal evaporation losses and maximal water storage capacity. The study culminated in the selection of 13 proposed small dam sites, with height estimations ranging between 12.5 to 14 meters, allowing for a total water storage capacity of approximately 303 million cubic meters. This capacity expansion resulted in an increase of the valley's water body area from 15 square kilometers to 90 square kilometers. Comparative analysis of these proposed dam heights with those of existing structures in the valley revealed a relative variance of 10.4% in the upstream, 7.2% in the midstream, and a comparable percentage in the downstream areas. The research highlights the efficacy of integrating GIS and Visual Basic programming for the strategic development of water resource management systems, particularly in arid regions. This innovative approach demonstrates the potential for significant improvements in water storage and management, addressing the critical need for sustainable water resources in arid environments. 12-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>This study introduces a novel methodology for optimizing the design of small dams in the Western Desert of Iraq, a region characterized by its vast expanse and significant flood water influx, particularly in the Horan Valley. The approach integrates Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with a custom-developed Visual Basic program, termed the Optimal Height and Location Model (OHALM), to determine the most effective dam height and location. The initial phase of the study involved utilizing GIS to identify potential dam sites in Horan Valley, based on a set of defined criteria. Subsequently, OHALM was employed to ascertain the optimal dam height, taking into account economic factors such as minimal evaporation losses and maximal water storage capacity. The study culminated in the selection of 13 proposed small dam sites, with height estimations ranging between 12.5 to 14 meters, allowing for a total water storage capacity of approximately 303 million cubic meters. This capacity expansion resulted in an increase of the valley's water body area from 15 square kilometers to 90 square kilometers. Comparative analysis of these proposed dam heights with those of existing structures in the valley revealed a relative variance of 10.4% in the upstream, 7.2% in the midstream, and a comparable percentage in the downstream areas. The research highlights the efficacy of integrating GIS and Visual Basic programming for the strategic development of water resource management systems, particularly in arid regions. This innovative approach demonstrates the potential for significant improvements in water storage and management, addressing the critical need for sustainable water resources in arid environments.</p> ]]> Optimization of Rainwater-Harvesting Dam Placement in Iraq’s Western Desert: A GIS and Mathematical Modeling Approach isam mohammed abdulhameed rasha ismaeel naif doi: 10.56578/jche010104 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-30-2023 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-30-2023 2023 1 1 Article 38 10.56578/jche010104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2023_1_1/jche010104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2023_1_1/jche010103 In the realm of civil engineering and industrial construction, the infusion of waste materials into road pavements has emerged as a pivotal strategy for augmenting the attributes of asphalt mixtures while concurrently mitigating the environmental repercussions associated with waste. This investigation delineates a dry method for the preliminary treatment of waste paper, preceding its amalgamation into asphalt mixtures. The focal point is the incorporation of waste paper and Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) as modifiers in Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA). It is posited that the inclusion of waste paper fibers can substantially elevate the SMA's flexibility and crack resistance. Simultaneously, CKD is purported to bolster the asphalt's strength and durability through its cementitious characteristics. A series of SMA blends were formulated, integrating waste paper and CKD in varied proportions ranging from 0.2% to 1% by weight. Subsequent evaluations encompassed analyses of air voids, density, drain-down characteristics, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), and Marshall Stability. The outcomes revealed that the drain-down test exhibited enhancements in volumetric parameters, notably density and air voids. Concomitantly, there was a 33% increase in Marshall Stability and a 37% improvement in ITS. Additional advancements were observed in Marshall Flow, Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR), and skid resistance. In summation, this study establishes that waste paper, when appropriately treated and amalgamated with CKD, can be efficaciously utilized in SMA mixes, yielding mixtures with superior volumetric and mechanical properties. This methodology not only augments the stiffness and minimizes binder drainage but also enhances rutting resistance. Most crucially, it paves the way for sustainable and ethical practices in the reuse and recycling of waste materials. 12-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>In the realm of civil engineering and industrial construction, the infusion of waste materials into road pavements has emerged as a pivotal strategy for augmenting the attributes of asphalt mixtures while concurrently mitigating the environmental repercussions associated with waste. This investigation delineates a dry method for the preliminary treatment of waste paper, preceding its amalgamation into asphalt mixtures. The focal point is the incorporation of waste paper and Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) as modifiers in Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA). It is posited that the inclusion of waste paper fibers can substantially elevate the SMA's flexibility and crack resistance. Simultaneously, CKD is purported to bolster the asphalt's strength and durability through its cementitious characteristics. A series of SMA blends were formulated, integrating waste paper and CKD in varied proportions ranging from 0.2% to 1% by weight. Subsequent evaluations encompassed analyses of air voids, density, drain-down characteristics, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), and Marshall Stability. The outcomes revealed that the drain-down test exhibited enhancements in volumetric parameters, notably density and air voids. Concomitantly, there was a 33% increase in Marshall Stability and a 37% improvement in ITS. Additional advancements were observed in Marshall Flow, Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR), and skid resistance. In summation, this study establishes that waste paper, when appropriately treated and amalgamated with CKD, can be efficaciously utilized in SMA mixes, yielding mixtures with superior volumetric and mechanical properties. This methodology not only augments the stiffness and minimizes binder drainage but also enhances rutting resistance. Most crucially, it paves the way for sustainable and ethical practices in the reuse and recycling of waste materials.</p> ]]> Enhancing Stone Mastic Asphalt through the Integration of Waste Paper and Cement Kiln Dust shireen sulaiman mohammed naser mohsen seyedi shakir al-busaltan doi: 10.56578/jche010103 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-30-2023 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 12-30-2023 2023 1 1 Article 23 10.56578/jche010103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2023_1_1/jche010103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2023_1_1/jche010102 In addressing the challenge of precise lateral attitude adjustment during high-altitude hoisting of non-standard steel structures, such as the rotating platforms in rocket launch towers, a novel approach involving an adjustable counterweight balance beam has been developed. This method entails the strategic placement of movable counterweight blocks on the balance beam, thereby enabling the manipulation of the gravity center's distribution for refined posture control of the load suspended beneath the beam. A theoretical model encompassing static balance and deformation coordination has been formulated for this adjustable balance beam system. Utilizing Matlab for computational analysis, the model elucidates the effects of various parameters, including the counterweight block position, block weight, lifted load, sling length, and balance beam length on the beam's attitude. The findings suggest that the beam's performance can be optimized in accordance with the weight of the load. Through the judicious design of the sling and beam lengths, as well as the counterweight block mass, continuous fine-tuning of the hoisting posture is achievable via progressive adjustments of the counterweight block's position on the balance beam. The theoretical calculations and analyses derived from this study offer valuable insights for the design of new balance beams and the enhancement of hoisting operations, catering to the specific demands of high-precision, high-altitude lifting tasks. 11-12-2023 <![CDATA[ In addressing the challenge of precise lateral attitude adjustment during high-altitude hoisting of non-standard steel structures, such as the rotating platforms in rocket launch towers, a novel approach involving an adjustable counterweight balance beam has been developed. This method entails the strategic placement of movable counterweight blocks on the balance beam, thereby enabling the manipulation of the gravity center's distribution for refined posture control of the load suspended beneath the beam. A theoretical model encompassing static balance and deformation coordination has been formulated for this adjustable balance beam system. Utilizing Matlab for computational analysis, the model elucidates the effects of various parameters, including the counterweight block position, block weight, lifted load, sling length, and balance beam length on the beam's attitude. The findings suggest that the beam's performance can be optimized in accordance with the weight of the load. Through the judicious design of the sling and beam lengths, as well as the counterweight block mass, continuous fine-tuning of the hoisting posture is achievable via progressive adjustments of the counterweight block's position on the balance beam. The theoretical calculations and analyses derived from this study offer valuable insights for the design of new balance beams and the enhancement of hoisting operations, catering to the specific demands of high-precision, high-altitude lifting tasks. ]]> Optimization of Hoisting Attitude in Non-standard Steel Structures via Adjustable Counterweight Balance Beam Technology wenlei li zhiping deng xiaoshan liu xiaoping jiang doi: 10.56578/jche010102 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 11-12-2023 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 11-12-2023 2023 1 1 Article 11 10.56578/jche010102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2023_1_1/jche010102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2023_1_1/jche010101 In regions characterized by extreme cold and elevated altitudes, notably in the northwest, the mechanical characteristics of construction materials such as Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) are critically impacted by ambient temperatures. This study investigates the mechanical properties of UHPC subjected to low-temperature curing environments, conducting uni-axial compressive and splitting tensile strength tests on UHPC specimens, which comprise water, dry mix, and steel fibers. These specimens were cured at varied temperatures (-10℃, -5℃, 5℃, 10℃). Utilizing damage theory principles, the loss rate in compressive strength of UHPC post-curing was quantified as a damage indicator, revealing internal degradation. A predictive model for damage under low-temperature maintenance was developed, grounded in the two-parameter Weibull probability distribution and empirical damage models. Parameter estimation for this model was achieved through the least squares method, informed by experimental data. The findings indicate a rapid increase in UHPC’s mechanical strength at all curing temperatures, with 7-day strength achieving approximately 90% of its 28-day counterpart. A positive correlation was observed between the mechanical strength of UHPC, curing temperature, and age. Despite a reduction in mechanical strength due to low-temperature curing, UHPC was found to attain anticipated strength levels suitable for construction in cold environments. The proposed model for predicting UHPC damage under low-temperature conditions demonstrated efficacy in estimating the strength loss rate, thereby offering substantial technical support for UHPC’s application in northwest regions. 11-12-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>In regions characterized by extreme cold and elevated altitudes, notably in the northwest, the mechanical characteristics of construction materials such as Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) are critically impacted by ambient temperatures. This study investigates the mechanical properties of UHPC subjected to low-temperature curing environments, conducting uni-axial compressive and splitting tensile strength tests on UHPC specimens, which comprise water, dry mix, and steel fibers. These specimens were cured at varied temperatures (-10℃, -5℃, 5℃, 10℃). Utilizing damage theory principles, the loss rate in compressive strength of UHPC post-curing was quantified as a damage indicator, revealing internal degradation. A predictive model for damage under low-temperature maintenance was developed, grounded in the two-parameter Weibull probability distribution and empirical damage models. Parameter estimation for this model was achieved through the least squares method, informed by experimental data. The findings indicate a rapid increase in UHPC’s mechanical strength at all curing temperatures, with 7-day strength achieving approximately 90% of its 28-day counterpart. A positive correlation was observed between the mechanical strength of UHPC, curing temperature, and age. Despite a reduction in mechanical strength due to low-temperature curing, UHPC was found to attain anticipated strength levels suitable for construction in cold environments. The proposed model for predicting UHPC damage under low-temperature conditions demonstrated efficacy in estimating the strength loss rate, thereby offering substantial technical support for UHPC’s application in northwest regions.</p> ]]> Assessment of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Mechanical Properties and Damage Under Low-Temperature Curing Conditions lei zhang yanwei shi guanying liu doi: 10.56578/jche010101 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 11-12-2023 Journal of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering 11-12-2023 2023 1 1 Article 1 10.56578/jche010101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/JCHE/2023_1_1/jche010101