Latest open access articles published in International Journal of Transport Development and Integration at https://www.acadlore.com/journals/IJTDI https://www.acadlore.com/journals/IJTDI Acadlore en Creative Commons Attribution(CC - BY) IJTDI support@acadlore.com https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100120 This study examines how electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure influences urban mobility performance in a Tier-II city, using Nizamabad in India as a case study. A structured survey was carried out with EV users—including two-wheeler riders and three-wheeler operators—to explore charging behaviour, accessibility to charging facilities, and the effects on daily travel patterns. The results show that limited charging availability, uneven station distribution, and long waiting times often disrupt trip continuity and reduce operational efficiency. These issues are especially pronounced among commercial operators, who depend on frequent charging to maintain daily service cycles. For them, infrastructure gaps directly affect service reliability and last-mile connectivity. In contrast, users with home charging facilities face far fewer disruptions, pointing to uneven impacts across different user groups. The findings indicate that charging infrastructure functions as a fundamental element of the urban transport system rather than an auxiliary service. A more deliberate alignment of charging stations with activity hubs and transport nodes would improve accessibility and support more stable mobility patterns. These observations underline the importance of coordinated infrastructure planning in facilitating the ongoing transition to electric mobility in emerging urban contexts. 03-30-2026 <![CDATA[ This study examines how electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure influences urban mobility performance in a Tier-II city, using Nizamabad in India as a case study. A structured survey was carried out with EV users—including two-wheeler riders and three-wheeler operators—to explore charging behaviour, accessibility to charging facilities, and the effects on daily travel patterns. The results show that limited charging availability, uneven station distribution, and long waiting times often disrupt trip continuity and reduce operational efficiency. These issues are especially pronounced among commercial operators, who depend on frequent charging to maintain daily service cycles. For them, infrastructure gaps directly affect service reliability and last-mile connectivity. In contrast, users with home charging facilities face far fewer disruptions, pointing to uneven impacts across different user groups. The findings indicate that charging infrastructure functions as a fundamental element of the urban transport system rather than an auxiliary service. A more deliberate alignment of charging stations with activity hubs and transport nodes would improve accessibility and support more stable mobility patterns. These observations underline the importance of coordinated infrastructure planning in facilitating the ongoing transition to electric mobility in emerging urban contexts. ]]> Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure and Urban Mobility Performance: Evidence from a Tier-II City in India sudhakar madhavedi bella sreekanth kumar ravikanth regalla wong chee hoo doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100120 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2026 2026 10 1 Article 288 10.56578/ijtdi100120 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100120 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100119 In residential neighbourhoods, the provision of parking often fails to keep pace with increasing levels of private vehicle ownership. As a result, on-street parking becomes common practice, gradually affecting the functioning of local roads. This study looks at how parking availability and on-street parking behaviour are related to changes in residential road capacity. The analysis is based on a household survey of 215 residents, combined with direct observations of parking conditions and street layouts. Correlation analysis was applied to examine the links between parking supply, vehicle ownership, and actual parking practices. The findings indicate that limited parking provision is closely associated with a higher dependence on on-street parking, especially in areas characterised by smaller housing units with restricted garage space. In many cases, vehicles are parked for extended periods, and parking configurations such as perpendicular or irregular arrangements further reduce the usable width of the carriageway. This, in turn, makes vehicle manoeuvring more difficult and increases the likelihood of localised congestion and access-related conflicts. Differences in parking behaviour are also observed across households, with income level, housing type, and vehicle ownership shaping both parking demand and parking location choices. Taken together, the results suggest that parking conditions in residential areas should be understood as part of everyday transport performance rather than treated solely as a matter of spatial provision. Measures aimed at improving parking supply, managing on-street parking practices, and aligning residential design with actual patterns of vehicle ownership may help to ease pressure on local roads and improve overall traffic conditions at the neighbourhood scale. 03-24-2026 <![CDATA[ In residential neighbourhoods, the provision of parking often fails to keep pace with increasing levels of private vehicle ownership. As a result, on-street parking becomes common practice, gradually affecting the functioning of local roads. This study looks at how parking availability and on-street parking behaviour are related to changes in residential road capacity. The analysis is based on a household survey of 215 residents, combined with direct observations of parking conditions and street layouts. Correlation analysis was applied to examine the links between parking supply, vehicle ownership, and actual parking practices. The findings indicate that limited parking provision is closely associated with a higher dependence on on-street parking, especially in areas characterised by smaller housing units with restricted garage space. In many cases, vehicles are parked for extended periods, and parking configurations such as perpendicular or irregular arrangements further reduce the usable width of the carriageway. This, in turn, makes vehicle manoeuvring more difficult and increases the likelihood of localised congestion and access-related conflicts. Differences in parking behaviour are also observed across households, with income level, housing type, and vehicle ownership shaping both parking demand and parking location choices. Taken together, the results suggest that parking conditions in residential areas should be understood as part of everyday transport performance rather than treated solely as a matter of spatial provision. Measures aimed at improving parking supply, managing on-street parking practices, and aligning residential design with actual patterns of vehicle ownership may help to ease pressure on local roads and improve overall traffic conditions at the neighbourhood scale. ]]> Parking Availability, On-Street Parking Behaviour, and Residential Road Capacity: Evidence from a Household Survey and Correlation Analysis arnita arief venny veronica natalia shirly wunas doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100119 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-24-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-24-2026 2026 10 1 Article 275 10.56578/ijtdi100119 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100119 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100118 The rapid expansion of online motorcycle taxi services in Indonesia has been accompanied by a noticeable rise in traffic accidents, particularly in urban areas such as Semarang. In this context, driver-related factors appear to play a more decisive role than infrastructural conditions. This study examines the relationship between personality traits, driving behavior, and accident involvement among online motorcycle taxi drivers. Data were collected from 264 drivers and analyzed using partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that honesty-humility, emotionality, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience are associated with safer driving behavior, whereas extraversion is linked to riskier patterns. In turn, safer driving behavior is associated with a lower likelihood of accident involvement. By contrast, age and years of service do not show a consistent influence on driving behavior. Based on these findings, a set of behavior-oriented intervention strategies is outlined, with emphasis on aligning safety measures with individual personality profiles. Rather than focusing solely on regulatory enforcement, the results suggest that targeted behavioral approaches may offer a more effective pathway for reducing accident risk in urban motorcycle-based transport services. 03-19-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>The rapid expansion of online motorcycle taxi services in Indonesia has been accompanied by a noticeable rise in traffic accidents, particularly in urban areas such as Semarang. In this context, driver-related factors appear to play a more decisive role than infrastructural conditions. This study examines the relationship between personality traits, driving behavior, and accident involvement among online motorcycle taxi drivers. Data were collected from 264 drivers and analyzed using partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that honesty-humility, emotionality, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience are associated with safer driving behavior, whereas extraversion is linked to riskier patterns. In turn, safer driving behavior is associated with a lower likelihood of accident involvement. By contrast, age and years of service do not show a consistent influence on driving behavior. Based on these findings, a set of behavior-oriented intervention strategies is outlined, with emphasis on aligning safety measures with individual personality profiles. Rather than focusing solely on regulatory enforcement, the results suggest that targeted behavioral approaches may offer a more effective pathway for reducing accident risk in urban motorcycle-based transport services.</p> ]]> Linking Personality Traits and Driving Behavior to Road Safety Outcomes: A Behavioral Framework for Urban Transport Systems arfan bakhtiar anggun rachmawati wardani faradhina azzahra manik mahachandra doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100118 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-19-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-19-2026 2026 10 1 Article 264 10.56578/ijtdi100118 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100118 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100117 Encouraging travellers to shift from private vehicles to public transport remains a persistent challenge in many urban areas, particularly where bus systems struggle to compete with more flexible modes. This study examines how different dimensions of service quality influence the intention to shift toward urban bus systems. A survey of 650 respondents was conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, focusing on individuals currently relying on private or on-demand transport. A structural equation modelling approach was used to analyse the relationships between service attributes and behavioural intention. The results indicate that all service quality dimensions considered have a significant effect on mode shift intention, though their relative importance differs. Interpersonal aspects of service—particularly empathy and responsiveness—emerged as the strongest predictors, suggesting that user experience is shaped not only by operational performance but also by how passengers are treated. Reliability and tangible service features also contributed meaningfully, while accessibility and assurance played a more limited role. The model explained a substantial portion of the variance in behavioural intention, with an $R^2$ value exceeding 0.60. These findings point to the need for a more user-oriented approach in public transport planning. Improving operational performance alone may not be enough; how passengers experience service interactions matters just as much in shaping travel behaviour. For bus-based systems to become more competitive, attention to both service reliability and interpersonal quality appears essential. The study provides empirical support for strategies aimed at encouraging a sustained shift away from private transport in urban settings. 03-11-2026 <![CDATA[ Encouraging travellers to shift from private vehicles to public transport remains a persistent challenge in many urban areas, particularly where bus systems struggle to compete with more flexible modes. This study examines how different dimensions of service quality influence the intention to shift toward urban bus systems. A survey of 650 respondents was conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, focusing on individuals currently relying on private or on-demand transport. A structural equation modelling approach was used to analyse the relationships between service attributes and behavioural intention. The results indicate that all service quality dimensions considered have a significant effect on mode shift intention, though their relative importance differs. Interpersonal aspects of service—particularly empathy and responsiveness—emerged as the strongest predictors, suggesting that user experience is shaped not only by operational performance but also by how passengers are treated. Reliability and tangible service features also contributed meaningfully, while accessibility and assurance played a more limited role. The model explained a substantial portion of the variance in behavioural intention, with an $R^2$ value exceeding 0.60. These findings point to the need for a more user-oriented approach in public transport planning. Improving operational performance alone may not be enough; how passengers experience service interactions matters just as much in shaping travel behaviour. For bus-based systems to become more competitive, attention to both service reliability and interpersonal quality appears essential. The study provides empirical support for strategies aimed at encouraging a sustained shift away from private transport in urban settings. ]]> Determinants of Mode Shift Toward Urban Bus Systems: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach gary raya prima sigit priyanto muhammad zudhy irawan doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100117 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-11-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-11-2026 2026 10 1 Article 247 10.56578/ijtdi100117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100116 Public transport terminals are expected to operate as functional nodes within urban transport systems, facilitating transfers and supporting network efficiency. However, in many cases, newly developed terminals remain underutilized despite meeting infrastructure standards. This study investigates such a situation in Padang City, Indonesia, focusing on a Type A terminal that has not achieved its intended operational role. The analysis is based on a qualitative case study combining field observations, interviews with terminal managers, operators, and users, and a review of regulatory and operational documents. Rather than examining infrastructure conditions alone, the study looks at how the terminal is positioned within the wider transport system and how institutional arrangements influence its use in practice. The results indicate that low utilization is closely linked to weak system integration. In particular, limited last-mile access, the absence of reliable feeder services, and mismatched operating schedules reduce the practicality of using the terminal. These conditions affect both passengers and operators, making alternative departure points more attractive. At the same time, fragmented responsibilities between different levels of government reduce the consistency of implementation and enforcement, which further discourages compliance with terminal-based operations. Taken together, these factors create a situation in which the terminal functions below its intended capacity. Improving performance therefore requires more than infrastructure provision. Greater attention needs to be given to network integration, coordination between responsible agencies, and the alignment of operational practices with system-level objectives. This case study highlights the importance of viewing terminal governance performance as part of broader transportation system policy, rather than as an isolated facility. 03-05-2026 <![CDATA[ Public transport terminals are expected to operate as functional nodes within urban transport systems, facilitating transfers and supporting network efficiency. However, in many cases, newly developed terminals remain underutilized despite meeting infrastructure standards. This study investigates such a situation in Padang City, Indonesia, focusing on a Type A terminal that has not achieved its intended operational role. The analysis is based on a qualitative case study combining field observations, interviews with terminal managers, operators, and users, and a review of regulatory and operational documents. Rather than examining infrastructure conditions alone, the study looks at how the terminal is positioned within the wider transport system and how institutional arrangements influence its use in practice. The results indicate that low utilization is closely linked to weak system integration. In particular, limited last-mile access, the absence of reliable feeder services, and mismatched operating schedules reduce the practicality of using the terminal. These conditions affect both passengers and operators, making alternative departure points more attractive. At the same time, fragmented responsibilities between different levels of government reduce the consistency of implementation and enforcement, which further discourages compliance with terminal-based operations. Taken together, these factors create a situation in which the terminal functions below its intended capacity. Improving performance therefore requires more than infrastructure provision. Greater attention needs to be given to network integration, coordination between responsible agencies, and the alignment of operational practices with system-level objectives. This case study highlights the importance of viewing terminal governance performance as part of broader transportation system policy, rather than as an isolated facility. ]]> Infrastructure Without Utilization? A Transport System Policy and Governance Analysis of Terminal Performance and Public Transport Integration in Padang City zikri alhadi azizah h. r. rahmadani yusran fitri eriyanti doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100116 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-05-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-05-2026 2026 10 1 Article 219 10.56578/ijtdi100116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100115 Indonesian metropolitan centers are rapidly expanding into suburbs, which has increased the demand for transportation and commuter flows. Socioeconomic disparity between the central city and the surrounding suburbs in the Mamminasata Metropolitan Area is anticipated to have an impact on commuter well-being, mode of transportation selection, and travel behavior. However, there is still a dearth of actual data demonstrating how commuters’ views and socioeconomic factors interact to influence everyday travel patterns. This study uses covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) on commuter data from 379 respondents in the Mamminasata Metropolitan Area to analyze the relationships between socioeconomic characteristics, commuter perceptions, daily mode choice, and travel patterns. The results indicate that commuter travel patterns (CTP) are significantly influenced by perceptions of comfort and safety (PCS) ($\beta$ = 0.626; $p$ $<$ 0.001) and social and health activities of commuters (SHAC) ($\beta$ = 0.222; $p$ = 0.009). Daily mode choice of commuters (DMCC) is mainly influenced by commuter economic activities and livelihoods (EALC), SHAC, LHO, and PCS. DMCC shows a positive relationship with CTP ($\beta$ = 0.320), but this relationship does not reach conventional statistical significance ($p$ = 0.098). Meanwhile, the perception of transport service quality (PTSQ) is related to socioeconomic conditions but does not show a significant direct effect on DMCC or CTP, suggesting that structural factors outweigh psychological considerations in determining commuter behavior. The model explains a moderate to high proportion of variance across endogenous variables ($R^2$ = 0.45–0.60). This study demonstrates that commuter travel behavior in Mamminasata is primarily shaped by service quality perceptions and socioeconomic conditions rather than comfort and safety considerations alone. The findings emphasize the importance of improving public transport service quality and aligning transport policies with commuters’ socioeconomic needs to enhance metropolitan resilience and promote sustainable mobility. 02-28-2026 <![CDATA[ Indonesian metropolitan centers are rapidly expanding into suburbs, which has increased the demand for transportation and commuter flows. Socioeconomic disparity between the central city and the surrounding suburbs in the Mamminasata Metropolitan Area is anticipated to have an impact on commuter well-being, mode of transportation selection, and travel behavior. However, there is still a dearth of actual data demonstrating how commuters’ views and socioeconomic factors interact to influence everyday travel patterns. This study uses covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) on commuter data from 379 respondents in the Mamminasata Metropolitan Area to analyze the relationships between socioeconomic characteristics, commuter perceptions, daily mode choice, and travel patterns. The results indicate that commuter travel patterns (CTP) are significantly influenced by perceptions of comfort and safety (PCS) ($\beta$ = 0.626; $p$ $<$ 0.001) and social and health activities of commuters (SHAC) ($\beta$ = 0.222; $p$ = 0.009). Daily mode choice of commuters (DMCC) is mainly influenced by commuter economic activities and livelihoods (EALC), SHAC, LHO, and PCS. DMCC shows a positive relationship with CTP ($\beta$ = 0.320), but this relationship does not reach conventional statistical significance ($p$ = 0.098). Meanwhile, the perception of transport service quality (PTSQ) is related to socioeconomic conditions but does not show a significant direct effect on DMCC or CTP, suggesting that structural factors outweigh psychological considerations in determining commuter behavior. The model explains a moderate to high proportion of variance across endogenous variables ($R^2$ = 0.45–0.60). This study demonstrates that commuter travel behavior in Mamminasata is primarily shaped by service quality perceptions and socioeconomic conditions rather than comfort and safety considerations alone. The findings emphasize the importance of improving public transport service quality and aligning transport policies with commuters’ socioeconomic needs to enhance metropolitan resilience and promote sustainable mobility. ]]> Travel Patterns, Socioeconomic Characteristics, and Commuter Transportation Preferences of Metropolitan Mamminasata Workers murshal manaf erwin amri kamran aksa doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100115 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-28-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-28-2026 2026 10 1 Article 207 10.56578/ijtdi100115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100114 Countries in the world are currently facing a common challenge: the climate crisis. Transportation and energy sectors contribute a large share of urban emissions. To mitigate climate change and achieve the 2050 Net Zero Carbon target, many countries develop various concepts, such as low-carbon cities (LCCs) and low-carbon mobility (LCM), with the specific intent to reduce urban carbon emissions. This research aims to observe the latest trends in LCM, identify the research gaps, and estimate potential research developments. We used the VOS viewer to analyse 990 Scopus publications related to LCM up to 2024. The results showed that developed countries like the UK, China, Germany, the US, and Japan are the top contributors of LCM studies, but the integration between LCM research and non-motorised transport modes, particularly walking and cycling, remains understudied. This gap allows future research to strengthen the linkage between LCC and LCM concepts, focusing on non-motorised mobility strategies applicable to Southeast Asian urban contexts. 02-26-2026 <![CDATA[ Countries in the world are currently facing a common challenge: the climate crisis. Transportation and energy sectors contribute a large share of urban emissions. To mitigate climate change and achieve the 2050 Net Zero Carbon target, many countries develop various concepts, such as low-carbon cities (LCCs) and low-carbon mobility (LCM), with the specific intent to reduce urban carbon emissions. This research aims to observe the latest trends in LCM, identify the research gaps, and estimate potential research developments. We used the VOS viewer to analyse 990 Scopus publications related to LCM up to 2024. The results showed that developed countries like the UK, China, Germany, the US, and Japan are the top contributors of LCM studies, but the integration between LCM research and non-motorised transport modes, particularly walking and cycling, remains understudied. This gap allows future research to strengthen the linkage between LCC and LCM concepts, focusing on non-motorised mobility strategies applicable to Southeast Asian urban contexts. ]]> Analysing Research Trends in Urban Low-Carbon Mobility: Insights for the Future kirana prasetya azizah bagus hario setiadji haryono setiyo huboyo mochamad arief budihardjo doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100114 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-26-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-26-2026 2026 10 1 Article 196 10.56578/ijtdi100114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100113 Motorcycle ride-hailing workers often operate under prolonged static postures and intense cognitive demands, exposing them to a heightened risk of musculoskeletal disorders. This study proposes an integrated assessment model that combines biomechanical posture analysis and mental workload evaluation to better characterize ergonomic risks in this rapidly expanding occupational sector. Posture was assessed using rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) and rapid entire body assessment (REBA), while cognitive load was quantified through the NASA-TLX technique. A House of Risk (HoR) approach was further employed to prioritize the contributing factors requiring mitigation. Data were collected from 58 ride-hailing motorcycle operators in active service. The results indicated that 72.4% of workers experienced high musculoskeletal risk levels that require immediate intervention, and mental workload scores exceeded overload thresholds in all six NASA-TLX dimensions. Risk prioritization identified inappropriate motorcycle ergonomics and prolonged working hours as the dominant contributors to health impairment. The integrated model provides actionable insights for ergonomic redesign and occupational risk management in informal transportation services. This framework can be adapted to similar gig-economy environments where combined biomechanical and cognitive stressors affect worker safety and performance. 02-25-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Motorcycle ride-hailing workers often operate under prolonged static postures and intense cognitive demands, exposing them to a heightened risk of musculoskeletal disorders. This study proposes an integrated assessment model that combines biomechanical posture analysis and mental workload evaluation to better characterize ergonomic risks in this rapidly expanding occupational sector. Posture was assessed using rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) and rapid entire body assessment (REBA), while cognitive load was quantified through the NASA-TLX technique. A House of Risk (HoR) approach was further employed to prioritize the contributing factors requiring mitigation. Data were collected from 58 ride-hailing motorcycle operators in active service. The results indicated that 72.4% of workers experienced high musculoskeletal risk levels that require immediate intervention, and mental workload scores exceeded overload thresholds in all six NASA-TLX dimensions. Risk prioritization identified inappropriate motorcycle ergonomics and prolonged working hours as the dominant contributors to health impairment. The integrated model provides actionable insights for ergonomic redesign and occupational risk management in informal transportation services. This framework can be adapted to similar gig-economy environments where combined biomechanical and cognitive stressors affect worker safety and performance.</p> ]]> Integrated Posture and Mental Workload Assessment Model for Musculoskeletal Risk Mitigation in Motorcycle Ride-Hailing Operators julianus hutabarat johan alfian pradana kohar sulistyadi sanny andjar sari rizal ardianto doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100113 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-25-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-25-2026 2026 10 1 Article 180 10.56578/ijtdi100113 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100113 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100112 Since the problem of congestion in Jordanian cities is becoming more and more acute, the effectiveness of transit networks becomes critical. The current study will assess the level of user satisfaction and quality of services provided by the introduction of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Amman, Jordan, to address the gap in the research on the topic after implementation. The study addresses the main questions related to the variation in rider satisfaction among the various attributes of service, changes in satisfaction and service quality after the implementation of the BRT, and also determines the priority services in the enhancement of user satisfaction. BRT users were contacted online in order to participate in a survey, in which 104 valid responses were collected through the distribution of the survey. With the findings, there is a positive perception towards accessibility, safety, and services. Also, users provide useful recommendations on how it can be improved, including the issues of queue management, expansion of routes, and improved information provision. 02-21-2026 <![CDATA[ Since the problem of congestion in Jordanian cities is becoming more and more acute, the effectiveness of transit networks becomes critical. The current study will assess the level of user satisfaction and quality of services provided by the introduction of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Amman, Jordan, to address the gap in the research on the topic after implementation. The study addresses the main questions related to the variation in rider satisfaction among the various attributes of service, changes in satisfaction and service quality after the implementation of the BRT, and also determines the priority services in the enhancement of user satisfaction. BRT users were contacted online in order to participate in a survey, in which 104 valid responses were collected through the distribution of the survey. With the findings, there is a positive perception towards accessibility, safety, and services. Also, users provide useful recommendations on how it can be improved, including the issues of queue management, expansion of routes, and improved information provision. ]]> Evaluating User Satisfaction and Service Quality in Bus Rapid Transit Implementation in Amman, Jordan ala’a aburomman ala’a alshdaifat doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100112 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-21-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-21-2026 2026 10 1 Article 166 10.56578/ijtdi100112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100111 Public transport plays a key role in urban mobility, yet it continues to face persistent safety challenges, particularly in Latin American cities where speeding, traffic accidents, and drunk driving remain frequent. This study presents an Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring system built around an ESP32 microcontroller and a set of low-cost sensors, including a NEO-6M GPS module, an MQ-3 alcohol sensor, an MQ-2 gas sensor, and an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. The system monitors critical operational variables such as vehicle speed, driver sobriety, the presence of hazardous gases, and short-range collision risk. Alert messages are generated automatically and delivered through a Telegram bot, while operational data are stored and visualized using a cloud-based platform. The prototype was deployed and tested under real public transport operating conditions. The results show that the system is capable of detecting speeding events, alcohol presence, and abnormal gas concentrations in a timely manner. In addition to vehicle-level monitoring, the collected data can support basic operational safety management by providing information that may assist transport operators in preventive decision-making. Due to its modular design, low implementation cost, and use of widely available technologies, the proposed system offers a practical solution for risk monitoring in public transport systems operating in resource-limited urban environments. 02-19-2026 <![CDATA[ Public transport plays a key role in urban mobility, yet it continues to face persistent safety challenges, particularly in Latin American cities where speeding, traffic accidents, and drunk driving remain frequent. This study presents an Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring system built around an ESP32 microcontroller and a set of low-cost sensors, including a NEO-6M GPS module, an MQ-3 alcohol sensor, an MQ-2 gas sensor, and an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. The system monitors critical operational variables such as vehicle speed, driver sobriety, the presence of hazardous gases, and short-range collision risk. Alert messages are generated automatically and delivered through a Telegram bot, while operational data are stored and visualized using a cloud-based platform. The prototype was deployed and tested under real public transport operating conditions. The results show that the system is capable of detecting speeding events, alcohol presence, and abnormal gas concentrations in a timely manner. In addition to vehicle-level monitoring, the collected data can support basic operational safety management by providing information that may assist transport operators in preventive decision-making. Due to its modular design, low implementation cost, and use of widely available technologies, the proposed system offers a practical solution for risk monitoring in public transport systems operating in resource-limited urban environments. ]]> Internet of Things System for Monitoring and Comprehensive Security for Public Transport Risk Monitoring and Operational Safety with Real-Time Analysis and Automated Alerts víctor alfonso lópez-sánchez eridson favio ruiz-ferreyra marco aurelio cueva-zumarán santiago fernando carranza-ramos marco antonio orbegoso-terrones cristian castro-vargas doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100111 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-19-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-19-2026 2026 10 1 Article 148 10.56578/ijtdi100111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100110 The rapid growth of online transportation in Indonesia has raised significant concerns regarding the fairness and transparency of fare structures. Current pricing mechanisms, often reliant on dynamic algorithms, frequently fail to incorporate key socio-economic and operational factors, leading to disparities between fare levels and local economic conditions. This study proposes a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model to evaluate and recommend more equitable minimum fares. The model integrates the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to objectively determine criterion weights and the simple additive weighting (SAW) method for robust alternative ranking. Four critical criteria are employed: online transport fare affordability, average travel time, the size of the available fleet, and private vehicle ownership. A case study applying this model was conducted across five major Indonesian cities: Jakarta, Surabaya, Palembang, Bandung, and Medan. The results indicate that Jakarta achieved the highest preference score (0.8661), followed by Surabaya, Palembang, Bandung, and Medan. The analysis identified travel time and fare affordability as the most influential criteria in determining fare equity, whereas private vehicle ownership had a comparatively minor impact. The fare recommendations generated by the model demonstrate a closer alignment with local socio-economic realities than existing fares. These findings provide valuable insights for regulators and service providers, supporting the development of more adaptive, transparent, and equitable fare policies that contribute to sustainable urban mobility. 02-15-2026 <![CDATA[ The rapid growth of online transportation in Indonesia has raised significant concerns regarding the fairness and transparency of fare structures. Current pricing mechanisms, often reliant on dynamic algorithms, frequently fail to incorporate key socio-economic and operational factors, leading to disparities between fare levels and local economic conditions. This study proposes a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model to evaluate and recommend more equitable minimum fares. The model integrates the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to objectively determine criterion weights and the simple additive weighting (SAW) method for robust alternative ranking. Four critical criteria are employed: online transport fare affordability, average travel time, the size of the available fleet, and private vehicle ownership. A case study applying this model was conducted across five major Indonesian cities: Jakarta, Surabaya, Palembang, Bandung, and Medan. The results indicate that Jakarta achieved the highest preference score (0.8661), followed by Surabaya, Palembang, Bandung, and Medan. The analysis identified travel time and fare affordability as the most influential criteria in determining fare equity, whereas private vehicle ownership had a comparatively minor impact. The fare recommendations generated by the model demonstrate a closer alignment with local socio-economic realities than existing fares. These findings provide valuable insights for regulators and service providers, supporting the development of more adaptive, transparent, and equitable fare policies that contribute to sustainable urban mobility. ]]> A Hybrid AHP–SAW Model for Evaluating Minimum Fare Equity in Online Transportation: A Multi-City Case Study from Indonesia erna hikmawati wardani muhamad maria irmina prasetiyowati fauzan ramadhana sadikin doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100110 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-15-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-15-2026 2026 10 1 Article 130 10.56578/ijtdi100110 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100110 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100109 Compressed natural gas (CNG) is an alternative fuel that has less environmental impact than conventional fossil fuels. However, the availability of CNG is a constraint as it is a non-renewable source of energy and is being imported to meet the energy demand of India. Compressed Biogas (CBG), which is produced from renewable sources, has the potential to replace CNG. Due to renewable sources, the emissions from CBG are considered biogenic, and they do not contribute to the carbon bank of the atmosphere. However, the tailpipe emission quantification for automobiles can give an idea of the localised emission comparison for CBG and CNG. In this study, a detailed evaluation of tail-pipe emissions from the passenger car, with CNG and CBG fuels, was carried out using standard test protocol as per the Modified Indian Driving Cycle (MIDC). Statistical tools and techniques such as inter-fuel correlation, t-test, dynamic time warping (DTW), and Cosine Similarity test were utilised for critical evaluation of the emissions of the pollutants at different stages of the test cycle, like cold-phase, hot-phase, and extra-urban driving phase, to evaluate the emissions of CO, HC, NO$_x$, CO$_2$, and CH$_4$. Variability in emissions of CO, THC, NO$_x$, and CH$_4$ was observed in the cold-phase for CNG and CBG fuels. Aggregate CO, THC, and CH$_4$ tail-pipe emissions (mg/km) were found to be lower in the case of CBG than with CNG. Aggregate NO$_x$ (mg/km) and CO$_2$ (g/km) emissions were higher in CBG. Significant variation in THC and CH$_4$ emissions was observed. CO$_2$ emissions were found to be similar for both fuels in all three phases. A marginal reduction (2%) in fuel efficiency with CBG compared to CNG was observed. Tank-to-wheel (TTW) greenhouse gas emissions of a passenger car with CNG as fuel were found to be about 24% lesser with CBG. The granular information generated in this study through a critical evaluation will be useful for engine designers for devising mitigation strategies to control the pollutant levels and to reduce their impact associated with air pollution exposure at ground level. 02-12-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Compressed natural gas (CNG) is an alternative fuel that has less environmental impact than conventional fossil fuels. However, the availability of CNG is a constraint as it is a non-renewable source of energy and is being imported to meet the energy demand of India. Compressed Biogas (CBG), which is produced from renewable sources, has the potential to replace CNG. Due to renewable sources, the emissions from CBG are considered biogenic, and they do not contribute to the carbon bank of the atmosphere. However, the tailpipe emission quantification for automobiles can give an idea of the localised emission comparison for CBG and CNG. In this study, a detailed evaluation of tail-pipe emissions from the passenger car, with CNG and CBG fuels, was carried out using standard test protocol as per the Modified Indian Driving Cycle (MIDC). Statistical tools and techniques such as inter-fuel correlation, t-test, dynamic time warping (DTW), and Cosine Similarity test were utilised for critical evaluation of the emissions of the pollutants at different stages of the test cycle, like cold-phase, hot-phase, and extra-urban driving phase, to evaluate the emissions of CO, HC, NO$_x$, CO$_2$, and CH$_4$. Variability in emissions of CO, THC, NO$_x$, and CH$_4$ was observed in the cold-phase for CNG and CBG fuels. Aggregate CO, THC, and CH$_4$ tail-pipe emissions (mg/km) were found to be lower in the case of CBG than with CNG. Aggregate NO$_x$ (mg/km) and CO$_2$ (g/km) emissions were higher in CBG. Significant variation in THC and CH$_4$ emissions was observed. CO$_2$ emissions were found to be similar for both fuels in all three phases. A marginal reduction (2%) in fuel efficiency with CBG compared to CNG was observed. Tank-to-wheel (TTW) greenhouse gas emissions of a passenger car with CNG as fuel were found to be about 24% lesser with CBG. The granular information generated in this study through a critical evaluation will be useful for engine designers for devising mitigation strategies to control the pollutant levels and to reduce their impact associated with air pollution exposure at ground level.</p> ]]> Exhaust Emissions Testing of a Passenger Car with Compressed Natural Gas and Compressed Biogas Fuels for Assessment of Tank-to-Wheel Emissions moqtik bawase ravi sekhar mohammad jamadar yogesh sathe sukrut thipse doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100109 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-12-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-12-2026 2026 10 1 Article 117 10.56578/ijtdi100109 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100109 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100108 In many Iraqi cities, urban traffic congestion is still a problem, and the use of sophisticated analytical methods is constrained by the lack of trustworthy data. The present research combines both supervised learning and clustering algorithms to create a data-driven model to classify traffic levels in Nasiriyah. An example of K-means clustering was used to derive a categorical congestion-level variable by using field data that were collected on sixteen different districts to explain the underlying traffic patterns. The ability of three classification algorithms—J48 decision tree, Naive Bayes, and random forest (RF) to differentiate between low, medium, and high congestion circumstances was then assessed. With an accuracy of 81.25% and a kappa value of 0.70, the J48 model outperformed the other classifiers on the short dataset and had the most consistent performance. The findings also suggest that the lightweight hybrid strategy can provide authoritative congestion information in data-limited settings and, therefore, present a useful tool to support planning and traffic management decisions in fast-growing cities. 02-10-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>In many Iraqi cities, urban traffic congestion is still a problem, and the use of sophisticated analytical methods is constrained by the lack of trustworthy data. The present research combines both supervised learning and clustering algorithms to create a data-driven model to classify traffic levels in Nasiriyah. An example of K-means clustering was used to derive a categorical congestion-level variable by using field data that were collected on sixteen different districts to explain the underlying traffic patterns. The ability of three classification algorithms—J48 decision tree, Naive Bayes, and random forest (RF) to differentiate between low, medium, and high congestion circumstances was then assessed. With an accuracy of 81.25% and a kappa value of 0.70, the J48 model outperformed the other classifiers on the short dataset and had the most consistent performance. The findings also suggest that the lightweight hybrid strategy can provide authoritative congestion information in data-limited settings and, therefore, present a useful tool to support planning and traffic management decisions in fast-growing cities.</p> ]]> Urban Traffic Congestion Analysis Using a Hybrid Machine Learning Model: A Case Study of Nasiriyah sarah abdulkareem hanoon doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100108 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-10-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-10-2026 2026 10 1 Article 104 10.56578/ijtdi100108 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100108 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100107 The transition to renewable energy is essential for long-term sustainability, particularly as fossil fuel reserves decline. This study investigates the development and economic feasibility of an affordable solar-powered vehicle tailored for emerging markets. The vehicle aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, mitigate air pollution, and offer financial advantages over traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The solar-powered vehicle operates by harnessing solar energy to charge a deep-cycle battery that powers an electric motor, eliminating fuel costs and emissions. Key engineering efforts focused on optimizing chassis design for stability and durability across varied driving conditions. To evaluate performance and predict user benefits, machine learning techniques were employed. A linear regression model assessed charging efficiency under different conditions, while a Random Forest Regression model was used to analyze market demand and travel patterns. Predictive models accurately forecasted travel range and energy consumption, enabling better planning and efficiency. The Solar-powered vehicle demonstrates strong potential for cost savings, low maintenance, and environmental impact reduction. Its integration of solar energy and AI analytics makes it a scalable, data-driven solution for sustainable mobility in emerging markets. 02-07-2026 <![CDATA[ The transition to renewable energy is essential for long-term sustainability, particularly as fossil fuel reserves decline. This study investigates the development and economic feasibility of an affordable solar-powered vehicle tailored for emerging markets. The vehicle aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, mitigate air pollution, and offer financial advantages over traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The solar-powered vehicle operates by harnessing solar energy to charge a deep-cycle battery that powers an electric motor, eliminating fuel costs and emissions. Key engineering efforts focused on optimizing chassis design for stability and durability across varied driving conditions. To evaluate performance and predict user benefits, machine learning techniques were employed. A linear regression model assessed charging efficiency under different conditions, while a Random Forest Regression model was used to analyze market demand and travel patterns. Predictive models accurately forecasted travel range and energy consumption, enabling better planning and efficiency. The Solar-powered vehicle demonstrates strong potential for cost savings, low maintenance, and environmental impact reduction. Its integration of solar energy and AI analytics makes it a scalable, data-driven solution for sustainable mobility in emerging markets. ]]> Business Viability and Sustainability of a Prototype Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle: A Machine Learning Approach adedotun o. adetunla karen v. stander doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100107 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-07-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-07-2026 2026 10 1 Article 93 10.56578/ijtdi100107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100106 DC-DC converters are vital in hybrid and electric vehicles, enabling efficient energy transfer and stable power management across batteries, auxiliary loads, and traction systems. Traditional Ćuk converters typically require high-voltage coupling capacitors, which increase size, cost, and reduce suitability for automotive use. This study presents a modified Ćuk-based DC-DC converter that reconfigures the conventional topology to utilize a lower-voltage coupling capacitor without changing the basic components. The design is analysed through state-space modelling, transfer function derivation, and integration of a control system to enhance dynamic response and stability. Simulation results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink under various duty cycles show significant improvements over the traditional Ćuk converter, including a 96.9% reduction in coupling capacitor voltage during steady-state operation and a 79.2% reduction in overshoot. These findings confirm the practicality, compactness, and efficiency of the proposed converter, making it a promising solution for reliable power management in hybrid and electric vehicles. 02-03-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>DC-DC converters are vital in hybrid and electric vehicles, enabling efficient energy transfer and stable power management across batteries, auxiliary loads, and traction systems. Traditional Ćuk converters typically require high-voltage coupling capacitors, which increase size, cost, and reduce suitability for automotive use. This study presents a modified Ćuk-based DC-DC converter that reconfigures the conventional topology to utilize a lower-voltage coupling capacitor without changing the basic components. The design is analysed through state-space modelling, transfer function derivation, and integration of a control system to enhance dynamic response and stability. Simulation results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink under various duty cycles show significant improvements over the traditional Ćuk converter, including a 96.9% reduction in coupling capacitor voltage during steady-state operation and a 79.2% reduction in overshoot. These findings confirm the practicality, compactness, and efficiency of the proposed converter, making it a promising solution for reliable power management in hybrid and electric vehicles.</p> ]]> Design, Modeling, and Control of a Ćuk based DC-DC Converter for Hybrid Vehicle Applications hesham al salem abdulaziz albuti saeed alyami mohammad obeidat khaled mahafzah ayman m. mansour doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100106 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-03-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 02-03-2026 2026 10 1 Article 76 10.56578/ijtdi100106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100105 Urban mobility and spatial planning policies are intrinsically linked and jointly contribute to social equity as part of an integrated urban system. Developing urban mobility therefore requires careful consideration of residents’ everyday practices and perceptions, alongside the integration of emerging transport modes and technologies. While research on mobility in Algeria has largely focused on traffic engineering and motorization, the social dimensions of everyday transport practices remain insufficiently explored. This study addresses this gap by analyzing neighborhood-scale mobility patterns in Zeboudj, a district of Chlef (194 ha), using a Household Travel Survey (HTS) conducted with 100 households. The results reveal marked inequalities in access to mobility. Students and salaried workers benefit from higher levels of motility, mainly through private cars and collective taxis, whereas women, retirees, and low-income groups remain constrained by limited, costly, and poor-quality public transport. Urban form and planning deficits—including narrow streets, unplanned urban expansion, and the absence of pedestrian and cycling infrastructure—further reinforce car dependence and congestion. At the same time, residents demonstrate strong environmental awareness and express support for alternative and more sustainable mobility options, although these aspirations remain largely unrealized in everyday practice. By adopting a neighborhood-scale perspective, this article contributes to debates on mobility justice and spatial inequality in medium-sized cities of the Global South. It shows how everyday mobility practices reflect broader challenges of sustainable and inclusive urban development and offers practical insights for planners and policymakers seeking to promote more equitable mobility in Algerian cities. 01-29-2026 <![CDATA[ Urban mobility and spatial planning policies are intrinsically linked and jointly contribute to social equity as part of an integrated urban system. Developing urban mobility therefore requires careful consideration of residents’ everyday practices and perceptions, alongside the integration of emerging transport modes and technologies. While research on mobility in Algeria has largely focused on traffic engineering and motorization, the social dimensions of everyday transport practices remain insufficiently explored. This study addresses this gap by analyzing neighborhood-scale mobility patterns in Zeboudj, a district of Chlef (194 ha), using a Household Travel Survey (HTS) conducted with 100 households. The results reveal marked inequalities in access to mobility. Students and salaried workers benefit from higher levels of motility, mainly through private cars and collective taxis, whereas women, retirees, and low-income groups remain constrained by limited, costly, and poor-quality public transport. Urban form and planning deficits—including narrow streets, unplanned urban expansion, and the absence of pedestrian and cycling infrastructure—further reinforce car dependence and congestion. At the same time, residents demonstrate strong environmental awareness and express support for alternative and more sustainable mobility options, although these aspirations remain largely unrealized in everyday practice. By adopting a neighborhood-scale perspective, this article contributes to debates on mobility justice and spatial inequality in medium-sized cities of the Global South. It shows how everyday mobility practices reflect broader challenges of sustainable and inclusive urban development and offers practical insights for planners and policymakers seeking to promote more equitable mobility in Algerian cities. ]]> Mobility Justice and Everyday Transport Practices in Chlef, Algeria: A Neighborhood-Scale Analysis of Inequality and Sustainable Mobility amel-soumia benzamia krimo dahmani amira talbi doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100105 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-29-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-29-2026 2026 10 1 Article 64 10.56578/ijtdi100105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100104 Accurate road roughness prediction is essential for sustainable transportation planning and cost-effective maintenance strategies. This study develops a systematic algorithm to optimize Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for predicting International Roughness Index (IRI) values using Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) and road age as primary inputs. The methodology employs comprehensive parameter space exploration across four optimization stages, evaluating various ANN configurations to identify the most effective architecture. Rigorous statistical validation through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and cross-validation ensures model reliability. Data quality assessment with outlier detection using the Interquartile Range method was implemented, retaining 94.3% of original observations. The optimized 6-30-25-20-1 ANN configuration, employing logsig and purelin transfer functions, achieved strong performance metrics, including $R$ = 0.9554, $R^2$ = 0.9020, MSE = 0.0153, RMSE = 0.1236, and MAPE = 0.0285. Statistical validation confirmed significant model improvements with an F-statistic of 24.367 and a cross-validation mean of 0.892. The RMSE accuracy of 0.1236 m/km enables reliable pavement condition classification within established IRI thresholds, supporting timely maintenance decisions. This streamlined approach addresses critical infrastructure management challenges by enabling cost-effective maintenance planning with minimal data requirements, particularly valuable for developing countries with limited pavement monitoring infrastructure. The model’s computational efficiency facilitates network-wide deployment for long-term planning and strategic resource allocation. Road agencies can apply this model for maintenance budget prioritization, network-level condition assessment, and multi-year intervention scheduling, particularly in resource-constrained environments where comprehensive pavement monitoring systems are unavailable. This study establishes a structured approach to optimize ANN for IRI prediction, enhance the effectiveness of Pavement Management Systems (PMS), and support sustainable transportation infrastructure through improved maintenance scheduling. 01-22-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Accurate road roughness prediction is essential for sustainable transportation planning and cost-effective maintenance strategies. This study develops a systematic algorithm to optimize Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for predicting International Roughness Index (IRI) values using Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) and road age as primary inputs. The methodology employs comprehensive parameter space exploration across four optimization stages, evaluating various ANN configurations to identify the most effective architecture. Rigorous statistical validation through Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and cross-validation ensures model reliability. Data quality assessment with outlier detection using the Interquartile Range method was implemented, retaining 94.3% of original observations. The optimized 6-30-25-20-1 ANN configuration, employing logsig and purelin transfer functions, achieved strong performance metrics, including $R$ = 0.9554, $R^2$ = 0.9020, MSE = 0.0153, RMSE = 0.1236, and MAPE = 0.0285. Statistical validation confirmed significant model improvements with an F-statistic of 24.367 and a cross-validation mean of 0.892. The RMSE accuracy of 0.1236 m/km enables reliable pavement condition classification within established IRI thresholds, supporting timely maintenance decisions. This streamlined approach addresses critical infrastructure management challenges by enabling cost-effective maintenance planning with minimal data requirements, particularly valuable for developing countries with limited pavement monitoring infrastructure. The model’s computational efficiency facilitates network-wide deployment for long-term planning and strategic resource allocation. Road agencies can apply this model for maintenance budget prioritization, network-level condition assessment, and multi-year intervention scheduling, particularly in resource-constrained environments where comprehensive pavement monitoring systems are unavailable. This study establishes a structured approach to optimize ANN for IRI prediction, enhance the effectiveness of Pavement Management Systems (PMS), and support sustainable transportation infrastructure through improved maintenance scheduling.</p> ]]> Optimizing Artificial Neural Networks Modelling in Predicting International Roughness Index for Flexible Pavement lendra mochamad agung wibowo jati utomo dwi hatmoko doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100104 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-22-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-22-2026 2026 10 1 Article 45 10.56578/ijtdi100104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100103 Accurate shipboard waste prediction is essential for MARPOL compliance, yet maritime research has predominantly relied on fleet-wide aggregated models that may obscure vessel-specific patterns. The occurrence of statistical paradoxes in hierarchical maritime data has not been systematically examined. This study provides the first systematic documentation of Simpson’s Paradox in maritime operational environmental data, using shipboard waste generation as a case study. By analyzing engine running hours and waste generation from six Indonesian training ships, we demonstrate the risks of data aggregation in maritime predictive analytics. We compared fleet-wide Generalized Linear Models with individual vessel regression approaches using 66 observations over 11 days. Simpson’s Paradox emerged in Auxiliary Engine data: strong individual-level correlations ($r$ = 0.993) were masked by weak fleet-wide correlation ($r$ = 0.416), demonstrating how aggregation can fundamentally misrepresent underlying relationships. Individual ship models achieved substantially higher predictive performance (97.38% and 98.60%) than fleet-wide models (89.5% and 17.3%), with cross-validation (CV) confirming robustness. The findings reveal that fleet-wide aggregation can produce misleading predictions with significant operational consequences for waste storage planning and regulatory compliance. This study establishes the necessity of vessel-specific modeling in maritime environmental management and provides methodological guidance for analyzing hierarchical operational data. 01-19-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Accurate shipboard waste prediction is essential for MARPOL compliance, yet maritime research has predominantly relied on fleet-wide aggregated models that may obscure vessel-specific patterns. The occurrence of statistical paradoxes in hierarchical maritime data has not been systematically examined. This study provides the first systematic documentation of Simpson’s Paradox in maritime operational environmental data, using shipboard waste generation as a case study. By analyzing engine running hours and waste generation from six Indonesian training ships, we demonstrate the risks of data aggregation in maritime predictive analytics. We compared fleet-wide Generalized Linear Models with individual vessel regression approaches using 66 observations over 11 days. Simpson’s Paradox emerged in Auxiliary Engine data: strong individual-level correlations ($r$ = 0.993) were masked by weak fleet-wide correlation ($r$ = 0.416), demonstrating how aggregation can fundamentally misrepresent underlying relationships. Individual ship models achieved substantially higher predictive performance (97.38% and 98.60%) than fleet-wide models (89.5% and 17.3%), with cross-validation (CV) confirming robustness. The findings reveal that fleet-wide aggregation can produce misleading predictions with significant operational consequences for waste storage planning and regulatory compliance. This study establishes the necessity of vessel-specific modeling in maritime environmental management and provides methodological guidance for analyzing hierarchical operational data.</p> ]]> Simpson’s Paradox in the Engine Room: Unraveling Waste Generation on Training Ships mahbub arfah husni husin nurdin ali akhyar doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100103 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-19-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-19-2026 2026 10 1 Article 28 10.56578/ijtdi100103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100102 Damage to asphalt roads is frequently caused by waterlogging and overloading. While asphalt pavement remains an economical choice, Indonesia imports 75% of its supply, coinciding with a growing crisis of low-value plastic waste e.g., Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polystyrene (PS), and Polypropylene (PP) that is economically challenging to sort and recycle. This study proposes a novel solution by utilizing a blended mixture of these plastics (40% LDPE, 30% PP, 30% PS) to simulate unsorted waste streams for modifying Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC) pavement. The dry mixing process was employed to substitute asphalt at dosages of 0%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 14% by weight. The research methodology encompassed material characterization, aggregate gradation design, and Marshall testing to determine the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) and Optimum Plastic Content (OPC). The durability of the optimal mix was subsequently rigorously assessed through prolonged water immersion at 60 $^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ for durations of 30 minutes, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Results indicated that a 10% plastic substitution at an OAC of 6.3% yielded the highest Marshall stability, with all volumetric parameters within specified tolerance limits. The mixture exhibited exceptional resistance to moisture damage, evidenced by an Index of Retained Stability (IRS) of 94.64% after 24 hours, surpassing the 90% requirement. Furthermore, the Retained Marshall Stability was 87.40% after 96 hours. Additional durability metrics, including the First Durability Index (FDI) and Second Durability Index (SDI), were analyzed to comprehensively evaluate the performance degradation over time. The findings conclusively demonstrate that modifying asphalt with this blended, unsorted plastic composition is not only feasible but also enhances mechanical properties and durability, offering a viable and sustainable strategy for large-scale plastic waste management in infrastructure development. 01-16-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>Damage to asphalt roads is frequently caused by waterlogging and overloading. While asphalt pavement remains an economical choice, Indonesia imports 75% of its supply, coinciding with a growing crisis of low-value plastic waste e.g., Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polystyrene (PS), and Polypropylene (PP) that is economically challenging to sort and recycle. This study proposes a novel solution by utilizing a blended mixture of these plastics (40% LDPE, 30% PP, 30% PS) to simulate unsorted waste streams for modifying Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC) pavement. The dry mixing process was employed to substitute asphalt at dosages of 0%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 14% by weight. The research methodology encompassed material characterization, aggregate gradation design, and Marshall testing to determine the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) and Optimum Plastic Content (OPC). The durability of the optimal mix was subsequently rigorously assessed through prolonged water immersion at 60 $^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ for durations of 30 minutes, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Results indicated that a 10% plastic substitution at an OAC of 6.3% yielded the highest Marshall stability, with all volumetric parameters within specified tolerance limits. The mixture exhibited exceptional resistance to moisture damage, evidenced by an Index of Retained Stability (IRS) of 94.64% after 24 hours, surpassing the 90% requirement. Furthermore, the Retained Marshall Stability was 87.40% after 96 hours. Additional durability metrics, including the First Durability Index (FDI) and Second Durability Index (SDI), were analyzed to comprehensively evaluate the performance degradation over time. The findings conclusively demonstrate that modifying asphalt with this blended, unsorted plastic composition is not only feasible but also enhances mechanical properties and durability, offering a viable and sustainable strategy for large-scale plastic waste management in infrastructure development.</p> ]]> Performance and Durability of Asphalt Concrete Modified with Plastic Waste elsa eka putri purnawan nopolion eka putra doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100102 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-16-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-16-2026 2026 10 1 Article 17 10.56578/ijtdi100102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100101 This study investigates the integration of the Transports Internationaux Routiers (TIR) system into Iraq’s Development Road Project and evaluates its implications for transport performance and regional connectivity. Based on data obtained through coordination with the Najaf Directorate of Transport and the Ministry of Construction and Housing, the analysis assesses how the adoption of TIR System procedures can reduce border delays, lower freight costs, and reinforce Iraq’s emerging role as a land-based transit bridge between the Gulf and Europe. Employing a mixed-method design that combines field observation, institutional assessment, and a calibrated cost–time model, the study estimates potential reductions of approximately 45–50% in transport time and 25–30% in operating costs. The findings underline the importance of coordinated governance, digital customs processes, and effective inter-agency collaboration in achieving these efficiency gains. The paper further argues that aligning the TIR System framework with the Development Road supports balanced spatial development, attracts foreign investment, and advances sustainable logistics planning in accordance with Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG) 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), SDG 11, and SDG 13 (Climate Action). The results provide policymakers with a data-driven basis for extending similar corridor models to routes such as Najaf–Karbala and Basra–Al-Faw. 01-14-2026 <![CDATA[ <p>This study investigates the integration of the Transports Internationaux Routiers (TIR) system into Iraq’s Development Road Project and evaluates its implications for transport performance and regional connectivity. Based on data obtained through coordination with the Najaf Directorate of Transport and the Ministry of Construction and Housing, the analysis assesses how the adoption of TIR System procedures can reduce border delays, lower freight costs, and reinforce Iraq’s emerging role as a land-based transit bridge between the Gulf and Europe. Employing a mixed-method design that combines field observation, institutional assessment, and a calibrated cost–time model, the study estimates potential reductions of approximately 45–50% in transport time and 25–30% in operating costs. The findings underline the importance of coordinated governance, digital customs processes, and effective inter-agency collaboration in achieving these efficiency gains. The paper further argues that aligning the TIR System framework with the Development Road supports balanced spatial development, attracts foreign investment, and advances sustainable logistics planning in accordance with Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG) 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), SDG 11, and SDG 13 (Climate Action). The results provide policymakers with a data-driven basis for extending similar corridor models to routes such as Najaf–Karbala and Basra–Al-Faw.</p> ]]> Integrating the Transports Internationaux Routiers System into Iraq’s Development Road: Impacts on Transport Efficiency, Cost Reduction, and Sustainable Corridor Governance samera ibrahim kadum aladdal doi: 10.56578/ijtdi100101 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-14-2026 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-14-2026 2026 10 1 Article 1 10.56578/ijtdi100101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2026_10_1/ijtdi100101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090420 North Sulawesi’s geography includes both its mainland and the island regencies of Sangihe, Talaud, and Sitaro (Siau Tagulandang Biaro). This study examines the economic and service disparities between the island regencies of Sangihe, Talaud, and Sitaro and mainland North Sulawesi. In 2023, the Human Development Index (HDI) and Gini ratio for these island regencies were below the averages for both Indonesia and North Sulawesi. To address these gaps, the Ministry of Transportation implemented subsidized sea and ferry transport programs. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combines a quantitative analysis of purchasing power with a qualitative review of relevant regulations. The study surveyed residents in the island regencies who utilize these subsidized services to assess their Ability to Pay (ATP) and Willingness to Pay (WTP). The findings reveal a significant gap: ATP for both passengers and freight is consistently lower than WTP, indicating a willingness to pay more than they can currently afford. Further analysis shows a disconnect between these ATP-WTP values and government-regulated fares, creating inconsistencies that influence consumer travel choices. This lack of alignment between bottom-up demand for affordable transport and top-down regulatory frameworks has led to inefficient service integration. While multimodal transshipment could offer a potential solution, its implementation is currently hindered by significant geographic and regulatory challenges, perpetuating the economic and service disparities faced by the island regencies. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ North Sulawesi’s geography includes both its mainland and the island regencies of Sangihe, Talaud, and Sitaro (Siau Tagulandang Biaro). This study examines the economic and service disparities between the island regencies of Sangihe, Talaud, and Sitaro and mainland North Sulawesi. In 2023, the Human Development Index (HDI) and Gini ratio for these island regencies were below the averages for both Indonesia and North Sulawesi. To address these gaps, the Ministry of Transportation implemented subsidized sea and ferry transport programs. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combines a quantitative analysis of purchasing power with a qualitative review of relevant regulations. The study surveyed residents in the island regencies who utilize these subsidized services to assess their Ability to Pay (ATP) and Willingness to Pay (WTP). The findings reveal a significant gap: ATP for both passengers and freight is consistently lower than WTP, indicating a willingness to pay more than they can currently afford. Further analysis shows a disconnect between these ATP-WTP values and government-regulated fares, creating inconsistencies that influence consumer travel choices. This lack of alignment between bottom-up demand for affordable transport and top-down regulatory frameworks has led to inefficient service integration. While multimodal transshipment could offer a potential solution, its implementation is currently hindered by significant geographic and regulatory challenges, perpetuating the economic and service disparities faced by the island regencies. ]]> The Purchasing Power of Water Transportation Pioneer Services in the Archipelago Region of North Sulawesi sri hardianto muhammad yamin jinca jamaluddin jompa muhammad yamin saud doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090420 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 2025 9 4 Article 986 10.56578/ijtdi090420 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090420 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090419 As the volume of dry bulk and other cargo handles at ports rises, the question of guaranteeing sustainability of ports has developed into an essential subject globally. In Malaysia, green port initiatives were only introduced by the government in 2016. Therefore, limited research on green ports can be traced in the open literature. Compared to other cargo types, dry bulk cargo handling is regarded as one of the more demanding undertakings to the environment. Hence, the aim of this study is to ascertain the dry bulk terminals’ key green port performance determinants by using the Delphi method to identify the key determinants and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to quantitatively weigh the selected determinants, through a case study of Lumut Port. The main output of this study is a decision-making model that can be utilised to guide the efforts towards achieving a green port status by Lumut Port or other dry bulk terminals with similar characteristics. The research found that the cluster with the highest weightage is the Water Pollution Management Cluster (WPM), followed by the Environmental Awareness and Training cluster and the Air Pollution Management cluster. These three clusters presented 57.14% of the total weightage in achieving a green port status, which is worthy to be given serious consideration. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>As the volume of dry bulk and other cargo handles at ports rises, the question of guaranteeing sustainability of ports has developed into an essential subject globally. In Malaysia, green port initiatives were only introduced by the government in 2016. Therefore, limited research on green ports can be traced in the open literature. Compared to other cargo types, dry bulk cargo handling is regarded as one of the more demanding undertakings to the environment. Hence, the aim of this study is to ascertain the dry bulk terminals’ key green port performance determinants by using the Delphi method to identify the key determinants and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to quantitatively weigh the selected determinants, through a case study of Lumut Port. The main output of this study is a decision-making model that can be utilised to guide the efforts towards achieving a green port status by Lumut Port or other dry bulk terminals with similar characteristics. The research found that the cluster with the highest weightage is the Water Pollution Management Cluster (WPM), followed by the Environmental Awareness and Training cluster and the Air Pollution Management cluster. These three clusters presented 57.14% of the total weightage in achieving a green port status, which is worthy to be given serious consideration.</p> ]]> A Delphi-AHP Analysis to Identify Key Green Port Determinants for Dry Bulk Terminals: A Case Study of Lumut Port aminuddin md arof amayrol zakaria ismila che ishak noorul shaiful fitri abdul rahman rudiah md hanafiah doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090419 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 2025 9 4 Article 973 10.56578/ijtdi090419 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090419 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090418 Conventional Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) systems primarily rely on static map data or camera-based sign recognition, which limits their adaptability to dynamic driving conditions and real-time speed regulation. To address this gap, this paper proposes an AIbased Intelligent Speed Limiting System (ISLS) that integrates GPS, digital map APIs, and real-time vehicular data to predict and adjust vehicle speed proactively. The system employs a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model for predictive speed adaptation based on upcoming road geometry, traffic context, and environmental inputs. A reinforcement learning-based control module ensures smooth and safe throttle or braking actions according to predicted limits. The design further incorporates hardware-level safety through isolation circuits and protective elements verified by simulation. A Python-based experimental testbed validates the proposed method in terms of response time and speed deviation; the results show advantages of the proposed method over the classical ISA systems. Hence, the proposed ISLS advanced a step closer to an adaptive, context-aware, and safety-sensitive speed control of the vehicle. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ Conventional Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) systems primarily rely on static map data or camera-based sign recognition, which limits their adaptability to dynamic driving conditions and real-time speed regulation. To address this gap, this paper proposes an AIbased Intelligent Speed Limiting System (ISLS) that integrates GPS, digital map APIs, and real-time vehicular data to predict and adjust vehicle speed proactively. The system employs a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model for predictive speed adaptation based on upcoming road geometry, traffic context, and environmental inputs. A reinforcement learning-based control module ensures smooth and safe throttle or braking actions according to predicted limits. The design further incorporates hardware-level safety through isolation circuits and protective elements verified by simulation. A Python-based experimental testbed validates the proposed method in terms of response time and speed deviation; the results show advantages of the proposed method over the classical ISA systems. Hence, the proposed ISLS advanced a step closer to an adaptive, context-aware, and safety-sensitive speed control of the vehicle. ]]> Enhancing Road Safety Through AI-Based Predictive Speed Adaptation qutaiba i. ali zeina a. mohammed doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090418 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 2025 9 4 Article 952 10.56578/ijtdi090418 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090418 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090417 The functional relationship between the intensity of spatial use floor area ratio (FAR) and road network performance is fundamental in the context of rapid urban development. This study aims to quantify and model the spatial relationship between the actual FAR, deterioration of road performance—degree of saturation (DS) and side barriers (HS), on the main road corridor of Parepare City, using a deductive quantitative approach. The analysis begins with the collection of FAR and DS data referring to Indonesian road performance guidelines (PKJI, 2023), followed by the estimation of a Spatial lag regression model (SLM) to internalize the dimensions of spatial dependence. SLM model shows strong explanatory power ($R^2$ = 0.78), empirically confirming a positive and significant correlation between improvement FAR and DS. A key finding is the validation of a significant positive spatial autocorrelation ($\rho$ = +0.387, $p 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The functional relationship between the intensity of spatial use floor area ratio (FAR) and road network performance is fundamental in the context of rapid urban development. This study aims to quantify and model the spatial relationship between the actual FAR, deterioration of road performance—degree of saturation (DS) and side barriers (HS), on the main road corridor of Parepare City, using a deductive quantitative approach. The analysis begins with the collection of FAR and DS data referring to Indonesian road performance guidelines (PKJI, 2023), followed by the estimation of a Spatial lag regression model (SLM) to internalize the dimensions of spatial dependence. SLM model shows strong explanatory power ($R^2$ = 0.78), empirically confirming a positive and significant correlation between improvement FAR and DS. A key finding is the validation of a significant positive spatial autocorrelation ($\rho$ = +0.387, $p <$ 0.01), which proves that congestion is the result of spillover effects between connected segments, not an isolated phenomenon. These results justify that traffic interventions should be network-based. Furthermore, this study applies predicted scenarios of FAR increase (+10%, +20%, and maximum zoning limit 4.0). The results of this scenario are crucial, increasing FAR to the maximum zoning limit drastically predicts total functional failure in most segments (predicted to reach LOS E and F), especially in residential zones that show the highest FAR sensitivity ($\beta_{FARtotal}$ = +0.200). The main contribution of this study is to provide an adaptive model to determine FAR based on a critical performance threshold (DS$_{max}$ = 0.75). Policy implications recommend a holistic integration between spatial planning and transportation regulations, demanding an immediate revision of the maximum FAR limit (as mandated on the priority map) to a sustainable FAR, as well as the implementation of network-based mitigation strategies, rather than point-based, to manage the urban mobility crisis sustainably.</p> ]]> Optimization Model for Land Use Intensity Control Based on Building Floor Coefficient and Road Performance in Urban Transportation (Case Study Main Corridor of Parepare City) misbahuddin muh natsir abduh murshal manaf agus salim doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090417 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 2025 9 4 Article 936 10.56578/ijtdi090417 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090417 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090416 Traditional road maintenance strategies often focus solely on detecting cracks, neglecting the structural complexity crucial for prioritizing repairs. This study introduces a computational framework that combines deep learning-based segmentation with graph-theoretic analysis to automatically quantify critical topological features of crack networks, such as branching points and closed loops. Three segmentation models—DeepLabV3, Attention U-Net, and SegFormer—are evaluated on the newly developed Timor-Leste Crack (TLCrack) dataset and the publicly available CrackForest benchmark, leveraging topology-aware loss functions and evaluation metrics. The resulting segmentation outputs are skeletonized and converted into graph structures, enabling automated measurements of branch points and cyclic regions. Experimental findings reveal that Attention U-Net achieves the highest topological accuracy, with a Betti-0 error of 1.70 $\pm$ 0.62 on the TLCrack dataset. Additionally, the graph-based quantification module demonstrates robust performance, achieving a branch point counting mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 5.33% and flawless closed-loop detection on the same dataset. By providing interpretable topological metrics that directly correlate with pavement deterioration severity, this approach bridges the gap between advanced computer vision techniques and practical road maintenance decision-making. The proposed framework highlights the potential of automated topological analysis to enhance strategic infrastructure management by delivering actionable insights into crack patterns and their implications for structural health. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Traditional road maintenance strategies often focus solely on detecting cracks, neglecting the structural complexity crucial for prioritizing repairs. This study introduces a computational framework that combines deep learning-based segmentation with graph-theoretic analysis to automatically quantify critical topological features of crack networks, such as branching points and closed loops. Three segmentation models—DeepLabV3, Attention U-Net, and SegFormer—are evaluated on the newly developed Timor-Leste Crack (TLCrack) dataset and the publicly available CrackForest benchmark, leveraging topology-aware loss functions and evaluation metrics. The resulting segmentation outputs are skeletonized and converted into graph structures, enabling automated measurements of branch points and cyclic regions. Experimental findings reveal that Attention U-Net achieves the highest topological accuracy, with a Betti-0 error of 1.70 $\pm$ 0.62 on the TLCrack dataset. Additionally, the graph-based quantification module demonstrates robust performance, achieving a branch point counting mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 5.33% and flawless closed-loop detection on the same dataset. By providing interpretable topological metrics that directly correlate with pavement deterioration severity, this approach bridges the gap between advanced computer vision techniques and practical road maintenance decision-making. The proposed framework highlights the potential of automated topological analysis to enhance strategic infrastructure management by delivering actionable insights into crack patterns and their implications for structural health.</p> ]]> Automated Topological Analysis of Crack Networks for Data-Driven Road Maintenance Decision-Making vosco pereira hidekazu fukai doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090416 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 2025 9 4 Article 919 10.56578/ijtdi090416 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090416 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090415 This study investigates commuter mode choice behavior between Bulacan and Quezon City, in the context of the forthcoming Metro Rail Transit Line-7 (MRT7). In this study we examine current travel behavior and preferences using both revealed and stated preference (SP) data, while also describing the travel characteristics of private car users and the operational features of other public transportation services. We hypothesize that in-vehicle travel time and out-of-pocket travel cost are the most influential factors affecting the mode choice decisions. A total of 4600 survey responses were collected using orthogonally designed choice set and analyzed using Discrete Choice Modeling (DCM) through Multinomial Logit Framework (MNL) in LIMDEP NLOGIT and RStudio. Modal shift analysis shows in-vehicle travel time, cost relative-to-income, access-time, comfort and safety as the most influential factors shaping mode choice. More commuters choose rail-based transportation when in-vehicle travel time reaches 62.54 minutes. When it comes to out-of-pocket cost, a modal shift occurs around a cost-to-income ratio above 8% (equivalent to 120.87 pesos). The average access-time for road-based transportation is 22.9 minutes. Though less influential, a notable shift is observed at above 30 minutes access-time. Comfort shows a strong behavioral influence with rail commuters rising from 34.62% under poor comfort to 80.86% under high comfort. Similarly, safety perception affects choice: rail captures 77.57% when road modes are viewed as unsafe, but only 35.16% when they are seen as safe. Overall, in-vehicle travel time and fare affordability demonstrated the highest sensitivity in determining mode choice, indicating that commuters prioritize the efficiency of their travel time and their financial capacity to afford the fare. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This study investigates commuter mode choice behavior between Bulacan and Quezon City, in the context of the forthcoming Metro Rail Transit Line-7 (MRT7). In this study we examine current travel behavior and preferences using both revealed and stated preference (SP) data, while also describing the travel characteristics of private car users and the operational features of other public transportation services. We hypothesize that in-vehicle travel time and out-of-pocket travel cost are the most influential factors affecting the mode choice decisions. A total of 4600 survey responses were collected using orthogonally designed choice set and analyzed using Discrete Choice Modeling (DCM) through Multinomial Logit Framework (MNL) in LIMDEP NLOGIT and RStudio. Modal shift analysis shows in-vehicle travel time, cost relative-to-income, access-time, comfort and safety as the most influential factors shaping mode choice. More commuters choose rail-based transportation when in-vehicle travel time reaches 62.54 minutes. When it comes to out-of-pocket cost, a modal shift occurs around a cost-to-income ratio above 8% (equivalent to 120.87 pesos). The average access-time for road-based transportation is 22.9 minutes. Though less influential, a notable shift is observed at above 30 minutes access-time. Comfort shows a strong behavioral influence with rail commuters rising from 34.62% under poor comfort to 80.86% under high comfort. Similarly, safety perception affects choice: rail captures 77.57% when road modes are viewed as unsafe, but only 35.16% when they are seen as safe. Overall, in-vehicle travel time and fare affordability demonstrated the highest sensitivity in determining mode choice, indicating that commuters prioritize the efficiency of their travel time and their financial capacity to afford the fare.</p> ]]> Discrete Choice Modeling Using Stated and Revealed Preference Analysis Prior to Implementation of Rail-Based Transportation MRT7 in Quezon City, Philippines eric john laron alexis m. fillone maria cecilia r. paringit doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090415 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 2025 9 4 Article 902 10.56578/ijtdi090415 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090415 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090414 Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) systems play a critical role in promoting sustainable development, particularly in megacities. This study assesses the quality of boarding/alighting facilities along with accessibility of MRT, as integrated system components which is vital for maintaining a safe, efficient and user-friendly transit system, in the context of built-up cities. A robust questionnaire form is designed using 29 selected variables derived from pilot survey which was administerd to 1,397 respondents across nine operational stations of MRT in Dhaka, a developing megacity of Southeast Asia. Using the collected data, Gini Index and ANOVA are employed for variable prioritization. Machine Learning Algorithms, i.e., Random Forest (RF) Classifier, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART), are compared to assess predictive performance where RF demonstrated better performance based on accuracy. Additionally, feature selection identified critical factors related to MRT trip performance, such as switching cost comparison, feeder service cost, inclusive service performance, customer loyalty, lighting near stations, overall comfort, security. This study, further, incorporates two most crucial factor, switching cost comparison and feeder service cost to a hybrid function, assessing system components and user transferability, utilizing a novel matrix-based approach. The study’s conclusions provide insights into boarding/alighting facility and accessibility as system components incorporating hybrid cost function (HCF) to enhance the efficiency of MRT services in built-up cities across the world. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) systems play a critical role in promoting sustainable development, particularly in megacities. This study assesses the quality of boarding/alighting facilities along with accessibility of MRT, as integrated system components which is vital for maintaining a safe, efficient and user-friendly transit system, in the context of built-up cities. A robust questionnaire form is designed using 29 selected variables derived from pilot survey which was administerd to 1,397 respondents across nine operational stations of MRT in Dhaka, a developing megacity of Southeast Asia. Using the collected data, Gini Index and ANOVA are employed for variable prioritization. Machine Learning Algorithms, i.e., Random Forest (RF) Classifier, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART), are compared to assess predictive performance where RF demonstrated better performance based on accuracy. Additionally, feature selection identified critical factors related to MRT trip performance, such as switching cost comparison, feeder service cost, inclusive service performance, customer loyalty, lighting near stations, overall comfort, security. This study, further, incorporates two most crucial factor, switching cost comparison and feeder service cost to a hybrid function, assessing system components and user transferability, utilizing a novel matrix-based approach. The study’s conclusions provide insights into boarding/alighting facility and accessibility as system components incorporating hybrid cost function (HCF) to enhance the efficiency of MRT services in built-up cities across the world.</p> ]]> Assessing Quality of Boarding/Alighting Facility and Metro Stations Accessibility Incorporating Hybrid Cost Function faria afrin prova tasnia afrin a. f. s. ahad rahman khan nafisa tabassum md. asif raihan md. hadiuzzaman doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090414 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 2025 9 4 Article 886 10.56578/ijtdi090414 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090414 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090413 The purpose of the research was to find out the most efficient method to measure the longitudinal profile irregularities of the railway track geometry. Some researchers used an accelerometer installed at the axle-box bogie to monitor the longitudinal profile of the railway track. However, the method was risky because the accelerometer could disappear due to improper installation. In this research, the accelerometer was installed in the train cabin. The scope of analysis started with the IMU calibration by manual technique, filtering the Z-axis acceleration of IMU data by the Kalman Filter method, and converting to longitudinal profile data by double integral calculation. The normal distribution of the longitudinal profile of the railway track based on the acceleration data and measurement data of the track geometry measuring train (TGMT) was tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Method. The paired comparison test used the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test method, and test results showed the P-value is 0.725 (left rail) and 0.073 (right rail), which are greater than 0.05. Therefore, no difference between the longitudinal profile based on the TGMT data and the longitudinal profile based on accelerometer data analysis, and the longitudinal profile irregularities can be monitored by using the accelerometer in the train cabin. The use of this method will support SDGs 9, build resilient infrastructure. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ The purpose of the research was to find out the most efficient method to measure the longitudinal profile irregularities of the railway track geometry. Some researchers used an accelerometer installed at the axle-box bogie to monitor the longitudinal profile of the railway track. However, the method was risky because the accelerometer could disappear due to improper installation. In this research, the accelerometer was installed in the train cabin. The scope of analysis started with the IMU calibration by manual technique, filtering the Z-axis acceleration of IMU data by the Kalman Filter method, and converting to longitudinal profile data by double integral calculation. The normal distribution of the longitudinal profile of the railway track based on the acceleration data and measurement data of the track geometry measuring train (TGMT) was tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Method. The paired comparison test used the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test method, and test results showed the P-value is 0.725 (left rail) and 0.073 (right rail), which are greater than 0.05. Therefore, no difference between the longitudinal profile based on the TGMT data and the longitudinal profile based on accelerometer data analysis, and the longitudinal profile irregularities can be monitored by using the accelerometer in the train cabin. The use of this method will support SDGs 9, build resilient infrastructure. ]]> Monitoring Irregularities of the Longitudinal Profile Railway Track by Using Accelerometer Data Mounted in the Train Cabin istiar hera widyastuti doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090413 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 2025 9 4 Article 870 10.56578/ijtdi090413 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090413 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090412 The transition toward sustainable port management has intensified interest in how institutional pressures and organizational capabilities shape environmental and operational outcomes. This study investigates how environmental regulation, stakeholder pressure, employee training, and managerial commitment influence green engineering infrastructure and innovation and, in turn, green port implementation. The model specifies a serial mediation in which green engineering infrastructure and innovation and green port implementation connect institutional drivers to environmental performance and operational efficiency. Survey data from 221 respondents in two Indonesian container terminals were analyzed using partial least squares modeling. Results show that environmental regulation is the most influential driver, while stakeholder pressure, training, and managerial commitment reinforce capability building and adoption of low emission technologies. Green engineering infrastructure and innovation facilitates green port implementation, which significantly improves environmental performance and operational efficiency. Theoretically, the study extends institutional and resource based perspectives by clarifying how two stage mediation translates institutional pressures into dual sustainability outcomes in port settings. Practically, the findings show that sustainable port transformation in emerging economies depends on aligning regulation with investments in human capital and green technologies, guiding policymakers and port authorities. 12-30-2025 <![CDATA[ The transition toward sustainable port management has intensified interest in how institutional pressures and organizational capabilities shape environmental and operational outcomes. This study investigates how environmental regulation, stakeholder pressure, employee training, and managerial commitment influence green engineering infrastructure and innovation and, in turn, green port implementation. The model specifies a serial mediation in which green engineering infrastructure and innovation and green port implementation connect institutional drivers to environmental performance and operational efficiency. Survey data from 221 respondents in two Indonesian container terminals were analyzed using partial least squares modeling. Results show that environmental regulation is the most influential driver, while stakeholder pressure, training, and managerial commitment reinforce capability building and adoption of low emission technologies. Green engineering infrastructure and innovation facilitates green port implementation, which significantly improves environmental performance and operational efficiency. Theoretically, the study extends institutional and resource based perspectives by clarifying how two stage mediation translates institutional pressures into dual sustainability outcomes in port settings. Practically, the findings show that sustainable port transformation in emerging economies depends on aligning regulation with investments in human capital and green technologies, guiding policymakers and port authorities. ]]> Driving Green Port Implementation: The Role of Engineering Infrastructure and Dual Performance in Indonesian Container Terminals zainal yahya idris ganding sitepu misliah idrus indrabayu doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090412 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-30-2025 2025 9 4 Article 851 10.56578/ijtdi090412 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090412 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090411 Recognition of traffic signs by drivers is essential for ensuring road safety. Recently, with the growing demand for driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicles, traffic sign recognition has become increasingly important. In this study, Spatial Transformer Networks (STN) integrated with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) were used to classify traffic signs. STNs minimize the effects of geometric distortions by applying affine transformations to images, thereby improving classification performance. This study focuses on adapting and optimizing an STN-based CNN model specifically for the Russian Traffic Signs Dataset (RTSD) to achieve higher classification accuracy. The proposed model was trained and tested on the RTSD. First, the proposed CNN model was trained on the RTSD-R1 and RTSD-R3 datasets, achieving accuracy rates of 89.15% and 94.3%, respectively. Then, by integrating STN into the CNN model, the proposed model was trained on the RTSD-R1 and RTSD-R3 datasets, achieving accuracy rates of 93% and 95%, respectively. These results demonstrate that incorporating STNs into the CNNs is effective in improving traffic sign classification performance. 12-28-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Recognition of traffic signs by drivers is essential for ensuring road safety. Recently, with the growing demand for driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicles, traffic sign recognition has become increasingly important. In this study, Spatial Transformer Networks (STN) integrated with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) were used to classify traffic signs. STNs minimize the effects of geometric distortions by applying affine transformations to images, thereby improving classification performance. This study focuses on adapting and optimizing an STN-based CNN model specifically for the Russian Traffic Signs Dataset (RTSD) to achieve higher classification accuracy. The proposed model was trained and tested on the RTSD. First, the proposed CNN model was trained on the RTSD-R1 and RTSD-R3 datasets, achieving accuracy rates of 89.15% and 94.3%, respectively. Then, by integrating STN into the CNN model, the proposed model was trained on the RTSD-R1 and RTSD-R3 datasets, achieving accuracy rates of 93% and 95%, respectively. These results demonstrate that incorporating STNs into the CNNs is effective in improving traffic sign classification performance.</p> ]]> Traffic Sign Classification Using Spatial Transformer Networks (STN) based Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) burcu tiryaki emin argun oral doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090411 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-28-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-28-2025 2025 9 4 Article 840 10.56578/ijtdi090411 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090411 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090410 This study develops and validates an integrated model for evaluating passenger service quality (SQ) in Thailand’s rural railway system by embedding environmental and engineering perspectives within the RAILQUAL framework. Drawing upon SERVQUAL, Grönroos's model, and Servicescape theory, it introduces the Eco-Rail Atmosphere Quality (Eco-RAQ) construct, which incorporates sustainability attributes-greenhouse-gas reduction, waste management, traction-energy efficiency, and renewable energy efficiently-into the Rail Atmosphere Quality (RAQ) dimension. Survey data from 1,013 passengers were analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling (CBSEM). The final model exhibits excellent fit ($\chi^2$/df = 1.096, CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = 0.010) and explains 91.5% of variance in rail efficiency quality (REQ. RAQ demonstrates the strongest total effect on REQ ($\beta$ = 0.848, $p$ $ 12-25-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This study develops and validates an integrated model for evaluating passenger service quality (SQ) in Thailand’s rural railway system by embedding environmental and engineering perspectives within the RAILQUAL framework. Drawing upon SERVQUAL, Grönroos's model, and Servicescape theory, it introduces the Eco-Rail Atmosphere Quality (Eco-RAQ) construct, which incorporates sustainability attributes-greenhouse-gas reduction, waste management, traction-energy efficiency, and renewable energy efficiently-into the Rail Atmosphere Quality (RAQ) dimension. Survey data from 1,013 passengers were analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling (CBSEM). The final model exhibits excellent fit ($\chi^2$/df = 1.096, CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = 0.010) and explains 91.5% of variance in rail efficiency quality (REQ. RAQ demonstrates the strongest total effect on REQ ($\beta$ = 0.848, $p$ $<$ 0.001), while Eco-RAQ shows a meaningful but more modest total effect ($\beta$ = 0.257, $p$ $<$ 0.001), influencing REQ both directly and indirectly through rail perceived quality (RPQ). Validity diagnostics confirm discriminant validity (HTMT $<$ 0.85) and no substantive common-method bias. The findings advance service-quality theory by integrating sustainability cognition into the Stimulus-Organism-Response paradigm and by proposing Eco-RAQ as a socio-technical mechanism linking passenger perception with operational performance. The model offers actionable insights for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 9, 11, and 13 in rural rail contexts.</p> ]]> Passenger Experience in Rural Railways: A RAILQUAL-Based Evaluation for Sustainable Transport oranicha buthphorm doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090410 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2025 2025 9 4 Article 825 10.56578/ijtdi090410 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090410 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090409 Continuous improvement in service quality assurance, based on customer satisfaction, is critical for loading and unloading activities at dry bulk ports. Many ports are now adopting and refining various methods in response to the advancements of Industry 4.0. This research aims to develop and implement Adaptive DMAIC 4.0. Key advantages of this method include IoT based real-time monitoring systems, predictive data analytics, and process automation capabilities. Current Six Sigma measurements show level 3 (DPMO 11,800). While the Cp value of 1.19 indicates stable process stability, the Cpk value of 0.76 $<$ 1 reveals remaining issues requiring systematic, continuous improvement. To enhance process performance, the average loading/unloading time should be maintained closer to the target midpoint of 1.5 minutes/bulk, creating a more balanced distribution. This adjustment would help increase the Cpk value to meet the minimum standard $\geq$ of 1.33, ensuring consistently efficient operations. In theory, implementing the DMAIC 4.0 framework will establish a system that is more resilient to internal and external disruptions, enables sustained performance improvement, and drives toward zero defects and Six Sigma capability. In practice, this approach significantly enhances loading and unloading performance for boosting capacity, operational capability, and TKBM professionalism while eliminating human error. 12-23-2025 <![CDATA[ Continuous improvement in service quality assurance, based on customer satisfaction, is critical for loading and unloading activities at dry bulk ports. Many ports are now adopting and refining various methods in response to the advancements of Industry 4.0. This research aims to develop and implement Adaptive DMAIC 4.0. Key advantages of this method include IoT based real-time monitoring systems, predictive data analytics, and process automation capabilities. Current Six Sigma measurements show level 3 (DPMO 11,800). While the Cp value of 1.19 indicates stable process stability, the Cpk value of 0.76 $<$ 1 reveals remaining issues requiring systematic, continuous improvement. To enhance process performance, the average loading/unloading time should be maintained closer to the target midpoint of 1.5 minutes/bulk, creating a more balanced distribution. This adjustment would help increase the Cpk value to meet the minimum standard $\geq$ of 1.33, ensuring consistently efficient operations. In theory, implementing the DMAIC 4.0 framework will establish a system that is more resilient to internal and external disruptions, enables sustained performance improvement, and drives toward zero defects and Six Sigma capability. In practice, this approach significantly enhances loading and unloading performance for boosting capacity, operational capability, and TKBM professionalism while eliminating human error. ]]> Optimizing Dry Bulk Port Performance: Development of Adaptive DMAIC 4.0 Framework Integrated with Lean Six Sigma for Indonesian Ports sirajuddin mukhtar dyah lintang trenggonowati asep ridwan hayya dea yustiani doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090409 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-23-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-23-2025 2025 9 4 Article 804 10.56578/ijtdi090409 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090409 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090408 Efficient light rail transit (LRT) systems are crucial for sustainable urban mobility; however, unforeseen departure delays continue to be a major hurdle, undermining operational reliability and passenger satisfaction. This study establishes a data-driven framework for forecasting departure delays by combining static GTFS schedules with real-time GTFS operational data from the Canberra LRT system. The dataset included 15,538 records with 42 attributes, spanning from 28 August 2020 to 13 August 2022. A stringent preprocessing pipeline was implemented, encompassing temporal feature engineering and feature selection based on mutual information. The Random Forest regressor with feature engineering and selection (RFR-FEFS) attained the highest predictive performance on the test set ($R^2$ = 0.94, MAE = 2.93, MSE = 34.32). The high accuracy indicates the model’s efficacy, yet it necessitates careful evaluation of potential overfitting and its generalizability beyond the examined system. Ablation experiments were performed to assess the impact of various feature groups by omitting temporal, spatial, or operational attributes. The findings indicate that the exclusion of temporal features decreased $R^2$ to 0.90, the exclusion of spatial features reduced it to 0.93, and the exclusion of operational features resulted in the most significant decline to 0.23. These findings affirm that all three feature categories contribute distinctly and synergistically to model performance. This research illustrates the capability of integrating diverse GTFS data with sophisticated machine learning techniques to attain precise LRT delay forecasts. Nevertheless, the framework was validated solely on one system and time frame; future research should investigate its transferability to other cities and integrate supplementary contextual data, including meteorological conditions and incident reports, to improve robustness and practical applicability. 12-22-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Efficient light rail transit (LRT) systems are crucial for sustainable urban mobility; however, unforeseen departure delays continue to be a major hurdle, undermining operational reliability and passenger satisfaction. This study establishes a data-driven framework for forecasting departure delays by combining static GTFS schedules with real-time GTFS operational data from the Canberra LRT system. The dataset included 15,538 records with 42 attributes, spanning from 28 August 2020 to 13 August 2022. A stringent preprocessing pipeline was implemented, encompassing temporal feature engineering and feature selection based on mutual information. The Random Forest regressor with feature engineering and selection (RFR-FEFS) attained the highest predictive performance on the test set ($R^2$ = 0.94, MAE = 2.93, MSE = 34.32). The high accuracy indicates the model’s efficacy, yet it necessitates careful evaluation of potential overfitting and its generalizability beyond the examined system. Ablation experiments were performed to assess the impact of various feature groups by omitting temporal, spatial, or operational attributes. The findings indicate that the exclusion of temporal features decreased $R^2$ to 0.90, the exclusion of spatial features reduced it to 0.93, and the exclusion of operational features resulted in the most significant decline to 0.23. These findings affirm that all three feature categories contribute distinctly and synergistically to model performance. This research illustrates the capability of integrating diverse GTFS data with sophisticated machine learning techniques to attain precise LRT delay forecasts. Nevertheless, the framework was validated solely on one system and time frame; future research should investigate its transferability to other cities and integrate supplementary contextual data, including meteorological conditions and incident reports, to improve robustness and practical applicability.</p> ]]> Leveraging Real-Time GTFS and Integrated Data for High-Accuracy LRT Departure Delay Prediction Using Optimized Machine Learning rossi passarella aulya putri ayu mastura diana marieska isbatudinia nurainiyah solehan harumi veny romi fadillah rahmat doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090408 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-22-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-22-2025 2025 9 4 Article 790 10.56578/ijtdi090408 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090408 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090407 A Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) is crucial in urban and transportation planning, especially in densely populated areas. Key components of a TIA include trip generation, trip distribution, modal split, and assignment. Among these, trip generation forecasting is the most significant because it influences land-use decisions and supports sustainable transportation strategies. This study conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the Reporting Standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) protocol. A total of 21 peer-reviewed articles were selected from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The review focused on how machine learning (ML) techniques are used to enhance the accuracy of trip generation. Thematic analysis revealed five main themes: prediction model development, urban planning decisions, urban sustainability, forecasting challenges, and innovative ML applications. Standard models include Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Support Vector Machines, and Random Forests. Incorporating ML in trip generation forecasts improves the accuracy and reliability of TIA processes. These techniques help identify key variables that affect travel behavior, supporting more effective and sustainable urban transportation planning and decision-making. 12-21-2025 <![CDATA[ A Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) is crucial in urban and transportation planning, especially in densely populated areas. Key components of a TIA include trip generation, trip distribution, modal split, and assignment. Among these, trip generation forecasting is the most significant because it influences land-use decisions and supports sustainable transportation strategies. This study conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the Reporting Standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) protocol. A total of 21 peer-reviewed articles were selected from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The review focused on how machine learning (ML) techniques are used to enhance the accuracy of trip generation. Thematic analysis revealed five main themes: prediction model development, urban planning decisions, urban sustainability, forecasting challenges, and innovative ML applications. Standard models include Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Support Vector Machines, and Random Forests. Incorporating ML in trip generation forecasts improves the accuracy and reliability of TIA processes. These techniques help identify key variables that affect travel behavior, supporting more effective and sustainable urban transportation planning and decision-making. ]]> A Review of Improving Trip Generation in Traffic Impact Assessments Using Machine Learning for Effective Land Use Planning lubna sami amireh nur sabahiah abdul sukor ahmad farhan mohd sadullah doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090407 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-21-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-21-2025 2025 9 4 Article 777 10.56578/ijtdi090407 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090407 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090406 Maritime transportation safety is a strategic priority in Indonesia’s national logistics system as an archipelagic country. However, high shipping intensity and limited inspection resources pose serious challenges to the effectiveness of ship inspections. Ship Safety Inspectors (PPKK) play a crucial role in ensuring the seaworthiness of ships through inspections of nautical, technical, and communication (radio) aspects; however, their functional contributions have rarely been systematically examined. This study employs a quantitative approach using survey methods and Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) analysis techniques. A sample of 64 CSOs from three strategic ports (Tanjung Priok, Soekarno-Hatta, Makassar, and Sorong-Pelra) was analyzed to examine the relationship between inspection functions, workload, and maritime safety. The results indicate that technical, nautical, and communication functions significantly influence workload, while technical functions and workload have a direct impact on maritime safety. Work volume acts as a mediating variable in the model. The implications of these findings emphasize the importance of enhancing the competence of PPKK and developing risk-based inspection policies. This study provides empirical contributions to the reform of the maritime safety supervision system and opens opportunities for cross-national validation to strengthen the generalizability of the model. 12-18-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Maritime transportation safety is a strategic priority in Indonesia’s national logistics system as an archipelagic country. However, high shipping intensity and limited inspection resources pose serious challenges to the effectiveness of ship inspections. Ship Safety Inspectors (PPKK) play a crucial role in ensuring the seaworthiness of ships through inspections of nautical, technical, and communication (radio) aspects; however, their functional contributions have rarely been systematically examined. This study employs a quantitative approach using survey methods and Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) analysis techniques. A sample of 64 CSOs from three strategic ports (Tanjung Priok, Soekarno-Hatta, Makassar, and Sorong-Pelra) was analyzed to examine the relationship between inspection functions, workload, and maritime safety. The results indicate that technical, nautical, and communication functions significantly influence workload, while technical functions and workload have a direct impact on maritime safety. Work volume acts as a mediating variable in the model. The implications of these findings emphasize the importance of enhancing the competence of PPKK and developing risk-based inspection policies. This study provides empirical contributions to the reform of the maritime safety supervision system and opens opportunities for cross-national validation to strengthen the generalizability of the model.</p> ]]> The Functional Contribution of Ship Safety Inspectors in Nautical, Technical, and Communication (Radio) Inspection Processes to Workload and Maritime Transportation Safety hadi setiawan ganding sitepu abrar saleng m. saleh s. ali doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090406 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-18-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-18-2025 2025 9 4 Article 765 10.56578/ijtdi090406 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090406 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090405 Effective traffic management at signalized intersections is crucial for enhancing fuel efficiency, safety, and mobility; however, this is challenging for human drivers due to a lack of predictability. This paper proposes a predictive vehicle control system that extends a traditional human-based driving model to optimize traffic flow, reduce intersection transit time, and fuel consumption. The proposed system utilizes an optimal trajectory prediction model to determine the stopping velocity pattern at traffic signals and employs safety gap synchronization, thereby exhibiting human-like car-following behavior. Specifically, the optimal velocity profiles are generated based on a trajectory optimization model over a long-time horizon. A polynomial function is fitted with these optimal trajectories to find the ideal stopping pattern. Instead of repeating the optimization at each step, as in the Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach, our method determines the control acceleration with necessary adjustments while ensuring driving safety. Moreover, the synchronization compensation factor improves the transition from idling to driving conditions. Performance evaluation through microscopic traffic simulations demonstrates improvements in intersection throughput and fuel efficiency, showcasing the effectiveness of the proposed predictive vehicle control system. Unlike the computationally demanding MPC approach, our proposed system offers a practical balance between real-time applicability and traffic flow efficiency. 12-10-2025 <![CDATA[ Effective traffic management at signalized intersections is crucial for enhancing fuel efficiency, safety, and mobility; however, this is challenging for human drivers due to a lack of predictability. This paper proposes a predictive vehicle control system that extends a traditional human-based driving model to optimize traffic flow, reduce intersection transit time, and fuel consumption. The proposed system utilizes an optimal trajectory prediction model to determine the stopping velocity pattern at traffic signals and employs safety gap synchronization, thereby exhibiting human-like car-following behavior. Specifically, the optimal velocity profiles are generated based on a trajectory optimization model over a long-time horizon. A polynomial function is fitted with these optimal trajectories to find the ideal stopping pattern. Instead of repeating the optimization at each step, as in the Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach, our method determines the control acceleration with necessary adjustments while ensuring driving safety. Moreover, the synchronization compensation factor improves the transition from idling to driving conditions. Performance evaluation through microscopic traffic simulations demonstrates improvements in intersection throughput and fuel efficiency, showcasing the effectiveness of the proposed predictive vehicle control system. Unlike the computationally demanding MPC approach, our proposed system offers a practical balance between real-time applicability and traffic flow efficiency. ]]> Intelligent Driving with Optimal Trajectory Prediction Model for Improved Traffic Flow at Signalized Intersections magzhan atykhan a. s. m. bakibillah md abdus samad kamal kou yamada doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090405 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-10-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-10-2025 2025 9 4 Article 752 10.56578/ijtdi090405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090404 Aceh Province is a critical case for freight and infrastructure studies due to its geographic isolation, post-disaster recovery context, and heavy dependence on roads for over 95% of commodity transport. Despite its rich agricultural output, limited multimodal infrastructure hampers efficient distribution. This study aims to (1) analyze the effect of road network connectivity on commodity transportation and regional development, and (2) develop a forecasting model to predict future commodity transportation needs in Aceh Province. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to analyze the relationships among Road Network Connectivity (RNC), Freight Transport (FT), and Regional Development (RD), using data from 400 respondents across 23 districts. The SEM results show all latent variables are interconnected. FT plays a strong mediating role, linking connectivity improvements to development benefits. The study also develops forecasting models for commodity generation and attraction based on population, expressed as $Y$ = 2.209 $X_1$ and $Y$ = 2.807 $X_1$. These models highlight population as a reliable predictor of freight demand and can be generalized to other regions with similar geographic and infrastructure constraints. This research introduces a novel SEM-based framework for freight analysis in Indonesia and offers policy insights for integrating road infrastructure planning with regional development strategies. 12-01-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Aceh Province is a critical case for freight and infrastructure studies due to its geographic isolation, post-disaster recovery context, and heavy dependence on roads for over 95% of commodity transport. Despite its rich agricultural output, limited multimodal infrastructure hampers efficient distribution. This study aims to (1) analyze the effect of road network connectivity on commodity transportation and regional development, and (2) develop a forecasting model to predict future commodity transportation needs in Aceh Province. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to analyze the relationships among Road Network Connectivity (RNC), Freight Transport (FT), and Regional Development (RD), using data from 400 respondents across 23 districts. The SEM results show all latent variables are interconnected. FT plays a strong mediating role, linking connectivity improvements to development benefits. The study also develops forecasting models for commodity generation and attraction based on population, expressed as $Y$ = 2.209 $X_1$ and $Y$ = 2.807 $X_1$. These models highlight population as a reliable predictor of freight demand and can be generalized to other regions with similar geographic and infrastructure constraints. This research introduces a novel SEM-based framework for freight analysis in Indonesia and offers policy insights for integrating road infrastructure planning with regional development strategies.</p> ]]> Modelling the Effects of Road Network Connectivity Using SEM: Evidence from Aceh Province, Indonesia sofyan m. saleh yusria darma muhammad isya muhammad ahlan faiza mauladea khalisha zahra doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090404 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-01-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-01-2025 2025 9 4 Article 735 10.56578/ijtdi090404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090403 Pavement distress is a critical factor in road maintenance planning, directly influencing transportation safety, serviceability, and infrastructure costs. While traditional mechanistic and statistical models provide limited accuracy, they often fail to capture the nonlinear and multi-factorial nature of pavement deterioration. This study addresses this gap by proposing an integrated machine learning (ML) framework that incorporates real-time traffic and climatic variables for predicting pavement roughness. The framework draws on multiple open-source datasets, Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) traffic volumes, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) climate records, to construct a multidimensional feature space. Four predictive algorithms were benchmarked: Random Forest (RF), XGBoost (XGB), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP). Ensemble-based models achieved superior predictive accuracy, with Random Forest attaining R$^2 \approx$ 0.89 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) $\approx$ 0.61, outperforming traditional regression baselines. The findings highlight that ensemble learning can more effectively capture non-linear dependencies between structural, traffic, and climatic factors than alternative approaches. Beyond technical performance, the study illustrates the potential of integrating continuously updated environmental and traffic data into pavement management systems, offering a pathway to more cost-efficient, reliable, and sustainable maintenance planning. 11-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Pavement distress is a critical factor in road maintenance planning, directly influencing transportation safety, serviceability, and infrastructure costs. While traditional mechanistic and statistical models provide limited accuracy, they often fail to capture the nonlinear and multi-factorial nature of pavement deterioration. This study addresses this gap by proposing an integrated machine learning (ML) framework that incorporates real-time traffic and climatic variables for predicting pavement roughness. The framework draws on multiple open-source datasets, Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) traffic volumes, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) climate records, to construct a multidimensional feature space. Four predictive algorithms were benchmarked: Random Forest (RF), XGBoost (XGB), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP). Ensemble-based models achieved superior predictive accuracy, with Random Forest attaining R$^2 \approx$ 0.89 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) $\approx$ 0.61, outperforming traditional regression baselines. The findings highlight that ensemble learning can more effectively capture non-linear dependencies between structural, traffic, and climatic factors than alternative approaches. Beyond technical performance, the study illustrates the potential of integrating continuously updated environmental and traffic data into pavement management systems, offering a pathway to more cost-efficient, reliable, and sustainable maintenance planning.</p> ]]> Machine Learning-Based Predictive Modelling for Pavement Distress Using Real-Time Traffic and Climate Data muhammad sharafat choudhry doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090403 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-30-2025 2025 9 4 Article 722 10.56578/ijtdi090403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090402 Traffic congestion in urban commercial districts presents a critical challenge to sustainable mobility, particularly in developing cities. This study addresses this issue by developing and calibrating a mesoscopic simulation model to optimize traffic performance parameters in the commercial district of Ayacucho, Peru. The methodology was based on extensive fieldwork to gather traffic volume, travel time, and parking data. Using this data, a PTV Vissim model was developed and rigorously calibrated, with its accuracy validated through the Geoffrey E. Havers (GEH) statistic. Various traffic management strategies, including signal timing adjustments and parking supply regulation, were simulated and evaluated. The results indicate a substantial improvement in network performance: Average intersection delay was reduced from 10.72 seconds to 7.40 seconds, and a significant decrease in queue lengths was observed. The findings confirm that calibrated mesoscopic simulation serves as a robust and effective tool for quantitatively assessing traffic interventions, thereby providing municipal authorities with reliable data for evidence-based urban planning. 11-20-2025 <![CDATA[ Traffic congestion in urban commercial districts presents a critical challenge to sustainable mobility, particularly in developing cities. This study addresses this issue by developing and calibrating a mesoscopic simulation model to optimize traffic performance parameters in the commercial district of Ayacucho, Peru. The methodology was based on extensive fieldwork to gather traffic volume, travel time, and parking data. Using this data, a PTV Vissim model was developed and rigorously calibrated, with its accuracy validated through the Geoffrey E. Havers (GEH) statistic. Various traffic management strategies, including signal timing adjustments and parking supply regulation, were simulated and evaluated. The results indicate a substantial improvement in network performance: Average intersection delay was reduced from 10.72 seconds to 7.40 seconds, and a significant decrease in queue lengths was observed. The findings confirm that calibrated mesoscopic simulation serves as a robust and effective tool for quantitatively assessing traffic interventions, thereby providing municipal authorities with reliable data for evidence-based urban planning. ]]> Calibration of a Mesoscopic Simulation Model for the Optimization of Traffic Performance Parameters in a Commercial District hemerson lizarbe alarcón luis eduardo bermejo escalante rocky giban ayala bizarro alex sander ircañaupa huamani rualth gustavo bravo anaya amilcar tacuri gamboa edwin carlos garcia saez saul w. retamozo fernández diego o. tenorio-huarancca doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090402 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-20-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-20-2025 2025 9 4 Article 700 10.56578/ijtdi090402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090401 This study proposes a novel approach to driver drowsiness detection using the Video Vision Transformer (ViViT) model, which captures both spatial and temporal dynamics simultaneously to analyze eye conditions and head movements. The National Tsing Hua University Driver Drowsiness Detection (NTHU-DDD) dataset, which consists of 36,000 annotated video clips, was utilized for both training and evaluation. The ViViT model is compared to traditional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) models, demonstrating superior performance with 96.2% accuracy and 95.9% F1-Score, while maintaining a 28.9 ms/frame inference time suitable for real-time deployment. The ablation study indicates that integrating spatial and temporal attention yields a notable improvement in model accuracy. Furthermore, positional encoding proves essential in preserving spatial coherence within video-based inputs. The model’s resilience was tested across a range of challenging conditions including low-light settings, partial occlusions, and drastic head movements and it consistently maintained reliable performance. With a compact footprint of just 89 MB, the ViViT model has been fine-tuned for deployment on embedded platforms such as the Jetson Nano, making it well-suited for edge AI applications. These findings highlight ViViT’s promise as a practical and high-performing solution for real-time driver drowsiness detection in real-world scenarios. 11-09-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This study proposes a novel approach to driver drowsiness detection using the Video Vision Transformer (ViViT) model, which captures both spatial and temporal dynamics simultaneously to analyze eye conditions and head movements. The National Tsing Hua University Driver Drowsiness Detection (NTHU-DDD) dataset, which consists of 36,000 annotated video clips, was utilized for both training and evaluation. The ViViT model is compared to traditional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) models, demonstrating superior performance with 96.2% accuracy and 95.9% F1-Score, while maintaining a 28.9 ms/frame inference time suitable for real-time deployment. The ablation study indicates that integrating spatial and temporal attention yields a notable improvement in model accuracy. Furthermore, positional encoding proves essential in preserving spatial coherence within video-based inputs. The model’s resilience was tested across a range of challenging conditions including low-light settings, partial occlusions, and drastic head movements and it consistently maintained reliable performance. With a compact footprint of just 89 MB, the ViViT model has been fine-tuned for deployment on embedded platforms such as the Jetson Nano, making it well-suited for edge AI applications. These findings highlight ViViT’s promise as a practical and high-performing solution for real-time driver drowsiness detection in real-world scenarios.</p> ]]> Real-Time Driver Drowsiness Detection Using ViViT for In-Vehicle Monitoring Systems Under Diverse Driving Conditions desi nurnaningsih kusworo adi bayu surarso doi: 10.56578/ijtdi090401 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-09-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-09-2025 2025 9 4 Article 688 10.56578/ijtdi090401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_4/ijtdi090401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090320 An unguarded railway level crossing in Padang, Indonesia, presents a critical safety risk. This study investigates how community group size, social capital, and duration of residence in the neighborhood interact to influence collective action for shared safety. The collective action takes the form of conscious participation in an initiative to finance railway crossing guards, provided by and for the community. Using two-stage probit regression, the analysis uses the duration of residence in the neighborhood as an instrumental variable for social capital to address potential endogeneity. Not necessarily, the longer residents live in the neighborhood, the greater the willingness to participate. It is possible that living longer in an area leads to a decline in social capital due to economic stagnation and social fragmentation. Especially in disadvantaged neighborhoods. These dynamics illustrate the complex interactions between the duration of residence, group size, and social capital. These interactions will lead to a wide variety of responses in maintaining grassroots safety efforts. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">An unguarded railway level crossing in Padang, Indonesia, presents a critical safety risk. This study investigates how community group size, social capital, and duration of residence in the neighborhood interact to influence collective action for shared safety. The collective action takes the form of conscious participation in an initiative to finance railway crossing guards, provided by and for the community. Using two-stage probit regression, the analysis uses the duration of residence in the neighborhood as an instrumental variable for social capital to address potential endogeneity. Not necessarily, the longer residents live in the neighborhood, the greater the willingness to participate. It is possible that living longer in an area leads to a decline in social capital due to economic stagnation and social fragmentation. Especially in disadvantaged neighborhoods. These dynamics illustrate the complex interactions between the duration of residence, group size, and social capital. These interactions will lead to a wide variety of responses in maintaining grassroots safety efforts.</span></p> ]]> Group Size and Social Capital Impact on Free Riding Behavior in Padang’s Self-Guards Managed Railway Crossing davy hendri nurmina neli revita sari doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090320 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 677 10.18280/ijtdi.090320 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090320 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090319 Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) are increasingly used in industrial and logistics operations for material handling, offering benefits such as reduced human error, improved efficiency, and lower operational costs. This study presents the design and implementation of a real-time intelligent management system for Forklift AGVs based on deep learning techniques. The core of the system is an optimized version of YOLOv3, termed YOLOX, enhanced with Adaptive Spatial Feature Fusion (ASFF) and advanced data augmentation strategies. The ASFF module employs spatially adaptive weights (α, β, γ) to dynamically integrate multi-scale features across the Feature Pyramid Network, improving the detection of small, occluded, and overlapping objects. The system is trained on a combined Pascal VOC dataset using mix-up and label smoothing to enhance generalization and model robustness. It is deployed on embedded hardware, including Raspberry Pi 4, enabling real-time processing of visual data and sensor inputs under various lighting and environmental conditions. Evaluation results indicate that the model achieves a high mean Average Precision (mAP) of 94.17%, with real-time confidence scores reaching 98.1% in natural lighting and 94.3% in dim conditions. The system effectively detects and classifies a wide range of objects—including static, dynamic, small, distant, and partially occluded—in complex scenes. The proposed solution demonstrates robust real-time performance and adaptability, making it suitable for deployment in resource-constrained environments. It offers a scalable and intelligent framework for autonomous AGV navigation, contributing to safer and more efficient material transportation in real-world applications. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) are increasingly used in industrial and logistics operations for material handling, offering benefits such as reduced human error, improved efficiency, and lower operational costs. This study presents the design and implementation of a real-time intelligent management system for Forklift AGVs based on deep learning techniques. The core of the system is an optimized version of YOLOv3, termed YOLOX, enhanced with Adaptive Spatial Feature Fusion (ASFF) and advanced data augmentation strategies. The ASFF module employs spatially adaptive weights (α, β, γ) to dynamically integrate multi-scale features across the Feature Pyramid Network, improving the detection of small, occluded, and overlapping objects. The system is trained on a combined Pascal VOC dataset using mix-up and label smoothing to enhance generalization and model robustness. It is deployed on embedded hardware, including Raspberry Pi 4, enabling real-time processing of visual data and sensor inputs under various lighting and environmental conditions. Evaluation results indicate that the model achieves a high mean Average Precision (mAP) of 94.17%, with real-time confidence scores reaching 98.1% in natural lighting and 94.3% in dim conditions. The system effectively detects and classifies a wide range of objects—including static, dynamic, small, distant, and partially occluded—in complex scenes. The proposed solution demonstrates robust real-time performance and adaptability, making it suitable for deployment in resource-constrained environments. It offers a scalable and intelligent framework for autonomous AGV navigation, contributing to safer and more efficient material transportation in real-world applications.</span></p> ]]> Real-Time Object Detection for Forklift Automated Guided Vehicles Using Deep Learning ryham ibrahim khalil naktal moiad edan doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090319 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 665 10.18280/ijtdi.090319 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090319 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090318 In Indonesia, two-wheeled vehicles, or motorbikes, make up over 80% of all motorized vehicles. These bikes are popular due to their affordability, fuel efficiency, and ability to navigate through traffic quickly. However, the high volume of motorbikes leads to complicated traffic patterns and poses safety risks. To enhance the safety of motorcyclists, lane separation is the most effective engineering solution. This research aims to develop a design model for an exclusive motorcycle lane (EML) on arterial roads in urban areas through microsimulation. The EML design model is created using traffic simulations conducted with PTV VISSIM 2020. The inputs for the simulation are EML width and motorcycle (MC) volume. The EML width ranges from 3.0 meters to 4.0 meters, while the MC volume varies from 910 MC/hr to 4800 MC/hr. The output of the simulation is analyzed to establish the relationship between EML width, motorcycle volume, and the volume-to-capacity ratio (VCR). The modeling will yield the maximum motorcycle volume for each EML width, as well as the relationships between volume, speed, and VCR. According to the EML design model, the maximum MC volume for an EML width of 3.0 m is 3,889 MC/hr, a 3.25 m width, 4,175 MC/hr, a 3.5 m width, 4,565 MC/hr, a 3.75 m width, 5,000 MC/hr, and a 4.0 m width, 5,140 MC/hr. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>In Indonesia, two-wheeled vehicles, or motorbikes, make up over 80% of all motorized vehicles. These bikes are popular due to their affordability, fuel efficiency, and ability to navigate through traffic quickly. However, the high volume of motorbikes leads to complicated traffic patterns and poses safety risks. To enhance the safety of motorcyclists, lane separation is the most effective engineering solution. This research aims to develop a design model for an exclusive motorcycle lane (EML) on arterial roads in urban areas through microsimulation. The EML design model is created using traffic simulations conducted with PTV VISSIM 2020. The inputs for the simulation are EML width and motorcycle (MC) volume. The EML width ranges from 3.0 meters to 4.0 meters, while the MC volume varies from 910 MC/hr to 4800 MC/hr. The output of the simulation is analyzed to establish the relationship between EML width, motorcycle volume, and the volume-to-capacity ratio (VCR). The modeling will yield the maximum motorcycle volume for each EML width, as well as the relationships between volume, speed, and VCR. According to the EML design model, the maximum MC volume for an EML width of 3.0 m is 3,889 MC/hr, a 3.25 m width, 4,175 MC/hr, a 3.5 m width, 4,565 MC/hr, a 3.75 m width, 5,000 MC/hr, and a 4.0 m width, 5,140 MC/hr.</p> ]]> Microsimulation-Based Design of Exclusive Motorcycle Lanes on Urban Arterial Roads titi kurniati purnawan purnawan yosritzal yosritzal elsa eka putri doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090318 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 657 10.18280/ijtdi.090318 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090318 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090317 The increasing number of automobiles on the highway has led to a major difficulty in municipal traffic management. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) require dependable traffic prediction algorithms capable of providing accurate forecasts at numerous time steps. This research proposes an Enhanced-Graph Neural Network (E-GNN) technique for traffic prediction and has been explored to augment the traditional GNN and temporal dependencies in traffic networks. A multimodal input was deployed for the preprocessing of the input data with GNN-Layer. An additional data stream was integrated to influence the traffic flow. The approach leverages strategically positioned loop detector sensors on the road network as a means of harvesting real-world traffic data. The suggested E-GNN technique for the estimation of real-time traffic speed was developed using two separate actual traffic datasets, such as PeMS-BAY and METR-LA. The result obtained over time shows a significant improvement, as seen in the 15-minute ahead prediction; the RMSE of EGNN reduced by 26.25% when compared with the existing state-of-the-art techniques. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The increasing number of automobiles on the highway has led to a major difficulty in municipal traffic management. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) require dependable traffic prediction algorithms capable of providing accurate forecasts at numerous time steps. This research proposes an Enhanced-Graph Neural Network (E-GNN) technique for traffic prediction and has been explored to augment the traditional GNN and temporal dependencies in traffic networks. A multimodal input was deployed for the preprocessing of the input data with GNN-Layer. An additional data stream was integrated to influence the traffic flow. The approach leverages strategically positioned loop detector sensors on the road network as a means of harvesting real-world traffic data. The suggested E-GNN technique for the estimation of real-time traffic speed was developed using two separate actual traffic datasets, such as PeMS-BAY and METR-LA. The result obtained over time shows a significant improvement, as seen in the 15-minute ahead prediction; the RMSE of EGNN reduced by 26.25% when compared with the existing state-of-the-art techniques.</p> ]]> Traffic Prediction and Congestion Control Using an Enhanced-Graph Neural Network moses odiagbe opeyemi osanaiye omotayo oshiga doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090317 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 645 10.18280/ijtdi.090317 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090317 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090316 This research aims to analyze the existing vehicle speeds on a primary arterial road and to implement speed management on road segments to improve road safety. This study utilizes secondary data collected from local Police accident reports over the four preceding years (2019-2022). A road inventory survey was conducted to determine road characteristics. Traffic count surveys and spot speed surveys were used to obtain traffic characteristics. Existing speeds were analyzed using the 85th percentile speed, which reflects the operating speed of the majority of drivers. Subsequently, the 85th percentile speed was benchmarked against Indonesia’s Minister of Transportation Regulation No. PM 111/2015. A Chi-square analysis was used to test the influence of vehicle speed on the fatality rate of traffic accident victims. The results of the Chi-square test indicated a significant relationship between vehicle speed and the fatality rate of traffic accident victims on the Jalan Raya Anyer. To improve road safety, speed control was implemented through the installation of signs and markings, particularly in accident-prone areas. The installation of speed limit signs is proposed in areas with educational, commercial, and residential activities. To enhance effectiveness, speed limit signs are installed repeatedly at a distance of 35 m between signs. The results of this research can contribute to the development of more effective policies and strategies to improve traffic safety on primary arterial roads, particularly in terms of speed management. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This research aims to analyze the existing vehicle speeds on a primary arterial road and to implement speed management on road segments to improve road safety. This study utilizes secondary data collected from local Police accident reports over the four preceding years (2019-2022). A road inventory survey was conducted to determine road characteristics. Traffic count surveys and spot speed surveys were used to obtain traffic characteristics. Existing speeds were analyzed using the 85th percentile speed, which reflects the operating speed of the majority of drivers. Subsequently, the 85th percentile speed was benchmarked against Indonesia’s Minister of Transportation Regulation No. PM 111/2015. A Chi-square analysis was used to test the influence of vehicle speed on the fatality rate of traffic accident victims. The results of the Chi-square test indicated a significant relationship between vehicle speed and the fatality rate of traffic accident victims on the Jalan Raya Anyer. To improve road safety, speed control was implemented through the installation of signs and markings, particularly in accident-prone areas. The installation of speed limit signs is proposed in areas with educational, commercial, and residential activities. To enhance effectiveness, speed limit signs are installed repeatedly at a distance of 35 m between signs. The results of this research can contribute to the development of more effective policies and strategies to improve traffic safety on primary arterial roads, particularly in terms of speed management.</p> ]]> Impact of Vehicle Speed on Traffic Accidents on Primary Arterial Roads (Case Study of Jalan Raya Anyer, Serang Regency) siti malkhamah latif budi suparma novita sari doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090316 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 629 10.18280/ijtdi.090316 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090316 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090315 Bengaluru, a city renowned for its rapid urbanization and booming population, faces severe traffic congestion that threatens road safety, increases environmental pollution, and disrupts the daily lives of its residents. The persistent delays at traffic lights and extended commute times underscore the urgent need for effective solutions. In response to these challenges, this study focuses on employing advanced machine learning techniques, specifically, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, and support vector regressions (SVRs) to analyze and predict traffic congestion patterns within the city. By leveraging the strengths of CNNs, the system is designed not only to provide accurate congestion detection across multiple locations but also to offer optimal routing recommendations to road users, thereby potentially easing traffic flows. To comprehensively evaluate the proposed approach, its performance is benchmarked against LSTM and SVR models using key performance metrics such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and the R² coefficient. These metrics ensure a robust assessment of predictive accuracy and model effectiveness. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Bengaluru, a city renowned for its rapid urbanization and booming population, faces severe traffic congestion that threatens road safety, increases environmental pollution, and disrupts the daily lives of its residents. The persistent delays at traffic lights and extended commute times underscore the urgent need for effective solutions. In response to these challenges, this study focuses on employing advanced machine learning techniques, specifically, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, and support vector regressions (SVRs) to analyze and predict traffic congestion patterns within the city. By leveraging the strengths of CNNs, the system is designed not only to provide accurate congestion detection across multiple locations but also to offer optimal routing recommendations to road users, thereby potentially easing traffic flows. To comprehensively evaluate the proposed approach, its performance is benchmarked against LSTM and SVR models using key performance metrics such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and the R² coefficient. These metrics ensure a robust assessment of predictive accuracy and model effectiveness.</p> ]]> Real-Time Bengaluru City Traffic Congestion Prediction Using Deep Learning Models karigowda dhananjaya kumar mandya lingaiah anitha manchanahali narsegowda veena doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090315 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 619 10.18280/ijtdi.090315 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090315 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090314 The increasing desire for people to own personal cars, combined with their reluctance to use public transportation, has led to traffic jams and delays in emergency vehicle arrivals. Traffic lights in densely populated cities pose a significant challenge because they rely on fixed or variable timings, yet are not particularly effective. As a result, they can worsen congestion or cause traffic jams instead of alleviating it. For example, a city like Baghdad faces severe traffic congestion, requiring intervention from traffic police. Additionally, there is no specific system in place for emergency vehicle passage, and public transportation remains ineffective, as people are hesitant to use buses due to longer congestion times and the difficulty in navigating, which is exacerbated by their larger size compared to private small cars. Unlike previous YOLO-based systems, our system integrates emergency vehicle and public transport buses prioritization. It adjusts timing based on vehicle type, number, and estimated speed, showing a 31.11% improvement in flow efficiency and reducing queue delays by 21.64% compared to fixed-time signal systems. The improved algorithm can recognize all four vehicle classes (fire trucks, ambulances, public transport buses, and cars) with an accuracy of 85-99%, depending on vehicle density and complex lighting conditions. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The increasing desire for people to own personal cars, combined with their reluctance to use public transportation, has led to traffic jams and delays in emergency vehicle arrivals. Traffic lights in densely populated cities pose a significant challenge because they rely on fixed or variable timings, yet are not particularly effective. As a result, they can worsen congestion or cause traffic jams instead of alleviating it. For example, a city like Baghdad faces severe traffic congestion, requiring intervention from traffic police. Additionally, there is no specific system in place for emergency vehicle passage, and public transportation remains ineffective, as people are hesitant to use buses due to longer congestion times and the difficulty in navigating, which is exacerbated by their larger size compared to private small cars. Unlike previous YOLO-based systems, our system integrates emergency vehicle and public transport buses prioritization. It adjusts timing based on vehicle type, number, and estimated speed, showing a 31.11% improvement in flow efficiency and reducing queue delays by 21.64% compared to fixed-time signal systems. The improved algorithm can recognize all four vehicle classes (fire trucks, ambulances, public transport buses, and cars) with an accuracy of 85-99%, depending on vehicle density and complex lighting conditions.</p> ]]> An AI-Based Traffic Light Control System Using YOLOv10 with Emergency and Public Bus Prioritization: A Case Study in Baghdad mohanad hilal alruyshid omar farouq lutfy dalal abdulmohsin hammood doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090314 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 609 10.18280/ijtdi.090314 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090314 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090313 infrastructure and trade connectivity across Asia. This study assesses the impact of BRI-funded transport infrastructure projects on agricultural trade efficiency in Southeast Asia, focusing on key projects such as the China-Laos Railway and Malaysia’s East Coast Rail Link (ECRL). The research employs a mixed-methods approach combining trade flow analysis, policy document review, and semi-structured stakeholder interviews. The findings reveal that transport costs for agricultural products decrease by up to 50%, while transit times are halved, particularly benefiting perishable goods such as fruits and vegetables. Export volumes of staples such as rice and cassava increase substantially, with durian exports to China reaching USD 3 billion annually. Despite these achievements, challenges remain, including limited access for smallholder farmers, insufficient rural infrastructure, and logistical bottlenecks in cold-chain systems. By integrating recent data and insights, this study underscores the need for targeted policies, such as harmonised trade regulations and investments in rural connectivity, to maximise the equitable and sustainable benefits of BRI infrastructure for agricultural trade. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>infrastructure and trade connectivity across Asia. This study assesses the impact of BRI-funded transport infrastructure projects on agricultural trade efficiency in Southeast Asia, focusing on key projects such as the China-Laos Railway and Malaysia’s East Coast Rail Link (ECRL). The research employs a mixed-methods approach combining trade flow analysis, policy document review, and semi-structured stakeholder interviews. The findings reveal that transport costs for agricultural products decrease by up to 50%, while transit times are halved, particularly benefiting perishable goods such as fruits and vegetables. Export volumes of staples such as rice and cassava increase substantially, with durian exports to China reaching USD 3 billion annually. Despite these achievements, challenges remain, including limited access for smallholder farmers, insufficient rural infrastructure, and logistical bottlenecks in cold-chain systems. By integrating recent data and insights, this study underscores the need for targeted policies, such as harmonised trade regulations and investments in rural connectivity, to maximise the equitable and sustainable benefits of BRI infrastructure for agricultural trade.</p> ]]> The Belt and Road Initiative: Impacts on Agricultural Trade Efficiency in Southeast Asia—Evidence from Laos, Malaysia, and Thailand dao quoc huy tran thi ha nguyen thao minh doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090313 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 599 10.18280/ijtdi.090313 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090313 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090312 Since July 2022, Indonesia's Electronic Customs Declaration (ECD) system has replaced traditional paper-based forms for international arrivals. Although intended to enhance efficiency and user convenience, the system has generated considerable dissatisfaction, with 83.14% of recorded complaints citing technical or usability challenges. This study examines the determinants of passenger satisfaction with the ECD system through an integrated framework that combines the Expectation-Disconfirmation Model (EDM), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and the DeLone & McLean Information Systems Success Model. A cross-sectional survey of 207 Indonesian international passengers at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), suitable for evaluating latent constructs and mediation effects in complex models. The results indicate that effort expectancy, drawn from UTAUT, significantly influences perceived system quality and Disconfirmation, both of which serve as critical mediators of user satisfaction. System Quality, based on usability, reliability, and interface design, exerts an indirect effect through Disconfirmation, as conceptualized in EDM and DeLone and McLean's framework. Collectively, the variables explain 86.3% of the variance in satisfaction, with all key paths statistically significant (p 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Since July 2022, Indonesia's Electronic Customs Declaration (ECD) system has replaced traditional paper-based forms for international arrivals. Although intended to enhance efficiency and user convenience, the system has generated considerable dissatisfaction, with 83.14% of recorded complaints citing technical or usability challenges. This study examines the determinants of passenger satisfaction with the ECD system through an integrated framework that combines the Expectation-Disconfirmation Model (EDM), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and the DeLone & McLean Information Systems Success Model. A cross-sectional survey of 207 Indonesian international passengers at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), suitable for evaluating latent constructs and mediation effects in complex models. The results indicate that effort expectancy, drawn from UTAUT, significantly influences perceived system quality and Disconfirmation, both of which serve as critical mediators of user satisfaction. System Quality, based on usability, reliability, and interface design, exerts an indirect effect through Disconfirmation, as conceptualized in EDM and DeLone and McLean's framework. Collectively, the variables explain 86.3% of the variance in satisfaction, with all key paths statistically significant (p < 0.001). These findings underscore the importance of expectation alignment, ease of use, and perceived system quality in shaping satisfaction with digital public services and provide practical insights for user-centered design and implementation of government technologies.</p> ]]> Evaluating Passenger Satisfaction in Electronic Customs Declarations: An Expectation-Disconfirmation Model Approach armando joseph suah meliala prio utomo hally hanafiah doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090312 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 589 10.18280/ijtdi.090312 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090312 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090311 The multimodal transport system in India poses severe accessibility issues for wheelchair users and other differently-abled riders. While there are policies designed to address these issues, gaps still exist in applied research focusing on the complete understanding and evaluation of these challenges, particularly pertaining to the Indian context. This paper aims to analyze literature on the most pertinent issues related to physical and infrastructural restrictions, including the boundless social perception problems overriding empathic understanding people have towards aiding others. The results of the study pointed out the widespread inadequate infrastructure—a lack of ramps, elevators, tactile guides, accompanying accessible last-mile services, policy gaps, enforcement inequality, and unique problems regarding ride-sharing services like algorithm discrimination and insufficient vans equipped with lifts. Additional social perception issues based on legislation, technology, and grassroots efforts also challenged the existing government policies. Through addressing these problems, this study introduces an advocacy strategy aimed at revamping policies, infrastructure, education, technology, and the role of government and civil society for a supportive environment involving everyone at the community level. The primary significance of this research is the development and proposed concepts concerning the multimodal transport policy from the perspective of methods used to implement policies in relation to the use of Indian systems of evaluation of accessibility in transportation. This tool aims to empower policymakers, technologists, and business stakeholders to systematically identify, measure, and address the accessibility needs of differently-abled passengers, thereby fostering a more inclusive and equitable transportation system in India. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The multimodal transport system in India poses severe accessibility issues for wheelchair users and other differently-abled riders. While there are policies designed to address these issues, gaps still exist in applied research focusing on the complete understanding and evaluation of these challenges, particularly pertaining to the Indian context. This paper aims to analyze literature on the most pertinent issues related to physical and infrastructural restrictions, including the boundless social perception problems overriding empathic understanding people have towards aiding others. The results of the study pointed out the widespread inadequate infrastructure—a lack of ramps, elevators, tactile guides, accompanying accessible last-mile services, policy gaps, enforcement inequality, and unique problems regarding ride-sharing services like algorithm discrimination and insufficient vans equipped with lifts. Additional social perception issues based on legislation, technology, and grassroots efforts also challenged the existing government policies. Through addressing these problems, this study introduces an advocacy strategy aimed at revamping policies, infrastructure, education, technology, and the role of government and civil society for a supportive environment involving everyone at the community level. The primary significance of this research is the development and proposed concepts concerning the multimodal transport policy from the perspective of methods used to implement policies in relation to the use of Indian systems of evaluation of accessibility in transportation. This tool aims to empower policymakers, technologists, and business stakeholders to systematically identify, measure, and address the accessibility needs of differently-abled passengers, thereby fostering a more inclusive and equitable transportation system in India.</p> ]]> Accessibility Challenges in Indian Multimodal Transportation for Differently-Abled Riders: A Systematic Review for a Context-Specific Evaluation Tool krishna kant kushwah kranti kumar maurya doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090311 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 571 10.18280/ijtdi.090311 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090311 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090310 This research was conducted at the Fakfak Port in the West Papua region, which serves as a collection port and logistics distribution center. This study aims to determine the extent of the readiness of the Fakfak Port in terms of its potential strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities that could support the Fakfak Port as a consolidation port. The data obtained are both qualitative and quantitative and are processed using the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis method. Furthermore, it is arranged with the Internal External (IE) matrix to determine the company's position. The study results show that the greatest strength, namely the operational performance and utility of the Fakfak Port facilities, has improved from year to year with a significance level of 4.0 and a weight of 3.0. However, the weakness of the Fakfak Port is the lack of separation between passenger and cargo ports, with a significance level of 3 and a weight of 1.8. Opportunities that can be utilized are the supporting nodes for industrial and trade activities in the Fakfak Regency, with a significance level of 3.5 and a weight of 3.2. The biggest threat to Fakfak Port is the faceline of Pier I (water depth in front of Pier I), which is only ± 3 m. The IE results show that the Fakfak Port has the opportunity to be used as a consolidation port based on the factors. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This research was conducted at the Fakfak Port in the West Papua region, which serves as a collection port and logistics distribution center. This study aims to determine the extent of the readiness of the Fakfak Port in terms of its potential strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities that could support the Fakfak Port as a consolidation port. The data obtained are both qualitative and quantitative and are processed using the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis method. Furthermore, it is arranged with the Internal External (IE) matrix to determine the company's position. The study results show that the greatest strength, namely the operational performance and utility of the Fakfak Port facilities, has improved from year to year with a significance level of 4.0 and a weight of 3.0. However, the weakness of the Fakfak Port is the lack of separation between passenger and cargo ports, with a significance level of 3 and a weight of 1.8. Opportunities that can be utilized are the supporting nodes for industrial and trade activities in the Fakfak Regency, with a significance level of 3.5 and a weight of 3.2. The biggest threat to Fakfak Port is the faceline of Pier I (water depth in front of Pier I), which is only ± 3 m. The IE results show that the Fakfak Port has the opportunity to be used as a consolidation port based on the factors.</p> ]]> Analysis of Fakfak Port Readiness as a Consolidation Port in West Papua meti kendek muhammad asdar ganding sitepu muhammad yamin doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090310 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 561 10.18280/ijtdi.090310 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090310 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090309 The rapid emergence of the sharing economy has introduced significant changes to the structure of urban transport systems, particularly in terms of labour dynamics and social interaction. This paper investigates the impact of ridesharing platforms on social perspectives, new labour market structures, and evolving value systems within urban transport. The study aims to understand how these platforms influence drivers' perceptions of life, social connectedness, and work-related satisfaction by examining the role of new labour characteristics and platform-induced values. To address these aims, data were collected from over 2,000 Grab driver-partners across Vietnam through a nationwide questionnaire survey. Responses were analysed using Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM) to explore the interrelation between latent constructs representing labour market dynamics, emerging values, and social perspectives. Findings indicate that ridesharing platforms enable higher autonomy in work scheduling, foster stronger connections between drivers and customers, and contribute positively to drivers’ income, well-being, and social engagement. These transformations suggest a paradigm shift in urban transport labour and social integration, driven by digital mobility platforms. The results provide insights for policymakers and transport planners regarding the governance of platform-based labour and its integration with smart mobility strategies in urban areas. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The rapid emergence of the sharing economy has introduced significant changes to the structure of urban transport systems, particularly in terms of labour dynamics and social interaction. This paper investigates the impact of ridesharing platforms on social perspectives, new labour market structures, and evolving value systems within urban transport. The study aims to understand how these platforms influence drivers' perceptions of life, social connectedness, and work-related satisfaction by examining the role of new labour characteristics and platform-induced values. To address these aims, data were collected from over 2,000 Grab driver-partners across Vietnam through a nationwide questionnaire survey. Responses were analysed using Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modelling (CB-SEM) to explore the interrelation between latent constructs representing labour market dynamics, emerging values, and social perspectives. Findings indicate that ridesharing platforms enable higher autonomy in work scheduling, foster stronger connections between drivers and customers, and contribute positively to drivers’ income, well-being, and social engagement. These transformations suggest a paradigm shift in urban transport labour and social integration, driven by digital mobility platforms. The results provide insights for policymakers and transport planners regarding the governance of platform-based labour and its integration with smart mobility strategies in urban areas.</p> ]]> Social Impacts of Ridesharing Platforms: Evidence from Platform-Based Drivers in a Southeast Asian Context nguyen cao duc le van hung won joong kim nguyen ngoc trung doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090309 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 551 10.18280/ijtdi.090309 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090309 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090308 Traffic congestion in Bogor City has led to significant fuel waste and severely impeded the flow of vehicles in this densely populated urban area. To solve this issue and help individuals plan their travels more effectively, creative solutions that offer real-time traffic information are needed. The goal of this research is to create an Android-based traffic monitoring information system that makes it easier to access data on traffic conditions. The waterfall approach utilizes the React Native Maps package for digital map creation and the React Native framework for Android application development. The Android-based information system technology then serves as a useful traffic monitoring tool. Digital maps connected with CCTV and Google Traffic enable the visualization of current traffic conditions, allowing individuals to readily determine the traffic situation, including information on public transportation routes. Test findings utilizing the black-box method reveal that the system works well on Android devices running 7.0 Nougat or higher. The system's key functions, such as real-time traffic monitoring, public transit route information, and the locations of traffic service facilities, were successfully deployed as designed. Even with basic data from CCTV connection, the Waterfall-based Android Traffic Information System has the advantage of being easy to use and flexible enough to adjust to local demands. Although 78% of respondents were satisfied with the system, 22% of users reported delayed system access during peak hours. Alternative routes from SIJAB using Google Maps or Waze led to a reduction in the average time taken to travel by 12.5%, and in some cases, up to 30% compared to traditional paths during peak hours. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Traffic congestion in Bogor City has led to significant fuel waste and severely impeded the flow of vehicles in this densely populated urban area. To solve this issue and help individuals plan their travels more effectively, creative solutions that offer real-time traffic information are needed. The goal of this research is to create an Android-based traffic monitoring information system that makes it easier to access data on traffic conditions. The waterfall approach utilizes the React Native Maps package for digital map creation and the React Native framework for Android application development. The Android-based information system technology then serves as a useful traffic monitoring tool. Digital maps connected with CCTV and Google Traffic enable the visualization of current traffic conditions, allowing individuals to readily determine the traffic situation, including information on public transportation routes. Test findings utilizing the black-box method reveal that the system works well on Android devices running 7.0 Nougat or higher. The system's key functions, such as real-time traffic monitoring, public transit route information, and the locations of traffic service facilities, were successfully deployed as designed. Even with basic data from CCTV connection, the Waterfall-based Android Traffic Information System has the advantage of being easy to use and flexible enough to adjust to local demands. Although 78% of respondents were satisfied with the system, 22% of users reported delayed system access during peak hours. Alternative routes from SIJAB using Google Maps or Waze led to a reduction in the average time taken to travel by 12.5%, and in some cases, up to 30% compared to traditional paths during peak hours.</p> ]]> Real-Time Traffic and Public Transport Monitoring System for Dense Urban Areas: An Android-Based Solution muhammad nanang prayudyanto khalid saifullah fitrah satrya fajar kusumah arief goeritno budi susetyo doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090308 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 539 10.18280/ijtdi.090308 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090308 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090307 The study aims to evaluate sustainable traffic management strategies for congested intersections in medium-sized Iraqi cities, with a focus on Al-Sa’a Intersection and Al-Jari Street in Hit City. These nodes face severe traffic congestion, delays, and infrastructure limitations that compromise urban mobility and sustainability. A multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) framework was employed to analyze three categories of interventions—engineering, planning, and administrative—based on five weighted criteria: traffic efficiency (40%), delay reduction (25%), cost (20%), environmental impact (10%), and social acceptance (5%). The methodology combined field data collection (traffic counts, travel time, and delays), GIS-based spatial analysis, and stakeholder consultation to prioritize solutions and evaluate performance. The findings indicated that all proposed solutions improved traffic performance, but varied in scope and impact. Engineering solutions, such as street widening and grade separation, reduced congestion by up to 40%. Planning measures, including public transport enhancement and alternative routes, scored the highest (8.2/10) due to their long-term sustainability and balanced environmental impact. Administrative actions—optimized signal timing and truck regulation—offered low-cost, short-term improvements. The study demonstrates the value of integrated, GIS-supported, multi-criteria approaches in diagnosing and addressing urban traffic challenges in secondary cities. A phased implementation strategy is recommended: initiate with administrative measures, transition to planning-based interventions, and apply engineering upgrades where necessary. The framework can support future transport planning in similar urban contexts across Iraq. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The study aims to evaluate sustainable traffic management strategies for congested intersections in medium-sized Iraqi cities, with a focus on Al-Sa’a Intersection and Al-Jari Street in Hit City. These nodes face severe traffic congestion, delays, and infrastructure limitations that compromise urban mobility and sustainability. A multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) framework was employed to analyze three categories of interventions—engineering, planning, and administrative—based on five weighted criteria: traffic efficiency (40%), delay reduction (25%), cost (20%), environmental impact (10%), and social acceptance (5%). The methodology combined field data collection (traffic counts, travel time, and delays), GIS-based spatial analysis, and stakeholder consultation to prioritize solutions and evaluate performance. The findings indicated that all proposed solutions improved traffic performance, but varied in scope and impact. Engineering solutions, such as street widening and grade separation, reduced congestion by up to 40%. Planning measures, including public transport enhancement and alternative routes, scored the highest (8.2/10) due to their long-term sustainability and balanced environmental impact. Administrative actions—optimized signal timing and truck regulation—offered low-cost, short-term improvements. The study demonstrates the value of integrated, GIS-supported, multi-criteria approaches in diagnosing and addressing urban traffic challenges in secondary cities. A phased implementation strategy is recommended: initiate with administrative measures, transition to planning-based interventions, and apply engineering upgrades where necessary. The framework can support future transport planning in similar urban contexts across Iraq.</p> ]]> Sustainable Traffic Management Strategies for Congested Intersections: Multi-Criteria Assessment of Al-Sa’a Intersection and Al-Jari Street in Hit City mufeed ehsan shok zahraa imad hussain al-hussaini amer shakir alkinani doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090307 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 527 10.18280/ijtdi.090307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090306 Global urbanisation is evident in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially Nigeria, where the population has steadily increased by 3.2% annually. This increment necessitates the adoption of sustainable public transportation, with rail transport leading the advancement. However, train terminals are fraught with complex and poorly implemented approaches to pedestrian circulation. This study evaluated the implementation of pedestrian circulation strategies within three existing train terminals in Lagos, Nigeria, aimed at determining their influence on optimal user experience. The research method employed in this study is a mixed-method approach, which entailed the distribution of survey questionnaires to 60 respondents. Thereafter, descriptive statistics were thoroughly carried out using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. The results show that the pedestrian circulation strategy that influenced user experience the most within the selected train terminals was the connection of corridors and lobbies with other facilities. Therefore, it is recommended that horizontal pedestrian circulation strategies should be appropriately spatially planned and dimensioned to accommodate high pedestrian traffic scenarios within train terminals. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Global urbanisation is evident in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially Nigeria, where the population has steadily increased by 3.2% annually. This increment necessitates the adoption of sustainable public transportation, with rail transport leading the advancement. However, train terminals are fraught with complex and poorly implemented approaches to pedestrian circulation. This study evaluated the implementation of pedestrian circulation strategies within three existing train terminals in Lagos, Nigeria, aimed at determining their influence on optimal user experience. The research method employed in this study is a mixed-method approach, which entailed the distribution of survey questionnaires to 60 respondents. Thereafter, descriptive statistics were thoroughly carried out using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. The results show that the pedestrian circulation strategy that influenced user experience the most within the selected train terminals was the connection of corridors and lobbies with other facilities. Therefore, it is recommended that horizontal pedestrian circulation strategies should be appropriately spatially planned and dimensioned to accommodate high pedestrian traffic scenarios within train terminals.</p> ]]> The Influence of Pedestrian Circulation Strategies on User Experience in Train Terminals adedapo adewunmi oluwatayo millicent eberechukwu nzeh doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090306 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 517 10.18280/ijtdi.090306 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090306 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090305 The Jakarta–Bandung high-speed train (HST) project aims to enhance intercity connectivity between two major metropolitan regions in Indonesia, with anticipated benefits in mobility, economic development, and tourism. This infrastructure initiative is projected to create employment during both construction and operation phases. However, achieving the targeted ridership of 30,000 daily passengers remains a key challenge, particularly when compared to the current usage of conventional trains, which fluctuates between 10,000 and 14,000 passengers per day. This gap raises concerns regarding the long-term sustainability of the HST system. This study applies a system dynamics modelling approach to analyze various factors influencing passenger demand, including fare structures, service frequencies, travel time, and station accessibility. The model integrates feedback loops to capture the dynamic interrelations between policy interventions, transportation infrastructure, and land use. Simulation results reveal that demand is highly sensitive to seasonal variations, with peak travel periods occurring during mid-year and year-end holidays. Among the evaluated scenarios, the highest ridership is achieved when strategies such as integrated multimodal connectivity, optimized pricing, and tourism promotion are implemented. These findings highlight the importance of coordinated policy measures in enhancing system performance. The study concludes that a comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach is essential for achieving operational viability and long-term sustainability in high-speed train systems, particularly in emerging economies seeking to maximize infrastructure investments. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The Jakarta–Bandung high-speed train (HST) project aims to enhance intercity connectivity between two major metropolitan regions in Indonesia, with anticipated benefits in mobility, economic development, and tourism. This infrastructure initiative is projected to create employment during both construction and operation phases. However, achieving the targeted ridership of 30,000 daily passengers remains a key challenge, particularly when compared to the current usage of conventional trains, which fluctuates between 10,000 and 14,000 passengers per day. This gap raises concerns regarding the long-term sustainability of the HST system. This study applies a system dynamics modelling approach to analyze various factors influencing passenger demand, including fare structures, service frequencies, travel time, and station accessibility. The model integrates feedback loops to capture the dynamic interrelations between policy interventions, transportation infrastructure, and land use. Simulation results reveal that demand is highly sensitive to seasonal variations, with peak travel periods occurring during mid-year and year-end holidays. Among the evaluated scenarios, the highest ridership is achieved when strategies such as integrated multimodal connectivity, optimized pricing, and tourism promotion are implemented. These findings highlight the importance of coordinated policy measures in enhancing system performance. The study concludes that a comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach is essential for achieving operational viability and long-term sustainability in high-speed train systems, particularly in emerging economies seeking to maximize infrastructure investments.</p> ]]> Enhancing Passenger Volume for the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail: A System Dynamics Approach to Sustainable Regional Development balkis kusumawati akhmad fauzi bambang juanda baba barus doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090305 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 505 10.18280/ijtdi.090305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090304 The aviation industry is experiencing a rapid digital transformation driven by globalization, technological advancements, and evolving customer expectations. Among these technologies, AI-based chatbots have emerged as a powerful tool to streamline operations, enhance customer service, and support internal business functions. However, their adoption in air ticket reservation services is still in its early stages. This study aims to provide innovative insights into understanding the factors that determine the adoption of AI-based chatbots for air ticket reservations from the organization’s perspective. The study introduces two new constructs, diversity and sensibility, and conceptually integrates the “Technology Organization Environment” theory and the “Diffusion of Innovation” theory. Data from 154 respondents were modeled using PLS-SEM, suitable for models with many variables and small sample sizes. The finding reveals that the organization's technical capability is a key factor influencing the adoption. Diversity, referring to the chatbot’s multifunctionality, promotes broader acceptance. Moreover, the impact of sensibility on adoption intention posits that a user-friendly design of the chatbot that enhances the “look” and provides a sense of human touch significantly increases the adoption intention. The relative advantage of AI-based chatbots on adoption illustrates that among all other ticket reservation channels, they prove to be the most efficient and profitable. Also, the complexity and government involvement were identified as relevant predictors of adoption. This study provides valuable insights for organizations and stakeholders and offers both theoretical and practical implications. The study concludes with limitations and proposes directions for future research. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The aviation industry is experiencing a rapid digital transformation driven by globalization, technological advancements, and evolving customer expectations. Among these technologies, AI-based chatbots have emerged as a powerful tool to streamline operations, enhance customer service, and support internal business functions. However, their adoption in air ticket reservation services is still in its early stages. This study aims to provide innovative insights into understanding the factors that determine the adoption of AI-based chatbots for air ticket reservations from the organization’s perspective. The study introduces two new constructs, diversity and sensibility, and conceptually integrates the “Technology Organization Environment” theory and the “Diffusion of Innovation” theory. Data from 154 respondents were modeled using PLS-SEM, suitable for models with many variables and small sample sizes. The finding reveals that the organization's technical capability is a key factor influencing the adoption. Diversity, referring to the chatbot’s multifunctionality, promotes broader acceptance. Moreover, the impact of sensibility on adoption intention posits that a user-friendly design of the chatbot that enhances the “look” and provides a sense of human touch significantly increases the adoption intention. The relative advantage of AI-based chatbots on adoption illustrates that among all other ticket reservation channels, they prove to be the most efficient and profitable. Also, the complexity and government involvement were identified as relevant predictors of adoption. This study provides valuable insights for organizations and stakeholders and offers both theoretical and practical implications. The study concludes with limitations and proposes directions for future research.</p> ]]> Empirically Analysing the Factors Influencing the Organization’s Adoption of an AI-Based Chatbot for Air Ticket Reservation sudati kumari totakura bangar raju shweta agarwal doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090304 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 493 10.18280/ijtdi.090304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090303 This study developed and evaluated a simulator-based instructional model to enhance cadet pilot competencies in safety awareness, decision making, and flight performance. Using the ADDIE instructional design model, the research involved 60 cadets from the Indonesian Aviation Academy Banyuwangi. A pre-test/post-test design was employed, with data analyzed using paired sample t-tests. The SIM-FLIGHT model was implemented through structured modules, scenario-based assessments, and instructor guidelines using the Redbird FMX1000 flight simulator. The results showed significant improvements in all competency areas: safety awareness increased by 24.70 points, decision making by 24.62 points, and flight performance by 54.22 points (all p 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>This study developed and evaluated a simulator-based instructional model to enhance cadet pilot competencies in safety awareness, decision making, and flight performance. Using the ADDIE instructional design model, the research involved 60 cadets from the Indonesian Aviation Academy Banyuwangi. A pre-test/post-test design was employed, with data analyzed using paired sample t-tests. The SIM-FLIGHT model was implemented through structured modules, scenario-based assessments, and instructor guidelines using the Redbird FMX1000 flight simulator. The results showed significant improvements in all competency areas: safety awareness increased by 24.70 points, decision making by 24.62 points, and flight performance by 54.22 points (all p < 0.001). Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) confirmed that all competencies fell into the high-importance/high-performance quadrant, indicating alignment between instructional goals and outcomes. These findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating simulation with structured instructional models. Practically, the model offers a scalable framework for aviation institutions to enhance competency-based training through data-driven, simulation-integrated approaches.</p> ]]> Enhancing Aviation Cadet Competencies Through Simulator Based Training: A Study Using the ADDIE Model and Importance Performance Analysis hadi prayitno ekohariadi mochamad cholik ratna suhartini arie wardhono doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090303 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 485 10.18280/ijtdi.090303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090302 Advances in wireless communication and sensor technologies have enabled vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) systems that enhance road safety and traffic efficiency. The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a multi-agent V2V communication framework that enables cooperative driving, allowing autonomous vehicles to make real-time, informed decisions in complex traffic scenarios. The proposed system is implemented using the JADE multi-agent platform and incorporates reinforcement learning and cooperative decision-making strategies. Each vehicle is represented by a Generic Car Agent (GCA) with integrated sub-agents responsible for driver modeling, information integration, knowledge management, and active interface functions. Remote Car Agents (RCA) and Traffic Control Agents (TCA) facilitate communication across vehicles and traffic networks, enabling coordinated maneuvers such as lane changes and platooning. The framework is evaluated using real-world traffic data collected from urban and highway roads in Jordan, across five challenging driving scenarios. Simulation results show improved traffic flow, reduced collision risk, and enhanced fuel efficiency. The system is cost-effective, leveraging existing onboard sensors and standard wireless technologies, demonstrating practical potential for scalable deployment in intelligent transportation systems. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Advances in wireless communication and sensor technologies have enabled vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) systems that enhance road safety and traffic efficiency. The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a multi-agent V2V communication framework that enables cooperative driving, allowing autonomous vehicles to make real-time, informed decisions in complex traffic scenarios. The proposed system is implemented using the JADE multi-agent platform and incorporates reinforcement learning and cooperative decision-making strategies. Each vehicle is represented by a Generic Car Agent (GCA) with integrated sub-agents responsible for driver modeling, information integration, knowledge management, and active interface functions. Remote Car Agents (RCA) and Traffic Control Agents (TCA) facilitate communication across vehicles and traffic networks, enabling coordinated maneuvers such as lane changes and platooning. The framework is evaluated using real-world traffic data collected from urban and highway roads in Jordan, across five challenging driving scenarios. Simulation results show improved traffic flow, reduced collision risk, and enhanced fuel efficiency. The system is cost-effective, leveraging existing onboard sensors and standard wireless technologies, demonstrating practical potential for scalable deployment in intelligent transportation systems.</p> ]]> Vehicle Dynamics and Cooperative Driving Enhanced by Multi-Agent V2V Communication hesham al salem doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090302 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 473 10.18280/ijtdi.090302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090301 The determinants of travel mode choice among university students and staff were examined to address a gap in campus mobility research, particularly within tropical environments. Data were obtained from 923 respondents at Mahidol University, Thailand, and analyzed through the application of the Nested Logit Model (NLM), which accounts for hierarchical decision structures across six travel modes: trams, bicycles, motorcycle taxis, private motorcycles, private cars, and walking. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to identify latent constructs influencing satisfaction, including comfort, built environment, and flexibility. The analysis indicated that active and shared modes, particularly trams and walking, were generally preferred. Travel time, cost, and scheduling flexibility were found to be key determinants of mode selection, with flexibility exerting a positive influence and travel time and cost acting as constraints. Weather-related factors were not statistically significant, suggesting that infrastructural conditions may mitigate climatic impacts on active travel. Elasticity analysis further demonstrated that changes in service attributes can prompt modal shifts between motorized and active travel. It is concluded that integrating attitudinal and contextual variables into discrete choice modeling offers a deeper understanding of mode choice behavior in campus environments. Policy implications include the enhancement of shaded pathways, the improvement of service reliability, and the adoption of flexible scheduling strategies to promote sustainable and health-supportive mobility. These findings provide a framework for the development of targeted campus transport policies in climate-sensitive settings. 09-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The determinants of travel mode choice among university students and staff were examined to address a gap in campus mobility research, particularly within tropical environments. Data were obtained from 923 respondents at Mahidol University, Thailand, and analyzed through the application of the Nested Logit Model (NLM), which accounts for hierarchical decision structures across six travel modes: trams, bicycles, motorcycle taxis, private motorcycles, private cars, and walking. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to identify latent constructs influencing satisfaction, including comfort, built environment, and flexibility. The analysis indicated that active and shared modes, particularly trams and walking, were generally preferred. Travel time, cost, and scheduling flexibility were found to be key determinants of mode selection, with flexibility exerting a positive influence and travel time and cost acting as constraints. Weather-related factors were not statistically significant, suggesting that infrastructural conditions may mitigate climatic impacts on active travel. Elasticity analysis further demonstrated that changes in service attributes can prompt modal shifts between motorized and active travel. It is concluded that integrating attitudinal and contextual variables into discrete choice modeling offers a deeper understanding of mode choice behavior in campus environments. Policy implications include the enhancement of shaded pathways, the improvement of service reliability, and the adoption of flexible scheduling strategies to promote sustainable and health-supportive mobility. These findings provide a framework for the development of targeted campus transport policies in climate-sensitive settings.</p> ]]> Modeling Travel Mode Choice Behavior on University Campus Using Nested Logit Analysis kittichai thanasupsin pongphisanu nakkham tosporn arreeras suchada phonsitthangkun doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090301 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2025 2025 9 3 Article 461 10.18280/ijtdi.090301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_3/ijtdi.090301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090220 This study evaluates the operational cost efficiency and environmental implications of transitioning from diesel to electric buses, using the Trans Jogja public transport system in Indonesia as a case study. Employing a total cost of ownership (TCO) framework and emissions analysis, the study compares the financial performance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions between diesel and battery electric buses. Results show that electric buses incur approximately 50% higher operating costs, primarily due to elevated capital expenditures and depreciation. Moreover, under Indonesia's coal-dominated electricity grid, electric buses generate higher indirect CO₂ emissions than their diesel ones, highlighting a critical energy-emission paradox. However, electric buses eliminate tailpipe pollutants such as NOx and PM2.5, offering considerable public health benefits. A systemic scenario analysis reveals that full fleet electrification without concurrent reform in the energy sector could raise annual emissions by over 2,200 tons. The study identifies key barriers—including high upfront costs, limited charging infrastructure, and regulatory misalignment—and proposes phased policy interventions. Recommendations include targeted subsidies, contract revisions, integration with renewable energy, and technical capacity-building. The findings offer valuable insights for Indonesian cities seeking to scale sustainable urban mobility through electric transportation. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study evaluates the operational cost efficiency and environmental implications of transitioning from diesel to electric buses, using the Trans Jogja public transport system in Indonesia as a case study. Employing a total cost of ownership (TCO) framework and emissions analysis, the study compares the financial performance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions between diesel and battery electric buses. Results show that electric buses incur approximately 50% higher operating costs, primarily due to elevated capital expenditures and depreciation. Moreover, under Indonesia's coal-dominated electricity grid, electric buses generate higher indirect CO</span><span style="font-family: Times, serif">₂</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> emissions than their diesel ones, highlighting a critical energy-emission paradox. However, electric buses eliminate tailpipe pollutants such as NO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">x</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> and PM2.5, offering considerable public health benefits. A systemic scenario analysis reveals that full fleet electrification without concurrent reform in the energy sector could raise annual emissions by over 2,200 tons. The study identifies key barriers—including high upfront costs, limited charging infrastructure, and regulatory misalignment—and proposes phased policy interventions. Recommendations include targeted subsidies, contract revisions, integration with renewable energy, and technical capacity-building. The findings offer valuable insights for Indonesian cities seeking to scale sustainable urban mobility through electric transportation.</span></p> ]]> Operational Cost Efficiency and Emission Analysis of Electric and Diesel Buses: A Case Study of Trans Jogja, Indonesia imam basuki doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090220 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 449 10.18280/ijtdi.090220 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090220 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090219 Vehicle tires are subjected to sudden and significant loads when driving at high speeds due to unexpected bumps in the road. To reduce the occurrence of these cracks, this research will address the occurrence of these cracks using various techniques. The Solid Works program will be used to design various wheel models and reinforce the areas where cracks occur. The models will then be loaded into the ANSYS program to determine the various deformations and stresses they experience, as well as the degree of improvement of the wheel models whose designs have been developed. The results demonstrated that the deformation models' values were substantially lower than those of the first model, with the third model showing the biggest percentage decrease (59.56%). The results showed that the Von Mises models' values and the maximum shear stress were considerably lower than those of the first model, with the third model showing the biggest percentage decline at (68.12 and 61.2%), respectively. The fact that these improved percentages are reached in the three models (64.74, 93.12, and 88.72%) indicates that the fatigue damage values of the three improved models in the design are significantly lower than the fatigue damage values of the first model. It is clear that the third model, with a safety factor increase of 93.12%, has the highest increase. This suggests that the third model, which has three collars reinforcing it in the region where cracks are developing, is the best. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Vehicle tires are subjected to sudden and significant loads when driving at high speeds due to unexpected bumps in the road. To reduce the occurrence of these cracks, this research will address the occurrence of these cracks using various techniques. The Solid Works program will be used to design various wheel models and reinforce the areas where cracks occur. The models will then be loaded into the ANSYS program to determine the various deformations and stresses they experience, as well as the degree of improvement of the wheel models whose designs have been developed. The results demonstrated that the deformation models' values were substantially lower than those of the first model, with the third model showing the biggest percentage decrease (59.56%). The results showed that the Von Mises models' values and the maximum shear stress were considerably lower than those of the first model, with the third model showing the biggest percentage decline at (68.12 and 61.2%), respectively. The fact that these improved percentages are reached in the three models (64.74, 93.12, and 88.72%) indicates that the fatigue damage values of the three improved models in the design are significantly lower than the fatigue damage values of the first model. It is clear that the third model, with a safety factor increase of 93.12%, has the highest increase. This suggests that the third model, which has three collars reinforcing it in the region where cracks are developing, is the best.</p> ]]> Mathematical Models of a Car Wheel to Solve Its Failure Problems Under Impact Load mohammad takey elias kassim zainab mohamed tahir rashid rafal khalid jasim sulaiman emad toma karash ahmed mohammed mahmood ayad dawood sulaiman doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090219 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 441 10.18280/ijtdi.090219 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090219 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090218 This research paper presents an in-depth exploration of container vessel accidents and preventive measures through semi-structured interviews with industry professionals and subject matter experts. Building on a previous study, utilizing the NASAFACS methodology to analyze container vessel accidents, this paper aims to deepen understanding of the underlying challenges and emerging trends in container vessel safety. The interviews focused on key aspects, such as industry insights, causal factors, environmental risks, crew competency, the regulatory landscape, collaboration with authorities, industry partnership, and crisis management. Participants shared valuable perspectives on major challenges affecting container vessels and the wider industry. Interview data were analyzed using MAXQDA Software, allowing a comprehensive thematic analysis. The findings inform recommendations to improve safety, including the development of comprehensive standards for emerging risks. Specific suggestions include the upgrade of firefighting systems for ultra-large container ships, stricter enforcement of cargo declaration and lashing practices, mandatory IMDG training for shippers and freight forwarders, higher manning levels, and structured inspection regimes akin to those in the tanker industry. While the NASAFACS analysis of accident reports identified preconditions as primary contributory factors, the interview findings highlight systemic organizational issues and external influences. This research contributes to the ongoing maritime safety discourse by integrating expert insights with NASAFACS analysis, offering a holistic perspective on container vessel accidents and proactive measures for their prevention. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research paper presents an in-depth exploration of container vessel accidents and preventive measures through semi-structured interviews with industry professionals and subject matter experts. Building on a previous study, utilizing the NASAFACS methodology to analyze container vessel accidents, this paper aims to deepen understanding of the underlying challenges and emerging trends in container vessel safety. The interviews focused on key aspects, such as industry insights, causal factors, environmental risks, crew competency, the regulatory landscape, collaboration with authorities, industry partnership, and crisis management. Participants shared valuable perspectives on major challenges affecting container vessels and the wider industry. Interview data were analyzed using MAXQDA Software, allowing a comprehensive thematic analysis. The findings inform recommendations to improve safety, including the development of comprehensive standards for emerging risks. Specific suggestions include the upgrade of firefighting systems for ultra-large container ships, stricter enforcement of cargo declaration and lashing practices, mandatory IMDG training for shippers and freight forwarders, higher manning levels, and structured inspection regimes akin to those in the tanker industry. While the NASAFACS analysis of accident reports identified preconditions as primary contributory factors, the interview findings highlight systemic organizational issues and external influences. This research contributes to the ongoing maritime safety discourse by integrating expert insights with NASAFACS analysis, offering a holistic perspective on container vessel accidents and proactive measures for their prevention.</span></p> ]]> Enhancing Container Vessel Safety: Insights from Industry Professionals manindra pratap singh bangar raju totakura doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090218 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 423 10.18280/ijtdi.090218 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090218 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090217 Road damage surveys in Indonesia are still conducted manually through visual inspections based on the Surface Distress Index (SDI) method. Consequently, the process often requires extended completion times and yields results that lack objectivity due to heavy reliance on the surveyor's experience. As a result, road repairs frequently do not correspond accurately to the actual damage conditions. Road deterioration intensifies during the rainy season, when water accumulates in potholes, accelerating their erosion and expansion. To facilitate more objective damage assessment, particularly for potholes, a tool employing an image sensor capable of distinguishing between water-filled and dry potholes is necessary. This study utilized an image processing model based on a convolutional neural network employing MobileNet SSD V2. In detecting water-filled potholes, the system achieved a precision of 0.95, a recall of 0.514, and an F1 score of 0.667. Furthermore, performance testing across various vehicle speeds indicated that the optimal speed for the edge device system was an average of 15 km/h, at which the system maintained a precision of 0.95, a recall of 0.514, and an F1 score of 0.667. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Road damage surveys in Indonesia are still conducted manually through visual inspections based on the Surface Distress Index (SDI) method. Consequently, the process often requires extended completion times and yields results that lack objectivity due to heavy reliance on the surveyor's experience. As a result, road repairs frequently do not correspond accurately to the actual damage conditions. Road deterioration intensifies during the rainy season, when water accumulates in potholes, accelerating their erosion and expansion. To facilitate more objective damage assessment, particularly for potholes, a tool employing an image sensor capable of distinguishing between water-filled and dry potholes is necessary. This study utilized an image processing model based on a convolutional neural network employing MobileNet SSD V2. In detecting water-filled potholes, the system achieved a precision of 0.95, a recall of 0.514, and an F1 score of 0.667. Furthermore, performance testing across various vehicle speeds indicated that the optimal speed for the edge device system was an average of 15 km/h, at which the system maintained a precision of 0.95, a recall of 0.514, and an F1 score of 0.667.</p> ]]> Detection and Classification of Road Damage Based on Water-Filled Pothole Using Convolutional Neural Network Model for Edge Device cahya buana hera widyastuti catur arif prastyanto rahardhita widyatra sudibyo doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090217 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 415 10.18280/ijtdi.090217 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090217 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090216 Transportation logistics for fuel delivery face persistent challenges in routing under uncertain demand and complex operational constraints. This study addresses the gap between theoretical models and practical fuel distribution by introducing a hybrid framework that integrates Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), graph-based spatial reasoning, and deterministic constraint validation. The method combines Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) with a graph neural architecture to capture spatial dependencies in vehicle routing while ensuring operational feasibility via constraint-checking mechanisms. The approach was evaluated on 300 synthetic problem instances across three network scales (10, 50, and 100 stations) and a real-world case study involving 38 gas stations and 6 vehicles in a regional fuel distribution system. Compared to a standard deep learning baseline and a Clarke-Wright heuristic, our method reduced operational costs by 7.2% and 9.9%, respectively. Constraint violations dropped from 6% with classical reinforcement learning to 1%, demonstrating improved feasibility. While we report averaged results over large instance sets, formal statistical significance testing remains a direction for future work. The proposed approach maintained robust performance under varying levels of demand uncertainty and produced feasible daily routing plans within 45 seconds, confirming their practical applicability. By integrating learning, spatial reasoning, and operational compliance, this research advances scalable and adaptive optimization for fuel delivery in uncertain and dynamic environments. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Transportation logistics for fuel delivery face persistent challenges in routing under uncertain demand and complex operational constraints. This study addresses the gap between theoretical models and practical fuel distribution by introducing a hybrid framework that integrates Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), graph-based spatial reasoning, and deterministic constraint validation. The method combines Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) with a graph neural architecture to capture spatial dependencies in vehicle routing while ensuring operational feasibility via constraint-checking mechanisms. The approach was evaluated on 300 synthetic problem instances across three network scales (10, 50, and 100 stations) and a real-world case study involving 38 gas stations and 6 vehicles in a regional fuel distribution system. Compared to a standard deep learning baseline and a Clarke-Wright heuristic, our method reduced operational costs by 7.2% and 9.9%, respectively. Constraint violations dropped from 6% with classical reinforcement learning to 1%, demonstrating improved feasibility. While we report averaged results over large instance sets, formal statistical significance testing remains a direction for future work. The proposed approach maintained robust performance under varying levels of demand uncertainty and produced feasible daily routing plans within 45 seconds, confirming their practical applicability. By integrating learning, spatial reasoning, and operational compliance, this research advances scalable and adaptive optimization for fuel delivery in uncertain and dynamic environments.</p> ]]> A Hybrid Reinforcement Learning Framework for Optimizing Fuel Delivery Networks under Uncertainty khaled mili majdi argoubi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090216 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 395 10.18280/ijtdi.090216 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090216 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090215 Walkability and environmental attitudes significantly influence the adoption of public transport in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, as revealed by our extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) analysis of 500 respondents. This study uniquely integrates walkability and environmental attitudes into the TPB framework—an approach rarely applied in mid-sized Southeast Asian cities with limited infrastructure. Key findings show: (1) Better walkability improves people’s attitude ($β$ = 0.26, p p p 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Walkability and environmental attitudes significantly influence the adoption of public transport in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, as revealed by our extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) analysis of 500 respondents. This study uniquely integrates walkability and environmental attitudes into the TPB framework—an approach rarely applied in mid-sized Southeast Asian cities with limited infrastructure. Key findings show: (1) Better walkability improves people’s attitude ($β$ = 0.26, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">p</span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> < 0.01) and their sense of control ($β$ = 0.32, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">p </span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">< 0.01) about using public transport; (2) Positive environmental attitudes directly influence the intention to use public transport ($β$ = 0.19, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">p </span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">< 0.05); while (3) Gaps in infrastructure reduce the effectiveness of perceived control. These results suggest that integrated interventions—improving pedestrian connectivity while promoting sustainability awareness—could effectively increase transit ridership in this religiously conservative, infrastructure-limited city. Policymakers should prioritize walkability upgrades near transit stops and community-based environmental campaigns tailored to local cultural norms.</span></p> ]]> From Streets to Seats: The Role of Walkability in Shaping Public Transport Behavior–The Case of Banda Aceh, Indonesia muhammad yanis sofyan muhammad saleh ashfa achmad laina hilma sari doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090215 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 383 10.18280/ijtdi.090215 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090215 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090214 This study addresses the high costs and emissions associated with diesel freight operations on the busy Dammam–Riyadh corridor by developing a hybrid, data-driven optimization framework that combines regression modeling, the Taguchi method, and a Genetic Algorithm (GA). First, a multiple linear regression model was trained on 30 real freight trips validated via 5-fold cross-validation and reporting R² = 0.87 and RMSE = 3,200 SAR to predict total trip cost from six operational variables. Next, a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to perform a sensitivity analysis under the “smaller-is-better” Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio, identifying wagon count and trip duration as the most influential factors, with a minimum predicted cost of 42,388.64 SAR. Finally, we applied a DEAP-based GA (population = 50; generations = 100; blend crossover; Gaussian mutation) to globally optimize all six variables within empirically derived bounds, achieving a predicted cost of 34,054.33 SAR (≈ 44% reduction versus the dataset mean). Key assumptions include linear cost relationships in the regression and fixed stop/truck counts during Taguchi screening; limitations stem from the single-corridor dataset. This combined approach balances rapid factor screening with precise global optimization, offering both strategic insights and actionable recommendations for reducing freight transportation costs while maintaining operational reliability. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study addresses the high costs and emissions associated with diesel freight operations on the busy Dammam–Riyadh corridor by developing a hybrid, data-driven optimization framework that combines regression modeling, the Taguchi method, and a Genetic Algorithm (GA). First, a multiple linear regression model was trained on 30 real freight trips validated via 5-fold cross-validation and reporting R² = 0.87 and RMSE = 3,200 SAR to predict total trip cost from six operational variables. Next, a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used to perform a sensitivity analysis under the “smaller-is-better” Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio, identifying wagon count and trip duration as the most influential factors, with a minimum predicted cost of 42,388.64 SAR. Finally, we applied a DEAP-based GA (population = 50; generations = 100; blend crossover; Gaussian mutation) to globally optimize all six variables within empirically derived bounds, achieving a predicted cost of 34,054.33 SAR (</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">≈</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> 44% reduction versus the dataset mean). Key assumptions include linear cost relationships in the regression and fixed stop/truck counts during Taguchi screening; limitations stem from the single-corridor dataset. This combined approach balances rapid factor screening with precise global optimization, offering both strategic insights and actionable recommendations for reducing freight transportation costs while maintaining operational reliability.</span></p> ]]> Data-Driven Optimization of Freight Train Operations on the Dammam–Riyadh Corridor Using Regression Modeling and Hybrid Intelligent Algorithms mohammed gronfula doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090214 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 371 10.18280/ijtdi.090214 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090214 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090213 Urban transportation systems in developing cities like Yogyakarta face challenges such as congestion, limited infrastructure, and fragmented policies. This study aims to develop a context-specific framework for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) adoption by integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with external readiness factors, including infrastructure quality, technology access, socioeconomic status, and policy support. A survey of 300 transportation users was conducted, and data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). Instrument validity was confirmed through expert review and Content Validity Index (CVI). The study introduced two new constructs Smart Readiness and Social Affordability to capture individual and systemic influences on technology adoption in ITS. Results show that perceived usefulness and ease of use mediate the relationship between external readiness and behavioral intention. Government policy and infrastructure were the strongest predictors of ITS adoption. The model explained 70% of the variance in behavioral intention, indicating strong explanatory power and model fit. In conclusion, contextual factors such as infrastructure, governance, and digital access play a pivotal role in enabling ITS adoption in mid-sized developing cities. The proposed framework extends TAM by incorporating systemic urban readiness, offering both theoretical advancement and practical guidance for policy makers and urban planners. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Urban transportation systems in developing cities like Yogyakarta face challenges such as congestion, limited infrastructure, and fragmented policies. This study aims to develop a context-specific framework for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) adoption by integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with external readiness factors, including infrastructure quality, technology access, socioeconomic status, and policy support. A survey of 300 transportation users was conducted, and data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). Instrument validity was confirmed through expert review and Content Validity Index (CVI). The study introduced two new constructs Smart Readiness and Social Affordability to capture individual and systemic influences on technology adoption in ITS. Results show that perceived usefulness and ease of use mediate the relationship between external readiness and behavioral intention. Government policy and infrastructure were the strongest predictors of ITS adoption. The model explained 70% of the variance in behavioral intention, indicating strong explanatory power and model fit. In conclusion, contextual factors such as infrastructure, governance, and digital access play a pivotal role in enabling ITS adoption in mid-sized developing cities. The proposed framework extends TAM by incorporating systemic urban readiness, offering both theoretical advancement and practical guidance for policy makers and urban planners.</p> ]]> Developing an Integrated ITS Adoption Framework: A Multidimensional Adoption Approach in the Context of Intelligent Transportation hidayatulah himawan aslinda hassan nazrulazhar bahaman doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090213 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 361 10.18280/ijtdi.090213 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090213 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090212 Short-term traffic forecasting is one of the significant subjects in order to create more sophisticated transportation systems that regulate traffic volume and prevent congestion. The number of vehicles in Karbala City is growing quickly, which raises wait times and decreases Level of Service (LOS). It is essential to predict the traffic performance to ensure a correct traffic operation. The aim of this work is to create a short-term traffic forecasting model for intersections within a study area based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The data has been used to create and train a number of ANN models. Two models were selected based on the most effective parameters that cause traffic congestion, longer travel times, and accidents for each type of vehicle, serving as the main input for the models. The results of models to predict the traffic volume and travel time found that the neural network performed in a good way, achieving R2 values of 0.9101,0.9748 and 0.8877, which is a good score. Sensitivity analysis was adopted to evaluate the model's performance when the input values are changed. It was found that the passenger car (PC) was the most effective parameter for both models. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Short-term traffic forecasting is one of the significant subjects in order to create more sophisticated transportation systems that regulate traffic volume and prevent congestion. The number of vehicles in Karbala City is growing quickly, which raises wait times and decreases Level of Service (LOS). It is essential to predict the traffic performance to ensure a correct traffic operation. The aim of this work is to create a short-term traffic forecasting model for intersections within a study area based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The data has been used to create and train a number of ANN models. Two models were selected based on the most effective parameters that cause traffic congestion, longer travel times, and accidents for each type of vehicle, serving as the main input for the models. The results of models to predict the traffic volume and travel time found that the neural network performed in a good way, achieving R2 values of 0.9101,0.9748 and 0.8877, which is a good score. Sensitivity analysis was adopted to evaluate the model's performance when the input values are changed. It was found that the passenger car (PC) was the most effective parameter for both models.</p> ]]> Forecasting of Short‑Term Traffic Flow Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in Iraq hussein jasim almansori lamyaa shakir alshaebi sahar basim al-ghurabi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090212 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 351 10.18280/ijtdi.090212 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090212 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090211 Traffic signal control systems play a critical role in managing urban mobility by regulating the flow at intersections. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) installed a new signal timing system at several signalized intersections along multiple corridors in Central Florida. In December 2013, Orange County began implementing this system, which was completed in June 2015. This action was taken to reduce the frequency of red-light running incidents. The primary objective of this study was to assess how signalized intersections and corridors are affected by extended change and clearance intervals. Specifically, it aimed to evaluate FDOT’s signal timing effort and its potential impact on the safety and operational performance of selected intersections. To address this, twenty signalized intersections along three corridors in Central Florida were investigated. Additionally, three signal timing patterns were examined to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the baseline (Pattern 1), the current FDOT implementation (Pattern 2), and the proposed alternative (Pattern 3). Microsimulation analysis was conducted using SimTraffic, a component of the Synchro 8 software. The study found that extended signal timing in Pattern 2 and the proposed Pattern 3, which incorporate longer change and clearance intervals, significantly increased intersection delay and volume-to-capacity (V/C) ratios. Furthermore, these patterns also led to noticeable increases in overall delay and travel time along the studied corridors. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Traffic signal control systems play a critical role in managing urban mobility by regulating the flow at intersections. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) installed a new signal timing system at several signalized intersections along multiple corridors in Central Florida. In December 2013, Orange County began implementing this system, which was completed in June 2015. This action was taken to reduce the frequency of red-light running incidents. The primary objective of this study was to assess how signalized intersections and corridors are affected by extended change and clearance intervals. Specifically, it aimed to evaluate FDOT’s signal timing effort and its potential impact on the safety and operational performance of selected intersections. To address this, twenty signalized intersections along three corridors in Central Florida were investigated. Additionally, three signal timing patterns were examined to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the baseline (Pattern 1), the current FDOT implementation (Pattern 2), and the proposed alternative (Pattern 3). Microsimulation analysis was conducted using SimTraffic, a component of the Synchro 8 software. The study found that extended signal timing in Pattern 2 and the proposed Pattern 3, which incorporate longer change and clearance intervals, significantly increased intersection delay and volume-to-capacity (V/C) ratios. Furthermore, these patterns also led to noticeable increases in overall delay and travel time along the studied corridors.</p> ]]> Efficiency Assessment of Extended Change and Clearance Intervals on Signalized Intersections and Corridors mohammed s. alfawzan essam radwan marwa elbany meshal almoshaogeh hany a. dahish doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090211 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 337 10.18280/ijtdi.090211 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090211 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090210 Driver distraction, particularly due to mobile phone usage, significantly contributes to road traffic accidents. This study proposes a real-time detection system using the YOLOv8 object detection algorithm to identify drivers using mobile phones. The system combines two datasets: one for phone usage behavior and another for phone object detection, aiming to improve recognition performance in various conditions. Data augmentation techniques such as zoom, blur, and noise were applied to simulate real-world scenarios including lighting variations and occlusion. The YOLOv8 model was trained and evaluated using this dataset combination, achieving a detection accuracy of 92.5% and a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 89.5%. These results demonstrate the model’s ability to accurately detect mobile phone usage, even under challenging conditions. This approach presents a promising solution for early warning systems to monitor driver focus and reduce the risk of accidents caused by distraction, contributing to improved road safety through intelligent driver behavior detection. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Driver distraction, particularly due to mobile phone usage, significantly contributes to road traffic accidents. This study proposes a real-time detection system using the YOLOv8 object detection algorithm to identify drivers using mobile phones. The system combines two datasets: one for phone usage behavior and another for phone object detection, aiming to improve recognition performance in various conditions. Data augmentation techniques such as zoom, blur, and noise were applied to simulate real-world scenarios including lighting variations and occlusion. The YOLOv8 model was trained and evaluated using this dataset combination, achieving a detection accuracy of 92.5% and a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 89.5%. These results demonstrate the model’s ability to accurately detect mobile phone usage, even under challenging conditions. This approach presents a promising solution for early warning systems to monitor driver focus and reduce the risk of accidents caused by distraction, contributing to improved road safety through intelligent driver behavior detection.</p> ]]> Mobile Phone Usage Warning System for Driver Focus Monitoring amanda keshya anggara prajna deshanta ibnugraha simon siregar anak agung gde agung devie ryana suchendra doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090210 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 325 10.18280/ijtdi.090210 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090210 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090209 Most road accidents are caused by drivers engaging in driving practices and being distracted while driving, which contributes to the concern of road safety awareness in society today. Activities like using a phone while driving carelessly and displaying driving habits increase the likelihood of these actions leading to an accident. In this research paper, we introduce a driver behavior detection system based on CNN technology that employs a 22-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) to identify intricate behaviors in real time situations. The proposed method systematically incorporates layers with 3×3 kernels and ReLU activations, along with max pooling layers to classify five main categories: turning movements, using a phone for texting or talking, safe driving practices, and other activities. The system underwent training and testing on a dataset of 10776 RGB images, in 480×640 pixels resolution, depicting driving situations and surroundings. The first test results showed a notable drop in misclassification errors and a notable rise in accuracy rates for classification tasks using a CNN approach could have advantages for enhancing vehicle safety systems by accurately and swiftly detecting driving behaviors to reduce accident risks and enhance road safety overall. The experiment findings were obtained through GPU processing in Matlab. Resulted in a training accuracy of 100% along with a testing accuracy of 100%, achieved within 23.46 seconds. The method suggested for assessing driving habits has been effectively executed. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Most road accidents are caused by drivers engaging in driving practices and being distracted while driving, which contributes to the concern of road safety awareness in society today. Activities like using a phone while driving carelessly and displaying driving habits increase the likelihood of these actions leading to an accident. In this research paper, we introduce a driver behavior detection system based on CNN technology that employs a 22-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) to identify intricate behaviors in real time situations. The proposed method systematically incorporates layers with 3×3 kernels and ReLU activations, along with max pooling layers to classify five main categories: turning movements, using a phone for texting or talking, safe driving practices, and other activities. The system underwent training and testing on a dataset of 10776 RGB images, in 480×640 pixels resolution, depicting driving situations and surroundings. The first test results showed a notable drop in misclassification errors and a notable rise in accuracy rates for classification tasks using a CNN approach could have advantages for enhancing vehicle safety systems by accurately and swiftly detecting driving behaviors to reduce accident risks and enhance road safety overall. The experiment findings were obtained through GPU processing in Matlab. Resulted in a training accuracy of 100% along with a testing accuracy of 100%, achieved within 23.46 seconds. The method suggested for assessing driving habits has been effectively executed.</span></p> ]]> Enhancing Road Safety Using Deep Learning-Based Driver Behavior Detection System ali fadhil yaseen althabhawee reem m. ibrahim bushra kadhim oleiwi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090209 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 317 10.18280/ijtdi.090209 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090209 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090208 In this study, the environmental impact of car noise in the two largest cities of Uzbekistan - Samarkand and Tashkent-was compared in depth. The main objective is to determine how factors such as the level of urbanization of different cities, traffic density, road infrastructure and industrial location affect the level of traffic noise. The study used a modern Assistant SIU 30 v3rt type noise meter at a total of 12 points (8 in Samarkand, 4 in Tashkent) with measurements of car number and noise level at 2-minute intervals of 10-15 minutes per location. During the measurements, the number of cars, maximum and average equivalent noise levels (Leq) were determined. The results showed that noise levels in Tashkent were higher, as well as a very strong correlation (R=0.97) between the number of vehicles and noise. In contrast, in Samarkand, this association is moderately strong (R=0.635), and other environmental and infrastructural factors have also been found to affect noise. The study was also carried out on the basis of international standards, while the results serve as an important basis for ensuring environmental safety, urban planning and the development of anti-noise strategies. The results showed significant differences in noise levels and their relationship to traffic between cities. The analysis confirmed an increase in the permissible noise level in residential areas, public buildings and recreation areas, especially in large cities, taking into account their specific characteristics and factors affecting the noise level. The cited correlation indicators will serve as a statistical basis for the development of noise forecasting and monitoring systems in the future by year. The facts of the article are necessary for the scientific justification of the policy of combating noise in the cities of Uzbekistan. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>In this study, the environmental impact of car noise in the two largest cities of Uzbekistan - Samarkand and Tashkent-was compared in depth. The main objective is to determine how factors such as the level of urbanization of different cities, traffic density, road infrastructure and industrial location affect the level of traffic noise. The study used a modern Assistant SIU 30 v3rt type noise meter at a total of 12 points (8 in Samarkand, 4 in Tashkent) with measurements of car number and noise level at 2-minute intervals of 10-15 minutes per location. During the measurements, the number of cars, maximum and average equivalent noise levels (Leq) were determined. The results showed that noise levels in Tashkent were higher, as well as a very strong correlation (R=0.97) between the number of vehicles and noise. In contrast, in Samarkand, this association is moderately strong (R=0.635), and other environmental and infrastructural factors have also been found to affect noise. The study was also carried out on the basis of international standards, while the results serve as an important basis for ensuring environmental safety, urban planning and the development of anti-noise strategies. The results showed significant differences in noise levels and their relationship to traffic between cities. The analysis confirmed an increase in the permissible noise level in residential areas, public buildings and recreation areas, especially in large cities, taking into account their specific characteristics and factors affecting the noise level. The cited correlation indicators will serve as a statistical basis for the development of noise forecasting and monitoring systems in the future by year. The facts of the article are necessary for the scientific justification of the policy of combating noise in the cities of Uzbekistan.</p> ]]> Comparative Analysis of Environmental Impact of Vehicle Noise Sources in Samarkand and Tashkent sarvar isroil ugli ashurmakhmatov ergash egamberdiyevich kobilov tanzila raximovna madjidova mustafo kurbonovich tuxtayev leylya enverovna belyalova dilbar sa’dinovna yarmatova mansiya yessenamanova doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090208 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 307 10.18280/ijtdi.090208 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090208 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090207 Transitioning to electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial for sustainable transportation. This study investigates the factors influencing consumers’ attitudes and purchase intentions toward EVs in Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 400 respondents through an online survey, and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed for analysis. The findings indicate that performance expectancy, environmental concern, charging infrastructure, and financial incentives positively impact attitudes toward EVs, whereas price and operating costs are significant barriers. Attitude toward EVs is confirmed as a key mediator, linking these factors to purchase intention. The results suggest that improving EV infrastructure, reducing perceived costs, and increasing public awareness through education and incentives can enhance adoption rates. Policymakers and industry stakeholders should focus on strategic initiatives that address affordability, charging accessibility, and technological advancements to accelerate EV market growth. While this study offers valuable insights, future research should explore regional disparities and additional determinants such as brand perception and social influence. Indonesia can move toward a more sustainable transportation ecosystem by fostering a more favorable perception of EVs. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Transitioning to electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial for sustainable transportation. This study investigates the factors influencing consumers’ attitudes and purchase intentions toward EVs in Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 400 respondents through an online survey, and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed for analysis. The findings indicate that performance expectancy, environmental concern, charging infrastructure, and financial incentives positively impact attitudes toward EVs, whereas price and operating costs are significant barriers. Attitude toward EVs is confirmed as a key mediator, linking these factors to purchase intention. The results suggest that improving EV infrastructure, reducing perceived costs, and increasing public awareness through education and incentives can enhance adoption rates. Policymakers and industry stakeholders should focus on strategic initiatives that address affordability, charging accessibility, and technological advancements to accelerate EV market growth. While this study offers valuable insights, future research should explore regional disparities and additional determinants such as brand perception and social influence. Indonesia can move toward a more sustainable transportation ecosystem by fostering a more favorable perception of EVs.</p> ]]> Factors Influencing Attitudes and Purchase Intentions of Electric Vehicles Among Urban Consumers edi purwanto agustinus purna irawan muhammad idrus taba doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090207 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 287 10.18280/ijtdi.090207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090206 Public transportation (PT) plays a vital role in promoting sustainable mobility, particularly in congested urban areas. Effective PT planning requires attention to country-specific objectives and challenges. Evaluating bus services is essential for ensuring that transit systems meet mobility demands while reducing congestion and pollution. However, no globally recognized evaluation indicators currently exist for assessing PT services and stations in developing countries. To address this gap, a systematic literature review was conducted to establish a weighted assessment checklist tailored to the context of developing nations. The study employed expert judgment from 15 professionals and applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to identify best practices. Key indicators for evaluating bus stations included infrastructure, operations, and facilities, while the level of service (LOS) and sustainability emerged as the most critical indicators for bus service evaluation. Among the highest-weighted factors were reliability, safety and security, connectivity and integration, and operational efficiency, underscoring their importance in delivering effective and sustainable PT solutions. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by proposing context-specific indicators that account for the unique challenges faced by low-income countries, such as limited resources, infrastructure constraints, and socio-economic conditions. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Public transportation (PT) plays a vital role in promoting sustainable mobility, particularly in congested urban areas. Effective PT planning requires attention to country-specific objectives and challenges. Evaluating bus services is essential for ensuring that transit systems meet mobility demands while reducing congestion and pollution. However, no globally recognized evaluation indicators currently exist for assessing PT services and stations in developing countries. To address this gap, a systematic literature review was conducted to establish a weighted assessment checklist tailored to the context of developing nations. The study employed expert judgment from 15 professionals and applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to identify best practices. Key indicators for evaluating bus stations included infrastructure, operations, and facilities, while the level of service (LOS) and sustainability emerged as the most critical indicators for bus service evaluation. Among the highest-weighted factors were reliability, safety and security, connectivity and integration, and operational efficiency, underscoring their importance in delivering effective and sustainable PT solutions. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by proposing context-specific indicators that account for the unique challenges faced by low-income countries, such as limited resources, infrastructure constraints, and socio-economic conditions.</p> ]]> Checklist for Sustainable Public Transport Service in Developing Countries: Insights from Systematic Literature Review and Experts’ Judgment ala keblawi nur sabahiah binti abdul sukor khaled al-sahili ahmad farhan bin mohd sadullah samer abdulhussein aseel al-qudsi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090206 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 271 10.18280/ijtdi.090206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090205 First-mile and last-mile connectivity remains a significant challenge in developing cities as inadequate feeder systems often hinder public transport efficiency. While prior studies have examined access and egress mode choices, few have explored how income levels and travel distance shape commuters’ travel mode behavior in Indonesia. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the influence of income level and travel distance on mode selection for first-mile and last-mile trips in Jakarta’s commuter rail system. This study used a multinomial logit model (MNL) to examine the hypotheses across 24 Jakarta Kota–Bogor stations. The findings show that lower-income commuters prefer to walk and use microtransit and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), while higher-income groups prefer private vehicles and ride-hailing services. In addition, travel distance strongly influences mode choice, with walking decreasing significantly as the distance increases. The results also highlight a high private vehicle dependency for first-mile access and a tendency for ride-hailing in last-mile travel, reflecting a wide gap in Jakarta’s feeder system. This study recommends expanding and integrating feeder transport, improving pedestrian infrastructure, unifying fares across modes, and regulating ride-hailing services to enhance connectivity. These measures can promote sustainable urban mobility and reduce dependency on private vehicle. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>First-mile and last-mile connectivity remains a significant challenge in developing cities as inadequate feeder systems often hinder public transport efficiency. While prior studies have examined access and egress mode choices, few have explored how income levels and travel distance shape commuters’ travel mode behavior in Indonesia. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the influence of income level and travel distance on mode selection for first-mile and last-mile trips in Jakarta’s commuter rail system. This study used a multinomial logit model (MNL) to examine the hypotheses across 24 Jakarta Kota–Bogor stations. The findings show that lower-income commuters prefer to walk and use microtransit and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), while higher-income groups prefer private vehicles and ride-hailing services. In addition, travel distance strongly influences mode choice, with walking decreasing significantly as the distance increases. The results also highlight a high private vehicle dependency for first-mile access and a tendency for ride-hailing in last-mile travel, reflecting a wide gap in Jakarta’s feeder system. This study recommends expanding and integrating feeder transport, improving pedestrian infrastructure, unifying fares across modes, and regulating ride-hailing services to enhance connectivity. These measures can promote sustainable urban mobility and reduce dependency on private vehicle.</p> ]]> Does Income Influence First-Mile-Last-Mile? A Study of Access and Egress of Commuter Rail Transit Ridership Travel Mode Choice christina sari ismiyati mudjiastuti handajani yudi basuki doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090205 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 259 10.18280/ijtdi.090205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090204 This study assessed the effectiveness and sustainability of using barge versus feeder vessels to transport containerized cargo to Bangkok Port, Thailand. A survey of 387 stakeholders in marine logistics was conducted from October to December 2024. Multiple regression analysis (MRA) showed that cost-effectiveness, environmental impact, and operational flexibility primarily influenced transport mode choice, explaining 56.2% of the variance. Cost-effectiveness emerged as the key factor, while environmental impact was the strongest predictor of perceived sustainability. While operators favored feeders due to cost and time efficiency, barges scored higher due to environmental friendliness and operational flexibility. Notably, 68% of respondents preferred barges for short routes under 100 km due to their role in reducing road congestion and pollution. Furthermore, 73% expected greater barge use over the next five years, driven by technology and environmental policies. Improved waterway infrastructure would lead 82% to use barges more frequently, and 76% believed better intermodal integration would enhance logistics efficiency. This study is limited to the context of Thailand’s domestic maritime logistics and stakeholder perceptions, which may not be fully generalizable to other ASEAN or global port systems. Future research should explore multi-country comparative studies and assess longitudinal trends as green port policies evolve across Southeast Asia. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times, serif">This study assessed the effectiveness and sustainability of using barge versus feeder vessels to transport containerized cargo to Bangkok Port, Thailand. A survey of 387 stakeholders in marine logistics was conducted from October to December 2024. Multiple regression analysis (MRA) showed that cost-effectiveness, environmental impact, and operational flexibility primarily influenced transport mode choice, explaining 56.2% of the variance. Cost-effectiveness emerged as the key factor, while environmental impact was the strongest predictor of perceived sustainability. While operators favored feeders due to cost and time efficiency, barges scored higher due to environmental friendliness and operational flexibility. Notably, 68% of respondents preferred barges for short routes under 100 km due to their role in reducing road congestion and pollution. Furthermore, 73% expected greater barge use over the next five years, driven by technology and environmental policies. Improved waterway infrastructure would lead 82% to use barges more frequently, and 76% believed better intermodal integration would enhance logistics efficiency. This study is limited to the context of Thailand’s domestic maritime logistics and stakeholder perceptions, which may not be fully generalizable to other ASEAN or global port systems. Future research should explore multi-country comparative studies and assess longitudinal trends as green port policies evolve across Southeast Asia.</span></p> ]]> Efficiency and Sustainability of Bangkok Port Barge Transport: A Comparative Analysis with Feeder Vessels Under Thailand’s Logistics Strategy kanokporn nakchatree jaruwit prabnasak doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090204 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 249 10.18280/ijtdi.090204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090203 The growing air transport industry is under pressure to identify strategies for greenhouse gas (GHGs) emission reduction, specifically CO2, by incorporating sustainable and carbon-neutral operations. This study follows an Integrated Environmental Assessment (IEA) methodology through the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework and policy analysis to evaluate the relationship between aviation-related activities and carbon emissions. It also suggests future policy pathways to achieve a sustainable scenario. The study area is the Kingdom of Bahrain, a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) in the Arabian Gulf region. The findings reveal that aviation activities and related ground operations have increased in recent years, resulting in a 7% annual increase in emissions since 2013 and a 4.88% projected increase for the coming years by 2030. In addition, Bahrain’s location and its economic developments have been the main factors influencing aviation emissions. The average growing population rate of 2.7% has put an additional demand on the air transport system to expand its infrastructure, increase aircraft fleets, and upgrade facilities. The study uniquely identified a lack of distinct institutional mechanisms and a requirement for legislative standardization at both national and industrial levels. Through policy analysis, Bahrain’s national policies and industry-level policies are mostly regulatory instruments, with varying degrees of effectiveness. It also recommends that research gaps in local aviation impacts be technically filled to assist Bahrain in achieving its 2060 goal of Net Zero emissions. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The growing air transport industry is under pressure to identify strategies for greenhouse gas (GHGs) emission reduction, specifically CO</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">, by incorporating sustainable and carbon-neutral operations. This study follows an Integrated Environmental Assessment (IEA) methodology through the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework and policy analysis to evaluate the relationship between aviation-related activities and carbon emissions. It also suggests future policy pathways to achieve a sustainable scenario. The study area is the Kingdom of Bahrain, a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) in the Arabian Gulf region. The findings reveal that aviation activities and related ground operations have increased in recent years, resulting in a 7% annual increase in emissions since 2013 and a 4.88% projected increase for the coming years by 2030. In addition, Bahrain’s location and its economic developments have been the main factors influencing aviation emissions. The average growing population rate of 2.7% has put an additional demand on the air transport system to expand its infrastructure, increase aircraft fleets, and upgrade facilities. The study uniquely identified a lack of distinct institutional mechanisms and a requirement for legislative standardization at both national and industrial levels. Through policy analysis, Bahrain’s national policies and industry-level policies are mostly regulatory instruments, with varying degrees of effectiveness. It also recommends that research gaps in local aviation impacts be technically filled to assist Bahrain in achieving its 2060 goal of Net Zero emissions.</span></p> ]]> Integrated Environmental Assessment of Aviation Activities in the Kingdom of Bahrain nahed bahman asma abahussain ezzat khan tariq mahmood mahmood shaker doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090203 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 239 10.18280/ijtdi.090203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090202 Multi-modal transportation systems (MMTS) play a critical role in enhancing urban mobility by integrating multiple transport modes to improve efficiency and accessibility. This paper presents a comprehensive review of modelling approaches in MMTS, focusing on optimization techniques, travel behaviour analysis, and network resilience. The study synthesizes a range of methods, including agent-based models, equilibrium approaches, and data-driven simulations, aimed at improving system efficiency, adaptability, and user satisfaction. While significant strengths include real-world data integration and dynamic performance modelling, a thematic analysis reveals recurring limitations across studies, such as model assumptions, data limitations, limited behavioural realism, narrow scope, and high computational complexity. These weaknesses constrain the scalability and applicability of current MMTS models. The review emphasizes the need for frameworks that integrate real-time analytics, support diverse travel behaviours, and incorporate emerging trends like Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) and micromobility. It concludes by recommending that future research prioritize cross-regional validation, computational scalability, and dynamic system responsiveness to ensure MMTS can meet evolving urban transport demands. This synthesis serves as a critical reference for researchers, planners, and policymakers aiming to develop resilient and efficient multimodal transit networks. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Multi-modal transportation systems (MMTS) play a critical role in enhancing urban mobility by integrating multiple transport modes to improve efficiency and accessibility. This paper presents a comprehensive review of modelling approaches in MMTS, focusing on optimization techniques, travel behaviour analysis, and network resilience. The study synthesizes a range of methods, including agent-based models, equilibrium approaches, and data-driven simulations, aimed at improving system efficiency, adaptability, and user satisfaction. While significant strengths include real-world data integration and dynamic performance modelling, a thematic analysis reveals recurring limitations across studies, such as model assumptions, data limitations, limited behavioural realism, narrow scope, and high computational complexity. These weaknesses constrain the scalability and applicability of current MMTS models. The review emphasizes the need for frameworks that integrate real-time analytics, support diverse travel behaviours, and incorporate emerging trends like Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) and micromobility. It concludes by recommending that future research prioritize cross-regional validation, computational scalability, and dynamic system responsiveness to ensure MMTS can meet evolving urban transport demands. This synthesis serves as a critical reference for researchers, planners, and policymakers aiming to develop resilient and efficient multimodal transit networks.</span></p> ]]> A Review of Modeling Approaches in Multi-Modal Transportation Systems: Optimization, Travel Behaviour, and Network Resilience mohd azizul ladin jazmina bazla jun iskandar almando abbil nazaruddin abdul taha rusdi rusli muhamad razuhanafi mat yazid hussin a. m yahia al sharif ramzi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090202 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 227 10.18280/ijtdi.090202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090201 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ ]]> Comparing Intermodal and Synchromodal Transport Systems to Enhance Efficiency and Sustainability at the Port of Aktau, Kazakhstan yun chen olga kisselyova ainur abzhapbarova dana aliakbarkyzy yerzhan karsybayev doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090201 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2025 9 2 Article 217 10.18280/ijtdi.090201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_2/ijtdi.090201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090120 Public transportation integration is essential for sustainable tourism development, so it is necessary to improve transportation services. This study aims to determine the indicators needed in designing transportation integration procedures. This study uses a decision-based Fuzzy Delphi method assessed by experts to determine the ranking of each indicator in transportation integration. The location of this study is in West Sumatra Province because it has favorite tourist attractions in 19 districts and cities that foreign and domestic tourists can visit. The findings of this study include nine indicators of physical integration, four indicators of operational integration, three indicators of ticket integration, four indicators of information integration, and one indicator of institutional integration. Thus, it can be used as a guideline in planning transportation integration to improve accessibility to tourist areas. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Public transportation integration is essential for sustainable tourism development, so it is necessary to improve transportation services. This study aims to determine the indicators needed in designing transportation integration procedures. This study uses a decision-based Fuzzy Delphi method assessed by experts to determine the ranking of each indicator in transportation integration. The location of this study is in West Sumatra Province because it has favorite tourist attractions in 19 districts and cities that foreign and domestic tourists can visit. The findings of this study include nine indicators of physical integration, four indicators of operational integration, three indicators of ticket integration, four indicators of information integration, and one indicator of institutional integration. Thus, it can be used as a guideline in planning transportation integration to improve accessibility to tourist areas.</span></p> ]]> West Sumatra Tourism Transportation Integration Indicators jihan melasari purnawan yosritzal yossyafra doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090120 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 209 10.18280/ijtdi.090120 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090120 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090119 The paper considers the issues of the urgent problem of increasing the efficiency of the organization and planning of the maintenance system of mining dump trucks. The methods of analysis and synthesis of a priori information and statistical data of the enterprise show the need to improve the existing system for ensuring reliable operation of the dump truck fleet. Quantitative indicators are given that characterize the operational reliability of the park as the number of failures of the park as a whole, the main components and assemblies and the coefficient of technical readiness (CTR) of the park, analytical dependencies are obtained that approximate the dynamics of these indicators, depending on the duration of the studied service life. The obtained functional dependencies differ by type, with a significant discrepancy between planned and actual indicators, which in production conditions are eliminated by unscheduled operational measures of technical impact that reduce the overall efficiency of the maintenance and repair system of the fleet. The necessity of increasing the efficiency of the operating system at the stage of planning and organization of maintenance and repair is substantiated. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The paper considers the issues of the urgent problem of increasing the efficiency of the organization and planning of the maintenance system of mining dump trucks. The methods of analysis and synthesis of a priori information and statistical data of the enterprise show the need to improve the existing system for ensuring reliable operation of the dump truck fleet. Quantitative indicators are given that characterize the operational reliability of the park as the number of failures of the park as a whole, the main components and assemblies and the coefficient of technical readiness (CTR) of the park, analytical dependencies are obtained that approximate the dynamics of these indicators, depending on the duration of the studied service life. The obtained functional dependencies differ by type, with a significant discrepancy between planned and actual indicators, which in production conditions are eliminated by unscheduled operational measures of technical impact that reduce the overall efficiency of the maintenance and repair system of the fleet. The necessity of increasing the efficiency of the operating system at the stage of planning and organization of maintenance and repair is substantiated.</span></p> ]]> Dump Truck Operational Efficiency: A Case Study of the Don Mining and Processing Plant nurlybek m. myrzabekov abdikarim a. karazhanov akhmet zh. murzagaliev zhassulan r. alipbayev umirzhan sh. kokayev doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090119 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 197 10.18280/ijtdi.090119 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090119 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090118 Drowsy driving is a significant hazard, often leading to vehicular collisions, personal injuries, and fatalities. Detecting drowsiness signs quickly and accurately is crucial for reducing fatigue-related incidents. In recent years, the domain of artificial intelligence, especially the implementation of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) frameworks in conjunction with the You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm, has attracted considerable academic scrutiny. These sophisticated methodologies enable the evaluation of driver fatigue through video footage or ongoing surveillance in real time. This study employs the YOLO algorithm integrated with a CNN to categorize detected drivers into drowsy and awake, utilizing bounding boxes during analysis. Model parameters, such as batch size (64), network size (416×416), subdivisions (16), max batch (4000), and filters (21), are configured for optimal performance. The dataset is split into four scenarios for training and testing, with learning rates set at 0.00261 and 0.001. Notably, the highest Intersection over Union (IoU) value is achieved with an 80%:20% split dataset and a learning rate of 0.00261, effectively identifying drowsiness in drivers and enhancing proactive safety measures. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Drowsy driving is a significant hazard, often leading to vehicular collisions, personal injuries, and fatalities. Detecting drowsiness signs quickly and accurately is crucial for reducing fatigue-related incidents. In recent years, the domain of artificial intelligence, especially the implementation of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) frameworks in conjunction with the You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm, has attracted considerable academic scrutiny. These sophisticated methodologies enable the evaluation of driver fatigue through video footage or ongoing surveillance in real time. This study employs the YOLO algorithm integrated with a CNN to categorize detected drivers into drowsy and awake, utilizing bounding boxes during analysis. Model parameters, such as batch size (64), network size (416</span><span style="font-family: Times, serif">×</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">416), subdivisions (16), max batch (4000), and filters (21), are configured for optimal performance. The dataset is split into four scenarios for training and testing, with learning rates set at 0.00261 and 0.001. Notably, the highest Intersection over Union (IoU) value is achieved with an 80%:20% split dataset and a learning rate of 0.00261, effectively identifying drowsiness in drivers and enhancing proactive safety measures.</span></p> ]]> Optimized YOLO Approach for Drowsiness Detection in Automotive Safety: Parameter Tuning and Facial Expression Analysis dina tri utari andrie pasca hendradewa mamta anisa bella doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090118 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 189 10.18280/ijtdi.090118 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090118 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090117 For sustainability, rail accidents are minimized by continuously upgrading with technology and refining existing methods for wheel life. Indian railways are one of the major transport sectors in the world. Hence, the focus is on defect detection over rail wheels to avoid accidents. An effective mechanism is required to detect wheel issues. The train journey to me made without issues and would experience a smooth journey for the passengers if there were no defects. The proposed system is an automatic visual inspection approach that comprises a set of nondestructive techniques, strain gauge sensors for detecting flat spots, and cracks, infrared cameras used for detecting abnormally hot or abnormally cold areas of the wheel that indicate damage, and the usage of wheelset balancing for achieving the quality of the wheel. Integrating transfer learning with the present working body would significantly make a difference. The combination of required technologies, such as specific non-destructive techniques, ResNet for spotted defects labelling, and transfer learning for comparison of refined and actual objects. Significant metrics such as accuracy and error rate were also analyzed, comparing the existing approaches against the proposed hybrid approach. The known advantages of using a transfer learning approach are faster training, higher accuracy, and better generalization capabilities. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">For sustainability, rail accidents are minimized by continuously upgrading with technology and refining existing methods for wheel life. Indian railways are one of the major transport sectors in the world. Hence, the focus is on defect detection over rail wheels to avoid accidents. An effective mechanism is required to detect wheel issues. The train journey to me made without issues and would experience a smooth journey for the passengers if there were no defects. The proposed system is an automatic visual inspection approach that comprises a set of nondestructive techniques, strain gauge sensors for detecting flat spots, and cracks, infrared cameras used for detecting abnormally hot or abnormally cold areas of the wheel that indicate damage, and the usage of wheelset balancing for achieving the quality of the wheel. Integrating transfer learning with the present working body would significantly make a difference. The combination of required technologies, such as specific non-destructive techniques, ResNet for spotted defects labelling, and transfer learning for comparison of refined and actual objects. Significant metrics such as accuracy and error rate were also analyzed, comparing the existing approaches against the proposed hybrid approach. The known advantages of using a transfer learning approach are faster training, higher accuracy, and better generalization capabilities.</span></p> ]]> A Hybrid Novel Approach for Rail Wheel Defect Detection to Ensure Sustainability s. kavitha u. sesadri vijaya chandra jadala nabanita choudhury s. adinaarayana s. hrushikesava raju doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090117 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 181 10.18280/ijtdi.090117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090116 This study aims to modify off-spec limestones using resin to enhance their mechanical properties. The modified limestones are intended for road construction. The mechanical properties are accessed through Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV), Aggregate Impact Value (AIV), Los Angeles (LA) abrasion, water absorption, and microstructure analyses. Then, the modified limestones are exposed to deterioration to resemble real-life altering conditions on highways. The exposure conditions consist of the direct immersion of water, 3% NaCl solution, and 1% HCl solution, and thermal stress cycles. This was followed by quality test analyses for comparisons and inferences. The samples were immersed in water, NaCl solution, and HCl solution for 63 days, with each cycle consisting of 3 days of immersion and four days of air drying. Nineteen thermal stress cycles were carried out, with 18 hours of immersion in NaCl solution and 6 hours of heating in an oven at 60 degrees. The findings show significant improvement in crushing value, impact value, and abrasion resistance of aggregates after surface treatment with resin. Microstructure analyses using SEM revealed that the treated limestone had a rougher surface texture, indicating enhanced bonding in concrete, facilitating chemical reactions, improving mechanical interlocking, and ultimately enhancing the overall performance and durability of the concrete structure. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study aims to modify off-spec limestones using resin to enhance their mechanical properties. The modified limestones are intended for road construction. The mechanical properties are accessed through Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV), Aggregate Impact Value (AIV), Los Angeles (LA) abrasion, water absorption, and microstructure analyses. Then, the modified limestones are exposed to deterioration to resemble real-life altering conditions on highways. The exposure conditions consist of the direct immersion of water, 3% NaCl solution, and 1% HCl solution, and thermal stress cycles. This was followed by quality test analyses for comparisons and inferences. The samples were immersed in water, NaCl solution, and HCl solution for 63 days, with each cycle consisting of 3 days of immersion and four days of air drying. Nineteen thermal stress cycles were carried out, with 18 hours of immersion in NaCl solution and 6 hours of heating in an oven at 60 degrees. The findings show significant improvement in crushing value, impact value, and abrasion resistance of aggregates after surface treatment with resin. Microstructure analyses using SEM revealed that the treated limestone had a rougher surface texture, indicating enhanced bonding in concrete, facilitating chemical reactions, improving mechanical interlocking, and ultimately enhancing the overall performance and durability of the concrete structure.</span></p> ]]> Quality Improvement of Off-Spec Coarse Aggregates with the Use of Unsaturated Polyester Resin elsa eka putri sumayya ahmed mohammad abdul mannan jen hua ling doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090116 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 173 10.18280/ijtdi.090116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090115 The use of private vehicles can have many negative impacts on various aspects of life. Therefore, the government, as a public service provider, has tried to provide bus-based public transportation services. However, the growth in the number of private vehicles each year continues to increase, while the number of passengers using bus transportation is far below the targeted load factor. This study aims to: 1) assess the perceptions of private vehicle users on the performance of existing bus transportation services; 2) analyze bus service attributes that influence public's desire to switch from using private vehicles, and 3) examine user preferences for using bus as the main mode of transport for their daily mobility. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires distributed to 270 samples of people who live in the districts served by the bus route. The analysis techniques used were descriptive statistics, descriptive qualitative, content analysis, and quantitative analysis. The results showed: 1) the perception of private vehicle users on the performance of existing bus transportation services is dominated by positive comments and responses; 2) bus service attributes that influence public's desire to switch from using private vehicles, namely fare affordability, maintenance of bus stops and buses, and operating hours while the attribute with the smallest influence is the payment system; 3) User preferences for bus transportation services are in the form of security types, media types, and operating hours show compatibility with existing services. For walking and cycling distances, respondents chose 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The use of private vehicles can have many negative impacts on various aspects of life. Therefore, the government, as a public service provider, has tried to provide bus-based public transportation services. However, the growth in the number of private vehicles each year continues to increase, while the number of passengers using bus transportation is far below the targeted load factor. This study aims to: 1) assess the perceptions of private vehicle users on the performance of existing bus transportation services; 2) analyze bus service attributes that influence public's desire to switch from using private vehicles, and 3) examine user preferences for using bus as the main mode of transport for their daily mobility. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires distributed to 270 samples of people who live in the districts served by the bus route. The analysis techniques used were descriptive statistics, descriptive qualitative, content analysis, and quantitative analysis. The results showed: 1) the perception of private vehicle users on the performance of existing bus transportation services is dominated by positive comments and responses; 2) bus service attributes that influence public's desire to switch from using private vehicles, namely fare affordability, maintenance of bus stops and buses, and operating hours while the attribute with the smallest influence is the payment system; 3) User preferences for bus transportation services are in the form of security types, media types, and operating hours show compatibility with existing services. For walking and cycling distances, respondents chose <100 meters for walking and <500 meters for cycling; besides that, the majority of respondents prefer fares below current prices and feel comfortable with cash payment methods.</span></p> ]]> Public Perception and Preferences on the Bus Service Performance to Encourage Ridership and Shift from Private Vehicle Use diah syaifanayah venny veronica natalia abdul rachman rasyid doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090115 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 163 10.18280/ijtdi.090115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090114 This study's primary goals are to: Identify any damage that may have happened to the structural elements of steel I-girder-concrete composite spans; determine the static responses according to the influence of the vehicle and service loads (loads combination case) using numerical static analysis FEM using CSI-Bridge Ver. 25; measure the natural frequency of the bridge structure according to the influence of self-weight of the structure using modal analysis; determine the dynamic responses due to vehicle live load using numerical dynamic time history analysis by using Finite Element Method (FEM); assess the constructional effectiveness of bridge structures and identify methods for reinforcing and repairing damaged structural elements. Damage inspection results of steel I-girder span showed that the damage is not severe in the structural parts of span. Steel I-girders span shows no signs of rust or corrosion, but the main problem is in the expansion joints and they need to be repaired or replaced. Under the effect of vehicles live load and load combinations, maximum tensile stress appeared at the bottom of steel I-girder span, which was 13.56MPa and 86MPa respectively, lowering than the allowable value of tensile stresses from AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE, which is equal to 207MPa. The maximum deflection in the downward direction due to vehicles load and load combination was 10.9 mm and 91 mm, respectively. Meeting the allowable deflection values of 70 mm (live load) and 112 mm (loads combination). The Finite Element dynamic analysis described that the average value of vibration frequency is 6.42Hz. Compared with natural frequency, it is higher than 2.95Hz, indicating that the span of bridge will face vibration issues because this span has a long length. Therefore, this study recommended that to add more steel girders with more diaphragms (cross beams) to reduce the vibration of bridge span. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study's primary goals are to: Identify any damage that may have happened to the structural elements of steel I-girder-concrete composite spans; determine the static responses according to the influence of the vehicle and service loads (loads combination case) using numerical static analysis FEM using CSI-Bridge Ver. 25; measure the natural frequency of the bridge structure according to the influence of self-weight of the structure using modal analysis; determine the dynamic responses due to vehicle live load using numerical dynamic time history analysis by using Finite Element Method (FEM); assess the constructional effectiveness of bridge structures and identify methods for reinforcing and repairing damaged structural elements. Damage inspection results of steel I-girder span showed that the damage is not severe in the structural parts of span. Steel I-girders span shows no signs of rust or corrosion, but the main problem is in the expansion joints and they need to be repaired or replaced. Under the effect of vehicles live load and load combinations, maximum tensile stress appeared at the bottom of steel I-girder span, which was 13.56MPa and 86MPa respectively, lowering than the allowable value of tensile stresses from AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE, which is equal to 207MPa. The maximum deflection in the downward direction due to vehicles load and load combination was 10.9 mm and 91 mm, respectively. Meeting the allowable deflection values of 70 mm (live load) and 112 mm (loads combination). The Finite Element dynamic analysis described that the average value of vibration frequency is 6.42Hz. Compared with natural frequency, it is higher than 2.95Hz, indicating that the span of bridge will face vibration issues because this span has a long length. Therefore, this study recommended that to add more steel girders with more diaphragms (cross beams) to reduce the vibration of bridge span.</span></p> ]]> Damages Inspection and Finite Element Model Analysis of Static and Dynamic Factors of Steel Girder-Concrete Composite Span Due to Vehicles Live Load and Loads Combination ali wala’a khudair ali fadhil naser ali a. aldhalemi haider f. mahmood doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090114 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 151 10.18280/ijtdi.090114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090113 Transportation is an important part of people's lives, including access to connect one route to another. This study aims to obtain the existing conditions and level of service of public transportation on the Salabenda-Pasar Anyar route. The research method uses a quantitative method. The indicators used in the evaluation refer to applicable regulations. The performance of existing public transportation, namely: load factor does not meet the standard provisions of less than 70%, speed also does not meet the standard provisions of 25 km/hour, travel time results meet the standard provisions of 1-1.5 minutes, waiting time results meet the standard provisions of 5-10 minutes but on Saturdays it does not meet the standard provisions of 5-10 minutes, and headway results have met the standard 1-12minutes. The level of public transportation service on the research route with the characteristics of respondents based on female gender is 56.5%, age 20-30 years is 54.50%, last education is senior high school is 49.75%, and based on occupation, namely students/college students are 32%, more use public transportation route Salabenda-Pasar Anyar. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Transportation is an important part of people's lives, including access to connect one route to another. This study aims to obtain the existing conditions and level of service of public transportation on the Salabenda-Pasar Anyar route. The research method uses a quantitative method. The indicators used in the evaluation refer to applicable regulations. The performance of existing public transportation, namely: load factor does not meet the standard provisions of less than 70%, speed also does not meet the standard provisions of 25 km/hour, travel time results meet the standard provisions of 1-1.5 minutes, waiting time results meet the standard provisions of 5-10 minutes but on Saturdays it does not meet the standard provisions of 5-10 minutes, and headway results have met the standard 1-12minutes. The level of public transportation service on the research route with the characteristics of respondents based on female gender is 56.5%, age 20-30 years is 54.50%, last education is senior high school is 49.75%, and based on occupation, namely students/college students are 32%, more use public transportation route Salabenda-Pasar Anyar.</span></p> ]]> An Urban Modeling Analysis of the Transport Network in the City of Bogor to Observe the Best Choice of a Transport Model syaiful syaiful muhammad nanang prayudyanto rulhendri rulhendri puri anita lestari doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090113 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 143 10.18280/ijtdi.090113 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090113 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090112 Port infrastructure is crucial for inter-island connectivity and marine transportation services in the Thousand Islands Regency, Indonesia. Ensuring better connectivity and accessibility for island residents is essential. This research aims to improve marine transportation services in the Thousand Islands Regency by applying a clustering approach. The goal is to enhance regional transportation services by identifying patterns and gaining insights from historical data. The K-means clustering method was employed in this research to analyse historical data and categorize ports into three distinct clusters: low capacity, medium capability, and high capacity. The research identified three clusters: low-capability ports, medium-capability ports, and high-capability ports. The government has identified these clusters as focal points for improving regional transportation services. The findings highlight the essential role of marine transportation in facilitating connectivity and supporting the tourism industry in the Thousand Islands Regency. This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the current situation and offers a basis for informed decision-making in future port management strategies. The research urges stakeholders and policymakers to prioritise improvements at the identified ports to enhance service quality, connectivity, and regional development. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Port infrastructure is crucial for inter-island connectivity and marine transportation services in the Thousand Islands Regency, Indonesia. Ensuring better connectivity and accessibility for island residents is essential. This research aims to improve marine transportation services in the Thousand Islands Regency by applying a clustering approach. The goal is to enhance regional transportation services by identifying patterns and gaining insights from historical data. The K-means clustering method was employed in this research to analyse historical data and categorize ports into three distinct clusters: low capacity, medium capability, and high capacity. The research identified three clusters: low-capability ports, medium-capability ports, and high-capability ports. The government has identified these clusters as focal points for improving regional transportation services. The findings highlight the essential role of marine transportation in facilitating connectivity and supporting the tourism industry in the Thousand Islands Regency. This analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the current situation and offers a basis for informed decision-making in future port management strategies. The research urges stakeholders and policymakers to prioritise improvements at the identified ports to enhance service quality, connectivity, and regional development.</span></p> ]]> A Clustering Approach to Enhancing Marine Transportation Services in the Thousand Islands Regency, Indonesia rossi passarella rani febrianti doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090112 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 131 10.18280/ijtdi.090112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090111 This paper reviews the seasonal impacts on driver behaviour, focusing on car-following dynamics in adverse weather conditions, including snow, icy roads, glaring sunlight, and fog. Existing literature underscores the significant effects of these weather conditions on traffic flow, driving behaviour, and accident rates. In colder climates, snow and ice disrupt traffic, slow vehicle speeds, and increase accidents, particularly affecting passenger cars more than trucks, which typically operate on strict schedules. In warmer climates, sun glare impairs visibility, contributing to congestion and accidents. The paper synthesises findings from various studies, revealing key research gaps, including the differing behaviours of heavy trucks and passenger cars under extreme weather, the combined effects of multiple adverse weather conditions, and the role of road geometry and maintenance in shaping driver behaviour. This review highlights the need for further investigation to better understand these factors and their impact on road safety. Future research should focus on integrating real-world driving data and exploring advanced technologies such as AI and IoT to mitigate the negative effects of seasonal weather. Ultimately, this research aims to inform more effective traffic management strategies and improve road safety across diverse climates. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This paper reviews the seasonal impacts on driver behaviour, focusing on car-following dynamics in adverse weather conditions, including snow, icy roads, glaring sunlight, and fog. Existing literature underscores the significant effects of these weather conditions on traffic flow, driving behaviour, and accident rates. In colder climates, snow and ice disrupt traffic, slow vehicle speeds, and increase accidents, particularly affecting passenger cars more than trucks, which typically operate on strict schedules. In warmer climates, sun glare impairs visibility, contributing to congestion and accidents. The paper synthesises findings from various studies, revealing key research gaps, including the differing behaviours of heavy trucks and passenger cars under extreme weather, the combined effects of multiple adverse weather conditions, and the role of road geometry and maintenance in shaping driver behaviour. This review highlights the need for further investigation to better understand these factors and their impact on road safety. Future research should focus on integrating real-world driving data and exploring advanced technologies such as AI and IoT to mitigate the negative effects of seasonal weather. Ultimately, this research aims to inform more effective traffic management strategies and improve road safety across diverse climates.</span></p> ]]> Seasonal Influences on Driver Behaviour: A Review of Car-Following Dynamics in Hot and Cold Climates eisa alenzi sitti asmah hassan othman che puan doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090111 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 117 10.18280/ijtdi.090111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090110 This study aims to project the growth of the number of passengers at major ports in Indonesia during the period 2022 to 2032 using a time series approach based on the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). Historical data on sea passenger arrivals and departures from 2017 to 2021 obtained from the Directorate General of Sea Transportation and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) are the basis for the analysis. The results of the study show a significant growing trend in several strategic ports, such as Tanjung Perak Port, which is projected to experience a growth of 169.91%, from 525,352 passengers in 2022 to 1,418,450 passengers in 2032. Likewise, Benoa, Balikpapan, and Kupang Ports also recorded substantial increases. The practical implications of these findings can be utilized by policymakers for better port infrastructure development planning, including increasing terminal capacity, supporting facilities, and land transportation connectivity. On the theoretical side, this study contributes to the development of maritime transportation demand modeling literature by integrating quantitative prediction methods based on historical data. Future research could explore the impacts of climate change on maritime transport operations, including disruptions from extreme weather and sea level rise. In addition, the role of digitalization, such as the implementation of smart ports, automation of loading and unloading, and integration of information systems across modes of transport, is also a relevant area of study. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This study aims to project the growth of the number of passengers at major ports in Indonesia during the period 2022 to 2032 using a time series approach based on the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). Historical data on sea passenger arrivals and departures from 2017 to 2021 obtained from the Directorate General of Sea Transportation and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) are the basis for the analysis. The results of the study show a significant growing trend in several strategic ports, such as Tanjung Perak Port, which is projected to experience a growth of 169.91%, from 525,352 passengers in 2022 to 1,418,450 passengers in 2032. Likewise, Benoa, Balikpapan, and Kupang Ports also recorded substantial increases. The practical implications of these findings can be utilized by policymakers for better port infrastructure development planning, including increasing terminal capacity, supporting facilities, and land transportation connectivity. On the theoretical side, this study contributes to the development of maritime transportation demand modeling literature by integrating quantitative prediction methods based on historical data. Future research could explore the impacts of climate change on maritime transport operations, including disruptions from extreme weather and sea level rise. In addition, the role of digitalization, such as the implementation of smart ports, automation of loading and unloading, and integration of information systems across modes of transport, is also a relevant area of study.</span></p> ]]> Prediction of Passenger Growth Distribution in Eastern Indonesia muhammad rizal sigit priyanto mukhammad rizka fahmi amrozi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090110 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 107 10.18280/ijtdi.090110 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090110 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090109 This research emphasizes analyzing existing transport logistics systems of the state, detecting problems within every mode of transport, and proposing solutions for them to advance towards the sustainable development of multimodal logistics. It also looks into how the nation’s logistic infrastructure can be optimized, and challenges associated with shifting from one mode of transport to another within the Indian transport system are considered as such changes are deemed necessary to remedy the structural imbalance. Ex-ante and ex-post evaluations of the funding strategies were carried out as life cycle assessments using OpenLCA. The software and eco-invent database concluded that the new modal infrastructure would be less damaging when utilized than the available one. Building rail shipments’ share of the total to 45% would significantly mitigate the adverse effects on the environment that the current structure of the modalities of freight transport. In addition, it was found that, hence why the changes were made, the displacement of transportation brought down global warming impacts by a commendable 9%, as well as the effects of emissions in ecotoxicity in the land, ocean and freshwater by 20% on average. These results highlight the need to boost rail traffic and build railway infrastructure as the most efficient strategy towards positive outcomes. The research admits some data-sourced weaknesses, but it contributes to appreciating the need to put in place an appropriate transport system that is environmentally sound for the country’s anticipated development. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research emphasizes analyzing existing transport logistics systems of the state, detecting problems within every mode of transport, and proposing solutions for them to advance towards the sustainable development of multimodal logistics. It also looks into how the nation’s logistic infrastructure can be optimized, and challenges associated with shifting from one mode of transport to another within the Indian transport system are considered as such changes are deemed necessary to remedy the structural imbalance. Ex-ante and ex-post evaluations of the funding strategies were carried out as life cycle assessments using OpenLCA. The software and eco-invent database concluded that the new modal infrastructure would be less damaging when utilized than the available one. Building rail shipments’ share of the total to 45% would significantly mitigate the adverse effects on the environment that the current structure of the modalities of freight transport. In addition, it was found that, hence why the changes were made, the displacement of transportation brought down global warming impacts by a commendable 9%, as well as the effects of emissions in ecotoxicity in the land, ocean and freshwater by 20% on average. These results highlight the need to boost rail traffic and build railway infrastructure as the most efficient strategy towards positive outcomes. The research admits some data-sourced weaknesses, but it contributes to appreciating the need to put in place an appropriate transport system that is environmentally sound for the country’s anticipated development.</span></p> ]]> Mitigating Environmental Impacts Through Modal Shifts: A Life Cycle Assessment of India’s Freight Transport Infrastructure krishna murthy inumula misbah hayat doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090109 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 93 10.18280/ijtdi.090109 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090109 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090108 The ability of paratransit to better adapt to demand is not necessarily an argument that justifies the adequacy of its offer in relation to the concerns of users, especially in the African context. Then, the reform of paratransit remains a challenge for stakeholders in the sector. This work focuses on four paratransit networks in Dakar, Bamako and Conakry, namely the “Association de Financement des Professionnels du Transport Urbain” (AFTU), "cars rapides" and "ndiaga ndiaye" in Dakar, "sotramas" in Bamako and "magbanas" in Conakry. The objective of the research is to make a comparison on the level of access to services of these different types of networks. Chi-square and normality tests are used to analyze primary data collected from surveys. Observations, interviews and documentation were also used to complete the information for the analysis. The results show that, even if the AFTU network in Dakar fails to meet the regularity of services as required by the concession contract that binds it to the public authorities, it remains the best network in terms of pricing and its services are closer to the populations. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The ability of paratransit to better adapt to demand is not necessarily an argument that justifies the adequacy of its offer in relation to the concerns of users, especially in the African context. Then, the reform of paratransit remains a challenge for stakeholders in the sector. This work focuses on four paratransit networks in Dakar, Bamako and Conakry, namely the “Association de Financement des Professionnels du Transport Urbain” (AFTU), "cars rapides" and "ndiaga ndiaye" in Dakar, "sotramas" in Bamako and "magbanas" in Conakry. The objective of the research is to make a comparison on the level of access to services of these different types of networks. Chi-square and normality tests are used to analyze primary data collected from surveys. Observations, interviews and documentation were also used to complete the information for the analysis. The results show that, even if the AFTU network in Dakar fails to meet the regularity of services as required by the concession contract that binds it to the public authorities, it remains the best network in terms of pricing and its services are closer to the populations.</span></p> ]]> Paratransit Reform and Quality of Services in West Africa Cities: The Case of Minibuses in Dakar, Bamako and Conakry elhadji i. diaou messan vimenyo mbaye diene agogno agbogan doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090108 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 81 10.18280/ijtdi.090108 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090108 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090107 This study aims to explain the effectiveness of the Traffic Signal System Policy on Railway Transportation Safety on the Padang City-Pariaman City Line. The approach used in this study is qualitative with descriptive methods. The study results explain that implementing the traffic signal system for the safety of the Padang-Pariaman railway line is effective. This can be seen in the fulfillment of aspects such as target accuracy, socialisation, objectives, and monitoring carried out by the relevant parties responsible for implementing this policy. This article also recommends several measures to further optimise the effectiveness of implementing the traffic signal system for the safety of the Padang-Pariaman railway line. First, to achieve the objectives, monitoring and supervision by the Indonesian Railway Company, the Railway Engineering Center, and the Post Guard Officers should be further improved. Second, it is recommended that monitoring be designed to specialise in the traffic signal system so that no damage occurs in the field. Third, an approach is needed from the Railway Engineering Center to the community regarding the development of the traffic signal system to increase public compliance and support for railway traffic regulations. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">This study aims to explain the effectiveness of the Traffic Signal System Policy on Railway Transportation Safety on the Padang City-Pariaman City Line. The approach used in this study is qualitative with descriptive methods. The study results explain that implementing the traffic signal system for the safety of the Padang-Pariaman railway line is effective. This can be seen in the fulfillment of aspects such as target accuracy, socialisation, objectives, and monitoring carried out by the relevant parties responsible for implementing this policy. This article also recommends several measures to further optimise the effectiveness of implementing the traffic signal system for the safety of the Padang-Pariaman railway line. First, to achieve the objectives, monitoring and supervision by the Indonesian Railway Company, the Railway Engineering Center, and the Post Guard Officers should be further improved. Second, it is recommended that monitoring be designed to specialise in the traffic signal system so that no damage occurs in the field. Third, an approach is needed from the Railway Engineering Center to the community regarding the development of the traffic signal system to increase public compliance and support for railway traffic regulations.</span></p> ]]> Effectiveness of Traffic Signal System Policy for Railway Transportation Safety on the Padang City–Pariaman City Line, West Sumatra, Indonesia zikri alhadi dian febri pratama rahmadani yusran iip permana fitri eriyanti suryanef afriva khaidir ory riandini doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090107 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 69 10.18280/ijtdi.090107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090106 The significant increase in Indonesian vehicle numbers has highlighted the importance of a robust ANPR system. Over the past few years, the number has increased by up to 4% each year and is expected to continue rising as long as economic growth continues. This study utilized the YOLOv9 model and EasyOCR along with image enhancement as a pipeline for the license plate recognition process. YOLOv9 was chosen for object detection because its architecture offers good stability in terms of performance and efficiency, even outperforming newer models with a 99.3% mAP@50 in the YOLOv9s variant. EasyOCR was used to recognize and extract characters from license plates. To enhance image quality, Real-ESRGAN upscales image resolution using a GAN architecture and addresses character blurring caused by low-resolution images. Additionally, CLAHE further enhances the clarity of low-contrast characters by employing a histogram to redistribute image intensities. The proposed method achieved an accuracy of 84.36% when tested on 100 image samples in real-world situations, indicating fairly good performance despite challenges like blurring and low contrast. The results highlight the potential of ANPR solutions in addressing the common challenges of real-time license plate recognition, contributing to more efficient traffic surveillance and enforcement systems, especially in Indonesia. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">The significant increase in Indonesian vehicle numbers has highlighted the importance of a robust ANPR system. Over the past few years, the number has increased by up to 4% each year and is expected to continue rising as long as economic growth continues. This study utilized the YOLOv9 model and EasyOCR along with image enhancement as a pipeline for the license plate recognition process. YOLOv9 was chosen for object detection because its architecture offers good stability in terms of performance and efficiency, even outperforming newer models with a 99.3% mAP@50 in the YOLOv9s variant. EasyOCR was used to recognize and extract characters from license plates. To enhance image quality, Real-ESRGAN upscales image resolution using a GAN architecture and addresses character blurring caused by low-resolution images. Additionally, CLAHE further enhances the clarity of low-contrast characters by employing a histogram to redistribute image intensities. The proposed method achieved an accuracy of 84.36% when tested on 100 image samples in real-world situations, indicating fairly good performance despite challenges like blurring and low contrast. The results highlight the potential of ANPR solutions in addressing the common challenges of real-time license plate recognition, contributing to more efficient traffic surveillance and enforcement systems, especially in Indonesia.</span></p> ]]> Image Enhancement Technique Utilizing YOLO Model for Automatic Number Plate Recognition christine dewi stephen abednego philemon guowei dai abbott po shun chen doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090106 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 59 10.18280/ijtdi.090106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090105 The paper aims to evaluate the impact of green maritime logistics activities on operational performance in Iraqi oil ports affiliated with Basra Oil Company. The paper reviewed a set of previous studies related to the application of green indicators in maritime port logistics. Several problems were identified through a checklist distributed to selected employees in Iraqi oil ports. The study relied on a descriptive-analytical approach for a sample of 276 employees, where data were collected via a questionnaire and analyzed using (AMOS V.24 – JASP V.19) programs. The results showed a positive impact relationship and a statistically significant correlation between green maritime logistics activities and operational performance of 37%. The results also revealed that both safety and security codes and green environmental sustainability had strong positive impacts on operational performance, contributing 36% and 37% of the variance, respectively. While logistics coordination and integration and supporting maritime units showed moderate impacts of 29% and 27%, respectively. Information systems had a smaller impact on operational performance, at 3.4%. The most important conclusions that the paper comes up with are that incorporating green practices contributes to reducing pollution in Iraqi oil ports, and green maritime logistics boosts operational performance and fostering awareness. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">The paper aims to evaluate the impact of green maritime logistics activities on operational performance in Iraqi oil ports affiliated with Basra Oil Company. The paper reviewed a set of previous studies related to the application of green indicators in maritime port logistics. Several problems were identified through a checklist distributed to selected employees in Iraqi oil ports. The study relied on a descriptive-analytical approach for a sample of 276 employees, where data were collected via a questionnaire and analyzed using (AMOS</span><span style="font-family: 宋体"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">V.24 – JASP</span><span style="font-family: 宋体"> V</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">.19) programs. The results showed a positive impact relationship and a statistically significant correlation between green maritime logistics activities and operational performance of 37%. The results also revealed that both safety and security codes and green environmental sustainability had strong positive impacts on operational performance, contributing 36% and 37% of the variance, respectively. While logistics coordination and integration and supporting maritime units showed moderate impacts of 29% and 27%, respectively. Information systems had a smaller impact on operational performance, at 3.4%. The most important conclusions that the paper comes up with are that incorporating green practices contributes to reducing pollution in Iraqi oil ports, and green maritime logistics boosts operational performance and fostering awareness.</span></p> ]]> The Impact of Green Maritime Logistics in Enhancing the Operational Performance of Iraqi Oil Ports hasanain shakir lafta abbas abdulhameed aletaiby doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090105 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 49 10.18280/ijtdi.090105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090104 Accurate, real-time vehicle detection is crucial for autonomous vehicles navigating dynamic traffic environments. This study compares YOLOv11 and the newly released YOLOv12, two state-of-the-art deep learning models for object detection, to assess enhancements in speed, accuracy, and robustness. YOLOv12 has improved upon YOLOv11's architecture with an attention mechanism and Residual Efficient Layer Aggregation Networks (R-ELAN). The improvements for YOLOv12 are designed to obtain better accuracy and improved computational performance as compared to YOLOv11. YOLOv11 and YOLOv12 were trained and tested on a newly developed dataset with 38,500 fully annotated images of seven classes of vehicles taken in different environmental conditions. Results show YOLOv12 achieves higher recall (95.0%), F1-score (96.03%), and mAP@50–95 (88.6%), while both maintain real-time inference speeds. YOLOv12 also demonstrated an improved capacity to detect small or partially occluded objects in challenging scenes. Overall, these findings establish YOLOv12 as a better solution for perceiving real-time data while autonomous driving, with a real prospect for implementation in intelligent transportation systems and edge-computing. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">Accurate, real-time vehicle detection is crucial for autonomous vehicles navigating dynamic traffic environments. This study compares YOLOv11 and the newly released YOLOv12, two state-of-the-art deep learning models for object detection, to assess enhancements in speed, accuracy, and robustness. YOLOv12 has improved upon YOLOv11's architecture with an attention mechanism and Residual Efficient Layer Aggregation Networks (R-ELAN). The improvements for YOLOv12 are designed to obtain better accuracy and improved computational performance as compared to YOLOv11. YOLOv11 and YOLOv12 were trained and tested on a newly developed dataset with 38,500 fully annotated images of seven classes of vehicles taken in different environmental conditions. Results show YOLOv12 achieves higher recall (95.0%), F1-score (96.03%), and mAP@50–95 (88.6%), while both maintain real-time inference speeds. YOLOv12 also demonstrated an improved capacity to detect small or partially occluded objects in challenging scenes. Overall, these findings establish YOLOv12 as a better solution for perceiving real-time data while autonomous driving, with a real prospect for implementation in intelligent transportation systems and edge-computing.</span></p> ]]> Comparative Analysis of Deep Neural Networks YOLOv11 and YOLOv12 for Real-Time Vehicle Detection in Autonomous Vehicles mohammed chaman anas el maliki hamza el yanboiy hamad dahou hlou laâmari abdelkader hadjoudja doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090104 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 39 10.18280/ijtdi.090104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090103 Rapid urban traffic growth often outpaces infrastructure development, especially at intersections, leading to safety risks and congestion. Roundabouts are increasingly implemented to improve traffic flow, safety, and environmental sustainability. However, the environmental and social dimensions of roundabout design remain underexplored. This study conducts a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of 1,000 publications from 2020 to 2024 to evaluate roundabout designs at unsignalized intersections. Key trends, themes, and research gaps are identified using bibliometric mapping and performance metrics such as Level of Service (LOS), vehicle delays, queue lengths, and emission levels. Findings highlight the effectiveness of roundabouts in enhancing urban traffic efficiency, reducing congestion, improving safety, and lowering environmental impacts. Despite these benefits, challenges persist in adapting roundabout designs to diverse urban settings and ensuring public acceptance. The study recommends adaptive and sustainable roundabout designs tailored to specific regional conditions. It also emphasises the integration of emerging technologies, such as smart traffic monitoring systems, to optimise performance. These insights offer guidance for urban planners and policymakers in rapidly urbanising areas. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">Rapid urban traffic growth often outpaces infrastructure development, especially at intersections, leading to safety risks and congestion. Roundabouts are increasingly implemented to improve traffic flow, safety, and environmental sustainability. However, the environmental and social dimensions of roundabout design remain underexplored. This study conducts a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of 1,000 publications from 2020 to 2024 to evaluate roundabout designs at unsignalized intersections. Key trends, themes, and research gaps are identified using bibliometric mapping and performance metrics such as Level of Service (LOS), vehicle delays, queue lengths, and emission levels. Findings highlight the effectiveness of roundabouts in enhancing urban traffic efficiency, reducing congestion, improving safety, and lowering environmental impacts. Despite these benefits, challenges persist in adapting roundabout designs to diverse urban settings and ensuring public acceptance. The study recommends adaptive and sustainable roundabout designs tailored to specific regional conditions. It also emphasises the integration of emerging technologies, such as smart traffic monitoring systems, to optimise performance. These insights offer guidance for urban planners and policymakers in rapidly urbanising areas.</span></p> ]]> Roundabouts in Urban Mobility: A Bibliometric Review of Design and Performance yusra aulia sari rafi samudra indrawan andri irfan rifai mohd khairul afzan mohd lazi indrastuti doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090103 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 27 10.18280/ijtdi.090103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090102 Public transportation plays a crucial role in urban mobility and living conditions. In Irbid city, assessing the quality of bus services is essential to improve service delivery and meet public access needs. The study used an online survey to measure public satisfaction with the transit system. Respondents rated various aspects of bus services using a Five-point Likert scale. The data was analyzed with SPSS to identify areas requiring improvement. The analysis focused on identifying key elements of the bus service that need improvement. Over half of the respondents found the current bus services unsatisfactory. Key issues included uncomfortable bus interiors and seating, poorly maintained bus stops, inadequate information at stops, infrequent bus services, and poor timing accuracy. These issues collectively contributed to a negative perception of the public transport system. The study underscores the need for qualitative improvements in the bus services within Irbid city, enhanced bus stop infrastructure, and more reliable schedules. These insights can guide policymakers and bus operators in designing and implementing an effective, user-focused, and sustainable public transportation system. The study’s findings are also applicable to other developing cities aiming to improve urban mobility and public transit services. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">Public transportation plays a crucial role in urban mobility and living conditions. In Irbid city, assessing the quality of bus services is essential to improve service delivery and meet public access needs. The study used an online survey to measure public satisfaction with the transit system. Respondents rated various aspects of bus services using a Five-point Likert scale. The data was analyzed with SPSS to identify areas requiring improvement. The analysis focused on identifying key elements of the bus service that need improvement. Over half of the respondents found the current bus services unsatisfactory. Key issues included uncomfortable bus interiors and seating, poorly maintained bus stops, inadequate information at stops, infrequent bus services, and poor timing accuracy. These issues collectively contributed to a negative perception of the public transport system. The study underscores the need for qualitative improvements in the bus services within Irbid city, enhanced bus stop infrastructure, and more reliable schedules. These insights can guide policymakers and bus operators in designing and implementing an effective, user-focused, and sustainable public transportation system. The study’s findings are also applicable to other developing cities aiming to improve urban mobility and public transit services.</span></p> ]]> Improving Public Bus Services in Irbid City: Assessing User Satisfaction and Urban Mobility Challenges. A Pathway to Sustainable Improvement samia ayyoub salim ayyoub zaid a. o. aldeek doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090102 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 19 10.18280/ijtdi.090102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090101 Congestion in Jakarta is a significant problem that impacts socio-economic aspects. The odd-even policy implemented by the government is considered ineffective because it encourages people to have two vehicles with odd and even license plates so as not to reduce the number of cars on the road significantly. Therefore, the government plans to implement Electronic Road Pricing (ERP), which promotes a more equitable distribution of transportation modes and the reduction of congestion. This research aims to design ERP tariffs that are effective in reducing congestion. This study uses a quantitative approach in data collection, which is then analyzed using a combination of Ability to Pay (ATP), Willingness to Pay (WTP), and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results of the study show that the optimal fare is in the range of Rp 18,000 – Rp 22,000 for cars, while for motorcycles, it is in the range of Rp 7,000 – 9,500. The study also showed that the value of ATP > WTP. This imbalance can lead to ineffectiveness, so a pricing strategy must be made so that rates are fairer and more effective for different levels of society. This study highlights the importance of incorporating ATP and WTP analyses in determining fair rate structures. In addition, AHP is important for determining the optimal ERP rate by giving weight to the WTP value factor so that the analysis results are more accurate and objective. With a well-designed tariff, ERP can potentially serve as a viable solution to Jakarta’s congestion problem. 03-30-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">Congestion in Jakarta is a significant problem that impacts socio-economic aspects. The odd-even policy implemented by the government is considered ineffective because it encourages people to have two vehicles with odd and even license plates so as not to reduce the number of cars on the road significantly. Therefore, the government plans to implement Electronic Road Pricing (ERP), which promotes a more equitable distribution of transportation modes and the reduction of congestion. This research aims to design ERP tariffs that are effective in reducing congestion. This study uses a quantitative approach in data collection, which is then analyzed using a combination of Ability to Pay (ATP), Willingness to Pay (WTP), and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results of the study show that the optimal fare is in the range of Rp 18,000 – Rp 22,000 for cars, while for motorcycles, it is in the range of Rp 7,000</span> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman">– 9,500. The study also showed that the value of ATP > WTP. This imbalance can lead to ineffectiveness, so a pricing strategy must be made so that rates are fairer and more effective for different levels of society. This study highlights the importance of incorporating ATP and WTP analyses in determining fair rate structures. In addition, AHP is important for determining the optimal ERP rate by giving weight to the WTP value factor so that the analysis results are more accurate and objective. With a well-designed tariff, ERP can potentially serve as a viable solution to Jakarta’s congestion problem.</span></p> ]]> Design of Electronic Road Pricing in Jakarta Based on Willingness and Ability to Pay: Addressing Traffic Congestion with Pricing Effectiveness deddy susilardi surjono nurul badriyah doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.090101 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2025 2025 9 1 Article 1 10.18280/ijtdi.090101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2025_9_1/ijtdi.090101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080413 The Kariangau Container Terminal serves as a port facilitating loading and unloading operations in Balikpapan City and the New Capital of the Archipelago. However, its service quality has not yet reached an optimal level for all customers. This is evident from the relatively low user perception ratings across several indicators, including tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and credibility. This study aims to evaluate the quality of container loading and unloading services at Kariangau Container Terminal by examining user perceptions and expectations. The methods employed include Gap Analysis and the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI). The key assessment indicators are tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and credibility. The findings indicate that all customer satisfaction dimensions have negative gap values, suggesting that the service quality does not fully align with customer expectations. The analysis revealed an overall satisfaction level with an average gap of -0.365, indicating that while the service dimensions meet customer expectations to a certain extent, there is still room for improvement by Kariangau Container Terminal operators. 12-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">The Kariangau Container Terminal serves as a port facilitating loading and unloading operations in Balikpapan City and the New Capital of the Archipelago. However, its service quality has not yet reached an optimal level for all customers. This is evident from the relatively low user perception ratings across several indicators, including tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and credibility. This study aims to evaluate the quality of container loading and unloading services at Kariangau Container Terminal by examining user perceptions and expectations. The methods employed include Gap Analysis and the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI). The key assessment indicators are tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and credibility. The findings indicate that all customer satisfaction dimensions have negative gap values, suggesting that the service quality does not fully align with customer expectations. The analysis revealed an overall satisfaction level with an average gap of -0.365, indicating that while the service dimensions meet customer expectations to a certain extent, there is still room for improvement by Kariangau Container Terminal operators.</span></p> ]]> Quality of Container Loading and Unloading Service at the Kariangau Container Terminal Based on User Perception akbar hidayat muhammad yamin jinca windra priatna humang doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080413 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 2024 8 4 Article 613 10.18280/ijtdi.080413 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080413 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080412 Modern cars use a hierarchical system of sensors, controlling devices, and controllers, linked via various intra-vehicle systems, to regulate and monitor the vehicle’s status. Researchers have confined numerous academic papers on intrusion detection in the Internet of Things (IoT), employing data mining and machine learning (ML) techniques to secure autonomous vehicles and detect potential attacks. To identify malicious attacks on the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), however, a competent and accurate method is required. This paper presents a model for cyber-attack detection in IoV that employs tree-based ML methods, an Improved Random Forest Classifier (IRFC), and Extra Tree (ET). We build the proposed model using Improved Random Forest (IRF) and ensemble learning techniques. The proposed IRF model employs optimized feature selection and tuning strategies to enhance intrusion sensitivity and decrease false positive rates. We evaluate the proposed model’s performance using the CI-CIDS 2018 dataset. Also, this work focuses mostly on the reduced feature selection and ensemble learning (EL) methods to get a high detection rate while keeping the cost of computing low. The test results show that the proposed method can find DDoS attacks and vehicle intrusions with a 0.99 accuracy rate. 12-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">Modern cars use a hierarchical system of sensors, controlling devices, and controllers, linked via various intra-vehicle systems, to regulate and monitor the vehicle’s status. Researchers have confined numerous academic papers on intrusion detection in the Internet of Things (IoT), employing data mining and machine learning (ML) techniques to secure autonomous vehicles and detect potential attacks. To identify malicious attacks on the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), however, a competent and accurate method is required. This paper presents a model for cyber-attack detection in IoV that employs tree-based ML methods, an Improved Random Forest Classifier (IRFC), and Extra Tree (ET). We build the proposed model using Improved Random Forest (IRF) and ensemble learning techniques. The proposed IRF model employs optimized feature selection and tuning strategies to enhance intrusion sensitivity and decrease false positive rates. We evaluate the proposed model’s performance using the CI-CIDS 2018 dataset. Also, this work focuses mostly on the reduced feature selection and ensemble learning (EL) methods to get a high detection rate while keeping the cost of computing low. The test results show that the proposed method can find DDoS attacks and vehicle intrusions with a 0.99 accuracy rate.</span></p> ]]> An Efficient Intrusion Detection System in IoV Using Improved Random Forest Model deepthi reddy dasari himabindu gottumukkala doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080412 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 2024 8 4 Article 605 10.18280/ijtdi.080412 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080412 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080411 The increasing number of private vehicles has caused massive traffic congestion, and public transport (PT) services are one of the ways to reduce the problem. Even though few types of PT are provided to people, they still prefer private vehicles over the PT. Thus, to encourage them to use PT, we need to understand the factors that trigger people to use PT. This research aims to determine the effects of service quality dimensions on passenger preference for PT by using the structural equation model (SEM) approach. A study was conducted in the main cities of Sarawak state, Malaysia. A total of 199 respondents voluntarily participated in the survey. The result of PLS-SEM showed a significant relationship between customer service (β = 0.443, p 12-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">The increasing number of private vehicles has caused massive traffic congestion, and public transport (PT) services are one of the ways to reduce the problem. Even though few types of PT are provided to people, they still prefer private vehicles over the PT. Thus, to encourage them to use PT, we need to understand the factors that trigger people to use PT. This research aims to determine the effects of service quality dimensions on passenger preference for PT by using the structural equation model (SEM) approach. A study was conducted in the main cities of Sarawak state, Malaysia. A total of 199 respondents voluntarily participated in the survey. The result of PLS-SEM showed a significant relationship between customer service (β = 0.443, p < 0.001), safety (β = 0.199, p < 0.001), and accessibility (β = 0.175, p < 0.001) with passenger preferences towards PT services in main cities of Sarawak. The customer service achieved the highest coefficient and showed that customer service is an essential factor that PT providers need to consider in service delivery. Then, safety elements should be emphasized for passenger security, and PT providers should improve their accessibility to passengers’ welfare by increasing the availability of PT when passengers need it.</span></p> ]]> The Effects of Service Quality of Public Transport Towards Passenger Preferences: Evidence from Major Cities in Sarawak State, Malaysia anita rosli doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080411 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 2024 8 4 Article 595 10.18280/ijtdi.080411 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080411 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080410 The modified xTRoad (MxT) model, an innovative route optimization framework, is presented to enhance urban traffic management within disaster-prone regions. This model uniquely integrates static and real-time data derived from the social media platform X (formerly known as Twitter) to improve route mitigation strategies, particularly during emergencies. The methodology employs a refined social media data extraction process using Boolean logic and a score-based evaluation system to identify disruptions, including flooding, obstructive debris, and public demonstrations. To validate the accuracy of the model, ground truth validation techniques were implemented, confirming the system’s efficacy in detecting obstacles and generating alternative routes. Performance testing was conducted on key transport arteries in Jakarta, where the MxT model demonstrated a detection accuracy exceeding 91.6% for traffic disruptions. Furthermore, the model achieved an average reduction in travel time by 15% compared to traditional traffic management systems. The MxT model dynamically adapts to real-time conditions, offering safer and more efficient navigation options in complex urban settings. The results underscore the MxT model’s potential as a scalable, adaptable solution for intelligent transport management during disaster scenarios, thereby contributing to the advancement of resilient urban infrastructure. 12-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">The modified xTRoad (MxT) model, an innovative route optimization framework, is presented to enhance urban traffic management within disaster-prone regions. This model uniquely integrates static and real-time data derived from the social media platform X (formerly known as Twitter) to improve route mitigation strategies, particularly during emergencies. The methodology employs a refined social media data extraction process using Boolean logic and a score-based evaluation system to identify disruptions, including flooding, obstructive debris, and public demonstrations. To validate the accuracy of the model, ground truth validation techniques were implemented, confirming the system’s efficacy in detecting obstacles and generating alternative routes. Performance testing was conducted on key transport arteries in Jakarta, where the MxT model demonstrated a detection accuracy exceeding 91.6% for traffic disruptions. Furthermore, the model achieved an average reduction in travel time by 15% compared to traditional traffic management systems. The MxT model dynamically adapts to real-time conditions, offering safer and more efficient navigation options in complex urban settings. The results underscore the MxT model’s potential as a scalable, adaptable solution for intelligent transport management during disaster scenarios, thereby contributing to the advancement of resilient urban infrastructure. </span></p> ]]> The MxT Model: Leveraging Social Media Data for Real-Time Route Optimization in Disaster-Prone Urban Transport Networks arief wibowo dina ruslanjari asep surahmat dentik karyaningsih nawiroh vera doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080410 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 2024 8 4 Article 587 10.18280/ijtdi.080410 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080410 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080409 This study aims to identify the key factors influencing road accidents in Thailand, with a specific focus on unsafe motorcycle riding behaviors. Data were collected through an online survey targeting 496 motorcycle riders. The survey explored the impact of demographic factors such as marital status, income, age, and riding experience on riding behavior and accident risk. Key unsafe behaviors identified include eating while riding and transporting passengers, which compromise rider control. ANOVA analysis revealed that marital status is significantly related to traffic violations and injury severity, while higher income levels correlate with safer riding practices. Factor analysis classified risky behaviors into two groups: Traffic Violations (TV) and Safety Violations (SV), both of which are significantly associated with injury severity in accidents. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) confirmed a clear relationship between these factors and accident outcomes. The findings highlight the importance of addressing risky behaviors, particularly helmetless riding and passenger transportation, in reducing accidents and injuries. The study provides insights for developing road safety strategies in Thailand, although it acknowledges limitations such as potential duplicate responses and the impact of social media platforms on data collection. 12-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">This study aims to identify the key factors influencing road accidents in Thailand, with a specific focus on unsafe motorcycle riding behaviors. Data were collected through an online survey targeting 496 motorcycle riders. The survey explored the impact of demographic factors such as marital status, income, age, and riding experience on riding behavior and accident risk. Key unsafe behaviors identified include eating while riding and transporting passengers, which compromise rider control. ANOVA analysis revealed that marital status is significantly related to traffic violations and injury severity, while higher income levels correlate with safer riding practices. Factor analysis classified risky behaviors into two groups: Traffic Violations (TV) and Safety Violations (SV), both of which are significantly associated with injury severity in accidents. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) confirmed a clear relationship between these factors and accident outcomes. The findings highlight the importance of addressing risky behaviors, particularly helmetless riding and passenger transportation, in reducing accidents and injuries. The study provides insights for developing road safety strategies in Thailand, although it acknowledges limitations such as potential duplicate responses and the impact of social media platforms on data collection.</span></p> ]]> Analyzing Traffic and Safety Violations Behavior of Motorcyclists in Thailand chatchadaporn jomkokkruad sayam sunmud tosporn arreeras doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080409 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 2024 8 4 Article 577 10.18280/ijtdi.080409 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080409 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080408 In Italy, the transport sector contributes significantly to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, accounting for 30.7% of the total emissions, with road freight transport alone responsible for 25% of this figure. This situation demands urgent emissions reductions to meet the country’s national commitment to achieving net-zero by mid-century. The growing affordability of electric vehicles (EVs) due to improved energy densities and reduced lithium storage system costs is extending to heavy transport, promising emissions reductions. Additionally, short-term alternatives like hydrogen and liquefied natural gas (LNG) are being considered. To evaluate the carbon footprint of emerging transportation technologies, including internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), LNG vehicles, and battery electric vehicles (BEVs), a detailed life cycle analysis (LCA) is essential. This research aims to inform decision-making processes, investment initiatives, and regulatory compliance by assessing emissions per kilometer within future scenarios. The study employs an LCA model integrating global supply chain contributions, offering regional context and scenario analysis. Findings indicate higher GHG emissions per kilometer for FCEVs and diesel vehicles, with BEVs emerging as promising alternatives. Moreover, the study highlights significant Scope 3 emissions associated with FCEV supply chains, emphasizing the broader environmental impacts of different vehicle types. 12-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>In Italy, the transport sector contributes significantly to carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, accounting for 30.7% of the total emissions, with road freight transport alone responsible for 25% of this figure. This situation demands urgent emissions reductions to meet the country’s national commitment to achieving net-zero by mid-century. The growing affordability of electric vehicles (EVs) due to improved energy densities and reduced lithium storage system costs is extending to heavy transport, promising emissions reductions. Additionally, short-term alternatives like hydrogen and liquefied natural gas (LNG) are being considered. To evaluate the carbon footprint of emerging transportation technologies, including internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), LNG vehicles, and battery electric vehicles (BEVs), a detailed life cycle analysis (LCA) is essential. This research aims to inform decision-making processes, investment initiatives, and regulatory compliance by assessing emissions per kilometer within future scenarios. The study employs an LCA model integrating global supply chain contributions, offering regional context and scenario analysis. Findings indicate higher GHG emissions per kilometer for FCEVs and diesel vehicles, with BEVs emerging as promising alternatives. Moreover, the study highlights significant Scope 3 emissions associated with FCEV supply chains, emphasizing the broader environmental impacts of different vehicle types.</p> ]]> The Supply and Use Framework Can Be Exploited for Comparing Technologies Serving Similar Needs: The Case of the Italian Heavy-Duty Road Sector anna vinciguerra lorenzo rinaldi matteo vincenzo rocco emanuela colombo doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080408 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 2024 8 4 Article 569 10.18280/ijtdi.080408 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080408 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080407 In big cities, traffic congestion is a prevalent issue. In order to decide how to manipulate traffic in order to alleviate congestion, traffic regulators, who supervise traffic flow, must conduct an analysis of present conditions. Classifying traffic conditions from road information is a critical step that impacts these decisions. Traffic conditions can be categorized using a variety of techniques, each with benefits and drawbacks of its own. Recently, the rapid development of machine learning techniques has accelerated their use in a variety of sectors, including intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In this study, a competitive machine learning system is introduced to support the decision-making process in ITS, specifically in traffic condition classification. The proposed system operates in two stages: first, identifying the best model configuration from various machine learning methods, and second, deciding through a voting system based on the selected models. The proposed system employs six machine learning methods, each with 4-5 variations in model configurations. The methods tested include Neural Networks, k-Nearest Neighbor, Logistic Regression, Bayesian Networks, Decision Trees, and Random Forests, with individual accuracy rates of 66.2%, 70.5%, 44.4%, 46.1%, 72.2%, and 72.6%, respectively. The models that achieved the highest performance for each method proceed to a voting system, both non-weighted and weighted. The experimental results indicate that the non-weighted system achieved an accuracy of 68.6% to 69.3%, while the weighted system reached 71.9% to 72.5%. The findings show that the proposed competitive machine learning system offers a viable solution for classifying traffic conditions with promising results, especially for implementation in Bandung City, Indonesia. 12-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>In big cities, traffic congestion is a prevalent issue. In order to decide how to manipulate traffic in order to alleviate congestion, traffic regulators, who supervise traffic flow, must conduct an analysis of present conditions. Classifying traffic conditions from road information is a critical step that impacts these decisions. Traffic conditions can be categorized using a variety of techniques, each with benefits and drawbacks of its own. Recently, the rapid development of machine learning techniques has accelerated their use in a variety of sectors, including intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In this study, a competitive machine learning system is introduced to support the decision-making process in ITS, specifically in traffic condition classification. The proposed system operates in two stages: first, identifying the best model configuration from various machine learning methods, and second, deciding through a voting system based on the selected models. The proposed system employs six machine learning methods, each with 4-5 variations in model configurations. The methods tested include Neural Networks, k-Nearest Neighbor, Logistic Regression, Bayesian Networks, Decision Trees, and Random Forests, with individual accuracy rates of 66.2%, 70.5%, 44.4%, 46.1%, 72.2%, and 72.6%, respectively. The models that achieved the highest performance for each method proceed to a voting system, both non-weighted and weighted. The experimental results indicate that the non-weighted system achieved an accuracy of 68.6% to 69.3%, while the weighted system reached 71.9% to 72.5%. The findings show that the proposed competitive machine learning system offers a viable solution for classifying traffic conditions with promising results, especially for implementation in Bandung City, Indonesia.</p> ]]> Traffic Management Enhancement: A Competitive Machine Learning System for Traffic Condition Classification surya michrandi nasution reza rendian septiawan rifqi muhammad fikri burhanuddin dirgantoro doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080407 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 2024 8 4 Article 553 10.18280/ijtdi.080407 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080407 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080406 The study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of academic literature focusing on the intersection of transportation and its impact on climate change. Covering the period from 2018 to 2023, the research scrutinized a substantial dataset of 4,373 papers from the Scopus database. Employing VOSviewer for network visualizations and Microsoft 365 for data analysis, the study meticulously mapped publication trends and citation impacts within this period. This systematic approach provided a thorough understanding of the evolution and current state of research in this vital field, highlighting how academic focus on transportation’s role in climate change has intensified over time. Key findings from the study revealed a significant increase in research output, with the number of publications nearly doubling from 483 in 2018 to 932 by 2022, indicating a growing scholarly interest in this area. However, the analysis also uncovered notable variations in citation rates, with a peak citation per publication (CPP) of 24.04 for highly influential papers. This suggests a disparity in the influence of research output, with some studies gaining more recognition than others. Additionally, the study highlighted significant differences in scholarly production and impact across different countries, with the United States leading in publications and citations, followed by China and India. These findings underscore the importance of international collaboration in research, pointing to the need for policies that encourage and support collaborative efforts to tackle the global challenge of climate change through effective transportation strategies. 12-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of academic literature focusing on the intersection of transportation and its impact on climate change. Covering the period from 2018 to 2023, the research scrutinized a substantial dataset of 4,373 papers from the Scopus database. Employing VOSviewer for network visualizations and Microsoft 365 for data analysis, the study meticulously mapped publication trends and citation impacts within this period. This systematic approach provided a thorough understanding of the evolution and current state of research in this vital field, highlighting how academic focus on transportation’s role in climate change has intensified over time. Key findings from the study revealed a significant increase in research output, with the number of publications nearly doubling from 483 in 2018 to 932 by 2022, indicating a growing scholarly interest in this area. However, the analysis also uncovered notable variations in citation rates, with a peak citation per publication (CPP) of 24.04 for highly influential papers. This suggests a disparity in the influence of research output, with some studies gaining more recognition than others. Additionally, the study highlighted significant differences in scholarly production and impact across different countries, with the United States leading in publications and citations, followed by China and India. These findings underscore the importance of international collaboration in research, pointing to the need for policies that encourage and support collaborative efforts to tackle the global challenge of climate change through effective transportation strategies.</p> ]]> From Roads to Emissions: Bibliometric Insights into Transportation and Climate Change Research ibrahim hassan mohamud zakarie abdi warsame mohamud ahmed mohamed abas mohamed hassan iqra hassan mohamud ahmed abdirashid mohamud doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080406 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 2024 8 4 Article 545 10.18280/ijtdi.080406 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080406 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080405 The shift to electric vehicles in transportation is essential to mitigate pollution and achieve global climate goals. Recent EU regulations and incentives have accelerated the adoption of this strategy, especially in cities, facilitating the development of fleets of electric city buses. This paper explores the integration of biomass gasifiers and battery energy storage systems to develop environmentally sustainable high-power charging stations, focusing on Carpi, Italy, as a case study. By using locally available biomass resources, this approach aims to disconnect power from the electricity grid and reduce emissions. Through the analysis of different configurations, the study demonstrates once again how the economic sustainability of projects based on biomass gasifiers is strongly dependent both on the cost of biomass and the current energy market with which it competes. Only extending the use of the charging station to private vehicles generates a return on investment of around 7 years. However, through gasification is possible to achieve carbon capture and storage that, in the analyzed case study, is almost equivalent to the annual CO2eq emission of 4 diesel buses. 12-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The shift to electric vehicles in transportation is essential to mitigate pollution and achieve global climate goals. Recent EU regulations and incentives have accelerated the adoption of this strategy, especially in cities, facilitating the development of fleets of electric city buses. This paper explores the integration of biomass gasifiers and battery energy storage systems to develop environmentally sustainable high-power charging stations, focusing on Carpi, Italy, as a case study. By using locally available biomass resources, this approach aims to disconnect power from the electricity grid and reduce emissions. Through the analysis of different configurations, the study demonstrates once again how the economic sustainability of projects based on biomass gasifiers is strongly dependent both on the cost of biomass and the current energy market with which it competes. Only extending the use of the charging station to private vehicles generates a return on investment of around 7 years. However, through gasification is possible to achieve carbon capture and storage that, in the analyzed case study, is almost equivalent to the annual CO_2eq emission of 4 diesel buses.</p> ]]> Assessing the Integration of Biomass Gasification and High-Power Charging Stations for Battery Electric Buses: A Case Study in the City of Carpi nicolò morselli giulio covezzi marco puglia simone pedrazzi giulio allesina paolo tartarini doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080405 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 2024 8 4 Article 537 10.18280/ijtdi.080405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080404 The sustainability of urban development embodies settlement patterns and transport systems that are affected by residents’ travel preferences and the urban spatial structure. This study aims to analyze the influence of settlement and social and economic systems on movement actors toward the confirmation of cumulative integration in the structure of urban service centers. The research approach was quantitative based on multivariate statistics with the structural equation analysis method (SEM-PLS). Data were collected through observation, documentation, and survey. The results illustrate the distribution and concentration of residents, as well as the socio-economic conditions of the movers that influence the movers. Whereas movement actors have a weak influence on service centers, this is because access and connectivity to service centers can be reached from the periphery to the city center for medium-sized cities. The cumulative integration pattern illustrates that the service center is still dominated by a monocentric spatial structure as evidenced by the distribution of economic and socio-economic activities as well as movement actors who perform mobility to the city service center. This research contributes to urban planning to encourage sustainable urban growth. 12-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman">The sustainability of urban development embodies settlement patterns and transport systems that are affected by residents’ travel preferences and the urban spatial structure. This study aims to analyze the influence of settlement and social and economic systems on movement actors toward the confirmation of cumulative integration in the structure of urban service centers. The research approach was quantitative based on multivariate statistics with the structural equation analysis method (SEM-PLS). Data were collected through observation, documentation, and survey. The results illustrate the distribution and concentration of residents, as well as the socio-economic conditions of the movers that influence the movers. Whereas movement actors have a weak influence on service centers, this is because access and connectivity to service centers can be reached from the periphery to the city center for medium-sized cities. The cumulative integration pattern illustrates that the service center is still dominated by a monocentric spatial structure as evidenced by the distribution of economic and socio-economic activities as well as movement actors who perform mobility to the city service center. This research contributes to urban planning to encourage sustainable urban growth.</span></p> ]]> Optimising Urban Spatial Structure: The Role of Settlement Systems, Socio-Economics, and Movement Actors in Palopo City, Indonesia hasbi muh natsir abduh murshal manaf syafri doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080404 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 2024 8 4 Article 529 10.18280/ijtdi.080404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080403 In modern surveillance systems intended for surveilled areas, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with computer vision capabilities fulfill an essential role in tracking objects within dynamic and high-risk monitored regions. This paper presents a novel approach SP-TSA to estimate the areas where objects are likely to be present by analyzing their trajectories, which are estimated through UAV-based computer vision. Each trajectory is represented by a series of points in 3D space, with each point acting as the center of a sphere. The spatial uncertainty of the object’s position is captured by the sphere’s radius, providing a comprehensive probabilistic model of potential object locations. To model the area where an object could be present, the intersections of these spheres are analyzed, and the regions where the spheres overlap are used to form a continuous tubular surface along the trajectory. We introduce a Non-Linear Objective Function to optimize the estimation of these areas and minimize uncertainties in object location. This innovative approach ensures computational efficiency and adaptability to complex trajectories, making it suitable for real-time applications. The method offers a precise and robust way to predict the object’s presence within a given space, providing valuable insights for decision-making in dynamic surveillance environments. Simulation results validate the SP-TSA method, demonstrating its superior accuracy in estimating object presence compared to traditional methods, particularly in scenarios involving non-linear and erratic object trajectories. 12-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">In modern surveillance systems intended for surveilled areas, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with computer vision capabilities fulfill an essential role in tracking objects within dynamic and high-risk monitored regions. This paper presents a novel approach SP-TSA to estimate the areas where objects are likely to be present by analyzing their trajectories, which are estimated through UAV-based computer vision. Each trajectory is represented by a series of points in 3D space, with each point acting as the center of a sphere. The spatial uncertainty of the object’s position is captured by the sphere’s radius, providing a comprehensive probabilistic model of potential object locations. To model the area where an object could be present, the intersections of these spheres are analyzed, and the regions where the spheres overlap are used to form a continuous tubular surface along the trajectory. We introduce a Non-Linear Objective Function to optimize the estimation of these areas and minimize uncertainties in object location. This innovative approach ensures computational efficiency and adaptability to complex trajectories, making it suitable for real-time applications. The method offers a precise and robust way to predict the object’s presence within a given space, providing valuable insights for decision-making in dynamic surveillance environments. Simulation results validate the SP-TSA method, demonstrating its superior accuracy in estimating object presence compared to traditional methods, particularly in scenarios involving non-linear and erratic object trajectories.</span></p> ]]> SP-TSA Spherical Projections and Tubular Surface Approximation for UAV Object Trajectory Estimation mohamed benaly azzedine el mrabet ayoub benaly rachid el gouri abdelkader mezouari hlou laâmari doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080403 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 2024 8 4 Article 505 10.18280/ijtdi.080403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080402 This paper aimed to adopt the Value Engineering philosophy in enhancing the car seat cushion performance that emphasizes quality and productivity improvements. Value Engineering approaches are used to validate the design of car seat cushion to make the product more cost effective in terms of function and quality. Value Engineering methods are identified in the process of improving the design of car seat component cushion. The model of car seat component is developed using Autodesk® Inventor®. The design of the model is then analyzed using Boothroyd Dewhurst Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA) software. Computer-aided engineering (CAE) ANSYS® software will be used in the analysis of displacement and stress. studies. The result shows that the force applied on the seat frame and seat cushion is set at 1177.2 N (120 kg). Maximum Von Mises Stresses for seat cushion and seat frame are 0.02337 MPa and 13.7 MPa. Maximum displacements for seat cushion and seat frame are 0.4026 mm and 0.006119 mm. FMEA was conducted on the model of car seat components to predict the possible failure and effect on the model. Hence, this paper provides valuable insight on potential car seat cushion improvement through Value Engineering approach. 12-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This paper aimed to adopt the Value Engineering philosophy in enhancing the car seat cushion performance that emphasizes quality and productivity improvements. Value Engineering approaches are used to validate the design of car seat cushion to make the product more cost effective in terms of function and quality. Value Engineering methods are identified in the process of improving the design of car seat component cushion. The model of car seat component is developed using Autodesk® Inventor®. The design of the model is then analyzed using Boothroyd Dewhurst Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA) software. Computer-aided engineering (CAE) ANSYS® software will be used in the analysis of displacement and stress. studies. The result shows that the force applied on the seat frame and seat cushion is set at 1177.2 N (120 kg). Maximum Von Mises Stresses for seat cushion and seat frame are 0.02337 MPa and 13.7 MPa. Maximum displacements for seat cushion and seat frame are 0.4026 mm and 0.006119 mm. FMEA was conducted on the model of car seat components to predict the possible failure and effect on the model. Hence, this paper provides valuable insight on potential car seat cushion improvement through Value Engineering approach.</span></p> ]]> Enhancing Car Seat Cushion Production Performance Through Value Engineering: A Case Study bak aun teoh mohd khairil anbia chi adam doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080402 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 2024 8 4 Article 505 10.18280/ijtdi.080402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080401 A mathematical model has been formulated to optimize the setup of an end-of-production-line (EOL) test bench that is used to evaluate the efficiency of electric motors or axles designed for electric vehicles. The model can forecast the performance of EOL testing benches and electric motors/axles under a variety of conditions, thereby eliminating the need for extensive physical trials and minimizing the associated energy usage. The proposed model can be adjusted to handle different power ratings of electric motors or axles. The model takes the maximum performance that the electric motors or axles need to guarantee according to the vehicle manufacturer’s specifications as inputs. Subsequently, the necessary performance of each primary EOL test bench component is computed, and the corresponding systems available in the market are chosen based on manufacturers’ catalogues. In this research, an EOL test bench for low-power e-axles (approximately 22 kW) has been designed according to the outputs of the proposed model. 12-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">A mathematical model has been formulated to optimize the setup of an end-of-production-line (EOL) test bench that is used to evaluate the efficiency of electric motors or axles designed for electric vehicles. The model can forecast the performance of EOL testing benches and electric motors/axles under a variety of conditions, thereby eliminating the need for extensive physical trials and minimizing the associated energy usage. The proposed model can be adjusted to handle different power ratings of electric motors or axles. The model takes the maximum performance that the electric motors or axles need to guarantee according to the vehicle manufacturer’s specifications as inputs. Subsequently, the necessary performance of each primary EOL test bench component is computed, and the corresponding systems available in the market are chosen based on manufacturers’ catalogues. In this research, an EOL test bench for low-power e-axles (approximately 22 kW) has been designed according to the outputs of the proposed model.</span></p> ]]> Mathematical Model for Sizing and Optimizing a Test Bench for Electric Motors of Electric Vehicles emiliano lustrissimi bonifacio bianco sebastiano caravaggi antonio rosato doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080401 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-25-2024 2024 8 4 Article 497 10.18280/ijtdi.080401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_4/ijtdi.080401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080311 Traffic congestion in Egyptian cities is a major issue due to unplanned and private vehicles, impacting land use, housing, and development. A study aims to improve accessibility and mobility by implementing a multimodal transportation system, reducing private vehicle usage, and attracting sustainable transit investments. The research questions include mode of transport, destination distance, passenger walking distance, integration principles, and multimodal effects on land use and attraction. The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing data collection, literature reviews, and analytical examples. It employs a geographic information system (GIS) analysis program to examine existing and proposed cases, demonstrating the effectiveness of multimodal transportation in connecting intercity, promoting smart urban growth, and attracting investments. It transforms land use from mono-use to diverse, contributing alternative downtown and activating job opportunities. This approach revitalizes neglected lands, reduces traffic congestion, and creates green spaces. It also encourages the TOD concept. Furthermore, it improves the environment and health and reduces urban congestion, contributing to urban development. Overall, multimodal transportation is a significant contributor to urban growth. Moreover, future policies should consider various transportation modes, public-private partnerships, infrastructure investment, technology integration, accessibility, and sustainable modes, with community engagement and policy support prioritizing multimodal transportation and raising awareness. 09-26-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Traffic congestion in Egyptian cities is a major issue due to unplanned and private vehicles, impacting land use, housing, and development. A study aims to improve accessibility and mobility by implementing a multimodal transportation system, reducing private vehicle usage, and attracting sustainable transit investments. The research questions include mode of transport, destination distance, passenger walking distance, integration principles, and multimodal effects on land use and attraction. The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing data collection, literature reviews, and analytical examples. It employs a geographic information system (GIS) analysis program to examine existing and proposed cases, demonstrating the effectiveness of multimodal transportation in connecting intercity, promoting smart urban growth, and attracting investments. It transforms land use from mono-use to diverse, contributing alternative downtown and activating job opportunities. This approach revitalizes neglected lands, reduces traffic congestion, and creates green spaces. It also encourages the TOD concept. Furthermore, it improves the environment and health and reduces urban congestion, contributing to urban development. Overall, multimodal transportation is a significant contributor to urban growth. Moreover, future policies should consider various transportation modes, public-private partnerships, infrastructure investment, technology integration, accessibility, and sustainable modes, with community engagement and policy support prioritizing multimodal transportation and raising awareness.</span></p> ]]> Multimodal Transportation Planning for Intercity Travel Between Alexandria and Borg Al Arab Cities adel elmenshawy ahmed idris ahmed nasr amira mohamed doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080311 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 2024 8 3 Article 473 10.18280/ijtdi.080311 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080311 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080310 The Indonesian government, through the Directorate General of Railways, Ministry of Transportation, plans to operate the trans-Sumatra Rail Way or train transportation mode (TSRW), so that cities on the island of Sumatra will be fully connected. Meanwhile, on the one hand, the construction costs are very high, starting from the rails and bridges, stations and trains themselves, and on the other hand, cities in Sumatra are already operating with satisfactory service to travelers using road transportation modes, both ICIP buses and Small passenger cars (LPC) have very easy access, while on trains each passenger has to go to the station first or access is low, so it is feared that once this Trans Sumatra Rail Way (TSRW) or train operates, it will not be of interest to people traveling between cities on the island of Sumatra. So, to ensure that the Trans Sumatra Rail Way (TSRW) or train is in demand by people traveling between cities and provinces on the island of Sumatra, it is necessary to carry out a study by presenting a new service attribute that is not yet available in other modes of transportation besides the Trans Sumatra Rail Way (TSRW) or train and also so far. Currently, there are no studies that discuss this mode choice which includes this new service attribute, namely continuous integration between trains and online transportation such as Go-Car, Grab and Maxim by combining the payment of one ticket on the train ticket so that train passengers can be picked up at home and delivered to the train station for free which is called seamless service. The results of the study show that with the existence of this new service attribute as a new variable, it turns out that this trans Sumatra rail-way mode has a great opportunity to be used by people traveling between cities on the island of Sumatra with great opportunities with a market share of 81 percent. 09-26-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The Indonesian government, through the Directorate General of Railways, Ministry of Transportation, plans to operate the trans-Sumatra Rail Way or train transportation mode (TSRW), so that cities on the island of Sumatra will be fully connected. Meanwhile, on the one hand, the construction costs are very high, starting from the rails and bridges, stations and trains themselves, and on the other hand, cities in Sumatra are already operating with satisfactory service to travelers using road transportation modes, both ICIP buses and Small passenger cars (LPC) have very easy access, while on trains each passenger has to go to the station first or access is low, so it is feared that once this Trans Sumatra Rail Way (TSRW) or train operates, it will not be of interest to people traveling between cities on the island of Sumatra. So, to ensure that the Trans Sumatra Rail Way (TSRW) or train is in demand by people traveling between cities and provinces on the island of Sumatra, it is necessary to carry out a study by presenting a new service attribute that is not yet available in other modes of transportation besides the Trans Sumatra Rail Way (TSRW) or train and also so far. Currently, there are no studies that discuss this mode choice which includes this new service attribute, namely continuous integration between trains and online transportation such as Go-Car, Grab and Maxim by combining the payment of one ticket on the train ticket so that train passengers can be picked up at home and delivered to the train station for free which is called seamless service. The results of the study show that with the existence of this new service attribute as a new variable, it turns out that this trans Sumatra rail-way mode has a great opportunity to be used by people traveling between cities on the island of Sumatra with great opportunities with a market share of 81 percent.</span></p> ]]> The Influence of New Service Attributes in the Trans-Sumatera Railway Operation Plan on User Choice fidel miro purnawan bayu martanto aji yosritzal doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080310 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 2024 8 3 Article 461 10.18280/ijtdi.080310 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080310 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080309 Technology has significantly improved transportation services through information and communication technologies (ICT), and it has enhanced efficiency, accessibility, security, and sustainability in transportation systems. This study aims to comprehensively understand how ICT impacts the transportation system through a systematic literature review. Moreover, this study systematically reviews and synthesizes literature on the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on various facets of transportation. It specifically investigates the transformative potential of ICT, including blockchain and IoT technologies, in replacing traditional transportation systems. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines for reporting systemic reviews and meta-analyses. The review process involves several stages, including initial search queries, screening studies, eligibility assessments, and the final selection of articles. The study used only one database, Scopus and it found 425 articles, only 10 papers matched the selection criteria. The Study findings suggest that information and communication technologies have played an important role in transportation services, like smart traffic management, real-time data analysis, and enhanced user interfaces. Despite this, data privacy, infrastructure integration, and equitable access remain challenges. This review contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between ICT and transportation. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners striving to harness the potential of ICT for creating more efficient, sustainable, and user-centric transportation systems. Based on the study, future research should explore the integrated impact of blockchain, IoT, and AI on transportation efficiency, user acceptance, regulatory adaptations, and environmental implications. 09-26-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Technology has significantly improved transportation services through information and communication technologies (ICT), and it has enhanced efficiency, accessibility, security, and sustainability in transportation systems. This study aims to comprehensively understand how ICT impacts the transportation system through a systematic literature review. Moreover, this study systematically reviews and synthesizes literature on the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on various facets of transportation. It specifically investigates the transformative potential of ICT, including blockchain and IoT technologies, in replacing traditional transportation systems. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines for reporting systemic reviews and meta-analyses. The review process involves several stages, including initial search queries, screening studies, eligibility assessments, and the final selection of articles. The study used only one database, Scopus and it found 425 articles, only 10 papers matched the selection criteria. The Study findings suggest that information and communication technologies have played an important role in transportation services, like smart traffic management, real-time data analysis, and enhanced user interfaces. Despite this, data privacy, infrastructure integration, and equitable access remain challenges. This review contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between ICT and transportation. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners striving to harness the potential of ICT for creating more efficient, sustainable, and user-centric transportation systems. Based on the study, future research should explore the integrated impact of blockchain, IoT, and AI on transportation efficiency, user acceptance, regulatory adaptations, and environmental implications.</span></p> ]]> The Transformative Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Transportation Services: A Systematic Literature Review husein osman abdullahi ibrahim hassan mohamud abdifatah farah ali abdikarim abi hassan abdul kafi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080309 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 2024 8 3 Article 455 10.18280/ijtdi.080309 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080309 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080308 Parking management systems often need to improve due to outdated infrastructure, inefficient manual processes, and the lack of automation, resulting in increased congestion and poor user experience. Traditional parking management systems, reliant on manual license plate entry and outdated payment methods, need help to meet modern demands. In response, this research introduces a novel Intelligent Parking System (IPS) that leverages automatic License Plate Recognition (LPR) with a YOLO model for real-time detection and recognition of vehicle license plates. By eliminating the need for sensors and manual data entry, our system enhances accuracy, reduces maintenance costs, and optimizes parking operations. Furthermore, integrating QR code-based payment simplifies and accelerates the payment process, reducing wait times and improving user experience. This approach addresses the growing need for scalable and adaptable parking solutions in smart city initiatives. Through this research, the IPS provides a scalable, intelligent alternative to conventional parking systems, contributing to smarter urban environments. 09-26-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Parking management systems often need to improve due to outdated infrastructure, inefficient manual processes, and the lack of automation, resulting in increased congestion and poor user experience. Traditional parking management systems, reliant on manual license plate entry and outdated payment methods, need help to meet modern demands. In response, this research introduces a novel Intelligent Parking System (IPS) that leverages automatic License Plate Recognition (LPR) with a YOLO model for real-time detection and recognition of vehicle license plates. By eliminating the need for sensors and manual data entry, our system enhances accuracy, reduces maintenance costs, and optimizes parking operations. Furthermore, integrating QR code-based payment simplifies and accelerates the payment process, reducing wait times and improving user experience. This approach addresses the growing need for scalable and adaptable parking solutions in smart city initiatives. Through this research, the IPS provides a scalable, intelligent alternative to conventional parking systems, contributing to smarter urban environments.</span></p> ]]> IPS: Intelligent Parking System Using YOLO and Image Processing ruchi rani sumit kumar sanjeev kumar pippal mrunal gund ulka chaudhari riya agrawal megha dalsaniya lisa verma doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080308 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 2024 8 3 Article 447 10.18280/ijtdi.080308 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080308 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080307 The conventional belief that mobile phone usage adversely affects driving performance, particularly through driver distraction leading to accidents, underscores the importance of understanding its impact within the context of varying traffic environments. This study aims to investigate the individual and interactive effects of mobile phone use and traffic environment on driving performance. Two distinct experiments were conducted in a simulated driving environment, employing a 22 factorial design to examine these factors. Mobile phone use was assessed in both hands-free and hand-held modes, while traffic environments comprised rural and urban routes. Driving performance was evaluated using four measures: driver mental workload, error frequency, average speed, and lateral position changes. Our findings reveal that mobile phone use significantly affects all performance measures, while traffic environment predominantly influences average speed and lateral position changes. Specifically, both hands-free and hand-held modes are statistically significant in influencing mental workload. Additionally, the interaction between traffic environment and hand-held phone use notably affects error frequency. These results provide insights into the complex interplay between mobile phone use, traffic conditions, and driving performance. 09-26-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The conventional belief that mobile phone usage adversely affects driving performance, particularly through driver distraction leading to accidents, underscores the importance of understanding its impact within the context of varying traffic environments. This study aims to investigate the individual and interactive effects of mobile phone use and traffic environment on driving performance. Two distinct experiments were conducted in a simulated driving environment, employing a 2</span>^{<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">2</span>}<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif"> factorial design to examine these factors. Mobile phone use was assessed in both hands-free and hand-held modes, while traffic environments comprised rural and urban routes. Driving performance was evaluated using four measures: driver mental workload, error frequency, average speed, and lateral position changes. Our findings reveal that mobile phone use significantly affects all performance measures, while traffic environment predominantly influences average speed and lateral position changes. Specifically, both hands-free and hand-held modes are statistically significant in influencing mental workload. Additionally, the interaction between traffic environment and hand-held phone use notably affects error frequency. These results provide insights into the complex interplay between mobile phone use, traffic conditions, and driving performance.</span></p> ]]> The Effect of Mobile Phone Use, Traffic Environment, and the Interaction on Driving Performance of Adult Drivers: Empirical Findings from 2² Factorial Design Simulation novie susanto m. mujiya ulkhaq uli arta tindaon doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080307 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 2024 8 3 Article 435 10.18280/ijtdi.080307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080306 Sustainable urban development stands as a pivotal imperative in contemporary discourse. One of the world's largest megacities, Dhaka, faces immense social sustainability challenges due to rapid urbanization for both present and future generations. As Dhaka's urbanization accelerates, transportation availability has become a pressing concern for socially sustainable urban areas. This study aims to investigate the current conditions of transportation availability and its impact on socially sustainable urban development, particularly in developing cities. This study used a quantitative research approach, and Dhaka is considered a representative city in a developing region. A multistage sampling method was used to collect 564 responses from residents of Dhaka through a structured questionnaire survey. The results indicated that four indicators of transport availability in Dhaka city exhibit low satisfaction levels among residents. Additionally, transportation availability statistically impacts Dhaka's socially sustainable urban development, as determined using four indicators cross-section OLS and Poisson regression analysis. The results guide governmental bodies, legislators, and urban planners in pursuing socially sustainable cities. Moreover, transportation availability indicators offer actionable policy insights for urban sector strategies in developing nations, bridging urbanization and sustainability to advance SDG-11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) in the 2030 Agenda. 09-26-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Sustainable urban development stands as a pivotal imperative in contemporary discourse. One of the world's largest megacities, Dhaka, faces immense social sustainability challenges due to rapid urbanization for both present and future generations. As Dhaka's urbanization accelerates, transportation availability has become a pressing concern for socially sustainable urban areas. This study aims to investigate the current conditions of transportation availability and its impact on socially sustainable urban development, particularly in developing cities. This study used a quantitative research approach, and Dhaka is considered a representative city in a developing region. A multistage sampling method was used to collect 564 responses from residents of Dhaka through a structured questionnaire survey. The results indicated that four indicators of transport availability in Dhaka city exhibit low satisfaction levels among residents. Additionally, transportation availability statistically impacts Dhaka's socially sustainable urban development, as determined using four indicators cross-section OLS and Poisson regression analysis. The results guide governmental bodies, legislators, and urban planners in pursuing socially sustainable cities. Moreover, transportation availability indicators offer actionable policy insights for urban sector strategies in developing nations, bridging urbanization and sustainability to advance SDG-11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) in the 2030 Agenda.</span></p> ]]> An Investigation of Transportation Availability for Socially Sustainable Dhaka, Bangladesh sultana razia marufa akter md. azizur rahman doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080306 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 2024 8 3 Article 423 10.18280/ijtdi.080306 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080306 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080305 Driver identification is vital in connected transport and has various benefits like usage-based insurance, personalized assisted driving, fleet management, etc. The data collected from behind the wheel makes it possible to identify unique driving styles as an alternative to adding extra costs or compromising drivers' biometric fingerprint privacy, such as facial recognition. The variable nature of drivers causes problems for traditional techniques because they become less accurate when faced with new drivers. This paper presents an innovative method of driver identification using few-shot learning techniques based 1D CNN-LSTM Attention model that can effectively solve the N-driver identification problem, given very few training examples on driving. Our findings reveal that this model can be generalized correctly from just a few examples, making it essential in real-life situations. We compare our proposed method with several baseline models such as LSTM Attention, LSTM, CNN, and ANN. Furthermore, applying our model to 3-way and 5-way classification problems using 1-shot and 5-shot methods further evidences its effectiveness in changing environments. Consequently, from this research, it is clear that knowledge based on the training dataset could be applied successfully to new drivers. Impressive results obtaining when trained on all raw databases but still getting correct identifications even with a small number of instances per driver label. 09-26-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Driver identification is vital in connected transport and has various benefits like usage-based insurance, personalized assisted driving, fleet management, etc. The data collected from behind the wheel makes it possible to identify unique driving styles as an alternative to adding extra costs or compromising drivers' biometric fingerprint privacy, such as facial recognition. The variable nature of drivers causes problems for traditional techniques because they become less accurate when faced with new drivers. This paper presents an innovative method of driver identification using few-shot learning techniques based 1D CNN-LSTM Attention model that can effectively solve the N-driver identification problem, given very few training examples on driving. Our findings reveal that this model can be generalized correctly from just a few examples, making it essential in real-life situations. We compare our proposed method with several baseline models such as LSTM Attention, LSTM, CNN, and ANN. Furthermore, applying our model to 3-way and 5-way classification problems using 1-shot and 5-shot methods further evidences its effectiveness in changing environments. Consequently, from this research, it is clear that knowledge based on the training dataset could be applied successfully to new drivers. Impressive results obtaining when trained on all raw databases but still getting correct identifications even with a small number of instances per driver label.</span></p> ]]> Driver Identification Via Hybrid Model and Few-Shot Technique Based CAN-BUS Data saja falah jabbar laith a. abdul-rahaim moneer ali lilo doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080305 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 2024 8 3 Article 413 10.18280/ijtdi.080305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080304 Indonesia is generous in renewable energy resources since the country benefits from abundant solar energy. There has been an increase in the energy demand, and thus, it is essential to consider shifting to renewable energy sources to sustain future energy demand. This research looks at how renewable energy could be formed in an airport, specifically alleviating the use of fossil fuel-powered vehicles. Among them is the engineering of a standalone Public Electric Vehicle Charging Station (SPKLU) powered by other energies. The researcher applies a HOMER-Grid simulation approach to design an approximate daily electrical load of 424.25kW. According to the projections made in the simulation, approximately 254,078kWh of electricity will be produced annually from this renewable energy system. The percentage contribution of the energy from this system to the total energy load is 26.11%. Harnessing renewable energy at the airport is about developing a green technology approach, which can reduce the operational carbon footprint efficiency of the airport and help make the operation more sustainable. 09-26-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Indonesia is generous in renewable energy resources since the country benefits from abundant solar energy. There has been an increase in the energy demand, and thus, it is essential to consider shifting to renewable energy sources to sustain future energy demand. This research looks at how renewable energy could be formed in an airport, specifically alleviating the use of fossil fuel-powered vehicles. Among them is the engineering of a standalone Public Electric Vehicle Charging Station (SPKLU) powered by other energies. The researcher applies a HOMER-Grid simulation approach to design an approximate daily electrical load of 424.25kW. According to the projections made in the simulation, approximately 254,078kWh of electricity will be produced annually from this renewable energy system. The percentage contribution of the energy from this system to the total energy load is 26.11%. Harnessing renewable energy at the airport is about developing a green technology approach, which can reduce the operational carbon footprint efficiency of the airport and help make the operation more sustainable.</span></p> ]]> Modeling Future Solar and Wind Energy Source Applications for Power Generation at Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Airport Parking Areas Using HOMER-Grid rendy adhi rachmanto noval fattah alfaiz singgih dwi prasetyo watuhumalang bhre bangun wibawa endra juwana zainal arifin doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080304 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 2024 8 3 Article 403 10.18280/ijtdi.080304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080303 Dynamic pricing on seat selection contributes good revenue during demand, and forecasting of income using events occupancy is lagging are to be addressed by novel methods. The passengers, who may not have the purchasing capability of a 4 wheeler must prefer to share the facility for savings. The crucial aspects are customer comfort and knowing price drops in advance. The proposed system is a hybrid upfront that consists of modified ARIMA, and GBM to accurately forecast income based on filled events occupancy. This system not only provides integrated features such as applying discounts on specific scenarios, a dynamic seat selection, individual track of the vehicle, and predicting income of future days. The Firsts Come First Serve (FCFS) and seat ranking have been integrated into the evolution of a hybrid method that also outputs good revenue. The evaluation is compared against existing approaches. The outcome is an effective way of selecting the seat as per their choice, and the event occupancy cut-off is reached. This feature guides the driver community to raise seat prices or drop prices would generate revenue as well as maximize passenger comfort. 09-26-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Dynamic pricing on seat selection contributes good revenue during demand, and forecasting of income using events occupancy is lagging are to be addressed by novel methods. The passengers, who may not have the purchasing capability of a 4 wheeler must prefer to share the facility for savings. The crucial aspects are customer comfort and knowing price drops in advance. The proposed system is a hybrid upfront that consists of modified ARIMA, and GBM to accurately forecast income based on filled events occupancy. This system not only provides integrated features such as applying discounts on specific scenarios, a dynamic seat selection, individual track of the vehicle, and predicting income of future days. The Firsts Come First Serve (FCFS) and seat ranking have been integrated into the evolution of a hybrid method that also outputs good revenue. The evaluation is compared against existing approaches. The outcome is an effective way of selecting the seat as per their choice, and the event occupancy cut-off is reached. This feature guides the driver community to raise seat prices or drop prices would generate revenue as well as maximize passenger comfort.</span></p> ]]> An Effective Resource Allocation and Revenue Generation for Rental Vehicles hrushikesava raju sangaraju sivaneasan balakrishnan siva shankar subramanian tulika chakrabarti prasun chakrabarti martin margala doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080303 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 2024 8 3 Article 393 10.18280/ijtdi.080303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080302 The suspension system design has been one of the most challenging tasks for engineers due to the importance of its role in reducing the road vibrations transmitted to the vehicle, which have a harmful effect on the human body. This research aims to use and compare different optimization techniques used to design the passive suspension parameters, including the spring stiffness (Ks), damping coefficient (Cs), and tire stiffness (Kt), to minimize body accelerations and subsequently enhance ride comfort for vehicles. The quarter car is modelled as a two-degrees-of-freedom system by using MATLAB/Simulink. Different optimization techniques were introduced and used, such as Taguchi, Genetic Algorithms (GA), and Simulated Annealing (SA), to design the passive suspension parameters. The results showed that the optimal design parameters for suspension systems were obtained using GA and SA methods, which reduced the value of the root mean square of vertical vibration by approximately 44% and the peak of acceleration by approximately 60% compared to the original values. The Taguchi approach reduces the value of the root mean square by approximately 32% and the peak of the acceleration by approximately 28% compared to the original values. 09-26-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The suspension system design has been one of the most challenging tasks for engineers due to the importance of its role in reducing the road vibrations transmitted to the vehicle, which have a harmful effect on the human body. This research aims to use and compare different optimization techniques used to design the passive suspension parameters, including the spring stiffness (Ks), damping coefficient (Cs), and tire stiffness (Kt), to minimize body accelerations and subsequently enhance ride comfort for vehicles. The quarter car is modelled as a two-degrees-of-freedom system by using MATLAB/Simulink. Different optimization techniques were introduced and used, such as Taguchi, Genetic Algorithms (GA), and Simulated Annealing (SA), to design the passive suspension parameters. The results showed that the optimal design parameters for suspension systems were obtained using GA and SA methods, which reduced the value of the root mean square of vertical vibration by approximately 44% and the peak of acceleration by approximately 60% compared to the original values. The Taguchi approach reduces the value of the root mean square by approximately 32% and the peak of the acceleration by approximately 28% compared to the original values.</span></p> ]]> Optimization and Analysis of the Quarter Car Passive Suspension Using Taguchi, Genetic Algorithm, and Simulated Annealing Approaches m. rabie abd-elwahab mostafa m. makrahy nouby m. ghazaly ahmad o. moaaz doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080302 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 2024 8 3 Article 383 10.18280/ijtdi.080302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080301 In the realm of expressway development, the importance of vehicle identification technology is steadily rising. However, conventional systems often struggle to maintain optimal recognition accuracy in adverse weather conditions such as heavy rain, snow, or haze. This study proposes an enhanced approach to license plate recognition utilizing radar fusion technology to synthesize multiple information bands and improve image visibility. By addressing the challenges posed by inclement weather, our algorithm aims to overcome limitations observed in conventional de-fogging methods. Through cooperative image processing, the proposed algorithm automatically identifies and enhances license plate regions, subsequently employing a character recognition model to identify clipped characters. This enhanced technique effectively mitigates the impact of complex backgrounds and noise, thus boosting recognition accuracy. Simulation analyses conducted in MATLAB validate the efficacy of our approach. Through simulation analysis, it is found that the recognition accuracy rate can reach 97%, demonstrating its superior recognition accuracy even in adverse weather conditions. 09-26-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">In the realm of expressway development, the importance of vehicle identification technology is steadily rising. However, conventional systems often struggle to maintain optimal recognition accuracy in adverse weather conditions such as heavy rain, snow, or haze. This study proposes an enhanced approach to license plate recognition utilizing radar fusion technology to synthesize multiple information bands and improve image visibility. By addressing the challenges posed by inclement weather, our algorithm aims to overcome limitations observed in conventional de-fogging methods. Through cooperative image processing, the proposed algorithm automatically identifies and enhances license plate regions, subsequently employing a character recognition model to identify clipped characters. This enhanced technique effectively mitigates the impact of complex backgrounds and noise, thus boosting recognition accuracy. Simulation analyses conducted in MATLAB validate the efficacy of our approach. Through simulation analysis, it is found that the recognition accuracy rate can reach 97%, demonstrating its superior recognition accuracy even in adverse weather conditions.</span></p> ]]> Research on Vehicle Identification Based on Multi-modal Fusion andi gao guanglei zhang doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080301 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2024 2024 8 3 Article 371 10.18280/ijtdi.080301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_3/ijtdi.080301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080212 This study aims to assess the probability of unsafe operations on horizontal curves resulting from speed variation, employing both statistical analysis and machine learning (ML) techniques. The statistical analysis was conducted using Minitab software to assess the probability of non-compliance through the Monte-Carlo simulation method. Additionally, the research applied three ML classification models—a novel optimized version of the Random Forest (RF) classifier, Naive Bayes (NB), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Nine curves with radii ranging from 700m to 2000m were selected from two rural roads in Egypt for the study. The evaluation of non-compliance probability on each curve involved contrasting the supply (design speed, a fixed value) with the demand (actual speed, characterized by actual speed distributions). Findings revealed that using the 85th percentile speed in the analysis, the probability of non-compliance during off-peak hours exceeded 50% for all curves except two, where it reached 100%. This indicates that approximately 100% of vehicles engage in unsafe operations during off-peak hours on these specific curves. Accuracy results of the ML classifiers showed that the proposed RF classifier performed exceptionally well with a perfect score of 1.0, followed by XGB and NB classifiers for all curves. A comparative analysis between the results of statistical analysis and ML in estimating curve safety suggests that ML outperforms statistical analysis, demonstrating its potential as a more reliable tool for assessing road safety on horizontal curves. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>This study aims to assess the probability of unsafe operations on horizontal curves resulting from speed variation, employing both statistical analysis and machine learning (ML) techniques. The statistical analysis was conducted using Minitab software to assess the probability of non-compliance through the Monte-Carlo simulation method. Additionally, the research applied three ML classification models—a novel optimized version of the Random Forest (RF) classifier, Naive Bayes (NB), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Nine curves with radii ranging from 700m to 2000m were selected from two rural roads in Egypt for the study. The evaluation of non-compliance probability on each curve involved contrasting the supply (design speed, a fixed value) with the demand (actual speed, characterized by actual speed distributions). Findings revealed that using the 85th percentile speed in the analysis, the probability of non-compliance during off-peak hours exceeded 50% for all curves except two, where it reached 100%. This indicates that approximately 100% of vehicles engage in unsafe operations during off-peak hours on these specific curves. Accuracy results of the ML classifiers showed that the proposed RF classifier performed exceptionally well with a perfect score of 1.0, followed by XGB and NB classifiers for all curves. A comparative analysis between the results of statistical analysis and ML in estimating curve safety suggests that ML outperforms statistical analysis, demonstrating its potential as a more reliable tool for assessing road safety on horizontal curves.</p> ]]> Comparing Machine Learning and Statistical Methods for Vehicle Safety on Horizontal Curves ibrahim m. ramadan alaa a. ahmed mahmoud m. salim doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080212 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 2024 8 2 Article 359 10.18280/ijtdi.080212 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080212 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080211 Container vessel accidents risk maritime safety and the environment, and understanding their causes and consequences is vital to developing effective preventive measures. This study analyzes the distribution of latent factors and active events related to container vessel accidents by applying the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) derived NASAFACS framework. The study employs a varied dataset comprising different types of container vessel accidents that occurred worldwide from 2010 to 2021. Findings suggest that latent factors, i.e., 'Preconditions,' are the predominant causative agents behind container vessel accidents, followed by 'Acts,' which involve active events leading to them. Damage to vessels is usually the most common outcome, and container loss and environmental pollution are sizeable. Collision incidents frequently involve both latent factors and active errors, while fire incidents typically are solely driven by latent ones; other accident types, including heavy weather damage, grounding, and allision incidents, show evidence of both latent and active factors; heavy weather damage incidents tend to exhibit higher incidences of environmental pollution than other accident types. This research offers unique insight into container vessel accidents, underlining the need for enhanced securing practices, accurate cargo declaration, and stricter cargo stowage compliance to improve safety and reduce pollution. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Container vessel accidents risk maritime safety and the environment, and understanding their causes and consequences is vital to developing effective preventive measures. This study analyzes the distribution of latent factors and active events related to container vessel accidents by applying the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) derived NASAFACS framework. The study employs a varied dataset comprising different types of container vessel accidents that occurred worldwide from 2010 to 2021. Findings suggest that latent factors, i.e., 'Preconditions,' are the predominant causative agents behind container vessel accidents, followed by 'Acts,' which involve active events leading to them. Damage to vessels is usually the most common outcome, and container loss and environmental pollution are sizeable. Collision incidents frequently involve both latent factors and active errors, while fire incidents typically are solely driven by latent ones; other accident types, including heavy weather damage, grounding, and allision incidents, show evidence of both latent and active factors; heavy weather damage incidents tend to exhibit higher incidences of environmental pollution than other accident types. This research offers unique insight into container vessel accidents, underlining the need for enhanced securing practices, accurate cargo declaration, and stricter cargo stowage compliance to improve safety and reduce pollution.</p> ]]> Container Vessel Accidents Analysis: A NASAHFACS Framework Study manindra pratap singh bangar raju totakura doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080211 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 2024 8 2 Article 341 10.18280/ijtdi.080211 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080211 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080210 This study seeks to determine the prospects for airline passenger mobility acting as freelance couriers. Analyzing four variables: passenger mobility, internet utilization, crowdshipping, and social crowdcourier environment from 200 aircraft passenger data surveyed and processed using SEM PLS. The results obtained show that passenger mobility has a significant effect on internet utilization by 0.942, crowdshipping by 0.527, and the social crowdcourier environment by 0.369. Internet use has a significant effect on crowdshipping by 0.441, social crowdcourier environment by 0.211. Crowdshipping has a significant effect on the social crowdcourier environment of 0.416. The research succeeded in revealing the impact and implications of passenger mobility and the use of the internet in crowdshipping on the influence of the social crowdcourier environment as well as offering new business opportunities, namely that airplane passengers can also become freelance couriers. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>This study seeks to determine the prospects for airline passenger mobility acting as freelance couriers. Analyzing four variables: passenger mobility, internet utilization, crowdshipping, and social crowdcourier environment from 200 aircraft passenger data surveyed and processed using SEM PLS. The results obtained show that passenger mobility has a significant effect on internet utilization by 0.942, crowdshipping by 0.527, and the social crowdcourier environment by 0.369. Internet use has a significant effect on crowdshipping by 0.441, social crowdcourier environment by 0.211. Crowdshipping has a significant effect on the social crowdcourier environment of 0.416. The research succeeded in revealing the impact and implications of passenger mobility and the use of the internet in crowdshipping on the influence of the social crowdcourier environment as well as offering new business opportunities, namely that airplane passengers can also become freelance couriers.</p> ]]> Crowdshipping as an Intermediary for Passenger Mobility and Internet Utilization Affects the Social Crowdcourier Environment moden purba hasdi aimon alpon satrianto doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080210 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 2024 8 2 Article 327 10.18280/ijtdi.080210 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080210 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080209 Pedestrians are one of the essential parts of the transportation system. In order to encourage walking and reduce the use of personal vehicles, pedestrian’s facilities need to be provided in the campus since they are facing many problems. Pedestrian’s level of service (LOS) is the common approach to estimate the quality of pedestrian facilities. The highway capacity manual (HCM) defines six Pedestrians (LOS) namely LOS A, B, C, D, E and F, where A shows high Levels of comfort and capacity, while F represents a poor level of comfort and capacity. Reconnaissance and Field survey measurement was done to collect and study the pedestrians and sidewalks characteristic by using video camera and Measuring tape. Walking speed also was studied to find the speed at which pedestrians appear in term of (15th, 50th, 85th, 98th) percentile speed. The study showed that LOS for study areas ranges between (B) to (E) also it was observed that pedestrians used the roadway in moving which indicate the inefficiency of sidewalk capacity. As the accident in front of university gates increased during crossing, the study suggested (4) alternatives facilities for pedestrians crossing which are: stairways, escalator, ramps and underpasses. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Pedestrians are one of the essential parts of the transportation system. In order to encourage walking and reduce the use of personal vehicles, pedestrian’s facilities need to be provided in the campus since they are facing many problems. Pedestrian’s level of service (LOS) is the common approach to estimate the quality of pedestrian facilities. The highway capacity manual (HCM) defines six Pedestrians (LOS) namely LOS A, B, C, D, E and F, where A shows high Levels of comfort and capacity, while F represents a poor level of comfort and capacity. Reconnaissance and Field survey measurement was done to collect and study the pedestrians and sidewalks characteristic by using video camera and Measuring tape. Walking speed also was studied to find the speed at which pedestrians appear in term of (15th, 50th, 85th, 98th) percentile speed. The study showed that LOS for study areas ranges between (B) to (E) also it was observed that pedestrians used the roadway in moving which indicate the inefficiency of sidewalk capacity. As the accident in front of university gates increased during crossing, the study suggested (4) alternatives facilities for pedestrians crossing which are: stairways, escalator, ramps and underpasses.</span></p> ]]> Assessing and Improving Pedestrian Level of Service at a University Campus in Babylon, Iraq hussein jasim hussein almansori abdulkareem naji abbood al-karimi laith shaker ashoor al-zubaidi alaa hussein ali alobaidi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080209 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 2024 8 2 Article 315 10.18280/ijtdi.080209 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080209 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080208 Rapid growth in the global electric vehicle (EV) market has sparked extensive research, with charging time remaining a critical concern. This study presents a descriptive analysis of research publications on EV charging time from 2017 to April 2024, highlighting trends, characteristics, and global perspectives and identifying research gaps. Scopus, an extensively utilized and frequently cited bibliographic database among the global research community, served as the primary data source for this investigation. Based on the Scopus database, the analysis reveals a growing interest in optimizing charging times, with notable peaks and troughs in publication trends. Interdisciplinary collaboration is evident, with engineering, computer science, and energy research leading the field. Key thematic clusters focus on charging infrastructure, battery optimization, and integration with renewable energy sources. Research gaps and emerging areas include fast-charging technology, battery management systems, and grid integration. A future research roadmap suggests investigating fundamental charging mechanisms, developing intelligent charging systems, exploring socio-economic implications, and fostering international collaborations. While progress has been made, further research is needed to address challenges and drive innovation in EV charging technology for sustainable transportation solutions. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Rapid growth in the global electric vehicle (EV) market has sparked extensive research, with charging time remaining a critical concern. This study presents a descriptive analysis of research publications on EV charging time from 2017 to April 2024, highlighting trends, characteristics, and global perspectives and identifying research gaps. Scopus, an extensively utilized and frequently cited bibliographic database among the global research community, served as the primary data source for this investigation. Based on the Scopus database, the analysis reveals a growing interest in optimizing charging times, with notable peaks and troughs in publication trends. Interdisciplinary collaboration is evident, with engineering, computer science, and energy research leading the field. Key thematic clusters focus on charging infrastructure, battery optimization, and integration with renewable energy sources. Research gaps and emerging areas include fast-charging technology, battery management systems, and grid integration. A future research roadmap suggests investigating fundamental charging mechanisms, developing intelligent charging systems, exploring socio-economic implications, and fostering international collaborations. While progress has been made, further research is needed to address challenges and drive innovation in EV charging technology for sustainable transportation solutions.</p> ]]> Exploring EV Charging Time Optimization: A Bibliometric Analysis edi purwanto hari nugraha nur uddin doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080208 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 2024 8 2 Article 301 10.18280/ijtdi.080208 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080208 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080207 In Indian cities, pedestrian fatalities and injuries have emerged as significant concerns. However, obtaining consistent and reliable crash information poses a significant challenge, particularly in mid-sized Indian cities. In this framework, this study aims to identify and quantify the critical factors influencing pedestrian perceived safety and satisfaction levels in a mid-sized Indian city with respect to diverse land use patterns. A dataset comprising perceptions of 2112 pedestrians regarding 'safety' and 'satisfaction level' has been collected and analyzed across six major intersections characterized by three distinct land use patterns—religious places, commercial areas, and educational hubs—in the central business district area of Patiala city, Punjab, India. With the help of ordered logit models, it has been concluded that the predominant land use pattern, the presence of a pedestrian signal, carriageway width, presence of a curve section at an intersection, vehicular speed, average value of time-to-collision (TTC) at the junction, pedestrian's gender and educational background, and trip purpose significantly affect pedestrians' perceived safety and satisfaction levels. The model outcomes are further constructively utilized to frame suitable policy interventions and recommend remedial measures to enhance pedestrian safety in Indian cities and comparable cities in other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">In Indian cities, pedestrian fatalities and injuries have emerged as significant concerns. However, obtaining consistent and reliable crash information poses a significant challenge, particularly in mid-sized Indian cities. In this framework, this study aims to identify and quantify the critical factors influencing pedestrian perceived safety and satisfaction levels in a mid-sized Indian city with respect to diverse land use patterns. A dataset comprising perceptions of 2112 pedestrians regarding 'safety' and 'satisfaction level' has been collected and analyzed across six major intersections characterized by three distinct land use patterns—religious places, commercial areas, and educational hubs—in the central business district area of Patiala city, Punjab, India. With the help of ordered logit models, it has been concluded that the predominant land use pattern, the presence of a pedestrian signal, carriageway width, presence of a curve section at an intersection, vehicular speed, average value of time-to-collision (TTC) at the junction, pedestrian's gender and educational background, and trip purpose significantly affect pedestrians' perceived safety and satisfaction levels. The model outcomes are further constructively utilized to frame suitable policy interventions and recommend remedial measures to enhance pedestrian safety in Indian cities and comparable cities in other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).</span></p> ]]> Identification of Factors Influencing Pedestrian Perceived Safety and Satisfaction Level Using Ordered Logit Models in an Indian Midsized City dipanjan mukherjee abhinay kumar doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080207 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 2024 8 2 Article 283 10.18280/ijtdi.080207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080206 The cost of maritime intermodal freight transport is competitive against that of road transport on long corridors. The length of the major corridor in Java Island is medium. The land distance of the transport corridor in the island is relatively equal to the maritime distance. The objective of this research is to compare the cost of freight transport using maritime intermodal transport with the one using road transport in Java Island. The commodities, origin, destination, and potential freight flow are decided based on the secondary data analysis and the field surveys. The transport costs are estimated using secondary and survey data. The maritime intermodal transport is competitive on the time and distance related costs, while the road mode transport is competitive on the node charges and the first and last mile costs. There is a relatively close cost difference between the maritime intermodal transport and the road transport on the corridor of which the origin is close to the port. Hence, maritime intermodal transport may compete with road transport in the medium long corridor provided that the land and the maritime distances are relatively equal and the origin and the destination are close to ports. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The cost of maritime intermodal freight transport is competitive against that of road transport on long corridors. The length of the major corridor in Java Island is medium. The land distance of the transport corridor in the island is relatively equal to the maritime distance. The objective of this research is to compare the cost of freight transport using maritime intermodal transport with the one using road transport in Java Island. The commodities, origin, destination, and potential freight flow are decided based on the secondary data analysis and the field surveys. The transport costs are estimated using secondary and survey data. The maritime intermodal transport is competitive on the time and distance related costs, while the road mode transport is competitive on the node charges and the first and last mile costs. There is a relatively close cost difference between the maritime intermodal transport and the road transport on the corridor of which the origin is close to the port. Hence, maritime intermodal transport may compete with road transport in the medium long corridor provided that the land and the maritime distances are relatively equal and the origin and the destination are close to ports.</span></p> ]]> Cost Comparison Analysis Between Maritime Intermodal and Road Mode Freight Transport in Java Island, Indonesia muhammad ahlan sigit priyanto suryo hapsoro tri utomo doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080206 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 2024 8 2 Article 271 10.18280/ijtdi.080206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080205 This research article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of driving patterns in Kuala Terengganu during various peak hours, shedding light on the dynamic nature of urban traffic flows. The study aims to provide valuable insights into the temporal variations in vehicular behaviour within this Malaysian city, with the ultimate goal of informing transportation planning and policy decisions. To achieve this objective, a diverse dataset of vehicle trajectories, collected through GPS tracking systems, was meticulously analysed. The data encompassed two different peak hours, including morning and evening peaks which is go-to-work time and back-from-work time. Several key parameters such as speed, acceleration, deceleration, and others were meticulously extracted and statistically compared across different timeframes. The findings of this study reveal striking disparities in driving behaviour during distinct peak hours. Evening peak hours, characterized by rush hour congestion, displayed significantly lower average speeds, higher traffic density, and increased instances of abrupt acceleration and deceleration. In contrast, morning peaks exhibited more fluid traffic conditions with higher average speeds and reduced congestion. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the nuances of driving patterns in Kuala Terengganu, shedding light on the temporal dynamics of urban traffic. Finally, the insights generated by this comparative study could be useful for urban planners, traffic control bodies, and policy-makers to minimize peak-hour traffic by using the existing transportation infrastructure more effectively. Moreover, the methodology followed in this research could be useful as a model study approach for similar research in other urban areas, resulting in normalized and efficient urban transportation. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of driving patterns in Kuala Terengganu during various peak hours, shedding light on the dynamic nature of urban traffic flows. The study aims to provide valuable insights into the temporal variations in vehicular behaviour within this Malaysian city, with the ultimate goal of informing transportation planning and policy decisions. To achieve this objective, a diverse dataset of vehicle trajectories, collected through GPS tracking systems, was meticulously analysed. The data encompassed two different peak hours, including morning and evening peaks which is go-to-work time and back-from-work time. Several key parameters such as speed, acceleration, deceleration, and others were meticulously extracted and statistically compared across different timeframes. The findings of this study reveal striking disparities in driving behaviour during distinct peak hours. Evening peak hours, characterized by rush hour congestion, displayed significantly lower average speeds, higher traffic density, and increased instances of abrupt acceleration and deceleration. In contrast, morning peaks exhibited more fluid traffic conditions with higher average speeds and reduced congestion. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the nuances of driving patterns in Kuala Terengganu, shedding light on the temporal dynamics of urban traffic. Finally, the insights generated by this comparative study could be useful for urban planners, traffic control bodies, and policy-makers to minimize peak-hour traffic by using the existing transportation infrastructure more effectively. Moreover, the methodology followed in this research could be useful as a model study approach for similar research in other urban areas, resulting in normalized and efficient urban transportation.</span></p> ]]> Analyzing Energy Consumption and Emissions: A Comparative Study of Kuala Terengganu Driving Cycles During Varied Peak Hours with Traffic Congestion Insights nurru anida ibrahim arunkumar subramaniam siti norbakyah jabar salisa abdul rahman doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080205 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 2024 8 2 Article 261 10.18280/ijtdi.080205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080204 In order to facilitate effective communication between the V2V infrastructure, Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are utilized. Problems with routing, security, and node management are now plaguing VANETs that use vehicle-to-vehicle communication. New avenues for investigation into VANET routing, security, and mobility management have opened up because to intelligent transportation systems. Optimal routing for targeted traffic scenarios is one of the main issues in VANETs. Because VANET vehicles are constantly moving at high speeds, traditional protocols like AODV, OLSR, and DSDV are not suitable for this network. In a similar vein, swarm intelligence routing algorithms like Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) have had some success in optimizing routing in VANET scenarios involving dense, sparse, and realistic traffic. Furthermore, most metaheuristics methods have issues with slow convergence speed, premature convergence, and becoming stuck in local optima. Hence, a new metaheuristic approach to selecting the cluster head is suggested in the study, which employs an improved wild horse optimization algorithm (IWHO). The social behaviour of wild horses served as an inspiration for the development of IWHO. The ethics of the horse informed the proposed approach. The next step is to cluster the vehicles according to the reliability of linkages criteria. Subsequently, a maintenance phase is suggested for the purpose of redistributing vehicles within the clusters and updating the cluster heads. Lastly, a MATLAB simulation is run on a real-life urban setting to assess the efficacy of the proposed strategy. A 76% decrease in change rate is indicative of improved stability, while a 37% rise in throughput and a 19% decrease in average latency are indicators of improved performance. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">In order to facilitate effective communication between the V2V infrastructure, Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are utilized. Problems with routing, security, and node management are now plaguing VANETs that use vehicle-to-vehicle communication. New avenues for investigation into VANET routing, security, and mobility management have opened up because to intelligent transportation systems. Optimal routing for targeted traffic scenarios is one of the main issues in VANETs. Because VANET vehicles are constantly moving at high speeds, traditional protocols like AODV, OLSR, and DSDV are not suitable for this network. In a similar vein, swarm intelligence routing algorithms like Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) have had some success in optimizing routing in VANET scenarios involving dense, sparse, and realistic traffic. Furthermore, most metaheuristics methods have issues with slow convergence speed, premature convergence, and becoming stuck in local optima. Hence, a new metaheuristic approach to selecting the cluster head is suggested in the study, which employs an improved wild horse optimization algorithm (IWHO). The social behaviour of wild horses served as an inspiration for the development of IWHO. The ethics of the horse informed the proposed approach. The next step is to cluster the vehicles according to the reliability of linkages criteria. Subsequently, a maintenance phase is suggested for the purpose of redistributing vehicles within the clusters and updating the cluster heads. Lastly, a MATLAB simulation is run on a real-life urban setting to assess the efficacy of the proposed strategy. A 76% decrease in change rate is indicative of improved stability, while a 37% rise in throughput and a 19% decrease in average latency are indicators of improved performance.</span></p> ]]> IWHO-Based Cluster Head Selection for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication in Intelligent Transport System rajanikanth aluvalu revathi venkatachalam uma maheswari viswanadhula rajamani jayadharmarajan anandhi mvv prasad kantipudi sai prashanth mallellu doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080204 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 2024 8 2 Article 251 10.18280/ijtdi.080204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080203 The study evaluates the accuracy of LiDAR and CCTV technologies for vehicle and pedestrian count collection at a signalized intersection under varied weather conditions. Data collection occurred over a two-hour period during peak morning and evening hours using both technologies. The trajectory identification, entry and exit point determination, and anomaly filtering were utilized to analyze the vehicle counts. The pedestrian counts were carefully analyzed using LiDAR point cloud data and CCTV footage to monitor movements, in areas. Analysis of the data showed differences in vehicle and pedestrian counts depending on the weather conditions. Rainy weather had the variations while sunny conditions also showed differences with snowy weather having the least discrepancies. Interestingly the southbound through and eastbound right movements exhibited the variations in both vehicle and pedestrian counts. Despite challenges like spots and weather impacts, both LiDAR and CCTV technologies hold promise for collecting traffic data. It is vitally important that this study focuses on the limitations of current traffic control systems. The integrity of current systems and improving them is essential for traffic monitoring and enhancing safety measures at signalized intersections. 06-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The study evaluates the accuracy of LiDAR and CCTV technologies for vehicle and pedestrian count collection at a signalized intersection under varied weather conditions. Data collection occurred over a two-hour period during peak morning and evening hours using both technologies. The trajectory identification, entry and exit point determination, and anomaly filtering were utilized to analyze the vehicle counts. The pedestrian counts were carefully analyzed using LiDAR point cloud data and CCTV footage to monitor movements, in areas. Analysis of the data showed differences in vehicle and pedestrian counts depending on the weather conditions. Rainy weather had the variations while sunny conditions also showed differences with snowy weather having the least discrepancies. Interestingly the southbound through and eastbound right movements exhibited the variations in both vehicle and pedestrian counts. Despite challenges like spots and weather impacts, both LiDAR and CCTV technologies hold promise for collecting traffic data. It is vitally important that this study focuses on the limitations of current traffic control systems. The integrity of current systems and improving them is essential for traffic monitoring and enhancing safety measures at signalized intersections.</span></p> ]]> Comparative Analysis of LiDAR and CCTV Sensor Accuracy at Signalized Intersections Under Varied Weather Conditions alireza ansariyar abolfazl taherpour di yang mansoureh jeihani doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080203 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2025 2024 8 2 Article 237 10.18280/ijtdi.080203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080202 The logistics sector is overburdened trying to keep up with the demand for package shipments due to the impact of the growth of online sales on various platforms that make it easier for people to shop. However, there are still a few manual parts involves measuring and calculating the cargo volume. This research proposes a solution with a three-dimensional package measurement approach based on the Ultrasonics HC-SR04 sensor, Arduino, and DC motor to make volume calculation easy, cheap, and automatic. Volume measurement is equipped with a moving arm mechanism from 3 axes simultaneously. The system's ability was tested using a variety of package shape measurement scenarios. According to the measurement results, it can measure package dimensions and volume with an overall success rate of 82.66%, a flat box-shaped package success rate of 93.35%, a cylindrical shape success rate of 96.65%, and an irregular shape success rate of 33.33%. According to the test findings, it can be concluded that this method is highly effective to contribute to calculating the volume of regular-shaped package objects. This is because over 90% of the package shapes received are regular-shaped. However, measuring irregular shapes requires more enhancement to achieve accurate results. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The logistics sector is overburdened trying to keep up with the demand for package shipments due to the impact of the growth of online sales on various platforms that make it easier for people to shop. However, there are still a few manual parts involves measuring and calculating the cargo volume. This research proposes a solution with a three-dimensional package measurement approach based on the Ultrasonics HC-SR04 sensor, Arduino, and DC motor to make volume calculation easy, cheap, and automatic. Volume measurement is equipped with a moving arm mechanism from 3 axes simultaneously. The system's ability was tested using a variety of package shape measurement scenarios. According to the measurement results, it can measure package dimensions and volume with an overall success rate of 82.66%, a flat box-shaped package success rate of 93.35%, a cylindrical shape success rate of 96.65%, and an irregular shape success rate of 33.33%. According to the test findings, it can be concluded that this method is highly effective to contribute to calculating the volume of regular-shaped package objects. This is because over 90% of the package shapes received are regular-shaped. However, measuring irregular shapes requires more enhancement to achieve accurate results.</span></p> ]]> Leveraging Shifting Ultrasonic Sensors for Three-Dimensional Cargo Volume Determination rini handayani giva andriana mutiara devie ryana suchendra doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080202 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 2024 8 2 Article 225 10.18280/ijtdi.080202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080201 Human Artificial Intelligence Teaming (HAIT) is a significant topic that is dominating different research domains. One of these domains is the automotive industry, whereby automation is suggested to certain aspects of driving, while the driver can intervene and be aware of the decisions. Trust is a major issue; hence the AI collaborates with the human towards making a decision regarding different aspects of driving. The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a topic that can use HAIT in many of its applications. A major point of the HAIT application is the increase in the transparency of the AI process and trust is being built between the two teammates. In this paper, the goal is to offer a comprehensive review of HAIT and its significance, going deep into various representations to facilitate the development of automated vehicles systems. HAIT seeks to promote trust in automated automotive systems, particularly regarding data sourced from vehicle sensors. The human roles “in,” “on,” and “over” the loop within HAIT is provided, elucidating their pivotal contributions. Furthermore, ongoing academic contributions are reviewed integrating HAIT into the automotive sector, emphasizing the symbiosis between IoV and AI to forge unified solutions. The solutions have been separated according to their functionality and models used comprising Reinforcement Learning, Hidden Markov Models, Deep Learning and experiments as well as simulation based methods. The use of HAIT in automotive applications will pave the way to its utilisation in other disciplines such as aviation and maritime. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Human Artificial Intelligence Teaming (HAIT) is a significant topic that is dominating different research domains. One of these domains is the automotive industry, whereby automation is suggested to certain aspects of driving, while the driver can intervene and be aware of the decisions. Trust is a major issue; hence the AI collaborates with the human towards making a decision regarding different aspects of driving. The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a topic that can use HAIT in many of its applications. A major point of the HAIT application is the increase in the transparency of the AI process and trust is being built between the two teammates. In this paper, the goal is to offer a comprehensive review of HAIT and its significance, going deep into various representations to facilitate the development of automated vehicles systems. HAIT seeks to promote trust in automated automotive systems, particularly regarding data sourced from vehicle sensors. The human roles “in,” “on,” and “over” the loop within HAIT is provided, elucidating their pivotal contributions. Furthermore, ongoing academic contributions are reviewed integrating HAIT into the automotive sector, emphasizing the symbiosis between IoV and AI to forge unified solutions. The solutions have been separated according to their functionality and models used comprising Reinforcement Learning, Hidden Markov Models, Deep Learning and experiments as well as simulation based methods. The use of HAIT in automotive applications will pave the way to its utilisation in other disciplines such as aviation and maritime.</span></p> ]]> Human—Artificial Intelligence Teaming for Automotive Applications: A Review evangelos d. spyrou vassilios kappatos afroditi anagnostopoulou doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080201 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2024 2024 8 2 Article 215 10.18280/ijtdi.080201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_2/ijtdi.080201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080119 In the realm of transport development, the fusion of modern technology and vehicle surveillance in roadside areas becomes indispensable. Traditional surveillance demands continuous monitoring through closed-circuit television cameras. It results in a huge amount of data, which requires high computation. This study delves into the challenges of real-time processing of vehicle surveillance within smart cities with quality data. In addition to a specific focus on monitoring the roadside traffic region despite technological advancements, including target variability, lighting conditions, and occlusion, the manuscript introduces a lightweight contour-based convolutional neural network to address these challenges. The proposed work aims to gain the maximum features from the vehicle via detecting the optimal position and incorporating a Region-Proposal-Network, Region-of-Interest-Align and pooling, Non-Maximum-Suppression, Structural-Similarity-Index, and Peak-Signal-to-Noise-Ratio. The proposed work extracts hierarchical information from a custom video dataset and demonstrates superior performance with an accuracy rate of 97.36% and a minimum loss of 0.0816 in an elapsed time of 1s 159ms. Furthermore, it achieves a validation loss of 0.1506, and a validation accuracy of 96.46%. Additionally, manuscripts illustrate different datasets and models through a systematic literature review. Moreover, the manuscript also illustrates the Smart-City framework and Integrated Traffic Management System architecture. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>In the realm of transport development, the fusion of modern technology and vehicle surveillance in roadside areas becomes indispensable. Traditional surveillance demands continuous monitoring through closed-circuit television cameras. It results in a huge amount of data, which requires high computation. This study delves into the challenges of real-time processing of vehicle surveillance within smart cities with quality data. In addition to a specific focus on monitoring the roadside traffic region despite technological advancements, including target variability, lighting conditions, and occlusion, the manuscript introduces a lightweight contour-based convolutional neural network to address these challenges. The proposed work aims to gain the maximum features from the vehicle via detecting the optimal position and incorporating a Region-Proposal-Network, Region-of-Interest-Align and pooling, Non-Maximum-Suppression, Structural-Similarity-Index, and Peak-Signal-to-Noise-Ratio. The proposed work extracts hierarchical information from a custom video dataset and demonstrates superior performance with an accuracy rate of 97.36% and a minimum loss of 0.0816 in an elapsed time of 1s 159ms. Furthermore, it achieves a validation loss of 0.1506, and a validation accuracy of 96.46%. Additionally, manuscripts illustrate different datasets and models through a systematic literature review. Moreover, the manuscript also illustrates the Smart-City framework and Integrated Traffic Management System architecture.</p> ]]> Comprehensive Analysis to Detect Optimal Vehicle Position for Roadside Traffic Surveillance Using Lightweight Contour-Based CNN nand kishore sharma surendra rahamatkar abhishek singh rathore doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080119 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 197 10.18280/ijtdi.080119 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080119 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080118 Underwater vehicles are now mainly researched using the 6-DOF equations of motion. The research on 4-DOF Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) for small Underwater Vehicles regularly focuses on fully actuated control algorithms. Research on underactuated systems has been conducted frequently for surface ships, while 4-DOF underactuated AUV using a nonlinear control system has received little attention. Little research focuses on devices with quadrotor UAV configuration, also known as QUV, but evaluations have yet to be conducted to advise on which controller to use for different cases. Therefore, in this article, the authors focus on building a control algorithm for an AUV object that lacks a typical recursive executive structure, which is the Backstepping controller when dividing the 4-order strict backpropagation nonlinear system into subsystems to design feedback controllers and Lyapunov control functions for each subsystem. Using this same approach, the authors built a controller that combines Backstepping controller and Hierarchical Sliding Mode Controller (HSMC). This is the guiding premise for research on improving the quality of 4-DOF AUV control before comparing and evaluating the two controllers for specific cases. Newly proposed algorithms and stability analyses are based on Lyapunov's theory, and an evaluation survey is carried out through simulation by Matlab software. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Underwater vehicles are now mainly researched using the 6-DOF equations of motion. The research on 4-DOF Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) for small Underwater Vehicles regularly focuses on fully actuated control algorithms. Research on underactuated systems has been conducted frequently for surface ships, while 4-DOF underactuated AUV using a nonlinear control system has received little attention. Little research focuses on devices with quadrotor UAV configuration, also known as QUV, but evaluations have yet to be conducted to advise on which controller to use for different cases. Therefore, in this article, the authors focus on building a control algorithm for an AUV object that lacks a typical recursive executive structure, which is the Backstepping controller when dividing the 4-order strict backpropagation nonlinear system into subsystems to design feedback controllers and Lyapunov control functions for each subsystem. Using this same approach, the authors built a controller that combines Backstepping controller and Hierarchical Sliding Mode Controller (HSMC). This is the guiding premise for research on improving the quality of 4-DOF AUV control before comparing and evaluating the two controllers for specific cases. Newly proposed algorithms and stability analyses are based on Lyapunov's theory, and an evaluation survey is carried out through simulation by Matlab software.</p> ]]> Recursion Based Control and Separation Sliding Manifold Based Control of Under-Actuated 4-DOF Autonomous van quang vu gia thinh bui huu vinh dang anh tuan dinh doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080118 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 189 10.18280/ijtdi.080118 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080118 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080117 One of the advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) technologies that can address the issue of high-traffic accidents is adaptive cruise control (ACC). However, a challenge arises due to the lack of control algorithm development in ACC technology that accommodates curved road conditions. This paper proposes a comprehensive solution by introducing ACC for curved roads through the utilization of a multidimensional control system model. This paper aims to implement the crow search algorithm (CSA) into the ACC technology: (1) Our objective is to apply the original crow search algorithm (OCSA) to find the most optimal values for the parameters verr, xerr, vx of ACC, and kp and ki of lateral displacement control; (2) We also implement the archived crow search algorithm (ACSA) into the control system, which is considered to have faster computation time than OCSA. Based on the obtained results, ACSA demonstrates faster computation time. The optimal values for achieving enhanced performance are found to be kp at 0.7492, ki at 0.6506, verr at 0.9716, xerr at 0.9778, and vx at 0.7012. This model was developed using MATLAB and compared to the non-optimized version. The research aims to contribute to ADAS development by addressing the optimization challenges of control algorithms for ACC parameters on curved roads. Ultimately, this solution enhances driver safety by providing more effective control in challenging road conditions. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>One of the advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) technologies that can address the issue of high-traffic accidents is adaptive cruise control (ACC). However, a challenge arises due to the lack of control algorithm development in ACC technology that accommodates curved road conditions. This paper proposes a comprehensive solution by introducing ACC for curved roads through the utilization of a multidimensional control system model. This paper aims to implement the crow search algorithm (CSA) into the ACC technology: (1) Our objective is to apply the original crow search algorithm (OCSA) to find the most optimal values for the parameters <em><span style="font-family: Times, serif">v</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times, serif">err</span>}</em><span style="font-family: Times, serif">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times, serif">x</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times, serif">err</span>}</em><span style="font-family: Times, serif">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times, serif">v</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times, serif">x</span>}</em><span style="font-family: Times, serif"> </span>of ACC, and<span style="font-family: Times, serif"> </span><em>k_p</em> and <em>k_i</em> of lateral displacement control; (2) We also implement the archived crow search algorithm (ACSA) into the control system, which is considered to have faster computation time than OCSA. Based on the obtained results, ACSA demonstrates faster computation time. The optimal values for achieving enhanced performance are found to be <em>k_p</em> at 0.7492, <em>k_i</em><span style="font-family: Times, serif"> at </span>0.6506<span style="font-family: Times, serif">, </span><em><span style="font-family: Times, serif">v</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times, serif">err</span>}</em><span style="font-family: Times, serif"> </span>at 0.9716,<span style="font-family: Times, serif"> </span><em><span style="font-family: Times, serif">x</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times, serif">err</span>}</em><span style="font-family: Times, serif"> </span>at 0.9778, and<span style="font-family: Times, serif"> </span><em><span style="font-family: Times, serif">v</span>_{<span style="font-family: Times, serif">x</span>}</em><span style="font-family: Times, serif"> </span>at 0.7012. This model was developed using MATLAB and compared to the non-optimized version. The research aims to contribute to ADAS development by addressing the optimization challenges of control algorithms for ACC parameters on curved roads. Ultimately, this solution enhances driver safety by providing more effective control in challenging road conditions.</p> ]]> The Adaptive Cruise Control for Curved Roads Using Archived Crow Search Algorithm dhidik prastiyanto esa apriaskar subiyanto subiyanto imam khoirul akbar ilham ari prastyo doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080117 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 179 10.18280/ijtdi.080117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080116 The study is carried out with the aim to investigate the barriers impacting the sustainable smart city planning and implementation of Intelligent transportation systems (ITS). This research study will contribute to the current knowledge by highlighting the main challenges that prevent the implementation of ITS for smart urban mobility. The findings demonstrate that various challenges, including management, resource-related, technical, economic, personal, interoperability, and individual factors hinders the successful implementation of ITS. The outcome of the findings holds few managerial implications. Policymakers and urban planners need to develop strategies that help resolve the identified challenges to guarantee the successful execution of ITS. Because of the proliferation of big data and the interconnectedness of vehicular, infrastructural, and pedestrian settings, acquiring, storing, and analyzing multi-source data has become easier and less expensive. The linked model brings new techniques to adaptable coordination and monitoring in real-time to better monitor and regulates transportation systems. IoT is developed, and it is now possible to integrate complicated solutions into existing frameworks and procedures for city administration. As the number of people who possess a vehicle rises, the difficulty of finding a parking spot and the consequent impact on air quality. New smart parking solutions must be developed to save time and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Smart parking solutions are the primary focus of this article, which emphasizes the available systems and sensors, as reported in the literature. This analysis aims to provide an in-depth detail at the development of smart transportation solutions. The inclusion of large vehicle detection technologies in a complete examination of the present state of smart parking systems should be a top priority. As a result, the communication modules are provided clearly and concisely. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The study is carried out with the aim to investigate the barriers impacting the sustainable smart city planning and implementation of Intelligent transportation systems (ITS). This research study will contribute to the current knowledge by highlighting the main challenges that prevent the implementation of ITS for smart urban mobility. The findings demonstrate that various challenges, including management, resource-related, technical, economic, personal, interoperability, and individual factors hinders the successful implementation of ITS. The outcome of the findings holds few managerial implications. Policymakers and urban planners need to develop strategies that help resolve the identified challenges to guarantee the successful execution of ITS. Because of the proliferation of big data and the interconnectedness of vehicular, infrastructural, and pedestrian settings, acquiring, storing, and analyzing multi-source data has become easier and less expensive. The linked model brings new techniques to adaptable coordination and monitoring in real-time to better monitor and regulates transportation systems. IoT is developed, and it is now possible to integrate complicated solutions into existing frameworks and procedures for city administration. As the number of people who possess a vehicle rises, the difficulty of finding a parking spot and the consequent impact on air quality. New smart parking solutions must be developed to save time and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Smart parking solutions are the primary focus of this article, which emphasizes the available systems and sensors, as reported in the literature. This analysis aims to provide an in-depth detail at the development of smart transportation solutions. The inclusion of large vehicle detection technologies in a complete examination of the present state of smart parking systems should be a top priority. As a result, the communication modules are provided clearly and concisely.</span></p> ]]> Sustainable Smart City Planning: Advances in Intelligent Transportation and E-Transportation Management khalid mohammed almatar doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080116 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 167 10.18280/ijtdi.080116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080115 This paper is the result of the electric vehicle (EV) powertrain and fuel powered vehicle analysis conducted by using the Ipoh driving cycle (IDC) in Simulink. This thorough analysis is on studying the effectiveness of fuel-powered vehicle and EV on the IDC which involves a several main components of an EV which includes motor and controller subsystem, battery system, driver system and the parameter calculations. The model also involves a dashboard in which all parameters are viewed in it. Several parameters were chosen for this analysis, which is time, distance travelled, average speed, average running speed, average acceleration, average deceleration, acceleration percentage, deceleration percentage, idling percentage, cruising percentage, kWh and fuel costing, battery voltage, current, state-of-charge (SOC) and power. This paper involves two major methods which are EV modelling and EV analysis. Several parameters are considered during the modelling process; aerodynamic drag force, rolling resistance force, gravitational force and cumulative tractive force which impacts the efficiency of the EV. EV is proven to be more efficient in which the cost of travelling with an EV on IDC is 60% lower compared to a fuel powered vehicle. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>This paper is the result of the electric vehicle (EV) powertrain and fuel powered vehicle analysis conducted by using the Ipoh driving cycle (IDC) in Simulink. This thorough analysis is on studying the effectiveness of fuel-powered vehicle and EV on the IDC which involves a several main components of an EV which includes motor and controller subsystem, battery system, driver system and the parameter calculations. The model also involves a dashboard in which all parameters are viewed in it. Several parameters were chosen for this analysis, which is time, distance travelled, average speed, average running speed, average acceleration, average deceleration, acceleration percentage, deceleration percentage, idling percentage, cruising percentage, kWh and fuel costing, battery voltage, current, state-of-charge (SOC) and power. This paper involves two major methods which are EV modelling and EV analysis. Several parameters are considered during the modelling process; aerodynamic drag force, rolling resistance force, gravitational force and cumulative tractive force which impacts the efficiency of the EV. EV is proven to be more efficient in which the cost of travelling with an EV on IDC is 60% lower compared to a fuel powered vehicle.</p> ]]> Efficiency Analysis of Ipoh Driving Cycle Using Fuel Powered and Electric Vehicle Powertrain Model in Simulink arunkumar subramaniam nurru anida ibrahim siti norbakyah jabar salisa abdul rahman doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080115 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 159 10.18280/ijtdi.080115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080115 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080114 In light of the recurring tsunami threats faced by coastal cities, the significance of transportation infrastructure resilience is underscored, particularly in regions such as Padang City, Indonesia, which has previously experienced the devastating impacts of tsunamis, notably the Mentawai event. This study is aimed at developing a robust evacuation planning strategy to mitigate potential loss of life during tsunami occurrences. Through a quantitative analysis utilizing the PTV Visum software, optimal evacuation routes were identified, emphasizing the importance of infrastructure performance in emergency scenarios. The analysis revealed that certain road segments, including Jl. Raya Balai Baru 2, Jl. Mustika Raya, Jl. Rimbo Tarok - Belimbing, Jl. Koto Baru Banuaran, Jl. Thui Raya 2, Jl. Raya Gadut, and Jl. Durian Taruang, achieved a level of service A, indicating very good performance. These routes are essential for an effective evacuation plan, demonstrating superior efficiency and playing a pivotal role in disaster response strategies. The findings advocate for the integration of these optimal routes into urban planning and disaster preparedness initiatives, aiming to enhance the city’s resilience to tsunami threats. Recommendations are extended to the relevant authorities, highlighting the criticality of incorporating advanced transportation planning tools like PTV Visum in the development of evacuation strategies. Such measures are deemed instrumental in minimizing casualties during tsunami events, thereby contributing significantly to the safety and well-being of the populace. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>In light of the recurring tsunami threats faced by coastal cities, the significance of transportation infrastructure resilience is underscored, particularly in regions such as Padang City, Indonesia, which has previously experienced the devastating impacts of tsunamis, notably the Mentawai event. This study is aimed at developing a robust evacuation planning strategy to mitigate potential loss of life during tsunami occurrences. Through a quantitative analysis utilizing the PTV Visum software, optimal evacuation routes were identified, emphasizing the importance of infrastructure performance in emergency scenarios. The analysis revealed that certain road segments, including Jl. Raya Balai Baru 2, Jl. Mustika Raya, Jl. Rimbo Tarok - Belimbing, Jl. Koto Baru Banuaran, Jl. Thui Raya 2, Jl. Raya Gadut, and Jl. Durian Taruang, achieved a level of service A, indicating very good performance. These routes are essential for an effective evacuation plan, demonstrating superior efficiency and playing a pivotal role in disaster response strategies. The findings advocate for the integration of these optimal routes into urban planning and disaster preparedness initiatives, aiming to enhance the city’s resilience to tsunami threats. Recommendations are extended to the relevant authorities, highlighting the criticality of incorporating advanced transportation planning tools like PTV Visum in the development of evacuation strategies. Such measures are deemed instrumental in minimizing casualties during tsunami events, thereby contributing significantly to the safety and well-being of the populace.</p> ]]> Optimizing Tsunami Evacuation Routes in Padang City, Indonesia: A Transportation Infrastructure Resilience Approach efendhi prih raharjo anisa mahadita candrarahayu shoffi naufal i kadek surya putra adidana doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080114 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 149 10.18280/ijtdi.080114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080113 The number of cars on the road has increased significantly as a result of the development of society, and this is one of the problems that traffic officials have focused on when diagnosing seat belts. With the increase in traffic accidents in recent years due to drivers not adhering to safety rules, it has become necessary to focus on this area. Seat belt diagnosis is an important rule that must be followed in the field of deep learning. In this paper, transfer learning is applied in seat belt diagnosis to reduce the number of risks and to protect passengers and drivers from traffic accidents when the seat belt is not used. The Xception model is proposed because this model has very deep hidden layers which leads to good metrics, the model is trained on the ImagNet dataset using fine-tuning learning. We find that previous training on ImageNet leads to a significant increase in the efficiency of the proposed architecture and extracts the important feature in a variety of situations to determine whether the driver has fastened his seat belt or not. The results show that the model can inspect seat belts with a high accuracy of 99.42% and a loss function of 8.15%. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The number of cars on the road has increased significantly as a result of the development of society, and this is one of the problems that traffic officials have focused on when diagnosing seat belts. With the increase in traffic accidents in recent years due to drivers not adhering to safety rules, it has become necessary to focus on this area. Seat belt diagnosis is an important rule that must be followed in the field of deep learning. In this paper, transfer learning is applied in seat belt diagnosis to reduce the number of risks and to protect passengers and drivers from traffic accidents when the seat belt is not used. The Xception model is proposed because this model has very deep hidden layers which leads to good metrics, the model is trained on the ImagNet dataset using fine-tuning learning. We find that previous training on ImageNet leads to a significant increase in the efficiency of the proposed architecture and extracts the important feature in a variety of situations to determine whether the driver has fastened his seat belt or not. The results show that the model can inspect seat belts with a high accuracy of 99.42% and a loss function of 8.15%.</p> ]]> The Novel of Using Transfer Learning Approach for Seatbelts Automated Surveillance nibras z. salih farah f. alkhalid doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080113 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 141 10.18280/ijtdi.080113 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080113 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080112 Enhancing performance standards by judiciously fusing established methods with innovative strategies. This paper aims to combine the existing YOLOv5 algorithm, which is well-known for its object identification abilities, with new models, such as the Autoencoder-CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), Autoencoder-LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) frameworks, in order to improve its performance. Through combining these disparate methods, the study seeks to use each of their unique advantages, ultimately resulting in a thorough comparison study that reveals their separate effects on precision and productivity. This methodical assessment, characterized by rigorous optimization and careful testing, not only improves traffic sign recognition systems’ accuracy but also reveals useful connections between the suggested and known methods. The main goal of this endeavor is to unravel how these seemingly unrelated components, when brought together, can potentially usher in a new age of higher performance standards. This study aims to pave the way for the development of more sophisticated, flexible, and well-tuned traffic sign detection and identification systems by bridging the gap between the established and the cutting edge. The ramifications of this work encompass a wide range of real-world applications. Robust optimization and experimentation not only improve traffic sign recognition systems' accuracy but also reveal useful connections between the suggested and proven methods. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Enhancing performance standards by judiciously fusing established methods with innovative strategies. This paper aims to combine the existing YOLOv5 algorithm, which is well-known for its object identification abilities, with new models, such as the Autoencoder-CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), Autoencoder-LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory), and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) frameworks, in order to improve its performance. Through combining these disparate methods, the study seeks to use each of their unique advantages, ultimately resulting in a thorough comparison study that reveals their separate effects on precision and productivity. This methodical assessment, characterized by rigorous optimization and careful testing, not only improves traffic sign recognition systems’ accuracy but also reveals useful connections between the suggested and known methods. The main goal of this endeavor is to unravel how these seemingly unrelated components, when brought together, can potentially usher in a new age of higher performance standards. This study aims to pave the way for the development of more sophisticated, flexible, and well-tuned traffic sign detection and identification systems by bridging the gap between the established and the cutting edge. The ramifications of this work encompass a wide range of real-world applications. Robust optimization and experimentation not only improve traffic sign recognition systems' accuracy but also reveal useful connections between the suggested and proven methods.</p> ]]> Optimizing Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition by Using Deep Learning surekha yalamanchili koteswararao kodepogu vijaya bharathi manjeti divya mareedu anusha madireddy jaswanth mannem pawan kumar kancharla doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080112 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 131 10.18280/ijtdi.080112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080111 Developing insight into the determinants that impact communities' willingness to accept autonomous buses has become a crucial aspect of smart city advancement. This study investigated the inclination of residents to utilize autonomous buses by employing the expanded Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model, encompassing satisfaction, trust, and perceived risk. The UTAUT model is an influential theoretical framework used to forecast and elucidate the acceptance of new technology by people or organizations. The results show that (1) Effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions have a considerable beneficial effect on both behavioral intention and satisfaction. (2) A significant positive correlation exists between behavioral intention and satisfaction and trust. (3) Perceived risk also has a detrimental moderating impact. The results offer governments and public transportation operators a valuable blueprint for the development and promotion of autonomous buses in metropolitan regions. Current findings can play as a helpful point of reference for enhancing development of autonomous public transportation in China. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Developing insight into the determinants that impact communities' willingness to accept autonomous buses has become a crucial aspect of smart city advancement. This study investigated the inclination of residents to utilize autonomous buses by employing the expanded Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model, encompassing satisfaction, trust, and perceived risk. The UTAUT model is an influential theoretical framework used to forecast and elucidate the acceptance of new technology by people or organizations. The results show that (1) Effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions have a considerable beneficial effect on both behavioral intention and satisfaction. (2) A significant positive correlation exists between behavioral intention and satisfaction and trust. (3) Perceived risk also has a detrimental moderating impact. The results offer governments and public transportation operators a valuable blueprint for the development and promotion of autonomous buses in metropolitan regions. Current findings can play as a helpful point of reference for enhancing development of autonomous public transportation in China.</p> ]]> Factors Influencing Passengers to Use Autonomous Bus in China Cities hao dong haslinda hashim nitty hirawaty kamarulzaman doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080111 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 119 10.18280/ijtdi.080111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080111 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080110 Airports serve as critical nodes for tourist ingress within nations and cities; yet, the efficacy of public transportation systems connecting these gateways to final destinations remains suboptimal. This systematic literature review interrogates public transport integration systems (PTIS) to elucidate determinants of their efficacy and to explore their capacity as a service that enhances passenger mobility. An analysis of the extant literature indicates that the success of PTIS is contingent upon an array of factors that collectively influence the physical, operational, and institutional quality of transport integration. It has been identified that governmental entities play a pivotal role in provisioning reliable transport amenities, with an emphasis on infrastructure and operations predicated on integration to augment passenger mobility, diminish expenses, and curtail transfer durations. Nonetheless, the enactment of collaborative measures between regulatory bodies and service providers in the PTIS domain emerges as a formidable challenge, given its intrinsic linkage to business operations, revenue allocation, promotional strategies, and fiscal policies regarding subsidies. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Airports serve as critical nodes for tourist ingress within nations and cities; yet, the efficacy of public transportation systems connecting these gateways to final destinations remains suboptimal. This systematic literature review interrogates public transport integration systems (PTIS) to elucidate determinants of their efficacy and to explore their capacity as a service that enhances passenger mobility. An analysis of the extant literature indicates that the success of PTIS is contingent upon an array of factors that collectively influence the physical, operational, and institutional quality of transport integration. It has been identified that governmental entities play a pivotal role in provisioning reliable transport amenities, with an emphasis on infrastructure and operations predicated on integration to augment passenger mobility, diminish expenses, and curtail transfer durations. Nonetheless, the enactment of collaborative measures between regulatory bodies and service providers in the PTIS domain emerges as a formidable challenge, given its intrinsic linkage to business operations, revenue allocation, promotional strategies, and fiscal policies regarding subsidies.</p> ]]> Integration of Public Transport Systems for Enhanced Passenger Mobility: A Systematic Review danny setiawan sigit priyanto mukhammad rizka fahmi amrozi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080110 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 109 10.18280/ijtdi.080110 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080110 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080109 A training program aimed at augmenting energy efficiency in freight transportation through the cultivation of eco-driving skills was systematically developed and evaluated. The emphasis of this program was on harnessing the potential of drivers to reduce fuel consumption via eco-driving techniques. The study employed a methodical 5-step approach, with energy consumption assessments conducted both prior to and subsequent to the training to determine its efficacy. The process entailed: (1) an initial evaluation of driver proficiency in energy-conserving practices using eco-trucks, (2) the establishment of precise training objectives, (3) the enrichment of drivers’ knowledge with advanced eco-driving information and techniques, (4) the selection of suitable pedagogical methods for imparting eco-truck driving skills, and (5) a comprehensive analysis of the outcomes derived from the eco-driving training. Through a comparative analysis of fuel usage before and after the intervention, the study revealed a marked reduction in energy consumption. Post-training data demonstrated a significant decrease in fuel usage by 17.57%, affirming the training’s effectiveness. These findings suggest that the implementation of eco-driving training programs can substantially elevate energy efficiency among truck drivers. The resultant decrease in fuel expenditure, alongside the reduction in carbon emissions, contributes to both economic and environmental sustainability, with profound implications for the freight logistics sector. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>A training program aimed at augmenting energy efficiency in freight transportation through the cultivation of eco-driving skills was systematically developed and evaluated. The emphasis of this program was on harnessing the potential of drivers to reduce fuel consumption via eco-driving techniques. The study employed a methodical 5-step approach, with energy consumption assessments conducted both prior to and subsequent to the training to determine its efficacy. The process entailed: (1) an initial evaluation of driver proficiency in energy-conserving practices using eco-trucks, (2) the establishment of precise training objectives, (3) the enrichment of drivers’ knowledge with advanced eco-driving information and techniques, (4) the selection of suitable pedagogical methods for imparting eco-truck driving skills, and (5) a comprehensive analysis of the outcomes derived from the eco-driving training. Through a comparative analysis of fuel usage before and after the intervention, the study revealed a marked reduction in energy consumption. Post-training data demonstrated a significant decrease in fuel usage by 17.57%, affirming the training’s effectiveness. These findings suggest that the implementation of eco-driving training programs can substantially elevate energy efficiency among truck drivers. The resultant decrease in fuel expenditure, alongside the reduction in carbon emissions, contributes to both economic and environmental sustainability, with profound implications for the freight logistics sector.</p> ]]> Enhanced Fuel Efficiency via Eco-Driving Training in Freight Transport akkarat poolkrajang doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080109 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 99 10.18280/ijtdi.080109 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080109 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080108 Road accidents are the leading cause of death; this increase is usually due to speeding. For road safety, intelligent systems have been designed to keep a constant speed and a safe distance between vehicles in a convoy. This article focuses on the synthesis of an inter-distance control system using intelligent methods and algorithms. The main idea presented in this article is to implement a model-free control for physical model “spring-damper” known as intelligent control based on an algebraic filter. Our comparative analysis extends beyond comparing the use of a simple derivative and an algebraic filter for intelligent control. We also take into account the effect of noise directly affecting the model’s behaviour to demonstrate the robustness of our approach. Through MATLAB simulations, we highlight that our approach exhibits better robustness and stable tracking in the inter-distance control system. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Road accidents are the leading cause of death; this increase is usually due to speeding. For road safety, intelligent systems have been designed to keep a constant speed and a safe distance between vehicles in a convoy. This article focuses on the synthesis of an inter-distance control system using intelligent methods and algorithms. The main idea presented in this article is to implement a model-free control for physical model “spring-damper” known as intelligent control based on an algebraic filter. Our comparative analysis extends beyond comparing the use of a simple derivative and an algebraic filter for intelligent control. We also take into account the effect of noise directly affecting the model’s behaviour to demonstrate the robustness of our approach. Through MATLAB simulations, we highlight that our approach exhibits better robustness and stable tracking in the inter-distance control system.</p> ]]> Intelligent Control of Inter Distance in Convoy of Vehicles Using Model-Free Control and Algebraic Filter hichem bouras mounir bekaik doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080108 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 91 10.18280/ijtdi.080108 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080108 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080107 In the archipelago of Makassar, Indonesia, maritime resources within the sectors of trade, fisheries, and tourism present a significant opportunity to elevate community welfare across small rural islands. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the existing inter-island transportation system and formulate strategies for the development of sea transportation between these islands. Employing a comprehensive integrated planning approach (IPAp), the research utilizes correlation analysis, importance performance analysis (IPA), the problem orientation policy model, and analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). Through both qualitative and quantitative descriptive methods, the investigation delineates the critical role and performance of inter-island sea transportation, laying the groundwork for the establishment of policy priorities aimed at enhancing these services. Findings indicate that the facilities and infrastructure of inter-island transportation are pivotal, with correlation R ranging from 0.565 to 0.7602. However, the current performance of inter-island sea transportation services across all island clusters remains below par, with user satisfaction levels ranging from 38% to 50%. This underscores the necessity for a targeted action program focused on the development of sustainable transportation facilities and infrastructure. Such initiatives are essential for the formulation and revision of local transportation development plans, providing a foundation for infrastructure investment decisions that support the growth of marine and maritime economy in archipelagic areas. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>In the archipelago of Makassar, Indonesia, maritime resources within the sectors of trade, fisheries, and tourism present a significant opportunity to elevate community welfare across small rural islands. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the existing inter-island transportation system and formulate strategies for the development of sea transportation between these islands. Employing a comprehensive integrated planning approach (IPAp), the research utilizes correlation analysis, importance performance analysis (IPA), the problem orientation policy model, and analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). Through both qualitative and quantitative descriptive methods, the investigation delineates the critical role and performance of inter-island sea transportation, laying the groundwork for the establishment of policy priorities aimed at enhancing these services. Findings indicate that the facilities and infrastructure of inter-island transportation are pivotal, with correlation R ranging from 0.565 to 0.7602. However, the current performance of inter-island sea transportation services across all island clusters remains below par, with user satisfaction levels ranging from 38% to 50%. This underscores the necessity for a targeted action program focused on the development of sustainable transportation facilities and infrastructure. Such initiatives are essential for the formulation and revision of local transportation development plans, providing a foundation for infrastructure investment decisions that support the growth of marine and maritime economy in archipelagic areas.</p> ]]> Strategies for Enhancing Inter-Island Transportation Performance in Makassar, Indonesia: An Integrated Planning Approach mafrisal muhammad yamin jinca muhammad saleh s. ali muhammad asdar doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080107 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 79 10.18280/ijtdi.080107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080106 This study represents the complex terrain of smart transport applications, focusing on the synergistic potential that emerges from the strategic confluence of Machine Learning (ML) and Internet of Things (IoT) methodologies. This review provides insight into how the dynamic nature and large volume of data created by IoT systems make them an excellent environment for the integration of ML approaches by exploring the interplay between these areas. Notably, a wide range of ML algorithms have been reviewed and suggested in the context of smart transportation, with a focus on critical areas such as route optimization, parking management, and accident detection/prevention. A crucial finding from this investigation is the noticeable gap in ML coverage throughout the range of smart lighting systems and parking applications. This highlights the need to refocus on these topics from an ML standpoint, opening the path for future investigation and innovation. This research tackles important topics including sustainability, cost-effectiveness, safety, and time efficiency, highlighting the fascinating possibilities of fusing IoT, ML, and smart mobility. Proactively preventing accidents, expedited parking reservations, cutting-edge street lighting, and accurate route suggestions are just a few benefits of the integration of these technologies. The study does, however, highlight the need for more research, particularly in unexplored areas like parking applications and smart lighting. By bridging these gaps and improving ML and IoT cooperation, smart transportation will be greatly improved and creative solutions for improved urban mobility will be offered. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>This study represents the complex terrain of smart transport applications, focusing on the synergistic potential that emerges from the strategic confluence of Machine Learning (ML) and Internet of Things (IoT) methodologies. This review provides insight into how the dynamic nature and large volume of data created by IoT systems make them an excellent environment for the integration of ML approaches by exploring the interplay between these areas. Notably, a wide range of ML algorithms have been reviewed and suggested in the context of smart transportation, with a focus on critical areas such as route optimization, parking management, and accident detection/prevention. A crucial finding from this investigation is the noticeable gap in ML coverage throughout the range of smart lighting systems and parking applications. This highlights the need to refocus on these topics from an ML standpoint, opening the path for future investigation and innovation. This research tackles important topics including sustainability, cost-effectiveness, safety, and time efficiency, highlighting the fascinating possibilities of fusing IoT, ML, and smart mobility. Proactively preventing accidents, expedited parking reservations, cutting-edge street lighting, and accurate route suggestions are just a few benefits of the integration of these technologies. The study does, however, highlight the need for more research, particularly in unexplored areas like parking applications and smart lighting. By bridging these gaps and improving ML and IoT cooperation, smart transportation will be greatly improved and creative solutions for improved urban mobility will be offered.</p> ]]> A Review and Analysis of IoT Enabled Smart Transportation Using Machine Learning Techniques sayak mukhopadhyay akshay kumar janmejay gupta anish bhatnagar mvv prasad kantipudi mangal singh doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080106 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 61 10.18280/ijtdi.080106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080105 Batu City, a premier tourist destination in Indonesia, has experienced a significant influx of tourists, leading to an upsurge in vehicular traffic. This increase in vehicular load has precipitated premature deterioration of the city's road pavements. A systematic approach to addressing this degradation is imperative for the refinement of road planning strategies, tailored to the pavement's lifespan, and for the development of a holistic road construction policy that aligns with the actual traffic load. This study employs a systematic literature review (SLR) to investigate the effects of vehicle overloading on the structural longevity of road pavements in Batu City. A keyword-driven search was conducted, resulting in the selection of 50 pertinent articles which were scrutinized to determine the extent of the impact that overloaded vehicles have on road infrastructure within tourist-heavy urban centers and to identify effective management solutions. The findings from the SLR indicate that excessive vehicle axle loads, or the presence of cities with high vehicular traffic, considerably expedite pavement damage and diminish the structural lifespan, as supported by evidence from 48% of the analyzed journals. These insights have practical implications for the assessment of road geometric designs, the examination of construction techniques and materials, and the formulation of models or policies that are congruent with the functional requirements of the city. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Batu City, a premier tourist destination in Indonesia, has experienced a significant influx of tourists, leading to an upsurge in vehicular traffic. This increase in vehicular load has precipitated premature deterioration of the city's road pavements. A systematic approach to addressing this degradation is imperative for the refinement of road planning strategies, tailored to the pavement's lifespan, and for the development of a holistic road construction policy that aligns with the actual traffic load. This study employs a systematic literature review (SLR) to investigate the effects of vehicle overloading on the structural longevity of road pavements in Batu City. A keyword-driven search was conducted, resulting in the selection of 50 pertinent articles which were scrutinized to determine the extent of the impact that overloaded vehicles have on road infrastructure within tourist-heavy urban centers and to identify effective management solutions. The findings from the SLR indicate that excessive vehicle axle loads, or the presence of cities with high vehicular traffic, considerably expedite pavement damage and diminish the structural lifespan, as supported by evidence from 48% of the analyzed journals. These insights have practical implications for the assessment of road geometric designs, the examination of construction techniques and materials, and the formulation of models or policies that are congruent with the functional requirements of the city.</p> ]]> A Systematic Review of the Impact Overload on Road Pavement Batu City, Indonesia alfi nurhidayat khairul hisyam bin kamarudin doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080105 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 49 10.18280/ijtdi.080105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080104 Decision-making while commuting in big cities is still challenging for many citizens in developing countries. The implementation of diverse transportation modes operating in silos combined with the inaccessibility of real-time travel information prevents commuters from these countries from making informed travel decisions. Commuters often have to choose the specific means of transport that will yield the highest value in terms of cost, safety, convenience, and timeliness among alternatives. This paper uses a case study of Cape Town in South Africa to explore stakeholders' perspectives on implementing an integrated real-time information system (IRIS) and the requirements that must be satisfied. We employed a qualitative methodology, utilising semi-structured interviews and co-design sessions as the means of data collection. Four categories of stakeholders associated with transportation, including taxis, trains, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), and municipal buses, within the context of South Africa, participated in the study. The findings reveal that the commuters and the public transport operators agreed that challenges around socio-traffic incidents, infrastructure development, lack of technology resources and lack of real-time travel information are major concerns that must be addressed for successful IRIS implementation. Functional features, change management, data privacy, system integration and information sharing were the main priorities on the list of requirements. The study represents a first attempt at understanding the requirements of an IRIS from the stakeholders' perspective in the context of South Africa. It extends the discussion on using IRIS to support transportation in developing countries, which has received limited attention thus far in the literature. The study is relevant for developing futuristic policies, advanced infrastructure, and optimised service delivery in developing countries because it provides a good foundation for understanding the critical requirements for the design and development of IRIS. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Decision-making while commuting in big cities is still challenging for many citizens in developing countries. The implementation of diverse transportation modes operating in silos combined with the inaccessibility of real-time travel information prevents commuters from these countries from making informed travel decisions. Commuters often have to choose the specific means of transport that will yield the highest value in terms of cost, safety, convenience, and timeliness among alternatives. This paper uses a case study of Cape Town in South Africa to explore stakeholders' perspectives on implementing an integrated real-time information system (IRIS) and the requirements that must be satisfied. We employed a qualitative methodology, utilising semi-structured interviews and co-design sessions as the means of data collection. Four categories of stakeholders associated with transportation, including taxis, trains, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), and municipal buses, within the context of South Africa, participated in the study. The findings reveal that the commuters and the public transport operators agreed that challenges around socio-traffic incidents, infrastructure development, lack of technology resources and lack of real-time travel information are major concerns that must be addressed for successful IRIS implementation. Functional features, change management, data privacy, system integration and information sharing were the main priorities on the list of requirements. The study represents a first attempt at understanding the requirements of an IRIS from the stakeholders' perspective in the context of South Africa. It extends the discussion on using IRIS to support transportation in developing countries, which has received limited attention thus far in the literature. The study is relevant for developing futuristic policies, advanced infrastructure, and optimised service delivery in developing countries because it provides a good foundation for understanding the critical requirements for the design and development of IRIS.</p> ]]> Integrated Real-Time Information System for Public Commuting: Perspectives of Stakeholders in South Africa aphiwe hlophe ayodeji afolayan olawande daramola doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080104 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 31 10.18280/ijtdi.080104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080103 Public transport plays an important role in facilitating productivity and allows transporting skills, labor, and knowledge within and between countries. Many studies were conducted to enhance the public transit system performance, especially the travel time. Travel time in this study represents the total journey time including time on bus, delay time, and waiting time at stops. In this study, two predicting models were developed to estimate the bus travel time by employing two different techniques statistical analysis which involve the use of mathematical models, methods, and tools to analyze and interpret data using SPSS program and Gene Expression Programming (GEP) techniques which is a type of evolutionary algorithm inspired by biological evolution to find computer programs that perform a user-defined task, using GeneXproTools. Four routes have been selected that are served by minibus with a capacity between 22-28 sets, the length of these routes was (11.9, 7.2, 9.0 and 15.2 km), respectively. In this study sixteen trips have been observed for each route (eight trips for each direction) through five weekdays and two weekend days at peak and off-peak period for each day using En-route survey the form of datasheet has been using to obtain the required data. Forty-three data points have been observed from all routes. The first model has developed a relationship between operating bus speed (Vo) and the other independent variables affecting bus speed while the second model has predicted the relation between bus operating speed, private vehicle speed, and the number of stops. The results of model 1 showed that the number of bus stops, signalized intersections, route length, and the average traffic volume is the most effective factors that affect Bus operating speed. Also, the predicted model has a high coefficient of determination (R-square) with 0.888 and 0.93 for SPSS and GeneXpro5.0, respectively. On the other hand, the second model showed that the number of bus stops and the speed of the private vehicle also have a strong relationship with the bus operating speed with the coefficient of determination (R-square) with 0.96 and 0.97 for SPSS and GeneXpro5.0, respectively. The main recommendations that there are several strategies that can contribute to enhancing the travel time of a public transit system: Increase service frequency during peak hours, Enhance the reliability of transit services, improve quality control over the bus operators, and use the bus with multi-door to reduce the dwelling time. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Public transport plays an important role in facilitating productivity and allows transporting skills, labor, and knowledge within and between countries. Many studies were conducted to enhance the public transit system performance, especially the travel time. Travel time in this study represents the total journey time including time on bus, delay time, and waiting time at stops. In this study, two predicting models were developed to estimate the bus travel time by employing two different techniques statistical analysis which involve the use of mathematical models, methods, and tools to analyze and interpret data using SPSS program and Gene Expression Programming (GEP) techniques which is a type of evolutionary algorithm inspired by biological evolution to find computer programs that perform a user-defined task, using GeneXproTools. Four routes have been selected that are served by minibus with a capacity between 22-28 sets, the length of these routes was (11.9, 7.2, 9.0 and 15.2 km), respectively. In this study sixteen trips have been observed for each route (eight trips for each direction) through five weekdays and two weekend days at peak and off-peak period for each day using En-route survey the form of datasheet has been using to obtain the required data. Forty-three data points have been observed from all routes. The first model has developed a relationship between operating bus speed (Vo) and the other independent variables affecting bus speed while the second model has predicted the relation between bus operating speed, private vehicle speed, and the number of stops. The results of model 1 showed that the number of bus stops, signalized intersections, route length, and the average traffic volume is the most effective factors that affect Bus operating speed. Also, the predicted model has a high coefficient of determination (R-square) with 0.888 and 0.93 for SPSS and GeneXpro5.0, respectively. On the other hand, the second model showed that the number of bus stops and the speed of the private vehicle also have a strong relationship with the bus operating speed with the coefficient of determination (R-square) with 0.96 and 0.97 for SPSS and GeneXpro5.0, respectively. The main recommendations that there are several strategies that can contribute to enhancing the travel time of a public transit system: Increase service frequency during peak hours, Enhance the reliability of transit services, improve quality control over the bus operators, and use the bus with multi-door to reduce the dwelling time.</p> ]]> Development of Travel Time Prediction Models Using Statistical and GEP Techniques for Public Transportation Bus Routes in Amman-Jordan mohammad alhiary adli al balbissi ibrahim khliefat razan sbaih doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080103 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 19 10.18280/ijtdi.080103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080102 Traffic congestion stands as a primary urban development hurdle encountered by major cities. Managing the extensive network comprising these transportation systems is an immensely complex task. Unfortunately, this activity poses significant challenges in numerous cities worldwide. In this article, a hybrid method ant colony and discrete symbiotic organism optimization are proposed to enhance the traffic flow of intersections. The first one is a metaheuristic inspired of the foraging behavior of ant colonies; it is used successfully to address a variety of intricate optimization problems. The second one is DSOS adaptation which is an ecosystem-based metaheuristic optimization inspired of interrelated symbiotic strategies observed on ecosystems. This approach involves determining the ideal durations for each phase of traffic lights. In the first level, an ACO method is utilized to extract critical path of given urban zone (congested path). In the second, the DSOS algorithm is employed to enhance the optimization of querying time of delayed vehicles. The obtained results show the superiority of DSOS compared with the fixed time control method (static approach). In contrast to the conventional timing method, the mean number of queued vehicles is decreased by 20%. This confirms the effectiveness of the suggested approach in alleviating traffic congestion. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Traffic congestion stands as a primary urban development hurdle encountered by major cities. Managing the extensive network comprising these transportation systems is an immensely complex task. Unfortunately, this activity poses significant challenges in numerous cities worldwide. In this article, a hybrid method ant colony and discrete symbiotic organism optimization are proposed to enhance the traffic flow of intersections. The first one is a metaheuristic inspired of the foraging behavior of ant colonies; it is used successfully to address a variety of intricate optimization problems. The second one is DSOS adaptation which is an ecosystem-based metaheuristic optimization inspired of interrelated symbiotic strategies observed on ecosystems. This approach involves determining the ideal durations for each phase of traffic lights. In the first level, an ACO method is utilized to extract critical path of given urban zone (congested path). In the second, the DSOS algorithm is employed to enhance the optimization of querying time of delayed vehicles. The obtained results show the superiority of DSOS compared with the fixed time control method (static approach). In contrast to the conventional timing method, the mean number of queued vehicles is decreased by 20%. This confirms the effectiveness of the suggested approach in alleviating traffic congestion.</p> ]]> ACO-DSOS Hybrid Approach to Enhance Traffic Signal Optimization chaima kouidri rochdi bachir bouiadjra faiza mahi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080102 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 9 10.18280/ijtdi.080102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080101 This investigation employs statistical learning techniques to analyze service quality within Nigeria's aviation industry, a sector integral to the nation's economic vitality and connectivity. The industry has faced challenges exacerbated by economic downturns, notably the rise in fuel prices and the devaluation of the Nigerian Naira since early 2022. Previously reported customer dissatisfaction prompted a thorough examination of passenger and stakeholder experiences. A cross-sectional survey methodology was adopted, yielding data subsequently analyzed through advanced machine learning algorithms. A principal component analysis (PCA) model was refined via leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV), an unsupervised learning approach. Findings reveal that crew member performance is the most influential factor on service quality, exhibiting an inverse relationship with other variables in the first principal component. In the second principal component, flight rescheduling emerges as a significant negative determinant. Recommendations from this analysis are directed at aviation industry practitioners, policymakers, and stakeholders, emphasizing the enhancement of crew member recruitment and training processes. Additionally, strategies to adhere to scheduled travel times are advocated. These insights are pivotal for advancing service standards in Nigeria's airline industry. 03-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>This investigation employs statistical learning techniques to analyze service quality within Nigeria's aviation industry, a sector integral to the nation's economic vitality and connectivity. The industry has faced challenges exacerbated by economic downturns, notably the rise in fuel prices and the devaluation of the Nigerian Naira since early 2022. Previously reported customer dissatisfaction prompted a thorough examination of passenger and stakeholder experiences. A cross-sectional survey methodology was adopted, yielding data subsequently analyzed through advanced machine learning algorithms. A principal component analysis (PCA) model was refined via leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV), an unsupervised learning approach. Findings reveal that crew member performance is the most influential factor on service quality, exhibiting an inverse relationship with other variables in the first principal component. In the second principal component, flight rescheduling emerges as a significant negative determinant. Recommendations from this analysis are directed at aviation industry practitioners, policymakers, and stakeholders, emphasizing the enhancement of crew member recruitment and training processes. Additionally, strategies to adhere to scheduled travel times are advocated. These insights are pivotal for advancing service standards in Nigeria's airline industry.</p> ]]> Statistical Learning Insights on Nigerian Aviation Service Quality olumide s. adesina adedayo f. adedotun femi j. ayoola tolulope f. adesina semiu a. alayande oluwakemi o. onayemi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.080101 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2024 2024 8 1 Article 1 10.18280/ijtdi.080101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2024_8_1/ijtdi.080101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070410 A forecast by the India Brand Equation suggests that the Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) industry will burgeon to US$ 2.4 billion by 2028. This anticipated expansion necessitates the strategic allocation of airport land for essential airline support facilities, which is pivotal in augmenting non-aeronautical revenue. In this study, land allotment practices at twenty-three Indian airports were evaluated against proposed optimization strategies for fuel stations, ground servicing equipment (GSE), hangars, and porta-cabins. Goal Programming was employed to minimize discrepancies in achieving land use and revenue benchmarks. The optimization, considering various constraints, revealed a potential 77% enhancement in area utilization and a 95% increase in revenue. Additionally, a model was formulated to determine the optimal allocation for commercial outlets, utilizing hypothetical data. The findings advocate for land resource optimization at non-major airports, where traditional traffic-based revenue is limited. This paper presents a roadmap for airport operators and policymakers, ensuring efficient resource management amid the aviation sector's growth. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>A forecast by the India Brand Equation suggests that the Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) industry will burgeon to US$ 2.4 billion by 2028. This anticipated expansion necessitates the strategic allocation of airport land for essential airline support facilities, which is pivotal in augmenting non-aeronautical revenue. In this study, land allotment practices at twenty-three Indian airports were evaluated against proposed optimization strategies for fuel stations, ground servicing equipment (GSE), hangars, and porta-cabins. Goal Programming was employed to minimize discrepancies in achieving land use and revenue benchmarks. The optimization, considering various constraints, revealed a potential 77% enhancement in area utilization and a 95% increase in revenue. Additionally, a model was formulated to determine the optimal allocation for commercial outlets, utilizing hypothetical data. The findings advocate for land resource optimization at non-major airports, where traditional traffic-based revenue is limited. This paper presents a roadmap for airport operators and policymakers, ensuring efficient resource management amid the aviation sector's growth.</p> ]]> Optimization of Airline Support Facility Space at Non-Major Airports of India Using Goal Programming sudhakar piratla binod kumar singh doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070410 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 2023 7 4 Article 367 10.18280/ijtdi.070410 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070410 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070409 Global road transport safety concerns are escalating, evidenced by an annual increase in traffic-related accidents, fatalities, and injuries. In response, numerous governmental road safety initiatives aim to mitigate crash incidences and consequent harm. Extant literature documents myriad datasets collated to address road safety challenges and bolster intelligent transport systems (ITS). These datasets are amassed via diverse measurement modalities, including cameras, radar sensors, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones. This study delineates ITS datasets pertinent to transport issue resolution and elucidates the measurement methodologies employed in dataset accrual for ITS. A dual comparative analysis forms the core of this research: the first examination juxtaposes data source methodologies for dataset collection, while the second compares disparate datasets. Both examinations are conducted using the Weighted Scoring Model (WSM). Criteria germane to the comparison are meticulously defined, and respective weights are assigned, mirroring their significance. Findings reveal the UAV-based method as superior in amassing datasets pertinent to drivers and vehicles. Among the datasets evaluated, the SinD dataset secures the preeminent position. This methodical approach facilitates astute decisions regarding data source and dataset selection, augmenting the comprehension of their efficacy and relevance within the ITS domain. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Global road transport safety concerns are escalating, evidenced by an annual increase in traffic-related accidents, fatalities, and injuries. In response, numerous governmental road safety initiatives aim to mitigate crash incidences and consequent harm. Extant literature documents myriad datasets collated to address road safety challenges and bolster intelligent transport systems (ITS). These datasets are amassed via diverse measurement modalities, including cameras, radar sensors, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones. This study delineates ITS datasets pertinent to transport issue resolution and elucidates the measurement methodologies employed in dataset accrual for ITS. A dual comparative analysis forms the core of this research: the first examination juxtaposes data source methodologies for dataset collection, while the second compares disparate datasets. Both examinations are conducted using the Weighted Scoring Model (WSM). Criteria germane to the comparison are meticulously defined, and respective weights are assigned, mirroring their significance. Findings reveal the UAV-based method as superior in amassing datasets pertinent to drivers and vehicles. Among the datasets evaluated, the SinD dataset secures the preeminent position. This methodical approach facilitates astute decisions regarding data source and dataset selection, augmenting the comprehension of their efficacy and relevance within the ITS domain.</p> ]]> Evaluating Data Sources and Datasets in Intelligent Transport Systems Through a Weighted Scoring Model soukaina bouhsissin nawal sael faouzia benabbou doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070409 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 2023 7 4 Article 353 10.18280/ijtdi.070409 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070409 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070408 Autonomous vehicles necessitate robust stability and safety mechanisms for effective navigation, relying heavily upon advanced perception and precise environmental awareness. This study addresses the object detection challenge intrinsic to autonomous navigation, with a focus on the system architecture and the integration of cutting-edge hardware and software technologies. The efficacy of various object recognition algorithms, notably the Single Shot Detector (SSD) and You Only Look Once (YOLO), is rigorously compared. Prior research has indicated that SSD, when augmented with depth estimation techniques, demonstrates superior performance in real-time applications within complex environments. Consequently, this research proposes an optimized SSD algorithm paired with a Zed camera system. Through this integration, a notable improvement in detection accuracy is achieved, with a precision increase to 87%. This advancement marks a significant step towards resolving the critical challenges faced by autonomous vehicles in object detection and distance estimation, thereby enhancing their operational safety and reliability. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Autonomous vehicles necessitate robust stability and safety mechanisms for effective navigation, relying heavily upon advanced perception and precise environmental awareness. This study addresses the object detection challenge intrinsic to autonomous navigation, with a focus on the system architecture and the integration of cutting-edge hardware and software technologies. The efficacy of various object recognition algorithms, notably the Single Shot Detector (SSD) and You Only Look Once (YOLO), is rigorously compared. Prior research has indicated that SSD, when augmented with depth estimation techniques, demonstrates superior performance in real-time applications within complex environments. Consequently, this research proposes an optimized SSD algorithm paired with a Zed camera system. Through this integration, a notable improvement in detection accuracy is achieved, with a precision increase to 87%. This advancement marks a significant step towards resolving the critical challenges faced by autonomous vehicles in object detection and distance estimation, thereby enhancing their operational safety and reliability.</p> ]]> Enhanced SSD Algorithm-Based Object Detection and Depth Estimation for Autonomous Vehicle Navigation vaibhav saini mvv prasad kantipudi pramoda meduri doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070408 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 2023 7 4 Article 341 10.18280/ijtdi.070408 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070408 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070407 Urban transportation systems and their integration with spatially distributed opportunities are pivotal for ensuring effective accessibility. This study aims to rigorously evaluate urban accessibility by scrutinizing established criteria and measurement approaches within the literature. A systematic literature review was executed, targeting articles selected for their pertinence and citation impact. Through meticulous analysis, four cardinal indicators of access and their respective subsets were distilled. Synthesizing data from 61 scholarly publications elucidated the key indicators of accessibility. The findings underscore the adaptability and utility of these criteria as evaluative instruments and in guiding policy decisions. On the other hand, availability and quality of data, greater attention to travel reliability and user preferences are among the factors that should be considered in the accessibility assessment. The study's insights advocate for a nuanced application of accessibility indicators, promoting their evolution as multifaceted tools in urban planning domains. These results serve as a foundation for future research and contribute to the refinement of methods for comprehensive accessibility analysis in urban settings. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Urban transportation systems and their integration with spatially distributed opportunities are pivotal for ensuring effective accessibility. This study aims to rigorously evaluate urban accessibility by scrutinizing established criteria and measurement approaches within the literature. A systematic literature review was executed, targeting articles selected for their pertinence and citation impact. Through meticulous analysis, four cardinal indicators of access and their respective subsets were distilled. Synthesizing data from 61 scholarly publications elucidated the key indicators of accessibility. The findings underscore the adaptability and utility of these criteria as evaluative instruments and in guiding policy decisions. On the other hand, availability and quality of data, greater attention to travel reliability and user preferences are among the factors that should be considered in the accessibility assessment. The study's insights advocate for a nuanced application of accessibility indicators, promoting their evolution as multifaceted tools in urban planning domains. These results serve as a foundation for future research and contribute to the refinement of methods for comprehensive accessibility analysis in urban settings.</p> ]]> Evaluating Urban Transportation Accessibility: A Systematic Review of Access Dimensions and Indicators hoda pourramazani josep lluis miralles-garcia doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070407 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 2023 7 4 Article 331 10.18280/ijtdi.070407 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070407 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070406 Asphalt-paved Road junctions frequently encounter deformation and degradation challenges due to heavy vehicular traffic and varying climatic conditions, such as temperature fluctuations and precipitation. This study employs a multifaceted approach, incorporating a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model, ancillary machine learning techniques, and optimization methodologies, to address these challenges effectively. The primary objectives are the prediction and analysis of pavement deformation, the optimization of maintenance strategies, and the evaluation of road effectiveness. Our findings underscore the substantial contribution of heavy vehicles to road erosion and the profound impact of vehicular retention and braking at intersections. A Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model is utilized to simulate future pavement degradation accurately at a specific intersection, leveraging real-time traffic flow data. This approach showcases the advantages of using real-world traffic data to model the lifecycle of asphalt dependencies dynamically at the intersection level. Mitigation of road deterioration is proposed via controlled traffic flow and optimization of relevant parameters, such as minimization of intersection wait times. The integration of machine learning substantially enhances road conditions and reduces vehicular waiting times at intersections. The implementation of this study's findings in pavement design and preservation practices could enable transportation authorities to improve road safety, reduce maintenance costs, and decrease the incidence of road accidents. Overall, this paper presents a comprehensive approach towards sustainable and efficient road infrastructure management, highlighting the potential of AI in tackling pressing infrastructure challenges. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Asphalt-paved Road junctions frequently encounter deformation and degradation challenges due to heavy vehicular traffic and varying climatic conditions, such as temperature fluctuations and precipitation. This study employs a multifaceted approach, incorporating a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model, ancillary machine learning techniques, and optimization methodologies, to address these challenges effectively. The primary objectives are the prediction and analysis of pavement deformation, the optimization of maintenance strategies, and the evaluation of road effectiveness. Our findings underscore the substantial contribution of heavy vehicles to road erosion and the profound impact of vehicular retention and braking at intersections. A Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model is utilized to simulate future pavement degradation accurately at a specific intersection, leveraging real-time traffic flow data. This approach showcases the advantages of using real-world traffic data to model the lifecycle of asphalt dependencies dynamically at the intersection level. Mitigation of road deterioration is proposed via controlled traffic flow and optimization of relevant parameters, such as minimization of intersection wait times. The integration of machine learning substantially enhances road conditions and reduces vehicular waiting times at intersections. The implementation of this study's findings in pavement design and preservation practices could enable transportation authorities to improve road safety, reduce maintenance costs, and decrease the incidence of road accidents. Overall, this paper presents a comprehensive approach towards sustainable and efficient road infrastructure management, highlighting the potential of AI in tackling pressing infrastructure challenges.</p> ]]> AI-Enabled Assessment of Roadway Integrity: Forecasting Bitumen Deformation and Road Stability Throughout the Lifecycle Under Traffic Impact sabahudin vrtagic milan dordevic fatih dogan muhammed codur mario hoxha edis softic doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070406 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 2023 7 4 Article 321 10.18280/ijtdi.070406 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070406 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070405 Fulfilling norms is a way to respect all the safety properties embedded in norm specifications. Moreover, it provides interoperability qualities that are particularly relevant in the transport domain. The article proposes a modelling engineering approach using a semi-formal model phase to identify a multilayered decomposition of the system with domain experts. Then a transformation into formal models is used in order to verify and validate the behaviour with technical and safety experts. Propositions are illustrated on a case study from the transport domain: Automatic Train Operation (ATO) over European Train Control System (ETCS), also named AoE, for freight trains. ATO under the supervision of a human driver is sometimes presented as a first step toward autonomous train. This paper provides a system analysis of the available norms dealing with automatic train operation under driver supervision. The work focuses on the collaboration between an automatic software for braking and accelerating in the European normative and technological context, known as AoE. From the study of the available documents, we derive an architectural model of this global system containing on board automation and on track automated specific devices. The technical contribution is a proposition of an approach specifying a correct-by-construction software system. This software component respects the industrial norms of automated train. We explain how it is relevant to use a norm-based technical architecture, that allow drivers to identify various functioning phases where, depending on the overall context, they can let an automatic system drive the train or not. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Fulfilling norms is a way to respect all the safety properties embedded in norm specifications. Moreover, it provides interoperability qualities that are particularly relevant in the transport domain. The article proposes a modelling engineering approach using a semi-formal model phase to identify a multilayered decomposition of the system with domain experts. Then a transformation into formal models is used in order to verify and validate the behaviour with technical and safety experts. Propositions are illustrated on a case study from the transport domain: Automatic Train Operation (ATO) over European Train Control System (ETCS), also named AoE, for freight trains. ATO under the supervision of a human driver is sometimes presented as a first step toward autonomous train. This paper provides a system analysis of the available norms dealing with automatic train operation under driver supervision. The work focuses on the collaboration between an automatic software for braking and accelerating in the European normative and technological context, known as AoE. From the study of the available documents, we derive an architectural model of this global system containing on board automation and on track automated specific devices. The technical contribution is a proposition of an approach specifying a correct-by-construction software system. This software component respects the industrial norms of automated train. We explain how it is relevant to use a norm-based technical architecture, that allow drivers to identify various functioning phases where, depending on the overall context, they can let an automatic system drive the train or not.</p> ]]> Engineering for Critical Systems: The Automatic Train Operation over European Train Control System for Freight Trains Use Case simon collart-dutilleul philippe bon racem bougacha régine laleau doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070405 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 2023 7 4 Article 311 10.18280/ijtdi.070405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070404 Road traffic collisions (RTCs) represent a significant public health challenge, particularly in countries with elevated mortality rates from such incidents. In Libya, the scarcity of digitized RTC data hampers robust analysis and subsequent intervention strategies. This study aims to bridge this gap by meticulously transforming over 2,300 hard-copy RTC reports from the Ajdabiya Traffic Police Department archives into a structured electronic database. For this analysis, 1,255 rural freeway incidents were scrutinized using a Binary logit model (BLM) to ascertain determinants of injury severity. It was found that head-on collisions, elevated speeds, the use of private cars, and weekend incidents markedly increased the likelihood of severe injuries. Examination of investigative reports disclosed a significant deficiency in traffic safety awareness among enforcement personnel, coupled with suboptimal law enforcement. To augment road safety in Libya, the enforcement of traffic laws, speed regulation, and activation of emergency medical services are identified as primary interventions. Additionally, the establishment of an integrated, multi-source database is imperative to advance traffic safety research and policy development. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Road traffic collisions (RTCs) represent a significant public health challenge, particularly in countries with elevated mortality rates from such incidents. In Libya, the scarcity of digitized RTC data hampers robust analysis and subsequent intervention strategies. This study aims to bridge this gap by meticulously transforming over 2,300 hard-copy RTC reports from the Ajdabiya Traffic Police Department archives into a structured electronic database. For this analysis, 1,255 rural freeway incidents were scrutinized using a Binary logit model (BLM) to ascertain determinants of injury severity. It was found that head-on collisions, elevated speeds, the use of private cars, and weekend incidents markedly increased the likelihood of severe injuries. Examination of investigative reports disclosed a significant deficiency in traffic safety awareness among enforcement personnel, coupled with suboptimal law enforcement. To augment road safety in Libya, the enforcement of traffic laws, speed regulation, and activation of emergency medical services are identified as primary interventions. Additionally, the establishment of an integrated, multi-source database is imperative to advance traffic safety research and policy development.</span></p> ]]> Factors Influencing Injury Severity in Road Traffic Collisions: A Comprehensive Analysis from Libya buseif o.m mahashhash nur izzi md. yusoff doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070404 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 2023 7 4 Article 303 10.18280/ijtdi.070404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070403 The primary focus of this study is to quantify the transport and logistics potential that influences effective international trade. Utilizing an integral assessment method, an analysis of key indicators contributing to this potential was conducted, resulting in the computation of eight coefficients. The pivotal finding of the study reveals a decreasing trend in the transport and logistics potential of enterprises, with predictions suggesting substantial declines based on the novel methodological approach employed. A comprehensive evaluation of the transport and logistics potential of enterprises was executed, and the results are subsequently discussed. This evaluation led to the determination of an integral indicator of transport and logistics potential, forming a dependency matrix that underpins the research findings. The novelty of this research lies in the unique methodological approach to assess the efficacy of the transport system management within business structures, emphasizing the coordinating and integrative role of logistics. This pioneering approach marks one of the first applications for evaluating transport and logistics potential in the context of international trade. Future research should address the optimization of transport and logistics potential to attract new trade development investments. However, this study's scope was limited to Ukrainian enterprises, thus future research should consider expanding the sample to include enterprises from neighbouring countries engaged in international trade with Ukraine, such as Poland and Romania. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>The primary focus of this study is to quantify the transport and logistics potential that influences effective international trade. Utilizing an integral assessment method, an analysis of key indicators contributing to this potential was conducted, resulting in the computation of eight coefficients. The pivotal finding of the study reveals a decreasing trend in the transport and logistics potential of enterprises, with predictions suggesting substantial declines based on the novel methodological approach employed. A comprehensive evaluation of the transport and logistics potential of enterprises was executed, and the results are subsequently discussed. This evaluation led to the determination of an integral indicator of transport and logistics potential, forming a dependency matrix that underpins the research findings. The novelty of this research lies in the unique methodological approach to assess the efficacy of the transport system management within business structures, emphasizing the coordinating and integrative role of logistics. This pioneering approach marks one of the first applications for evaluating transport and logistics potential in the context of international trade. Future research should address the optimization of transport and logistics potential to attract new trade development investments. However, this study's scope was limited to Ukrainian enterprises, thus future research should consider expanding the sample to include enterprises from neighbouring countries engaged in international trade with Ukraine, such as Poland and Romania.</p> ]]> Evaluating the Impact of Transport and Logistics Potential on International Trade farouq ahmad faleh alazzam larysa liubokhynets olha kirichenko natalia struk andriy bosak doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070403 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 2023 7 4 Article 293 10.18280/ijtdi.070403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070402 One of the major challenges facing Indian cities today is the need to generate and manage local-level finances, improve the quality and frequency of bus services, and develop multimodal transport systems. This study examines the generation and management of local finances, the enhancement of bus services, and the development of multimodal transport systems in Indian cities, specifically Pune, Bangalore, and Indore. Selected for their similarity in size and high rankings on domestic indices—Ease of Living Index (EoLI), Municipal Performance Index (MPI), and Swachh Bharat Mission—these cities provide a representative analysis of broader urban transport issues. A ratio analysis of financial allocations for bus service management and procurement within city budgets was conducted, utilizing a descriptive methodology and secondary data from municipal documents, official websites, scholarly articles, and news reports. The findings reveal critical insights into the fiscal challenges and potential solutions for public transportation systems in India, highlighting the necessary financial commitments for improving bus service quality and ridership. Furthermore, the study suggests recommendations based on best practices for advancing sustainable urban bus transportation in line with Sustainable Development Goal 11.2, offering a valuable reference for policymakers in allocating resources effectively for public transit infrastructure. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>One of the major challenges facing Indian cities today is the need to generate and manage local-level finances, improve the quality and frequency of bus services, and develop multimodal transport systems. This study examines the generation and management of local finances, the enhancement of bus services, and the development of multimodal transport systems in Indian cities, specifically Pune, Bangalore, and Indore. Selected for their similarity in size and high rankings on domestic indices—Ease of Living Index (EoLI), Municipal Performance Index (MPI), and Swachh Bharat Mission—these cities provide a representative analysis of broader urban transport issues. A ratio analysis of financial allocations for bus service management and procurement within city budgets was conducted, utilizing a descriptive methodology and secondary data from municipal documents, official websites, scholarly articles, and news reports. The findings reveal critical insights into the fiscal challenges and potential solutions for public transportation systems in India, highlighting the necessary financial commitments for improving bus service quality and ridership. Furthermore, the study suggests recommendations based on best practices for advancing sustainable urban bus transportation in line with Sustainable Development Goal 11.2, offering a valuable reference for policymakers in allocating resources effectively for public transit infrastructure.</p> ]]> Sustainable Urban Development Through Public Bus System Financing: An Indian Multicity Study gargi patil tarun khandelwal doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070402 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 2023 7 4 Article 283 10.18280/ijtdi.070402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070401 This research elucidates the influence of environmental and hedonic motivations on the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). A framework was constructed to scrutinize the impacts of perceived environmental friendliness on an extended technology acceptance model (TAM), with an added element of perceived enjoyment. A sample of 391 residents in Rome was surveyed, and findings were extracted using structural equation modeling (SEM) in JASP, a statistical software. The results indicated a significant influence of perceived environmental friendliness on TAM factors. Moreover, the perceived enjoyment associated with using an EV significantly correlated with consumer intention to adopt such vehicles. These insights suggest that understanding and promoting the environmental advantages and enjoyment of EV usage could potentially stimulate consumer adoption. Strategies such as government procurement of EVs and expansion of charging infrastructure may also prove beneficial. This research augments existing literature by emphasizing the importance of environmental friendliness perceptions and hedonic motivations in consumer adoption of EVs, contributing unique insights into consumer mobility needs. To the best of our knowledge, such an extensive examination has not been previously undertaken. 12-27-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>This research elucidates the influence of environmental and hedonic motivations on the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). A framework was constructed to scrutinize the impacts of perceived environmental friendliness on an extended technology acceptance model (TAM), with an added element of perceived enjoyment. A sample of 391 residents in Rome was surveyed, and findings were extracted using structural equation modeling (SEM) in JASP, a statistical software. The results indicated a significant influence of perceived environmental friendliness on TAM factors. Moreover, the perceived enjoyment associated with using an EV significantly correlated with consumer intention to adopt such vehicles. These insights suggest that understanding and promoting the environmental advantages and enjoyment of EV usage could potentially stimulate consumer adoption. Strategies such as government procurement of EVs and expansion of charging infrastructure may also prove beneficial. This research augments existing literature by emphasizing the importance of environmental friendliness perceptions and hedonic motivations in consumer adoption of EVs, contributing unique insights into consumer mobility needs. To the best of our knowledge, such an extensive examination has not been previously undertaken.</p> ]]> Understanding Consumer Adoption of Electric Vehicles in Rome: Insights from a Structural Equation Model muhammad khaleel ali aljofan noura saeed ahmed khalaf alhammadi mohd isa rohayati shankar chelliah doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070401 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-27-2023 2023 7 4 Article 273 10.18280/ijtdi.070401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_4/ijtdi.070401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070310 Transport facilitates growth and interactions within and outside cities. Different countries follow different transport models. Increasing population, rising mobility rate and increasing trip length are responsible for increasing travel demand in India. Intention to participate in activities, demands travel, making it a derived demand. The overall purpose of this study is to examine the impact of socio-demographic factors on the mode of transport for education. The city of Pune in Maharashtra, India is chosen for the study. It is classified into clusters. Seventy-five households are selected from each cluster. For this, socio-economic classification (SEC) is used. The Ordinary Least Square Regression (OLS) model is used for analysis. ANOVA is used to test the effect of income level on the distance travelled for education. In the survey respondents have to give information on employment, education, income, age, sex and travel characteristics. The study found that for education, children generally tend to travel short distances. Children from poorer backgrounds, travel much shorter distances as opposed to children from well-to-do families. They either walk to school or use bicycles. Motorized transport either in the form of school buses or personalized vehicles such as cars or two-wheelers is the norm for children from higher income families. Therefore, their expenditure on travel for education is found to be greater. The paper brings forth issues concerning commuters, especially from a policy perspective. Challenges faced by users of non-motorized facilities such as pedestrian paths, and bicycling paths are brought forth explicitly. The paper looks beyond solutions by institutions which aim to move vehicles rather than people. Broader roads only encourage more use of personalized transport. Instead, differing modes of transport should ensure greater safety to children. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Transport facilitates growth and interactions within and outside cities. Different countries follow different transport models. Increasing population, rising mobility rate and increasing trip length are responsible for increasing travel demand in India. Intention to participate in activities, demands travel, making it a derived demand. The overall purpose of this study is to examine the impact of socio-demographic factors on the mode of transport for education. The city of Pune in Maharashtra, India is chosen for the study. It is classified into clusters. Seventy-five households are selected from each cluster. For this, socio-economic classification (SEC) is used. The Ordinary Least Square Regression (OLS) model is used for analysis. ANOVA is used to test the effect of income level on the distance travelled for education. In the survey respondents have to give information on employment, education, income, age, sex and travel characteristics. The study found that for education, children generally tend to travel short distances. Children from poorer backgrounds, travel much shorter distances as opposed to children from well-to-do families. They either walk to school or use bicycles. Motorized transport either in the form of school buses or personalized vehicles such as cars or two-wheelers is the norm for children from higher income families. Therefore, their expenditure on travel for education is found to be greater. The paper brings forth issues concerning commuters, especially from a policy perspective. Challenges faced by users of non-motorized facilities such as pedestrian paths, and bicycling paths are brought forth explicitly. The paper looks beyond solutions by institutions which aim to move vehicles rather than people. Broader roads only encourage more use of personalized transport. Instead, differing modes of transport should ensure greater safety to children.</p> ]]> Travel Demand Model for the Purpose of Education, Pune City, India sheena mathews tessy thadathil doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070310 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 2023 7 3 Article 267 10.18280/ijtdi.070310 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070310 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070309 Sea transportation plays an essential and strategic role in the mobility of passengers, goods, and services domestically, from, and abroad. A sea port, one of the sub-systems of sea transportation, is a point or node where the movement of goods and passengers using sea modes will start, end, or make significant transfers or transits in achieving an effective and efficient sea transportation system. Port efficiency and effectiveness can be seen from the productivity and ability level to finance operational activities. Port governance is critical in port management; selecting a model or form of port management also affects port efficiency and productivity. An evaluation of the performance of port services is needed to maintain a port in prime condition. Port performance assesses several indicators, such as economic, operational, and financial aspects. This study aims to map parameters used in determining port performance. The scope of the article examined contains an evaluation of port performance from an operational, financing, and sustainable perspective. The study's two research questions are listed below. The trend port indicator parameter is first. What parameters consider when evaluating public ports? This study's limitation is 200 articles that research the commercial port. In future research, it is necessary to conduct research that examines the factors or parameters of performance measurement at ports organized by the government. The study results show that the trend of port performance parameters toward sustainable port management and guide port growth for public officials and private parties to preserve port effectiveness. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Sea transportation plays an essential and strategic role in the mobility of passengers, goods, and services domestically, from, and abroad. A sea port, one of the sub-systems of sea transportation, is a point or node where the movement of goods and passengers using sea modes will start, end, or make significant transfers or transits in achieving an effective and efficient sea transportation system. Port efficiency and effectiveness can be seen from the productivity and ability level to finance operational activities. Port governance is critical in port management; selecting a model or form of port management also affects port efficiency and productivity. An evaluation of the performance of port services is needed to maintain a port in prime condition. Port performance assesses several indicators, such as economic, operational, and financial aspects. This study aims to map parameters used in determining port performance. The scope of the article examined contains an evaluation of port performance from an operational, financing, and sustainable perspective. The study's two research questions are listed below. The trend port indicator parameter is first. What parameters consider when evaluating public ports? This study's limitation is 200 articles that research the commercial port. In future research, it is necessary to conduct research that examines the factors or parameters of performance measurement at ports organized by the government. The study results show that the trend of port performance parameters toward sustainable port management and guide port growth for public officials and private parties to preserve port effectiveness.</p> ]]> The Trend of Parameters for Evaluating Port Performance: A Systematic Literature Review andi hardianto marimin luky adrianto idqan fahmi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070309 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 2023 7 3 Article 257 10.18280/ijtdi.070309 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070309 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070308 This paper's significance lies in investigating the multivariate spatial parameters of the service sites for gas stations according to predetermined standards and their spatial location to identify the best place for such services. The present study focuses on fueling stations in Al-Mahaweel City, located in the Babylon Province of Iraq. This case study aims to analyze the problem of inefficiency and inadequacy in serving the fuel stations inside the city. These issues have significant economic and environmental repercussions, ultimately affecting urban sustainability. For this purpose, a spatial database by Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to analyze basic services such as hospitals, schools, and others. As well as agriculture, ‎industry, and residential uses. All that is about to derive the relevant criteria ‎for the organization of the district center, which facilitates analysis and evaluation of their ‎current location. The study results indicated the need for stations within an efficient spatial. So, the specific locations for new filling stations would depend on various factors (Q=4,000 ‎square meters and W=5,000 square meters). Accordingly, this ‎article aims to meet demand based on the essential ‎urban ‎planning indicators to enhance the ease ‎of traffic, avoid road congestion, and promote ‎urban ‎sustainability. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>This paper's significance lies in investigating the multivariate spatial parameters of the service sites for gas stations according to predetermined standards and their spatial location to identify the best place for such services. The present study focuses on fueling stations in Al-Mahaweel City, located in the Babylon Province of Iraq. This case study aims to analyze the problem of inefficiency and inadequacy in serving the fuel stations inside the city. These issues have significant economic and environmental repercussions, ultimately affecting urban sustainability. For this purpose, a spatial database by Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to analyze basic services such as hospitals, schools, and others. As well as agriculture, ‎industry, and residential uses. All that is about to derive the relevant criteria ‎for the organization of the district center, which facilitates analysis and evaluation of their ‎current location. The study results indicated the need for stations within an efficient spatial. So, the specific locations for new filling stations would depend on various factors (Q=4,000 ‎square meters and W=5,000 square meters). Accordingly, this ‎article aims to meet demand based on the essential ‎urban ‎planning indicators to enhance the ease ‎of traffic, avoid road congestion, and promote ‎urban ‎sustainability.</p> ]]> Multivariate Spatial Parameters Analysis for Estimate Essentially ‎Fuel Station Location in Al-Mahaweel City Toward Urban ‎Sustainability baydaa abdul hussein bedewy sophia rezaq ali al-timimy doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070308 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 2023 7 3 Article 247 10.18280/ijtdi.070308 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070308 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070307 This study examines the role of public participation in public transportation policies in Semarang, Indonesia, a city facing congestion and the adoption of the bus rapid transit (Trans Semarang) system. The study identifies a gap in Indonesian transportation regulations that lack public participation in decision-making processes, limiting public engagement. Mayors play a crucial role in shaping transportation development, especially in the absence of inclusive participation from outside entities. To foster interactive community engagement, the City Government of Semarang must enact regulations that include the general public, transportation entities, and other relevant groups. Strategies include robust budgetary allotments and enforcement of local regulations to provide transport subsidies. Encouraging a more inclusive paradigm and transparent regulations can lead to the effective and sustainable execution of public transport, addressing the community's demands and aspirations. The findings pertaining to the mayor's role, as identified in this study, should be interpreted within the specific context of Semarang and may not be universally applicable across all regions in Indonesia. The extent to which the mayor assumes such a role is contingent upon their individual perspective on public transportation as a populist cause warranting dedicated efforts. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>This study examines the role of public participation in public transportation policies in Semarang, Indonesia, a city facing congestion and the adoption of the bus rapid transit (Trans Semarang) system. The study identifies a gap in Indonesian transportation regulations that lack public participation in decision-making processes, limiting public engagement. Mayors play a crucial role in shaping transportation development, especially in the absence of inclusive participation from outside entities. To foster interactive community engagement, the City Government of Semarang must enact regulations that include the general public, transportation entities, and other relevant groups. Strategies include robust budgetary allotments and enforcement of local regulations to provide transport subsidies. Encouraging a more inclusive paradigm and transparent regulations can lead to the effective and sustainable execution of public transport, addressing the community's demands and aspirations. The findings pertaining to the mayor's role, as identified in this study, should be interpreted within the specific context of Semarang and may not be universally applicable across all regions in Indonesia. The extent to which the mayor assumes such a role is contingent upon their individual perspective on public transportation as a populist cause warranting dedicated efforts.</p> ]]> Public Participation in Bus Transit Policymaking: The Case of Semarang, Indonesia victor imanuel w. nalle martika dini syaputri wahyu krisnanto odelia christy putri tjandra doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070307 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 2023 7 3 Article 235 10.18280/ijtdi.070307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070306 Development and assessment of professional competence in parcel and courier to enhance the competence of logistics personnel. The research employed qualitative methodology which participants in both groups were purposively selected. The professional association requires companies that are members under the professional association. Qualitative and quantitative assessment and assessment of professional competence Research tools used to assess knowledge using multiple-choice tests and assess skills using operational demonstrations. Statistics used were percentage, mean, standard deviation and t-test independent. Assessment results showed a high level of propriety. The IOC indices were greater than the set criteria for all items. Assessment results on parcel and courier professional competency for logistics personnel reported none of the assessee passing the international express parcel and courier management assessment and 2 assessee passing the domestic express parcel and courier management assessment. Because of the employees who take the assessment are not prepares for the assessment, and the practice of employees working in their current responsibilities only does not cover career competencies at the level assessed. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Development and assessment of professional competence in parcel and courier to enhance the competence of logistics personnel. The research employed qualitative methodology which participants in both groups were purposively selected. The professional association requires companies that are members under the professional association. Qualitative and quantitative assessment and assessment of professional competence Research tools used to assess knowledge using multiple-choice tests and assess skills using operational demonstrations. Statistics used were percentage, mean, standard deviation and t-test independent. Assessment results showed a high level of propriety. The IOC indices were greater than the set criteria for all items. Assessment results on parcel and courier professional competency for logistics personnel reported none of the assessee passing the international express parcel and courier management assessment and 2 assessee passing the domestic express parcel and courier management assessment. Because of the employees who take the assessment are not prepares for the assessment, and the practice of employees working in their current responsibilities only does not cover career competencies at the level assessed.</p> ]]> The Development and Assessment of Parcel and Courier Business Professional Competency for Developing Logistics Personnel akkarat poolkrajang doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070306 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 2023 7 3 Article 223 10.18280/ijtdi.070306 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070306 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070305 Indonesia, abundant in solar energy, poses significant potential for harnessing this renewable resource for electricity generation. This study investigates the feasibility of employing photovoltaic (PV) modules, powered by solar energy, for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations in Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Semarang, Surabaya, and Malang. Utilizing the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software, simulations were conducted to assess on-grid Solar Power Plants (PLTS) systems that leverage both PV modules and grid power. This research enhances existing studies on solar energy potential in Indonesia, emphasizing profitable renewable energy business models. Economic evaluations were conducted based on the Net Present Cost (NPC) and the Cost of Energy (COE), integral metrics for determining investment feasibility. Preliminary capital for PLTS development was estimated at Rp 5,399,387,501.00. Results indicate Semarang City as the most promising location for a PLTS system with an NPC value of Rp 23,243,190,000.00 and a COE value of Rp 1,108.11. The designed PLTS system in Semarang City is projected to generate 982.090 kWh/year of electricity, with estimated consumption at 922.467 kWh/year. This study offers novel insights into the potential of solar-powered EV charging stations in Indonesia. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Indonesia, abundant in solar energy, poses significant potential for harnessing this renewable resource for electricity generation. This study investigates the feasibility of employing photovoltaic (PV) modules, powered by solar energy, for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations in Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Semarang, Surabaya, and Malang. Utilizing the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software, simulations were conducted to assess on-grid Solar Power Plants (PLTS) systems that leverage both PV modules and grid power. This research enhances existing studies on solar energy potential in Indonesia, emphasizing profitable renewable energy business models. Economic evaluations were conducted based on the Net Present Cost (NPC) and the Cost of Energy (COE), integral metrics for determining investment feasibility. Preliminary capital for PLTS development was estimated at Rp 5,399,387,501.00. Results indicate Semarang City as the most promising location for a PLTS system with an NPC value of Rp 23,243,190,000.00 and a COE value of Rp 1,108.11. The designed PLTS system in Semarang City is projected to generate 982.090 kWh/year of electricity, with estimated consumption at 922.467 kWh/year. This study offers novel insights into the potential of solar-powered EV charging stations in Indonesia.</p> ]]> Analysis Development of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Using On-Grid Solar Power Plants in Indonesia rendy a. rachmanto farel j. regannanta ubaidillah zainal arifin denny widhiyanuriyawan eflita yohana singgih d. prasetyo doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070305 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 2023 7 3 Article 215 10.18280/ijtdi.070305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070304 The deployment of Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs) in urban areas is no longer a futuristic vision. Pilot projects are undeniable realities in various locations, and automakers research agendas are clear about this increasing autonomous trend. An ecosystem that supports the deployment of autonomous mobility is imperative, before this new type of mobility becomes a reality. Trying to understand what is absolutely essential in a city, to allow the operation of SAVs and to attract potential investors, is the aim of this research. This work started with a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), where the main concepts supporting SAVs were identified, and continued using a Topic Modeling approach, specifically Latent Dirichlet Allocation, to reach the most important topics and clusters, that were then modeled in ArchiMate into a possible ecosystem for the deployment of SAVs in urban areas. Finally, the reached model is confronted with a real case in order to establish a gap analysis between the theoretical reference model and what is already happening in Beijing. The result is an improvement of the reference model. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>The deployment of Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs) in urban areas is no longer a futuristic vision. Pilot projects are undeniable realities in various locations, and automakers research agendas are clear about this increasing autonomous trend. An ecosystem that supports the deployment of autonomous mobility is imperative, before this new type of mobility becomes a reality. Trying to understand what is absolutely essential in a city, to allow the operation of SAVs and to attract potential investors, is the aim of this research. This work started with a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), where the main concepts supporting SAVs were identified, and continued using a Topic Modeling approach, specifically Latent Dirichlet Allocation, to reach the most important topics and clusters, that were then modeled in ArchiMate into a possible ecosystem for the deployment of SAVs in urban areas. Finally, the reached model is confronted with a real case in order to establish a gap analysis between the theoretical reference model and what is already happening in Beijing. The result is an improvement of the reference model.</p> ]]> A Model for the Deployment of Shared Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Areas Based on the Research Literature pedro de sousa carneiro antónio reis pereira miguel mira da silva doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070304 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 2023 7 3 Article 199 10.18280/ijtdi.070304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070303 Energy efficiency and conservation stand as pillars of sustainable economic growth, facilitating job creation and climate change mitigation. Renewable energy, a sustainable and recyclable energy form, is increasingly being integrated into several systems. However, the transportation sector, a crucial component of national infrastructure, remains heavily reliant on petroleum, particularly in Nigeria. The dependence on petroleum, a fossil fuel derivative, has resulted in escalating costs and environmental pollution due to CO2 emissions. This study aims to assess the potential for integrating renewable energy into Nigeria's transportation sector, focusing on the environmental and economic implications. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, with sources predominantly drawn from Scopus-indexed journals. The review covers various modes of transport, including inland and ocean water transport, land-based transport, and electric vehicles. Our findings reveal a pressing need for renewable energy integration to counteract the environmental and economic challenges posed by petroleum dependency. This study also highlights the barriers to renewable energy adoption and proposes viable solutions. By transitioning to renewable energy sources, Nigeria's transportation sector could become more sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>Energy efficiency and conservation stand as pillars of sustainable economic growth, facilitating job creation and climate change mitigation. Renewable energy, a sustainable and recyclable energy form, is increasingly being integrated into several systems. However, the transportation sector, a crucial component of national infrastructure, remains heavily reliant on petroleum, particularly in Nigeria. The dependence on petroleum, a fossil fuel derivative, has resulted in escalating costs and environmental pollution due to CO₂ emissions. This study aims to assess the potential for integrating renewable energy into Nigeria's transportation sector, focusing on the environmental and economic implications. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, with sources predominantly drawn from Scopus-indexed journals. The review covers various modes of transport, including inland and ocean water transport, land-based transport, and electric vehicles. Our findings reveal a pressing need for renewable energy integration to counteract the environmental and economic challenges posed by petroleum dependency. This study also highlights the barriers to renewable energy adoption and proposes viable solutions. By transitioning to renewable energy sources, Nigeria's transportation sector could become more sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly.</p> ]]> Enhancing the Use of Renewable Energy in the Transportation Sector of Nigeria imhade p. okokpujie lagouge k. tartibu innocent o. tukuru doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070303 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 2023 7 3 Article 177 10.18280/ijtdi.070303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070302 The mobility of people, services and movement of goods is always considered as an essential economic-spatial factor. In addition, free movement is associated with the aim of achieving the desired goals and satisfying socio-economic, cultural and political needs in different places. This point creates different travel patterns and complications, which are usually influenced by physical, demographic, cultural and socio-economic factors that most studies have found. This research aims to identify the factors affecting the user's travel behaviour by acquiring more complete knowledge, systematic literature review (SLR), visual bibliometric analysis based on the characteristics and factors of travel behaviour and 120 selected publications in recent decades. Combining the data allowed us to select 62 publications and link them to the characteristics of travel behaviour and its factors. The results show that the complexity of travel behaviour requires a better assessment of resources and problems and predicting the impact of future trends. On the other hand, the population, the growing levels and mixing of multiculturalism and the influence of behavioural communication are increasing, and their influence should not be neglected, so the path of changing travel behaviour should be considered. This means that everyone's travel standards and assumptions need to be re-examined. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>The mobility of people, services and movement of goods is always considered as an essential economic-spatial factor. In addition, free movement is associated with the aim of achieving the desired goals and satisfying socio-economic, cultural and political needs in different places. This point creates different travel patterns and complications, which are usually influenced by physical, demographic, cultural and socio-economic factors that most studies have found. This research aims to identify the factors affecting the user's travel behaviour by acquiring more complete knowledge, systematic literature review (SLR), visual bibliometric analysis based on the characteristics and factors of travel behaviour and 120 selected publications in recent decades. Combining the data allowed us to select 62 publications and link them to the characteristics of travel behaviour and its factors. The results show that the complexity of travel behaviour requires a better assessment of resources and problems and predicting the impact of future trends. On the other hand, the population, the growing levels and mixing of multiculturalism and the influence of behavioural communication are increasing, and their influence should not be neglected, so the path of changing travel behaviour should be considered. This means that everyone's travel standards and assumptions need to be re-examined.</p> ]]> Travel Behaviour Cycle and Factors Affecting It hoda pourramazani josep l. miralle-garcia doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070302 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 2023 7 3 Article 167 10.18280/ijtdi.070302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070301 The research objective of this work is to analyze what is behind the self-driving offer implemented in Phoenix (Arizona), by Waymo, a service called Waymo One, and model it in $e^3 value$. Through a comprehensive literature review and the application of $e^3 value$ modeling, this study focuses on the fundamental principles and technological advancements of self-driving vehicles and shared mobility services. Waymo’s operations and ecosystem are systematically modeled, providing a detailed representation of the service. Results demonstrate the potential improvements in road safety, traffic reduction, and emissions mitigation achieved through shared autonomous mobility. The $e^3 value$ model offers a holistic perspective on the interactions and value exchanges among stakeholders, including passengers, vehicle operators, infrastructure providers, and regulatory bodies, elucidating their roles within the shared autonomous mobility ecosystem. The idea is to support the development of other shared autonomous vehicles trials around the world. Main goal is to improve the shared autonomous mobility offer, which means better safety on the road, reduced traffic, and lower emissions in the metropolitan areas of cities. Therefore, modeling Waymo One can be a basis for the extension of shared autonomous vehicles businesses to other companies in different geographies. 09-26-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>The research objective of this work is to analyze what is behind the self-driving offer implemented in Phoenix (Arizona), by Waymo, a service called Waymo One, and model it in $e^3 value$. Through a comprehensive literature review and the application of $e^3 value$ modeling, this study focuses on the fundamental principles and technological advancements of self-driving vehicles and shared mobility services. Waymo’s operations and ecosystem are systematically modeled, providing a detailed representation of the service. Results demonstrate the potential improvements in road safety, traffic reduction, and emissions mitigation achieved through shared autonomous mobility. The $e^3 value$ model offers a holistic perspective on the interactions and value exchanges among stakeholders, including passengers, vehicle operators, infrastructure providers, and regulatory bodies, elucidating their roles within the shared autonomous mobility ecosystem. The idea is to support the development of other shared autonomous vehicles trials around the world. Main goal is to improve the shared autonomous mobility offer, which means better safety on the road, reduced traffic, and lower emissions in the metropolitan areas of cities. Therefore, modeling Waymo One can be a basis for the extension of shared autonomous vehicles businesses to other companies in different geographies.</p> ]]> Modeling Waymo’s Shared Autonomous Vehicle Service in Phoenix Using <i>e³value</i> joão nina rosa antónio reis pereira flavia santoro jaap gordijn miguel mira da silva doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070301 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-26-2023 2023 7 3 Article 153 10.18280/ijtdi.070301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_3/ijtdi.070301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070210 Climate change is related with weather extremes, which may cause damages to infrastructure used by freight transport services. Heavy rainfall may lead to flooding and damage to railway lines, roads and inland waterways. Extreme drought may lead to extremely low water levels, which prevent safe navigation by inland barges. Wet and dry periods may alternate, leaving little time to repair damages. In some Western and Middle-European countries, barges have a large share in freight transport. If a main waterway is out of service, then alternatives are called for. Volume- and price-wise, trucking is not a viable alternative. Could railways be that alternative? The paper was written after the unusually long dry summer period in Europe in 2022. It deals with the question: If the Rhine, a major European waterway becomes locally inaccessible, could railways (temporarily) play a larger role in freight transport? It is a continuation of our earlier research. It contains a case study, the data of which was fed into a simulation model. The model deals with technical details like service specification route length, energy consumption and emissions. The study points to interesting rail services to keep Europe’s freight on the move. Their realization may be complex especially in terms of logistics and infrastructure, but is there an alternative? <![CDATA[ <p>Climate change is related with weather extremes, which may cause damages to infrastructure used by freight transport services. Heavy rainfall may lead to flooding and damage to railway lines, roads and inland waterways. Extreme drought may lead to extremely low water levels, which prevent safe navigation by inland barges. Wet and dry periods may alternate, leaving little time to repair damages. In some Western and Middle-European countries, barges have a large share in freight transport. If a main waterway is out of service, then alternatives are called for. Volume- and price-wise, trucking is not a viable alternative. Could railways be that alternative? The paper was written after the unusually long dry summer period in Europe in 2022. It deals with the question: If the Rhine, a major European waterway becomes locally inaccessible, could railways (temporarily) play a larger role in freight transport? It is a continuation of our earlier research. It contains a case study, the data of which was fed into a simulation model. The model deals with technical details like service specification route length, energy consumption and emissions. The study points to interesting rail services to keep Europe’s freight on the move. Their realization may be complex especially in terms of logistics and infrastructure, but is there an alternative?</p> ]]> Towards Climate Resilient Freight Transport in Europe frans bal jaap marinus vleugel doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070210 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2023 7 2 Article 147 10.18280/ijtdi.070210 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070210 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070209 The Trans Java Toll Road infrastructure is an integral part of the development initiatives within Central Java Province. By the end of 2018, the province witnessed a significant rise in economic activities due to the operation of several cross-Java toll roads. Therefore, this research explores the impact of road length, investment, human development index, and labor on the economy in the city area due to the operational influence of toll roads. The sample of this study was 15 cities and regencies in Central Java Province. The period studied is from 2018 to 2022. The analysis utilizes multiple regression methods, including panel and logistics regression using Eviews and Stata software. The investment analysis results have a negative coefficient with no significant effect. High foreign investment can undermine economic growth due to weak infrastructure support, low-quality human resources, and rising inflation. Therefore, for every 1% increase in investment, the gross regional domestic product will decrease by 4%. However, road length, labor, and human development index variables significantly affect the Economy in Central Java Province. Road infrastructure’s impact on the economy indicates that an increase in road length per thousand population substantially affects the gross regional domestic product. <![CDATA[ <p>The Trans Java Toll Road infrastructure is an integral part of the development initiatives within Central Java Province. By the end of 2018, the province witnessed a significant rise in economic activities due to the operation of several cross-Java toll roads. Therefore, this research explores the impact of road length, investment, human development index, and labor on the economy in the city area due to the operational influence of toll roads. The sample of this study was 15 cities and regencies in Central Java Province. The period studied is from 2018 to 2022. The analysis utilizes multiple regression methods, including panel and logistics regression using Eviews and Stata software. The investment analysis results have a negative coefficient with no significant effect. High foreign investment can undermine economic growth due to weak infrastructure support, low-quality human resources, and rising inflation. Therefore, for every 1% increase in investment, the gross regional domestic product will decrease by 4%. However, road length, labor, and human development index variables significantly affect the Economy in Central Java Province. Road infrastructure’s impact on the economy indicates that an increase in road length per thousand population substantially affects the gross regional domestic product.</p> ]]> The Influence of Toll Road Operations on the Economy in Central Java Province wahyuningsih tri hermani ary setyawan evi gravitiani doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070209 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2023 7 2 Article 139 10.18280/ijtdi.070209 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070209 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070208 Traffic accidents are becoming a global issue, causing enormous losses in both human and financial resources. According to a World Health Organization assessment, the severity of road accidents affects between 20 and 50 million people each year. This study intends to examine significant factors that contribute to road traffic accident severity. Seven machine learning models namely, Naive Bayes, KNN, Logistic model tree, Decision Tree, Random Tree, and Logistic Regression machine learning models were compared to the J48 pruned tree model to analyze and predict accident severity in the road traffic accident. To compare the effectiveness of the machine learning models, ten well-known performance evaluation metrics were employed. According to the experimental results, the J48 pruned tree model performed more accurately than the other seven machine learning models. According to the analysis, the number of casualties, the number of vehicles involved in the accident, the weather conditions, and the lighting conditions of the road, is the main determinant of road traffic accident severity. <![CDATA[ <p>Traffic accidents are becoming a global issue, causing enormous losses in both human and financial resources. According to a World Health Organization assessment, the severity of road accidents affects between 20 and 50 million people each year. This study intends to examine significant factors that contribute to road traffic accident severity. Seven machine learning models namely, Naive Bayes, KNN, Logistic model tree, Decision Tree, Random Tree, and Logistic Regression machine learning models were compared to the J48 pruned tree model to analyze and predict accident severity in the road traffic accident. To compare the effectiveness of the machine learning models, ten well-known performance evaluation metrics were employed. According to the experimental results, the J48 pruned tree model performed more accurately than the other seven machine learning models. According to the analysis, the number of casualties, the number of vehicles involved in the accident, the weather conditions, and the lighting conditions of the road, is the main determinant of road traffic accident severity.</p> ]]> Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents Severity Using a Pruned Tree-Based Model timothy t. adeliyi deborah oluwadele kevin igwe oluwasegun j. aroba doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070208 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2023 7 2 Article 131 10.18280/ijtdi.070208 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070208 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070207 This work attempts to develop a universal model for predicting micro-and macro-level accident frequency. The study implies that the number of accidents may vary depending on the type of roadway and the characteristics of its small segments, both at the group and individual levels. A multilevel model has been designed to address the nested link between individual road segments and multiple road classifications. The multilevel analysis allows one to investigate the hierarchical nature of road accident parameters at the micro and macro levels to comprehend the risk of specific road segments within distinct roadway categories. To accomplish this, a case study of fifty-seven roads has been selected, covering five main categories: motorway, expressway, primary arterial, secondary main roads, and minor roads. In addition, each roadway has been subdivided into several flexible-length segments, each of which is identified by its traffic and geometrical characteristics. The outcome confirms that the accident frequency per road segment is more likely to vary between roads with distinct categories. Moreover, road types with low design requirements are more hazardous than well-designed roads, even with lower speed restrictions and traffic numbers. <![CDATA[ <p>This work attempts to develop a universal model for predicting micro-and macro-level accident frequency. The study implies that the number of accidents may vary depending on the type of roadway and the characteristics of its small segments, both at the group and individual levels. A multilevel model has been designed to address the nested link between individual road segments and multiple road classifications. The multilevel analysis allows one to investigate the hierarchical nature of road accident parameters at the micro and macro levels to comprehend the risk of specific road segments within distinct roadway categories. To accomplish this, a case study of fifty-seven roads has been selected, covering five main categories: motorway, expressway, primary arterial, secondary main roads, and minor roads. In addition, each roadway has been subdivided into several flexible-length segments, each of which is identified by its traffic and geometrical characteristics. The outcome confirms that the accident frequency per road segment is more likely to vary between roads with distinct categories. Moreover, road types with low design requirements are more hazardous than well-designed roads, even with lower speed restrictions and traffic numbers.</p> ]]> Multilevel Analysis of Road Accident Frequency: The Impact of the Road Category maen q. ghadi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070207 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2023 7 2 Article 123 10.18280/ijtdi.070207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070206 Almost 60,000 km of high-speed lines are currently in operation worldwide, and around 90,000 km are under construction or planned. A conventional network exists in countries where the high-speed rail (HSR) network is implemented. One of the most important operating models is that which considers the use of HSR-type rolling stock also on conventional networks to produce high-quality services. The problem of designing services that operate on the two types of network is faced at a heuristic level by the different companies that manage railway services. it is therefore useful to have a design model that allows to obtain the optimal solution, with unchanged infrastructural resources. The method used is developed starting from the analysis of the services currently operating on the two networks, building a synthetic graph composed of the macro-links representative of the services existing on the two networks, optimizing the number of stops and the stop time on each macro-link. On the synthetic graph it is possible to obtain the optimal design solution by applying Bellman's theorem. The method is applied to the Italian HSR and conventional networks by studying a new service, referring to the Southern Italy. The results are interesting because compared with the services currently available, they make it possible to optimize travel times, significantly reducing. The lesson that can be drawn is that as all countries build new HSR sections, they can increase user utility by offering high-quality services that use the two networks in an integrated way. <![CDATA[ <p>Almost 60,000 km of high-speed lines are currently in operation worldwide, and around 90,000 km are under construction or planned. A conventional network exists in countries where the high-speed rail (HSR) network is implemented. One of the most important operating models is that which considers the use of HSR-type rolling stock also on conventional networks to produce high-quality services. The problem of designing services that operate on the two types of network is faced at a heuristic level by the different companies that manage railway services. it is therefore useful to have a design model that allows to obtain the optimal solution, with unchanged infrastructural resources. The method used is developed starting from the analysis of the services currently operating on the two networks, building a synthetic graph composed of the macro-links representative of the services existing on the two networks, optimizing the number of stops and the stop time on each macro-link. On the synthetic graph it is possible to obtain the optimal design solution by applying Bellman's theorem. The method is applied to the Italian HSR and conventional networks by studying a new service, referring to the Southern Italy. The results are interesting because compared with the services currently available, they make it possible to optimize travel times, significantly reducing. The lesson that can be drawn is that as all countries build new HSR sections, they can increase user utility by offering high-quality services that use the two networks in an integrated way.</p> ]]> Design of Hybrid Rail Services on Conventional and High-Speed Lines massimo di gangi francesco russo doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070206 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2023 7 2 Article 113 10.18280/ijtdi.070206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070205 Driving cycle is as representation of traffic behaviour in an area or city. It plays a fundamental role in the design of vehicles and to test the performance of the vehicles. This paper studies a driving cycle development method based on k-means clustering and driving cycle prediction based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) by Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The objectives of this paper are to develop a Kuala Terengganu Driving Cycle (KTDC) by using k-means clustering, to develop a prediction of future KTDC, and lastly to analyse the energy consumption and emissions of KTDC. Firstly, the driving data is collected in five different routes in Kuala Terengganu city at go-to-work times. Then the data is divided into micro-trips and the driving features are extracted. The features are used to develop a driving cycle using k-means clustering approach. The prediction is developed after the training of neural networks by using LSTM network approach. Finally, the energy consumption and emissions of KTDC is analysed by using AUTONOMIE software. 06-29-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Driving cycle is as representation of traffic behaviour in an area or city. It plays a fundamental role in the design of vehicles and to test the performance of the vehicles. This paper studies a driving cycle development method based on k-means clustering and driving cycle prediction based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) by Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The objectives of this paper are to develop a Kuala Terengganu Driving Cycle (KTDC) by using k-means clustering, to develop a prediction of future KTDC, and lastly to analyse the energy consumption and emissions of KTDC. Firstly, the driving data is collected in five different routes in Kuala Terengganu city at go-to-work times. Then the data is divided into micro-trips and the driving features are extracted. The features are used to develop a driving cycle using k-means clustering approach. The prediction is developed after the training of neural networks by using LSTM network approach. Finally, the energy consumption and emissions of KTDC is analysed by using AUTONOMIE software.</span></p> ]]> Development and Prediction of Kuala Terengganu Driving Cycle via Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network nurru anida ibrahim arunkumar subramaniam paul walker siti norbakyah jabar salisa abdul rahman doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070205 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2023 2023 7 2 Article 105 10.18280/ijtdi.070205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070204 Between 2018 and 2020, in the approximately 2,600 km of Italian road tunnels, 2,899 people were injured and 60 died in 1,885 road accidents. The accident frequency was lower than on open roads, while the injury/fatality rate was higher. Using the recursive partitioning and regression trees method (rpart), we developed two accident models useful for predicting the probability of involvement of "vehicle type" in short and long tunnels. Variables such as the type of accident, the circumstances, the type of road, the carriageway, the time of the accident, the journey purpose (whether work-related or not), and the length of the tunnel defined the nodes and paths of the regression tree associated with a vehicle type involved. The “road type” was the best predictors for short tunnels while the “journey purpose” was the best predictor for long tunnels. The most important result of the study refers to the similarity between the probability of an accident in short and long tunnels for a specific segment of road users: commuting and non-commuting car drivers and drivers of heavy goods vehicles on-duty. The study showed that this road user segment in short tunnels has an accident probability half that observed in long tunnels. 06-29-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Between 2018 and 2020, in the approximately 2,600 km of Italian road tunnels, 2,899 people were injured and 60 died in 1,885 road accidents. The accident frequency was lower than on open roads, while the injury/fatality rate was higher. Using the recursive partitioning and regression trees method (rpart), we developed two accident models useful for predicting the probability of involvement of "vehicle type" in short and long tunnels. Variables such as the type of accident, the circumstances, the type of road, the carriageway, the time of the accident, the journey purpose (whether work-related or not), and the length of the tunnel defined the nodes and paths of the regression tree associated with a vehicle type involved. The “road type” was the best predictors for short tunnels while the “journey purpose” was the best predictor for long tunnels. The most important result of the study refers to the similarity between the probability of an accident in short and long tunnels for a specific segment of road users: commuting and non-commuting car drivers and drivers of heavy goods vehicles on-duty. The study showed that this road user segment in short tunnels has an accident probability half that observed in long tunnels.</span></p> ]]> Risk Based Tunnel Design by Vehicle Involved in Road Crashes: Models and Tunnel Length antonella pireddu mara lombardi silvia bruzzone davide berardi massimo guarascio doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070204 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2023 2023 7 2 Article 95 10.18280/ijtdi.070204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070203 Autonomous vehicles (AV) have the potential to improve mobility, enhance traffic safety, and provide societal benefits. To date, users’ attitudes toward the adoption of AVs have been mainly extracted from questionnaire surveys among participants that were not directly exposed to AVs. Thus, there is a need to (a) record users' opinions toward AVs before and after they are exposed to the technology, and (b) investigate how demographic factors affect these perceptions and attitudes. This paper compared the attitudes of drivers (N=101) toward AVs before and after being exposed to an interactive, high-fidelity driving simulator that replicated the AV user experience. The analysis examined differences within and between age groups (younger, middle-aged, and older adults) with respect to Intention to Use, Barriers, and Acceptance. Investigation of the gender-related impacts was also performed and documented. The results provided evidence that the perceptions and attitudes of AVs from older and middle-aged adults significantly improved after driving simulator exposure. Older participants and females showed the greatest positive changes in Intention to Use, Barriers, and Acceptance. The study further showcased the value of exposing users to an AV driving simulator as an efficient way to promote users’ acceptance of AV technology. 06-29-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Autonomous vehicles (AV) have the potential to improve mobility, enhance traffic safety, and provide societal benefits. To date, users’ attitudes toward the adoption of AVs have been mainly extracted from questionnaire surveys among participants that were not directly exposed to AVs. Thus, there is a need to (a) record users' opinions toward AVs before and after they are exposed to the technology, and (b) investigate how demographic factors affect these perceptions and attitudes. This paper compared the attitudes of drivers (N=101) toward AVs before and after being exposed to an interactive, high-fidelity driving simulator that replicated the AV user experience. The analysis examined differences within and between age groups (younger, middle-aged, and older adults) with respect to Intention to Use, Barriers, and Acceptance. Investigation of the gender-related impacts was also performed and documented. The results provided evidence that the perceptions and attitudes of AVs from older and middle-aged adults significantly improved after driving simulator exposure. Older participants and females showed the greatest positive changes in Intention to Use, Barriers, and Acceptance. The study further showcased the value of exposing users to an AV driving simulator as an efficient way to promote users’ acceptance of AV technology.</span></p> ]]> Examining the Impact of Age and Gender on Drivers’ Perceptions Toward Autonomous Vehicles Before and after Autonomous Driving Simulator Exposure virginia p. sisiopiku wencui yang justin mason brandy mckinney seung woo hwangbo sherrilene classen doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070203 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2023 2023 7 2 Article 85 10.18280/ijtdi.070203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070202 The main purpose of the article is to study the infrastructure of multimodal transportation in the context of changes in transport and logistics routes. The object of research is the infrastructure of multimodal transportation. The main issue of the study is to determine ways to develop the infrastructure of multimodal transportation in the context of changing transport and logistics routes. For this, a modern methodology of functional modeling was used. As a result, a model was obtained that, in a graphical language, represents the main aspects of the development of the multimodal transportation infrastructure in the context of changes in transport and logistics routes. The focus of the study falls on Ukraine and its transport infrastructure. The article explores the development of multimodal transportation infrastructure in the context of changing transport and logistics routes. Showing the loss of the size of cargo transshipment by the seaports of the annexation of the area. The features of the functioning of seaports in an aggressive environment are described. Empirically, the potential volume of cargo transshipment and the volume of exports by seaports for a single country under different conditions have been established. Empirically established the volume of losses of container handling of goods. The study is limited by taking into account the multimodal transportation infrastructure of only one country taken. 06-29-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times, serif">The main purpose of the article is to study the infrastructure of multimodal transportation in the context of changes in transport and logistics routes. The object of research is the infrastructure of multimodal transportation. The main issue of the study is to determine ways to develop the infrastructure of multimodal transportation in the context of changing transport and logistics routes. For this, a modern methodology of functional modeling was used. As a result, a model was obtained that, in a graphical language, represents the main aspects of the development of the multimodal transportation infrastructure in the context of changes in transport and logistics routes. The focus of the study falls on Ukraine and its transport infrastructure. The article explores the development of multimodal transportation infrastructure in the context of changing transport and logistics routes. Showing the loss of the size of cargo transshipment by the seaports of the annexation of the area. The features of the functioning of seaports in an aggressive environment are described. Empirically, the potential volume of cargo transshipment and the volume of exports by seaports for a single country under different conditions have been established. Empirically established the volume of losses of container handling of goods. The study is limited by taking into account the multimodal transportation infrastructure of only one country taken.</span></p> ]]> Adapting Multimodal Transportation Infrastructure to Changing Transport and Logistics Routes mariana melnyk iryna leshchukh khrystyna prytula florentina chirodea anna maksymenko joanna kurowska-pysz yaroslava kalat daniel michniak doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070202 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2023 2023 7 2 Article 77 10.18280/ijtdi.070202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070201 Gender can determine mobility habits and patterns in everyday life. Yet, different mobility needs of men and women are often ignored in the urban transport systems analysis and planning. Different attitudes and perceptions can determine the transport mode choice as well as the basic characteristics of a person’s trip. Integrated transport and urban planning require taking into account these differences for reasons of inclusivity. This paper identifies gender differences in travel perceptions, attitudes and behaviours using inferential statistical analysis of questionnaire surveys contacted in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece, and discusses the policy directions to enhance gender mobility equity. The results are cross-checked with international literature to explore the role of local culture in explaining gender gaps in urban mobility. 06-29-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Gender can determine mobility habits and patterns in everyday life. Yet, different mobility needs of men and women are often ignored in the urban transport systems analysis and planning. Different attitudes and perceptions can determine the transport mode choice as well as the basic characteristics of a person’s trip. Integrated transport and urban planning require taking into account these differences for reasons of inclusivity. This paper identifies gender differences in travel perceptions, attitudes and behaviours using inferential statistical analysis of questionnaire surveys contacted in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece, and discusses the policy directions to enhance gender mobility equity. The results are cross-checked with international literature to explore the role of local culture in explaining gender gaps in urban mobility.</span></p> ]]> Does Gender Matter in Daily Urban Mobility? Exploring Travel Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behaviours socrates basbas apostolos papagiannakis ioannis baraklianos andreas nikiforiadis tiziana campisi doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070201 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 06-29-2023 2023 7 2 Article 67 10.18280/ijtdi.070201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_2/ijtdi.070201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070107 Mobility measures have an influential impact on urban social sustainability. This has not been investigated enough in the recent urban waterfront redevelopment projects in United Arab Emirates (UAE). This research aims at first initiating an assessment method for the mobility measures on both the morphological/urban form and urban design levels. Then, it aims at applying this assessment method on Mina Zayed (Zayed Port) waterfront urban regeneration project in Abu Dhabi, as a selected case study. The assessment method relied on an established theoretical framework that defined the principles and indicators of both the mobility morphological measures including Compactness and Density, Mixed-Use Development, Accessibility, and Mobility Networks Connectivity and Integration on the one hand, and the urban design mobility measures including Comfort and Livability, Environmental Quality, Safety and Security on the other hand. The utilized qualitative/quantitative tools of the adopted Case Study method encompassed the expert analysis of the CAD design drawings, Space Syntax Theory application through the DepthmapX simulation variables of Step Depth, Choice and Integration. The initiated assessment method managed to reveal the challenges and potentials of the investigated mobility measures in the analyzed case study. Based on these outcomes, a set of enhancement strategies for mobility measures on both morphological scale and urban design scale has been recommended. These included, among other measures, improving the infrastructure for non-motorized modes of mobility, enhancing mixed land-use of the design, having a more integrated mobility grid and improving accessibility. The research findings proved the validity of the applied assessment method, with its relevant investigation tools, makes it a legitimate revising method for the waterfront urban regeneration designs in the UAE, and in other countries in the region to help significantly enhance the attainment of social sustainability in waterfront urban regeneration projects. 03-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Mobility measures have an influential impact on urban social sustainability. This has not been investigated enough in the recent urban waterfront redevelopment projects in United Arab Emirates (UAE). This research aims at first initiating an assessment method for the mobility measures on both the morphological/urban form and urban design levels. Then, it aims at applying this assessment method on Mina Zayed (Zayed Port) waterfront urban regeneration project in Abu Dhabi, as a selected case study. The assessment method relied on an established theoretical framework that defined the principles and indicators of both the mobility morphological measures including Compactness and Density, Mixed-Use Development, Accessibility, and Mobility Networks Connectivity and Integration on the one hand, and the urban design mobility measures including Comfort and Livability, Environmental Quality, Safety and Security on the other hand. The utilized qualitative/quantitative tools of the adopted Case Study method encompassed the expert analysis of the CAD design drawings, Space Syntax Theory application through the DepthmapX simulation variables of Step Depth, Choice and Integration. The initiated assessment method managed to reveal the challenges and potentials of the investigated mobility measures in the analyzed case study. Based on these outcomes, a set of enhancement strategies for mobility measures on both morphological scale and urban design scale has been recommended. These included, among other measures, improving the infrastructure for non-motorized modes of mobility, enhancing mixed land-use of the design, having a more integrated mobility grid and improving accessibility. The research findings proved the validity of the applied assessment method, with its relevant investigation tools, makes it a legitimate revising method for the waterfront urban regeneration designs in the UAE, and in other countries in the region to help significantly enhance the attainment of social sustainability in waterfront urban regeneration projects.</span></p> ]]> Assessing Mobility Measures for Socially Sustainable Waterfront Redevelopment Projects: A Case Study in United Arab Emirates baraah moutaz hamdoon khaled galal ahmed doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070107 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 2023 7 1 Article 55 10.18280/ijtdi.070107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070107 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070106 The transport system has a crucial role in economic and social processes. In emergency conditions, a resilient infrastructure has to keep supply chains active through mobilising people and goods. Accordingly, administrations are increasingly using tools such as decision support systems to assist decisionmakers through the evolution of crisis phenomena. The most modern decision support systems will have a modular structure, where acquisition and analysis layers must be recursive. Moreover, innovative solutions let to employ a wide range of data acquired through information and communication technologies and sources of information provided by volunteers. This trend makes real-time information and monitoring a cornerstone to allow decision-makers to implement plans considering the transport system’s current conditions and the emergency phases. Thus, the present paper aims to provide a brief critical analysis of the approaches and models developed, highlighting the progress made and their limitations. Finally, the proposal for a general and flexible architecture is outlined; it allows the public administration to approach emergencies by extending the decision-making phases to the various professionals involved in the resolution for a specific instance, thus evaluating the system’s optimum solutions in managing: the evacuation process; resources allocation and displacement. 03-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The transport system has a crucial role in economic and social processes. In emergency conditions, a resilient infrastructure has to keep supply chains active through mobilising people and goods. Accordingly, administrations are increasingly using tools such as decision support systems to assist decisionmakers through the evolution of crisis phenomena. The most modern decision support systems will have a modular structure, where acquisition and analysis layers must be recursive. Moreover, innovative solutions let to employ a wide range of data acquired through information and communication technologies and sources of information provided by volunteers. This trend makes real-time information and monitoring a cornerstone to allow decision-makers to implement plans considering the transport system’s current conditions and the emergency phases. Thus, the present paper aims to provide a brief critical analysis of the approaches and models developed, highlighting the progress made and their limitations. Finally, the proposal for a general and flexible architecture is outlined; it allows the public administration to approach emergencies by extending the decision-making phases to the various professionals involved in the resolution for a specific instance, thus evaluating the system’s optimum solutions in managing: the evacuation process; resources allocation and displacement.</span></p> ]]> An Overview on Decision Support Systems for Risk Management in Emergency Conditions: Present, Past and Future Trends massimo di gangi orlando marco belcore antonio polimeni doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070106 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 2023 7 1 Article 45 10.18280/ijtdi.070106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070106 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070105 The excessive number of passengers at Adisutjipto Airport, Yogyakarta, Indonesia over the airport capacity has urged the government to relocate the airport to Yogyakarta International Airport (YIA) in Kulon Progo, which is located in two hour’s drive from the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Such great distance certainly necessitates a mode of transportation to enable the movement of passengers to and from YIA. On this basis, this research aims to create an intermodal passenger transport planning, including routes, the necessary number of ways and financial feasibility for ease of transport to and from the new airport. This research used transportation planning method based on route analysis of potential transportation demand. The study was conducted by an interview survey of 1,000 respondents of air transport passengers at Adisutjipto Airport. The results of the survey were analysed in terms of the potential demand, trip distribution, route network and transportation need and financial feasibility. The study revealed that there were two provinces with high potential demand for airport development, namely the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta (72.80%) and the province of central Java (27.20%). It was predicted that the airport will serve 5,070 number of passengers/day. Eight routes were found to be very potential and will require 46 vehicles to serve the number of passengers, including the spare. Financial feasibility shows a net benefit value (NPV) of 128.397,296,609 (NPV>0), financial interest rate return of 18.23% (FIRR > bank interest) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) 1.4625 (BCR>1), indicating that this planning project is feasible to implement. 03-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The excessive number of passengers at Adisutjipto Airport, Yogyakarta, Indonesia over the airport capacity has urged the government to relocate the airport to Yogyakarta International Airport (YIA) in Kulon Progo, which is located in two hour’s drive from the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Such great distance certainly necessitates a mode of transportation to enable the movement of passengers to and from YIA. On this basis, this research aims to create an intermodal passenger transport planning, including routes, the necessary number of ways and financial feasibility for ease of transport to and from the new airport. This research used transportation planning method based on route analysis of potential transportation demand. The study was conducted by an interview survey of 1,000 respondents of air transport passengers at Adisutjipto Airport. The results of the survey were analysed in terms of the potential demand, trip distribution, route network and transportation need and financial feasibility. The study revealed that there were two provinces with high potential demand for airport development, namely the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta (72.80%) and the province of central Java (27.20%). It was predicted that the airport will serve 5,070 number of passengers/day. Eight routes were found to be very potential and will require 46 vehicles to serve the number of passengers, including the spare. Financial feasibility shows a net benefit value (NPV) of 128.397,296,609 (NPV>0), financial interest rate return of 18.23% (FIRR > bank interest) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) 1.4625 (BCR>1), indicating that this planning project is feasible to implement.</span></p> ]]> Intermodal Passenger Transport Planning in Yogyakarta International Airport, Indonesia imam basuki doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070105 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 2023 7 1 Article 35 10.18280/ijtdi.070105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070104 Globally, communities are committing to reduce the risks arising from different types of events. According to the classical formulation, risk comprehends occurrence and magnitude related to the potential damages produced by the event. Magnitude comprehends two components: exposure and vulnerability. It is possible to define specific actions for pursuing risk reduction according to the emergency management cycle and its phases (prevention, preparedness, response and recovery). This paper focuses on the preparedness phase and the transport planning process at the urban level. The process produces decisions about the configuration of the transport system and its components (supply, demand and interactions). Generally, planning decisions concern ordinary conditions but they have to be defined considering also implications for extraordinary situations. The objective of this paper is to present different issues of urban transport planning, one for each risk component. A single emergency event and the relative urban planning activities have been selected. The selected event represents a category of disasters with effects to be reduced with specific planned activities. The issues represent different problems and relative solutions to increase preparedness for emergency events at the urban level with a correct approach to risk assessment for supporting urban transport planning. The paper contributes to clarifying the characteristics of the risk’s components and relative urban transport planning activities aimed at reducing risk. 03-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Globally, communities are committing to reduce the risks arising from different types of events. According to the classical formulation, risk comprehends occurrence and magnitude related to the potential damages produced by the event. Magnitude comprehends two components: exposure and vulnerability. It is possible to define specific actions for pursuing risk reduction according to the emergency management cycle and its phases (prevention, preparedness, response and recovery). This paper focuses on the preparedness phase and the transport planning process at the urban level. The process produces decisions about the configuration of the transport system and its components (supply, demand and interactions). Generally, planning decisions concern ordinary conditions but they have to be defined considering also implications for extraordinary situations. The objective of this paper is to present different issues of urban transport planning, one for each risk component</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">. </span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">A single emergency event and the relative urban planning activities have been selected</span><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">. </span></em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The selected event represents a category of disasters with effects to be reduced with specific planned activities. The issues represent different problems and relative solutions to increase preparedness for emergency events at the urban level with a correct approach to risk assessment for supporting urban transport planning. The paper contributes to clarifying the characteristics of the risk’s components and relative urban transport planning activities aimed at reducing risk.</span></p> ]]> Planning for Risk Reduction in the Transport System at Urban Level corrado rindone paola panuccio doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070104 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 2023 7 1 Article 27 10.18280/ijtdi.070104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070103 This research aims to determine the initial stage of the process series and estimate the level of travelers’ desire from Padang to other cities on the Sumatra Island using the trans-Sumatra railway transportation mode planned by the government to operate in 2024. Due to the enormous cost of development investment, data was obtained by observing potential users through a preliminary survey and by distributing questionnaires to residents of Padang city. This was carried out to determine the public’s interest in the railway mode, which has been served by flexible transportation modes, such as Inter-City Inter-Provincial buses and planes. Furthermore, the analytical method was used to determine whether the community wants to use the trans Sumatra rail mode and the implementation of new services to integrate with a Seamless system in train operations. Studies have not been previously conducted on a Seamless door-to-door service. The result showed a need for new service attributes in the rail transportation mode by making the train flexible with door-to-door service and the implementation of a Seamless Service with 1 ticket. 03-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research aims to determine the initial stage of the process series and estimate the level of travelers’ desire from Padang to other cities on the Sumatra Island using the trans-Sumatra railway transportation mode planned by the government to operate in 2024. Due to the enormous cost of development investment, data was obtained by observing potential users through a preliminary survey and by distributing questionnaires to residents of Padang city. This was carried out to determine the public’s interest in the railway mode, which has been served by flexible transportation modes, such as Inter-City Inter-Provincial buses and planes. Furthermore, the analytical method was used to determine whether the community wants to use the trans Sumatra rail mode and the implementation of new services to integrate with a Seamless system in train operations. Studies have not been previously conducted on a Seamless door-to-door service. The result showed a need for new service attributes in the rail transportation mode by making the train flexible with door-to-door service and the implementation of a Seamless Service with 1 ticket.</span></p> ]]> Potential Use of Trans-Sumatra Railway Through Seamless Integration Service with Online Transportation fidel miro purnawan bayu martanto adji yosritzal doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070103 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 2023 7 1 Article 21 10.18280/ijtdi.070103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070102 Environmental disasters can maliciously affect the property, human lives and entire ecosystems. The magnitude and extent of such a disaster can lead to uncertainty about the measurement and the extent of liability, and how the restoration of the environmental damage will be achieved. Oil spills from tanker vessels constitute the most severe threat to the local and global ecosystem in the shipping industry. when an oil spill incident emerges, it usually spreads rapidly, leading to massive disasters in the local aquatic ecosystem and human property without prompt treatment. This paper assesses the famous accident of Exxon Valdez: (i) to identify and measure the effect of each contributing factor to the accident, (ii) to determine the best solutions to minimise such risks in the future with the implementation of failure mode effect analysis in conjunction with the doctrinal method and at the same time (iii) to propose a new method of accident assessment by combining the doctrinal method with a variation of a well-known risk assessment method. 03-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Environmental disasters can maliciously affect the property, human lives and entire ecosystems. The magnitude and extent of such a disaster can lead to uncertainty about the measurement and the extent of liability, and how the restoration of the environmental damage will be achieved. Oil spills from tanker vessels constitute the most severe threat to the local and global ecosystem in the shipping industry. when an oil spill incident emerges, it usually spreads rapidly, leading to massive disasters in the local aquatic ecosystem and human property without prompt treatment. This paper assesses the famous accident of Exxon Valdez: (i) to identify and measure the effect of each contributing factor to the accident, (ii) to determine the best solutions to minimise such risks in the future with the implementation of failure mode effect analysis in conjunction with the doctrinal method and at the same time (iii) to propose a new method of accident assessment by combining the doctrinal method with a variation of a well-known risk assessment method.</span></p> ]]> Proactive Steps Towards Sustainable Shipping: Assessing Maritime Accidents of the Past to Prevent Similar Incidents in the Future michael boviatsis georgios vlachos doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070102 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 2023 7 1 Article 13 10.18280/ijtdi.070102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070101 Freight transportation has an essential role in connecting supply and demand that are spread geographically, which impacts the region’s economic. In an archipelagic country like, Indonesia, freight transportation ideally involves more than one mode or multimodal transport. Currently, the development of transportation infrastructure networks is not yet integrated and lacks a multimodal perspective. Meanwhile, many stakeholders or actors involved in the freight transport sector also increase the complexity of multimodal network planning. From the government perspective, each transportation sub-sectors, primarily based on the mode, has its planning and lacks integration, particularly in multimodal transport. This paper proposes the integrated strategic planning model of a multimodal freight transport network. It emphasizes how to attain the optimum benefit which represents the efficient value in the freight transport system. The model’s objective is to minimize the total distribution cost of the whole system by using the budget limitation of the transportation infrastructure’s total investment, operational and maintenance cost. The budget limitation constraint indeed represents the role of the government to arrange the budget for the transportation sub-sector. The results showed that this model can select the best scenario of infrastructure development from the perspective of multimodal transport rather than unimodal. The proposed model can be used to integrate the planning of the transportation sub-sector 03-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Freight transportation has an essential role in connecting supply and demand that are spread geographically, which impacts the region’s economic. In an archipelagic country like, Indonesia, freight transportation ideally involves more than one mode or multimodal transport. Currently, the development of transportation infrastructure networks is not yet integrated and lacks a multimodal perspective. Meanwhile, many stakeholders or actors involved in the freight transport sector also increase the complexity of multimodal network planning. From the government perspective, each transportation sub-sectors, primarily based on the mode, has its planning and lacks integration, particularly in multimodal transport. This paper proposes the integrated strategic planning model of a multimodal freight transport network. It emphasizes how to attain the optimum benefit which represents the efficient value in the freight transport system. The model’s objective is to minimize the total distribution cost of the whole system by using the budget limitation of the transportation infrastructure’s total investment, operational and maintenance cost. The budget limitation constraint indeed represents the role of the government to arrange the budget for the transportation sub-sector. The results showed that this model can select the best scenario of infrastructure development from the perspective of multimodal transport rather than unimodal. The proposed model can be used to integrate the planning of the transportation sub-sector</span></p> ]]> The Integrated Strategic Planning of Multimodal Freight Transport Network Under Infrastructure Budget Limitation fitri indriastiwi s. p. hadiwardoyo nahry doi: 10.18280/ijtdi.070101 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 03-30-2023 2023 7 1 Article 1 10.18280/ijtdi.070101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2023_7_1/ijtdi.070101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-428-442 People with disabilities face many obstacles in accessing public transport and their needs are often overlooked. The transport systems in many countries including South Africa do not meet the basic requirements of universal design, despite the awareness, support from different organisations and inclusion in policy. The purpose of the study was to investigate the structural barriers experienced by people with disabilities in accessing transport. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from people with disabilities. The findings of the study reveal that infrastructure is generally poorly designed and there is a lack of accessible infrastructure, which consequently compromises the safety of people with disabilities. Most people with disabilities find it difficult to cross roads or intersections. The results also reveal that public transport vehicles do not comply with universal access principles. The study recommends regular accessibility audits of infrastructure which involve the participation of people with disabilities. This study contributes to literature on transport barriers experienced by people with disabilities not only in Tshwane but in other African cities. The barriers experienced by people with disabilities established in this study could inform decision makers and thereby help to improve policies and legislation regarding the provision of universally accessible transport infrastructure and services. <![CDATA[ <p>People with disabilities face many obstacles in accessing public transport and their needs are often overlooked. The transport systems in many countries including South Africa do not meet the basic requirements of universal design, despite the awareness, support from different organisations and inclusion in policy. The purpose of the study was to investigate the structural barriers experienced by people with disabilities in accessing transport. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from people with disabilities. The findings of the study reveal that infrastructure is generally poorly designed and there is a lack of accessible infrastructure, which consequently compromises the safety of people with disabilities. Most people with disabilities find it difficult to cross roads or intersections. The results also reveal that public transport vehicles do not comply with universal access principles. The study recommends regular accessibility audits of infrastructure which involve the participation of people with disabilities. This study contributes to literature on transport barriers experienced by people with disabilities not only in Tshwane but in other African cities. The barriers experienced by people with disabilities established in this study could inform decision makers and thereby help to improve policies and legislation regarding the provision of universally accessible transport infrastructure and services.</p> ]]> The Structural Barriers to Universally Accessible Transport: The Tshwane (ZAF) Metropolitan Area Study Case b. duri r. luke doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-428-442 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 4 Article 428 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-428-442 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-428-442 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-415-427 The maritime transport of goods has always been the crucial element of international trade. The two pillars of maritime transport are: the sea routes and the port systems. The main characteristic that represents the performance of the ports, in sea side, is the time of the ship in port from the arrival and entrance in the port, to the departure from the port, after having completed the loading/unloading operations. The time of the ship in port, by considering the largest ports of a country, is therefore a synthetic indicator of the ability of each country-system to compete in international trade challenges. It is useful to investigate what are the significant characteristics, aggregated at the country level, that determine the average ship time in port at the country level. This analysis is important for planners operating at national level and for technicians and planners who operate within the individual port systems, because it allows to define general policies aimed at improving the performance of the country-system in the global competition, and of the generic port in the competitiveness. <![CDATA[ <p>The maritime transport of goods has always been the crucial element of international trade. The two pillars of maritime transport are: the sea routes and the port systems. The main characteristic that represents the performance of the ports, in sea side, is the time of the ship in port from the arrival and entrance in the port, to the departure from the port, after having completed the loading/unloading operations. The time of the ship in port, by considering the largest ports of a country, is therefore a synthetic indicator of the ability of each country-system to compete in international trade challenges. It is useful to investigate what are the significant characteristics, aggregated at the country level, that determine the average ship time in port at the country level. This analysis is important for planners operating at national level and for technicians and planners who operate within the individual port systems, because it allows to define general policies aimed at improving the performance of the country-system in the global competition, and of the generic port in the competitiveness.</p> ]]> Container Ports in Country Systems: Calibration of the Aggregate Function for the Time of the Ship in Port francesco russo girolamo peda’ giuseppe musolino doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-415-427 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 4 Article 415 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-415-427 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-415-427 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-399-414 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the need for mass transportation in Makassar City, Indonesia and to analyze public perceptions of the relationships among transport management, service qualities, user capacity and acceptance through user satisfaction. This research was conducted in two stages. The first was a survey of public transport users and an estimate of the number of the bus fleet requirements. This was conducted by estimating the number of users, mapping the main public transportation routes and measuring the period based on the departure schedule and the headway. In the second stage, a survey of public perceptions of bus transportation, which covered transport management, service qualities, user capacity, user satisfaction and user acceptance, was conducted. A self-administrated questionnaire had been developed and distributed in 10 residential points representing a certain area in Makassar city, Indonesia. At each point, 40 questionnaires were distributed to respondents by non-probability samplings. The respondents were selected by certain criteria consisting of age, transport need and experience in receiving bus services. out of 400 questionnaires that have been distributed, 315 were returned (78.0%). Of the 315, there were 15 regarded as invalid and 300 were considered valid responses. Therefore, further analyses were done by extracting those 300 valid responses. The results indicated that user acceptance was directly or indirectly influenced by transport management, service qualities, user capacity and user satisfaction. User satisfaction is an intervening variable between service qualities and user acceptance. Meanwhile, user capacity positively and directly affects user acceptance, but indirectly it has a negative relationship with user satisfaction. Therefore, the quality of the bus services in terms of security, comfort and orderliness significantly affects user satisfaction, which impacts acceptance. <![CDATA[ <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the need for mass transportation in Makassar City, Indonesia and to analyze public perceptions of the relationships among transport management, service qualities, user capacity and acceptance through user satisfaction. This research was conducted in two stages. The first was a survey of public transport users and an estimate of the number of the bus fleet requirements. This was conducted by estimating the number of users, mapping the main public transportation routes and measuring the period based on the departure schedule and the headway. In the second stage, a survey of public perceptions of bus transportation, which covered transport management, service qualities, user capacity, user satisfaction and user acceptance, was conducted. A self-administrated questionnaire had been developed and distributed in 10 residential points representing a certain area in Makassar city, Indonesia. At each point, 40 questionnaires were distributed to respondents by non-probability samplings. The respondents were selected by certain criteria consisting of age, transport need and experience in receiving bus services. out of 400 questionnaires that have been distributed, 315 were returned (78.0%). Of the 315, there were 15 regarded as invalid and 300 were considered valid responses. Therefore, further analyses were done by extracting those 300 valid responses. The results indicated that user acceptance was directly or indirectly influenced by transport management, service qualities, user capacity and user satisfaction. User satisfaction is an intervening variable between service qualities and user acceptance. Meanwhile, user capacity positively and directly affects user acceptance, but indirectly it has a negative relationship with user satisfaction. Therefore, the quality of the bus services in terms of security, comfort and orderliness significantly affects user satisfaction, which impacts acceptance.</p> ]]> User Acceptance of Public Transport Systems Based on a Perception Model lambang basri said ilham syafey doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-399-414 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 4 Article 399 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-399-414 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-399-414 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-378-398 The recent decades have witnessed a growing trend towards transit-oriented development (TOD) to achieve sustainable development through maintaining the integration between land use and transport systems. It is believed that measuring the TOD level ‘TOD-ness’ is important for TOD planning. However, it has been found that the spatial studies and quantitative methods that comprehensively measure TOD-ness are still limited. Furthermore, some methods do not have standard frameworks, and they vary according to the research context and orientation. Accordingly, the major focus of this paper is related to the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), quantitative measuring methods that prioritize potential areas for intervention. Based on a systematic review, this paper aims to evaluate the existing studies published between 2000 and 2020 in relation to TOD-ness measurement and its operationalization. This systematic review is an attempt to present the dominant methodologies used and analyse their pros and cons. Accordingly, the paper introduces a theoretical review of the TOD concept, its evolution and methods employed from the previous studies. Then, an analytical review is conducted for the eligible records, that are extracted from eight databases according to certain criteria. Finally, it is expected that the outcomes of the research will provide insight for further studies, in addition to presenting the best-adopted methods and assisting in developing MCDM models that measure TOD-ness quantitively. <![CDATA[ <p>The recent decades have witnessed a growing trend towards transit-oriented development (TOD) to achieve sustainable development through maintaining the integration between land use and transport systems. It is believed that measuring the TOD level ‘TOD-ness’ is important for TOD planning. However, it has been found that the spatial studies and quantitative methods that comprehensively measure TOD-ness are still limited. Furthermore, some methods do not have standard frameworks, and they vary according to the research context and orientation. Accordingly, the major focus of this paper is related to the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), quantitative measuring methods that prioritize potential areas for intervention. Based on a systematic review, this paper aims to evaluate the existing studies published between 2000 and 2020 in relation to TOD-ness measurement and its operationalization. This systematic review is an attempt to present the dominant methodologies used and analyse their pros and cons. Accordingly, the paper introduces a theoretical review of the TOD concept, its evolution and methods employed from the previous studies. Then, an analytical review is conducted for the eligible records, that are extracted from eight databases according to certain criteria. Finally, it is expected that the outcomes of the research will provide insight for further studies, in addition to presenting the best-adopted methods and assisting in developing MCDM models that measure TOD-ness quantitively.</p> ]]> Planning Transit-Oriented Development (Tod): A Systematic Literature Review of Measuring the Transit-Oriented Development Levels sara m. ibrahim hany m. ayad dina m. saadallah doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-378-398 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 4 Article 378 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-378-398 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-378-398 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-363-377 Traffic accidents are among the most censorious issues confronting the world as they cause numerous deaths, wounds and fatalities just as monetary misfortunes consistently. According to the world health organization (WHO) reports, 5,18,3626 accidents took place in India in the year 2019. Factors that contribute to these road crashes/ traffic accidents and resulting injuries include inattentive drivers, unenforced traffic laws, poor road infrastructure, driving in bad weather conditions and others. This investigation effort establishes models to select a set of influential factors and to build up a model for classifying the severity of injuries. Machine learning models can be applied to model and predict the severity of injury that occurs during road accidents. One such way is to apply unsupervised learning models such as Apriori, Apriori TID (transaction id), SFIT (set operation for frequent itemset using transaction database) and ECLAT (equivalence class clustering and bottom-up lattice traversal) which analyze the unlabeled traffic accidents dataset and determine the relationship between traffic accidents and injury. This research work is helpful for traffic departments to decrease the number of accidents and to distinguish the injury’s seriousness extensive simulations were carried out to demonstrate the unsupervised learning algorithms for predicting the injury severity of traffic accidents. Apriori algorithm predicts the patterns in 962 milliseconds, Apriori TID (transaction id) algorithm predicts the pattern in 557 milliseconds, SFIT algorithm predicts the pattern in 516 milliseconds and ECLAT algorithm predicts the pattern in 124 milliseconds. ECLAT algorithm took less time compared to all the other algorithms. <![CDATA[ <p>Traffic accidents are among the most censorious issues confronting the world as they cause numerous deaths, wounds and fatalities just as monetary misfortunes consistently. According to the world health organization (WHO) reports, 5,18,3626 accidents took place in India in the year 2019. Factors that contribute to these road crashes/ traffic accidents and resulting injuries include inattentive drivers, unenforced traffic laws, poor road infrastructure, driving in bad weather conditions and others. This investigation effort establishes models to select a set of influential factors and to build up a model for classifying the severity of injuries. Machine learning models can be applied to model and predict the severity of injury that occurs during road accidents. One such way is to apply unsupervised learning models such as Apriori, Apriori TID (transaction id), SFIT (set operation for frequent itemset using transaction database) and ECLAT (equivalence class clustering and bottom-up lattice traversal) which analyze the unlabeled traffic accidents dataset and determine the relationship between traffic accidents and injury. This research work is helpful for traffic departments to decrease the number of accidents and to distinguish the injury’s seriousness extensive simulations were carried out to demonstrate the unsupervised learning algorithms for predicting the injury severity of traffic accidents. Apriori algorithm predicts the patterns in 962 milliseconds, Apriori TID (transaction id) algorithm predicts the pattern in 557 milliseconds, SFIT algorithm predicts the pattern in 516 milliseconds and ECLAT algorithm predicts the pattern in 124 milliseconds. ECLAT algorithm took less time compared to all the other algorithms.</p> ]]> Predicting Traffic Accidents and Their Injury Severities Using Machine Learning Techniques h. l. gururaj v. janhavi u. tanuja fransesco flamini b. c. soundarya vinayakumar ravi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-363-377 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 4 Article 363 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-363-377 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-363-377 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-347-362 UNCTAD identified the structural factors of commercial ports and introduced the general definition of ‘port generation’. Third-generation ports were born with the container revolution in the last decades of the 20th century. The container became the main unit for the transport of goods, both intermediate and finished, between production and consumption regions. Containerization allowed the globalization of the economy and ports became the nodes of the global supply chain. The paper proposes a methodology, based on consolidated theoretical models, to ex-ante evaluate the current and future scenarios of an international commercial port. The methodology has been applied to the container port of Gioia Tauro, with the aim to verify its ability to become a third-generation port as a generator of value added, rather than only a centre of cost. The results of the application allowed to identifying the development direction and the planned interventions in the port, as far as concerns general transport, agri-food logistics and mechanical logistics. <![CDATA[ <p>UNCTAD identified the structural factors of commercial ports and introduced the general definition of ‘port generation’. Third-generation ports were born with the container revolution in the last decades of the 20th century. The container became the main unit for the transport of goods, both intermediate and finished, between production and consumption regions. Containerization allowed the globalization of the economy and ports became the nodes of the global supply chain. The paper proposes a methodology, based on consolidated theoretical models, to ex-ante evaluate the current and future scenarios of an international commercial port. The methodology has been applied to the container port of Gioia Tauro, with the aim to verify its ability to become a third-generation port as a generator of value added, rather than only a centre of cost. The results of the application allowed to identifying the development direction and the planned interventions in the port, as far as concerns general transport, agri-food logistics and mechanical logistics.</p> ]]> Evaluation of Structural Factors in a Thirdgeneration Port: Methods and Applications giuseppe musolino antonio cartisano giovanna chilà giuseppe fortugno maria rosaria trecozzi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-347-362 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 4 Article 347 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-347-362 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-347-362 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-333-346 Greek legislation (Presidential Decree104/2011) in line with the European Directive 2008/96/EC plans to implement Road Infrastructure Safety Management (RISM) for the road network of Greece. The procedure of Road Safety Audit (RSA) is one of the main RISM procedures as a means for preventing accidents. This paper addresses the RSA findings on a national 2-lane, 2-way road network in Greece, as a reactive approach to identifying safety issues and infrastructure deficiencies. The examined road network is a typical road in Greece and the presented approach analysis may operate as a report to roadway authority officials to gain a better understanding on the current state assessment of the typical type of road. The RSA conducted by a team of auditors who was experienced in road design as well as in road safety engineering and user driving behaviour. The RSA team developed checklists for the specific roadway, according to the Greek legislation, checking the conformity of road layout to Road Design Specifications, potential violations of driver expectancies related to roadway design, and risk potential accidents points. The findings were categorized into groups taking into account the analysis of human factors. The proposed remedial measures are based on behavioural studies and they presented in qualitative evaluation. However, cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses combined with the specifics in each case are imperative for the key issues to be addressed. <![CDATA[ <p>Greek legislation (Presidential Decree104/2011) in line with the European Directive 2008/96/EC plans to implement Road Infrastructure Safety Management (RISM) for the road network of Greece. The procedure of Road Safety Audit (RSA) is one of the main RISM procedures as a means for preventing accidents. This paper addresses the RSA findings on a national 2-lane, 2-way road network in Greece, as a reactive approach to identifying safety issues and infrastructure deficiencies. The examined road network is a typical road in Greece and the presented approach analysis may operate as a report to roadway authority officials to gain a better understanding on the current state assessment of the typical type of road. The RSA conducted by a team of auditors who was experienced in road design as well as in road safety engineering and user driving behaviour. The RSA team developed checklists for the specific roadway, according to the Greek legislation, checking the conformity of road layout to Road Design Specifications, potential violations of driver expectancies related to roadway design, and risk potential accidents points. The findings were categorized into groups taking into account the analysis of human factors. The proposed remedial measures are based on behavioural studies and they presented in qualitative evaluation. However, cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses combined with the specifics in each case are imperative for the key issues to be addressed.</p> ]]> Road Safety Audit Findings on Two-Lane Road: Case Study in Greece fotini kehagia christos braziotis pantelis kopelias doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-333-346 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 4 Article 333 10.2495/TDI-V6-N4-333-346 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_4/TDI-V6-N4-333-346 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/TDI-V6-N3-313-325 In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has found numerous applications in medicine, energy, industry and various transport sectors, including rail and road. The use of AI for autonomous train operation is listed as one of the research challenges in the new Master Plan of the European Railway Joint Undertaking (October 2021). Nowadays, AI and machine learning (ML) algorithms are also widely used in connected self-driving cars (SDCs) for detection, classification and localization of objects on roads. Naturally, the rail industry also wants to benefit from recent advances in SDCs. While the current level of safety on the railways is acceptable to society, mass deployment of SDCs is expected to significantly reduce the number of accidents caused by human driver behaviour. Safety is thus currently a major challenge in the development of driverless cars. In contrast, various driverless automatic train operation (ATO) systems supported by automatic train protection with guaranteed high safety integrity level (SIL 4) have been introduced in the last decades, but mainly on segregated networks such as the metro. Therefore, the aim of SDC technology transfer is to go beyond segregated lines and develop fully autonomous driverless trains for open rail networks. In this paper, a comparative analysis was used to show how the required safety is assured in automated driving of trains and cars. The results of the analysis describe the differences, intersections and synergies in these two different application areas, in particular in terms of the basic pillars of safety, the safety standards and regulations used, interoperability requirements, safety demonstration, certification and independent assessment. Finally, the paper summarises how the rail experience in safety could be used to improve SDC safety, or conversely, how the ATO could benefit from transferring the latest AI and ML technologies developed specifically for SDCs. <![CDATA[ <p>In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has found numerous applications in medicine, energy, industry and various transport sectors, including rail and road. The use of AI for autonomous train operation is listed as one of the research challenges in the new Master Plan of the European Railway Joint Undertaking (October 2021). Nowadays, AI and machine learning (ML) algorithms are also widely used in connected self-driving cars (SDCs) for detection, classification and localization of objects on roads. Naturally, the rail industry also wants to benefit from recent advances in SDCs. While the current level of safety on the railways is acceptable to society, mass deployment of SDCs is expected to significantly reduce the number of accidents caused by human driver behaviour. Safety is thus currently a major challenge in the development of driverless cars. In contrast, various driverless automatic train operation (ATO) systems supported by automatic train protection with guaranteed high safety integrity level (SIL 4) have been introduced in the last decades, but mainly on segregated networks such as the metro. Therefore, the aim of SDC technology transfer is to go beyond segregated lines and develop fully autonomous driverless trains for open rail networks. In this paper, a comparative analysis was used to show how the required safety is assured in automated driving of trains and cars. The results of the analysis describe the differences, intersections and synergies in these two different application areas, in particular in terms of the basic pillars of safety, the safety standards and regulations used, interoperability requirements, safety demonstration, certification and independent assessment. Finally, the paper summarises how the rail experience in safety could be used to improve SDC safety, or conversely, how the ATO could benefit from transferring the latest AI and ML technologies developed specifically for SDCs.</p> ]]> Synergies Between Road and Rail Transport in the Development of Safe Self-Driving Vehicles aleš filip doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N3-313-325 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 3 Article 313 10.2495/TDI-V6-N3-313-325 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/TDI-V6-N3-313-325 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/TDI-V6-N3-298-312 The article proves that the traffic intensity of cars and buses is uneven both during the day and within 1 h. The dependences of the vehicles delay time when passing the intersection with five ways of providing the priority of public transport (PT) are given. The considered methods are divided into three groups: dedicated lane (passive), traffic light adaptive control (active priority) and combined options (combination of active and passive). To select the optimal method of priority in work, the users total delay time is used, taking into account the drivers and passengers time loss in private and public transport. An estimate of the total delay time was determined using the traffic simulation in PTV Vissim. Algorithms for adaptive control of a traffic light object were developed in the VisVap module. The best way to grant priority is different for different traffic levels at an intersection. At low traffic intensities of cars and buses, the combined method (dedicated lane and “green extension”) is optimal. At high traffic intensities and a small number of passengers, the “green extension” becomes the best way. As the number of passengers on the bus increases, the effect of each method of granting PT priority changes to a different extent. So, at high traffic intensities, the combined method becomes optimal (dedicated lane and “green extension”). Differentiation of the methods of providing the priority of PT in space and in time allows you to get the least loss of time for movement for each local section of the street and time period. <![CDATA[ <p style="text-align: justify">The article proves that the traffic intensity of cars and buses is uneven both during the day and within 1 h. The dependences of the vehicles delay time when passing the intersection with five ways of providing the priority of public transport (PT) are given. The considered methods are divided into three groups: dedicated lane (passive), traffic light adaptive control (active priority) and combined options (combination of active and passive). To select the optimal method of priority in work, the users total delay time is used, taking into account the drivers and passengers time loss in private and public transport. An estimate of the total delay time was determined using the traffic simulation in PTV Vissim. Algorithms for adaptive control of a traffic light object were developed in the VisVap module. The best way to grant priority is different for different traffic levels at an intersection. At low traffic intensities of cars and buses, the combined method (dedicated lane and “green extension”) is optimal. At high traffic intensities and a small number of passengers, the “green extension” becomes the best way. As the number of passengers on the bus increases, the effect of each method of granting PT priority changes to a different extent. So, at high traffic intensities, the combined method becomes optimal (dedicated lane and “green extension”). Differentiation of the methods of providing the priority of PT in space and in time allows you to get the least loss of time for movement for each local section of the street and time period.</p> ]]> Choosing the Optimal Method to Provide Public Transportation Priority anatoly pistsov dmitrii zakharov doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N3-298-312 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 3 Article 298 10.2495/TDI-V6-N3-298-312 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/TDI-V6-N3-298-312 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/TDI-V6-N3-283-297 With the occurrence of natural or anthropogenic events, which can cause damage to people, delayed in time, adequate actions must be implemented to evacuate the population from the areas at risk. In this context, the transport supply system must be adequately designed to facilitate rapid evacuation. This paper presents the design methodologies of transport networks in the presence of disasters. The design variables considered concern the direction of travel of the links and the regulation strategies to be adopted in the junctions. The objective function considers risk minimization in terms of user exposure. In the problem, the main constraint considered concerns the users’ behaviour. In fact, the configuration of the supply system can be optimized but it is necessary to consider that users adopt choice strategies that tend to minimize their disutility. Therefore, the best possible configuration must be found for all users (system optimum), considering that the choices of individual users are with maximum individual utility (user choice). The paper reports the main characteristics that a decision support system should have in terms of: general framework, model and resolution procedures. The decision support system can be used by the decisions that have to design the transport network through preventive actions or in real time. <![CDATA[ <p>With the occurrence of natural or anthropogenic events, which can cause damage to people, delayed in time, adequate actions must be implemented to evacuate the population from the areas at risk. In this context, the transport supply system must be adequately designed to facilitate rapid evacuation. This paper presents the design methodologies of transport networks in the presence of disasters. The design variables considered concern the direction of travel of the links and the regulation strategies to be adopted in the junctions. The objective function considers risk minimization in terms of user exposure. In the problem, the main constraint considered concerns the users’ behaviour. In fact, the configuration of the supply system can be optimized but it is necessary to consider that users adopt choice strategies that tend to minimize their disutility. Therefore, the best possible configuration must be found for all users (system optimum), considering that the choices of individual users are with maximum individual utility (user choice). The paper reports the main characteristics that a decision support system should have in terms of: general framework, model and resolution procedures. The decision support system can be used by the decisions that have to design the transport network through preventive actions or in real time.</p> ]]> Network Design Problem for Risk Reduction in Transport System: A Models Specification antonino vitetta doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N3-283-297 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 3 Article 283 10.2495/TDI-V6-N3-283-297 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/TDI-V6-N3-283-297 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/TDI-V6-N3-271-282 This paper evaluates the potential for virtual and moving block control systems to increase the capacity of existing North American freight rail corridors to meet future traffic demand. In 2019, US Class I railroads transported 1.6 billion tons of freight across their rail network. To create capacity for a projected increase in freight rail transportation demand of 24% by 2045, billions of dollars must be invested yearly in the mainline route network. As for-profit companies with limited capital budgets, US Class I railroads have a strong economic incentive to properly match mainline capacity to traffic demand. While investing in new track infrastructure does increase network capacity, recently installed Positive Train Control technology and its associated modern communications network may allow virtual and moving block systems to be developed as lower cost alternatives to manage projected traffic increases. Thus, the potential capacity and performance benefits of virtual and moving block systems relative to existing fixed block wayside signal systems should be quantified in a realistic mainline corridor operating scenario. The authors obtained actual route topology and historical train operating data for a longdistance (>2,000 km long) double-track US Class I railroad mainline and developed a novel dispatching algorithm and train simulation framework to compare average train speed under each control system and several levels of projected future train traffic. The simulation results indicate that virtual and moving block systems can substantially increase average train speed compared to existing fixed block systems, especially under high levels of train traffic. Alternatively, virtual and moving block systems can be used to preserve the existing average train speed while increasing the total number of trains handled. The quantitative results of these simulation experiments enable railway practitioners to more accurately evaluate the costs and benefits of investing in these emerging train traffic control technologies. <![CDATA[ <p>This paper evaluates the potential for virtual and moving block control systems to increase the capacity of existing North American freight rail corridors to meet future traffic demand. In 2019, US Class I railroads transported 1.6 billion tons of freight across their rail network. To create capacity for a projected increase in freight rail transportation demand of 24% by 2045, billions of dollars must be invested yearly in the mainline route network. As for-profit companies with limited capital budgets, US Class I railroads have a strong economic incentive to properly match mainline capacity to traffic demand. While investing in new track infrastructure does increase network capacity, recently installed Positive Train Control technology and its associated modern communications network may allow virtual and moving block systems to be developed as lower cost alternatives to manage projected traffic increases. Thus, the potential capacity and performance benefits of virtual and moving block systems relative to existing fixed block wayside signal systems should be quantified in a realistic mainline corridor operating scenario. The authors obtained actual route topology and historical train operating data for a longdistance (>2,000 km long) double-track US Class I railroad mainline and developed a novel dispatching algorithm and train simulation framework to compare average train speed under each control system and several levels of projected future train traffic. The simulation results indicate that virtual and moving block systems can substantially increase average train speed compared to existing fixed block systems, especially under high levels of train traffic. Alternatively, virtual and moving block systems can be used to preserve the existing average train speed while increasing the total number of trains handled. The quantitative results of these simulation experiments enable railway practitioners to more accurately evaluate the costs and benefits of investing in these emerging train traffic control technologies.</p> ]]> Evaluating Fixed, Virtual, and Moving Block Control Systems on a Double Track North American Freight Rail Corridor geordie s. roscoe c. tyler dick doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N3-271-282 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 3 Article 271 10.2495/TDI-V6-N3-271-282 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/TDI-V6-N3-271-282 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/TDI-V6-N3-236-252 Starting April 29, 2022, New Yogyakarta International Airport (YIA) will open international flights. Public transportation from YIA to natural tourist destinations does not yet exist because of the up and down road conditions, and the road width varies from 2.5 to 7.5 m. This study will design an intelligent medium-sized vehicle using the Internet of Things (IoT) for nature tourism transportation from YIA to Borobudur. The plan is for the current state of the COVID-19 pandemic and its challenges. This study uses observations and interviews to collect data to examine experiential aspects of natural tourism transportation in 2021. The data collected is on nature tourism packages and transportation from YIA to Borobudur. The result is an intelligent medium-sized vehicle design with 18 seats consisting of 16 passenger seats, one driver seat and one tour guide seat. The vehicle is equipped with three CCTVs or video cameras, global positioning system (GPS) sensors on cars to monitor vehicle position and fuel consumption, motion sensors, GPS on mobile phones, RFID sensors and other IoT sensors. The proposed vehicle is feasible with a load factor is 75% and fare IDR 200,000/passenger, then the benefit-cost ratio is 1.3118, the payback period is 2 years and 11 months, and the internal rate return is 0.506491. <![CDATA[ <p>Starting April 29, 2022, New Yogyakarta International Airport (YIA) will open international flights. Public transportation from YIA to natural tourist destinations does not yet exist because of the up and down road conditions, and the road width varies from 2.5 to 7.5 m. This study will design an intelligent medium-sized vehicle using the Internet of Things (IoT) for nature tourism transportation from YIA to Borobudur. The plan is for the current state of the COVID-19 pandemic and its challenges. This study uses observations and interviews to collect data to examine experiential aspects of natural tourism transportation in 2021. The data collected is on nature tourism packages and transportation from YIA to Borobudur. The result is an intelligent medium-sized vehicle design with 18 seats consisting of 16 passenger seats, one driver seat and one tour guide seat. The vehicle is equipped with three CCTVs or video cameras, global positioning system (GPS) sensors on cars to monitor vehicle position and fuel consumption, motion sensors, GPS on mobile phones, RFID sensors and other IoT sensors. The proposed vehicle is feasible with a load factor is 75% and fare IDR 200,000/passenger, then the benefit-cost ratio is 1.3118, the payback period is 2 years and 11 months, and the internal rate return is 0.506491.</p> ]]> Design of Nature Tourism Transportation in Kulon Progo from Yogyakarta International Airport to Borobudur s. suyoto imam basuki victoria sundari handoko doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N3-236-252 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 3 Article 236 10.2495/TDI-V6-N3-236-252 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/TDI-V6-N3-236-252 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/TDI-V6-N3-217-235 Over the past decade, the complexity of operations in maritime port areas has increased significantly. Considering the challenges ports are facing with the maintenance of aging infrastructures, the need for asset management efficiency within the port industry is imperative. The willingness to ensure continuous improvement has contributed to a growing interest in the measurement and benchmarking of port infrastructure performance. The paper describes the development of an international benchmarking model to measure and compare port asset performance. The model is illustrated by comparing the maintenance of quay walls and roads for three different european ports. The presented benchmark results, and the process itself, have provided asset managers with valuable insights into their maintenance performance. <![CDATA[ <p>Over the past decade, the complexity of operations in maritime port areas has increased significantly. Considering the challenges ports are facing with the maintenance of aging infrastructures, the need for asset management efficiency within the port industry is imperative. The willingness to ensure continuous improvement has contributed to a growing interest in the measurement and benchmarking of port infrastructure performance. The paper describes the development of an international benchmarking model to measure and compare port asset performance. The model is illustrated by comparing the maintenance of quay walls and roads for three different european ports. The presented benchmark results, and the process itself, have provided asset managers with valuable insights into their maintenance performance.</p> ]]> Benchmarking Port Asset Performance l. a. h. verbruggen j.h.r. van duin l. tavasszy r. schoenmaker s. c. cornelissen doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N3-217-235 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 3 Article 217 10.2495/TDI-V6-N3-217-235 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/TDI-V6-N3-217-235 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-197-207 The experience of European cities shows that with the introduction of free-fare public transport, the share of public transport trips increases insignificantly, while the number of trips by individual trans port, bicycle and on foot decreases. The most common way to reduce the number of trips by private cars is to introduce parking fees and regulate the tariff. The paper examines the impact of public transport fare paid parking fees on the transport demand structure. The structure of transport demand is determined using simulation modeling on a transport macro-model of a large city with a population of 800 thousand people that do not have off-street transport. The paper proposes a criterion for determining generalized costs of travel by different transport systems, which converts monetary costs into time fares. This made it possible to take into account the costs of movement by different types of transport (private and public transport, CarSharing, taxi, pedestrian and bicycle movements). With the introduction of paid parking fees up to 80 rubles per hour, the share of private transport trips reduced from 45.5% to 37.3%. With the introduction of free public transport, private transport trips share reduced to 39.9% with a significant increase in the costs of the municipal budget. <![CDATA[ <p>The experience of European cities shows that with the introduction of free-fare public transport, the share of public transport trips increases insignificantly, while the number of trips by individual trans port, bicycle and on foot decreases. The most common way to reduce the number of trips by private cars is to introduce parking fees and regulate the tariff. The paper examines the impact of public transport fare paid parking fees on the transport demand structure. The structure of transport demand is determined using simulation modeling on a transport macro-model of a large city with a population of 800 thousand people that do not have off-street transport. The paper proposes a criterion for determining generalized costs of travel by different transport systems, which converts monetary costs into time fares. This made it possible to take into account the costs of movement by different types of transport (private and public transport, CarSharing, taxi, pedestrian and bicycle movements). With the introduction of paid parking fees up to 80 rubles per hour, the share of private transport trips reduced from 45.5% to 37.3%. With the introduction of free public transport, private transport trips share reduced to 39.9% with a significant increase in the costs of the municipal budget.</p> ]]> The Impact of the Cost of Paid Parking for Private Cars and Public Transport Fare on the Structure of Urban Mobility alexey fadyushin dmitrii zakharov doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-197-207 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 2 Article 197 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-197-207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-197-207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-183-196 Private vehicles have dominated personal transportation for the past 50 years. They provide positive externalities such as accessibility and independence. However, their widespread use in urban areas has resulted in negative externalities such as traffic congestion, air pollution, human health problems and damage to the ecosystem. Therefore, understanding the underlying factors affecting car ownership has become an important research theme. This study focuses on assessing the main socio-economic factors that affect household car ownership in Belgium. To this end, we developed a household car ownership model based on the 2016 Belgian household travel survey. Overall, our results confirm the literature review’s findings, highlighting the importance of socio-demographic and economic characteristics of households in explaining household car ownership. The results from the multinomial logit model show that: (i) income is positively associated with car ownership, (ii) living in Flanders and wallonia increases the probability of having two or more cars compared to living in Brussels, (iii) having a driving license increases car ownership, (iv) a larger number of adults and children in a household is related to a higher likelihood of owning two or more cars per household, (v) higher level of education increases the probability of having more than one car per household and (vi) older people (65+) are less likely to have multiple cars. The results of this study can be used as a tool for researchers, policymakers and urban planners to define more effective sustainable mobility policies. <![CDATA[ <p>Private vehicles have dominated personal transportation for the past 50 years. They provide positive externalities such as accessibility and independence. However, their widespread use in urban areas has resulted in negative externalities such as traffic congestion, air pollution, human health problems and damage to the ecosystem. Therefore, understanding the underlying factors affecting car ownership has become an important research theme. This study focuses on assessing the main socio-economic factors that affect household car ownership in Belgium. To this end, we developed a household car ownership model based on the 2016 Belgian household travel survey. Overall, our results confirm the literature review’s findings, highlighting the importance of socio-demographic and economic characteristics of households in explaining household car ownership. The results from the multinomial logit model show that: (i) income is positively associated with car ownership, (ii) living in Flanders and wallonia increases the probability of having two or more cars compared to living in Brussels, (iii) having a driving license increases car ownership, (iv) a larger number of adults and children in a household is related to a higher likelihood of owning two or more cars per household, (v) higher level of education increases the probability of having more than one car per household and (vi) older people (65+) are less likely to have multiple cars. The results of this study can be used as a tool for researchers, policymakers and urban planners to define more effective sustainable mobility policies.</p> ]]> Modeling Household Car Ownership in Belgium samaneh hosseinzadeh bahreini sigrid reiter mario cools doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-183-196 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 2 Article 183 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-183-196 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-183-196 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-168-182 Public transportation in rural areas faces increasing challenges with increasingly aging populations. The elderly and disabled people who cannot drive by themselves highly rely on public transport for traveling. Therefore, to ensure the mobility needs for individual door-to-door services in depopulated areas with dispersed populations, several local authorities in Japan are implementing the taxi subsidy scheme (TSS) for the elderly. However, during the implementation, many issues relating to this policy, such as subsidy amount, usage time and number of distributed tickets, settings for target persons, and target area have been encountered. Based on this fact, we examined TSS from three perspectives: the local government that supports the policy with subsidy; small- and medium-sized taxi operators whose business management is influenced by TSS; and the elderly people with their outing status and TSS us- age status. Furthermore, based on the trends of national policies, we examined the effective utilization of TSS as a public mobility service for the elderly in rural areas. As a result, for local governments, the TSS was found to be widely known as a support for vulnerable groups and for those who have returned their licenses, and the burden on residents is often not a large expense. From the viewpoint of taxi operators, TSS has considerably contributed to business management. Additionally, many business op- erators want to increase the usage time and number of people eligible for subsidies. The elderly survey showed that TSS users use taxi for various purposes and are less likely to be influenced by high prices compared with non-TSS users. In other words, it is suggested that the TSS should be the “ideal public transportation” by narrowing down the target users and improving the service. <![CDATA[ <p>Public transportation in rural areas faces increasing challenges with increasingly aging populations. The elderly and disabled people who cannot drive by themselves highly rely on public transport for traveling. Therefore, to ensure the mobility needs for individual door-to-door services in depopulated areas with dispersed populations, several local authorities in Japan are implementing the taxi subsidy scheme (TSS) for the elderly. However, during the implementation, many issues relating to this policy, such as subsidy amount, usage time and number of distributed tickets, settings for target persons, and target area have been encountered. Based on this fact, we examined TSS from three perspectives: the local government that supports the policy with subsidy; small- and medium-sized taxi operators whose business management is influenced by TSS; and the elderly people with their outing status and TSS us- age status. Furthermore, based on the trends of national policies, we examined the effective utilization of TSS as a public mobility service for the elderly in rural areas. As a result, for local governments, the TSS was found to be widely known as a support for vulnerable groups and for those who have returned their licenses, and the burden on residents is often not a large expense. From the viewpoint of taxi operators, TSS has considerably contributed to business management. Additionally, many business op- erators want to increase the usage time and number of people eligible for subsidies. The elderly survey showed that TSS users use taxi for various purposes and are less likely to be influenced by high prices compared with non-TSS users. In other words, it is suggested that the TSS should be the “ideal public transportation” by narrowing down the target users and improving the service.</p> ]]> Role of Taxi Subsidy Scheme as Public Service for Mobility of Elderly People in Rural Areas of Japan ayiguli aini hideo yamanaka hirokazu kato kaoru ono doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-168-182 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 2 Article 168 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-168-182 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-168-182 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-155-167 Many cities suffer from a lack of walkability. Besides physical preconditions like safe sidewalks and pedestrianized areas the density of the pedestrian network and the planar distribution of routes opening up the area of a quarter or the city. The fractal dimension (FD) is a measure that describes how far a pattern or grid spans and covers a two dimensional area. For areas in the field of view (like paintings) literature reports that values between 1.3 and 1.9 are perceived as most agreeable and stress reducing. This paper investigates if the FD can also be applied to assess the walkability of pedestrian networks. That is not trivial because, for a walking person, the network is not in direct field of view but only perceived with all senses. The research question is, if pedestrian networks behave fractal in the range where they are delivering best preconditions for walkability. For real networks, the loop-wise calculation of FD is best appropriate; here a box-counting method is used. The box edge length corresponds to the distance that a pedestrian must walk ahead until the next possibility where a decision to turn or not appears. So more such junctions exist, so more walkable is the quarter. Typical preferred distances are few meters to about 50m. The results show well, that for as walkable perceived quarters, the network behaves in fact fractal with FD in the preferred range 1.3–1.9 and at box edge length’ of 5–50m – and vice versa. Objects of investigation were pedestrian networks out of the city of Hamburg, Germany, one car-oriented, one that is perceived as walkable and one of the newly constructed quarter HafenCity. The car-oriented quarter is widely out of the described range, the walkable one widely in. Finally, historical cities (Salamanca, Spain and the Islamic town Harar Jugol, Ethiopia) were analysed to find out if their networks (out of times without cars) are walkable and behave fractal. As to be expected, both could be confirmed. It can be concluded, that FD can well be used as an indicator for the walkability of pedestrian route networks. <![CDATA[ <p>Many cities suffer from a lack of walkability. Besides physical preconditions like safe sidewalks and pedestrianized areas the density of the pedestrian network and the planar distribution of routes opening up the area of a quarter or the city. The fractal dimension (FD) is a measure that describes how far a pattern or grid spans and covers a two dimensional area. For areas in the field of view (like paintings) literature reports that values between 1.3 and 1.9 are perceived as most agreeable and stress reducing. This paper investigates if the FD can also be applied to assess the walkability of pedestrian networks. That is not trivial because, for a walking person, the network is not in direct field of view but only perceived with all senses. The research question is, if pedestrian networks behave fractal in the range where they are delivering best preconditions for walkability. For real networks, the loop-wise calculation of FD is best appropriate; here a box-counting method is used. The box edge length corresponds to the distance that a pedestrian must walk ahead until the next possibility where a decision to turn or not appears. So more such junctions exist, so more walkable is the quarter. Typical preferred distances are few meters to about 50m. The results show well, that for as walkable perceived quarters, the network behaves in fact fractal with FD in the preferred range 1.3–1.9 and at box edge length’ of 5–50m – and vice versa. Objects of investigation were pedestrian networks out of the city of Hamburg, Germany, one car-oriented, one that is perceived as walkable and one of the newly constructed quarter HafenCity. The car-oriented quarter is widely out of the described range, the walkable one widely in. Finally, historical cities (Salamanca, Spain and the Islamic town Harar Jugol, Ethiopia) were analysed to find out if their networks (out of times without cars) are walkable and behave fractal. As to be expected, both could be confirmed. It can be concluded, that FD can well be used as an indicator for the walkability of pedestrian route networks. </p> ]]> The Pleasure of Walking in a Neighbourhood: The Pedestrian Route Network and its Fractal Dimension as a Tool for the Assessment of the Right Balance Between Chaos and Order udo dietrich doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-155-167 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 2 Article 155 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-155-167 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-155-167 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-143-154 The interlock equipment has supported the safe train operations of today as a device for controlling the operation in the safe station premises. This paper surveys interlock device’s transition from mechanical signals to today’s electronic signaling devices and analyzes how security mechanisms have evolved. It shows that safety has been supported by the notion of fixed block system, in which only one train is allowed to travel in one route. In addition, this paper discusses the realization of moving block suitable for communication based train control era and proposes a new interlock table. Unified Train Control System (UTCS) is introduced as an implementation example, and it is shown that the UTCS is an IoT-era train control, which realizes simplification of the interlock function itself and flexible and safe control by exchanging information between the central processing unit and the point machine, the level crossing device and the train. <![CDATA[ <p>The interlock equipment has supported the safe train operations of today as a device for controlling the operation in the safe station premises. This paper surveys interlock device’s transition from mechanical signals to today’s electronic signaling devices and analyzes how security mechanisms have evolved. It shows that safety has been supported by the notion of fixed block system, in which only one train is allowed to travel in one route. In addition, this paper discusses the realization of moving block suitable for communication based train control era and proposes a new interlock table. Unified Train Control System (UTCS) is introduced as an implementation example, and it is shown that the UTCS is an IoT-era train control, which realizes simplification of the interlock function itself and flexible and safe control by exchanging information between the central processing unit and the point machine, the level crossing device and the train.</p> ]]> Intrinsic Function of Conventional Railway Interlock and Future Aspect of Interlock Equipment at IoT Era yoshihisa sait tetsuya takata hideo nakamura doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-143-154 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 2 Article 143 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-143-154 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-143-154 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-122-142 Cities are suffering because of the rapid urbanization and population boom, which lead to increasing the load on the current traffic systems. Current traffic systems also suffer from several problems such as traffic congestion. meanwhile, transportation engineering has rapidly evolved into a technical field, considerably induced by new technologies and algorithms to address today’s challenges. The rise of connected and automated vehicle (CAV) emerging technology has brought new prospects to the auto- mobile industry and transportation system during the past decade. This paper develops and evaluates a framework for CAVs to create additional suitable gaps to the minor road vehicles to reduce the interruption of the continuous flow on semi-actuated signalized intersections. A simulation platform was developed using VISSIM software to validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm improves the intersection performance where the major road delay decreases, and the intersection’s capacity increases. The throughput of the targeted intersection increased up to 34% when the cAvs penetration reaches 70%. <![CDATA[ <p>Cities are suffering because of the rapid urbanization and population boom, which lead to increasing the load on the current traffic systems. Current traffic systems also suffer from several problems such as traffic congestion. meanwhile, transportation engineering has rapidly evolved into a technical field, considerably induced by new technologies and algorithms to address today’s challenges. The rise of connected and automated vehicle (CAV) emerging technology has brought new prospects to the auto- mobile industry and transportation system during the past decade. This paper develops and evaluates a framework for CAVs to create additional suitable gaps to the minor road vehicles to reduce the interruption of the continuous flow on semi-actuated signalized intersections. A simulation platform was developed using VISSIM software to validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm improves the intersection performance where the major road delay decreases, and the intersection’s capacity increases. The throughput of the targeted intersection increased up to 34% when the cAvs penetration reaches 70%.</p> ]]> A Cooperative Framework for Urban Semi-Actuated Signal Control at Signalized T-Intersections in Mixed Traffic Flow fayez alanazi ping yi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-122-142 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 2 Article 122 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-122-142 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-122-142 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-107-121 The stability of a vehicle (especially if operating off-road, such as a farm tractor, possibly with an im- plement attached) can be statically investigated by means of a test installation such as the one described here. It consists of a platform (dimensions: 6.42 × 4.46 m) having two degrees of freedom (inclination, rotation) and on which the vehicle is positioned motionless. By acting on these degrees of freedom, it is possible to precisely and simultaneously control all the characteristic angles of a vehicle (roll, pitch, yaw), thus discovering, in complete safety, its operational limits (i.e. its incipient rollover conditions). Furthermore, the ability to misalign up to two of the four quadrants composing the platform allows the testing of further critical situations for the vehicle, in which the front-axle pivot joint and the tyres elasticity are involved, potentially up to a scenario in which the vehicle rests on only three of its four supports and its support polygon degenerates into a triangle. The basic test scenarios that can be investigated with this installation allow the study of many aspects of a vehicle, pertaining both to the general chassis performance of the vehicle (therefore related to its balance) and to the load state of some spe- cific components (internal or interfacing the vehicle with the outside, e.g. the wheels). The obtained data, referred to reference test scenarios, allow the experimenters to: (1) interpret sensors readings in real operating situations, thus including also the contribution of the tyres vertical flattening and lateral deflection, (2) complete the safety documentation at the users’ disposal with some specific graphs, the vehicle ‘equilibrium maps’ (or ‘stability charts’), possibly referred also to the vehicle with some accessories/implements connected to it. By demonstrating the undeniable usefulness of such an installation, the authors hope to propose new testing paradigms with the ultimate aim of increasing the overall safety of vehicles and, particularly, of agricultural and work machinery. <![CDATA[ <p>The stability of a vehicle (especially if operating off-road, such as a farm tractor, possibly with an im- plement attached) can be statically investigated by means of a test installation such as the one described here. It consists of a platform (dimensions: 6.42 × 4.46 m) having two degrees of freedom (inclination, rotation) and on which the vehicle is positioned motionless. By acting on these degrees of freedom, it is possible to precisely and simultaneously control all the characteristic angles of a vehicle (roll, pitch, yaw), thus discovering, in complete safety, its operational limits (i.e. its incipient rollover conditions). Furthermore, the ability to misalign up to two of the four quadrants composing the platform allows the testing of further critical situations for the vehicle, in which the front-axle pivot joint and the tyres elasticity are involved, potentially up to a scenario in which the vehicle rests on only three of its four supports and its support polygon degenerates into a triangle. The basic test scenarios that can be investigated with this installation allow the study of many aspects of a vehicle, pertaining both to the general chassis performance of the vehicle (therefore related to its balance) and to the load state of some spe- cific components (internal or interfacing the vehicle with the outside, e.g. the wheels). The obtained data, referred to reference test scenarios, allow the experimenters to: (1) interpret sensors readings in real operating situations, thus including also the contribution of the tyres vertical flattening and lateral deflection, (2) complete the safety documentation at the users’ disposal with some specific graphs, the vehicle ‘equilibrium maps’ (or ‘stability charts’), possibly referred also to the vehicle with some accessories/implements connected to it. By demonstrating the undeniable usefulness of such an installation, the authors hope to propose new testing paradigms with the ultimate aim of increasing the overall safety of vehicles and, particularly, of agricultural and work machinery.</p> ]]> A Novel Facility for Statically Testing the Stability of Vehicles: Technical Features and Possibilities marco bietresato fabrizio mazzetto doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-107-121 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 2 Article 107 10.2495/TDI-V6-N2-107-121 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_2/TDI-V6-N2-107-121 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-81-94 The development of transport services and infrastructures strongly depends on the characterization of the different types of road users who travel daily from one place to another for a specific purpose. In the case of a public transport (PT) system, it is essential to understand the dynamics of passenger choices in order to optimize the use of the service provided (e.g. location of stops, frequency of service, depar ture and arrival times of bus lines). The recent COVID-19 pandemic has led to the implementation of a number of measures, both by governments (such as social distancing) and by PT agencies (such as limiting the number of passengers on board), which have influenced the propensity to use this transport mode. Since May 2020, there has been an increase in the number of vehicles in circulation in Sicily, Italy, after the lockdown phase, which has clearly led to an interesting study of emerging behaviours and habits among different people. This paper attempts to identify the factors that led to reduced PT demand in Sicily after the lockdown period. Empirical findings indicated that the decrease of scheduled PT services, the limitations on the maximum people on board, the general fear of COVID-19 infection and the failure of PT system to properly adapt to the modified business hour environment have been important PT-discouraging factors in Sicily. These findings were not significantly differentiated among the various sociodemographic groups of travellers. This research can provide valuable knowledge for the optimization of urban and intercity PT services under extreme conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It may also favour the diffusion of sustainable mobility strategies and disincentivize the use of the private car while also improving road safety and environmental cleanliness in urban and inter-urban space. <![CDATA[ <p>The development of transport services and infrastructures strongly depends on the characterization of the different types of road users who travel daily from one place to another for a specific purpose. In the case of a public transport (PT) system, it is essential to understand the dynamics of passenger choices in order to optimize the use of the service provided (e.g. location of stops, frequency of service, depar ture and arrival times of bus lines). The recent COVID-19 pandemic has led to the implementation of a number of measures, both by governments (such as social distancing) and by PT agencies (such as limiting the number of passengers on board), which have influenced the propensity to use this transport mode. Since May 2020, there has been an increase in the number of vehicles in circulation in Sicily, Italy, after the lockdown phase, which has clearly led to an interesting study of emerging behaviours and habits among different people. This paper attempts to identify the factors that led to reduced PT demand in Sicily after the lockdown period. Empirical findings indicated that the decrease of scheduled PT services, the limitations on the maximum people on board, the general fear of COVID-19 infection and the failure of PT system to properly adapt to the modified business hour environment have been important PT-discouraging factors in Sicily. These findings were not significantly differentiated among the various sociodemographic groups of travellers. This research can provide valuable knowledge for the optimization of urban and intercity PT services under extreme conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It may also favour the diffusion of sustainable mobility strategies and disincentivize the use of the private car while also improving road safety and environmental cleanliness in urban and inter-urban space.</p> ]]> Some Considerations on the Key Factors Determining the Reduction of Public Transport Demand in Sicily During Covid-19 Pandemic tiziana campisi socrates basbas nurten akgün tanbay georgios georgiadis doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-81-94 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 1 Article 81 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-81-94 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-81-94 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-66-80 The lack of strategic planning has increased urban pressure and accumulated traffic in cities. Smart Cities are replacing the short-time perspective with a long-term approach. The objectives align with city strategic goals, and citizens play an essential role in the decision-making process. High-level guidelines have emerged over the years to guide smart Cities’ vision and implementation. However, the lack of a tool that combines top-down and bottom-up approaches to help local policymakers plan and assess cities is still notorious. Moreover, this paper provides a methodology that allows the definition of structural priorities and contextual preferences while comparing policymakers’ statements and citizens’ opinions. Furthermore, this paper designs an approach to fill the existing gap and give policymakers a framework to monitor and measure their performance based on standard Key Performance indicators and select relevant initiatives toward meeting the defined goals. This way, policymakers possess a tool that allows on the one hand, the standard comparison between cities and, on the other hand, the personalized comparison of their territory over time. Finally, a test case with the premise of improving city logistics is described to practically detail the guidelines of the proposed tool. <![CDATA[ <p>The lack of strategic planning has increased urban pressure and accumulated traffic in cities. Smart Cities are replacing the short-time perspective with a long-term approach. The objectives align with city strategic goals, and citizens play an essential role in the decision-making process. High-level guidelines have emerged over the years to guide smart Cities’ vision and implementation. However, the lack of a tool that combines top-down and bottom-up approaches to help local policymakers plan and assess cities is still notorious. Moreover, this paper provides a methodology that allows the definition of structural priorities and contextual preferences while comparing policymakers’ statements and citizens’ opinions. Furthermore, this paper designs an approach to fill the existing gap and give policymakers a framework to monitor and measure their performance based on standard Key Performance indicators and select relevant initiatives toward meeting the defined goals. This way, policymakers possess a tool that allows on the one hand, the standard comparison between cities and, on the other hand, the personalized comparison of their territory over time. Finally, a test case with the premise of improving city logistics is described to practically detail the guidelines of the proposed tool.</p> ]]> City@Path: A Collaborative Smart City Planning and Assessment Tool diogo correia joão lourenço marques leonor teixeira doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-66-80 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 1 Article 66 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-66-80 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-66-80 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-58-65 As mentioned by the United Nations in 2016, the population of cities is increasing every year. A recent evaluation suggests that two-thirds of the world’s primary energy consumption can be attributed to urban areas. In addition, environmental awareness is increasing at the urban level due to current issues as global warming or the depletion of natural resources. In this regard, different agendas, strategies, plans and regulations have been published to promote climate actions and sustainable development, such as the Agenda 2030 and the New Urban Agenda. In the Basque Country, the Agenda Euskadi Bultzatu 2030 and the RIS3 strategies are published by the Basque Government to develop its sustainable urban transition strategy for the upcoming years. In previous studies, a surveillance process has been carried out in order to detect the trends and to define the topics to develop in the future. As a complement to this research, the present study aims to analyse the scope and implementation level of the strategies defined in the Basque Urban Agenda and to define if they are a trend at a national and European level, in order to determine the lines of action that have the greatest potential to achieve financing. Initiatives, projects, calls for subsidies, UN reports, European awards, networks... at an international and national level have been analysed. As a result of the study, it has been detected that there are aspects that are actively promoted at a theoretical level with low posterior implementation, such as mobility, sustainable urban planning, nature-based solutions and diversity and inclusion. Others are developed on a theoretical as well as a practical level such as digitalisation, R&D, energy and resource efficiency and fighting climate change. In contrast, the strategic priorities 1. Housing and basic facilities and health and 7. Health and wellbeing are globally less promoted. <![CDATA[ <p>As mentioned by the United Nations in 2016, the population of cities is increasing every year. A recent evaluation suggests that two-thirds of the world’s primary energy consumption can be attributed to urban areas. In addition, environmental awareness is increasing at the urban level due to current issues as global warming or the depletion of natural resources. In this regard, different agendas, strategies, plans and regulations have been published to promote climate actions and sustainable development, such as the Agenda 2030 and the New Urban Agenda. In the Basque Country, the Agenda Euskadi Bultzatu 2030 and the RIS3 strategies are published by the Basque Government to develop its sustainable urban transition strategy for the upcoming years. In previous studies, a surveillance process has been carried out in order to detect the trends and to define the topics to develop in the future. As a complement to this research, the present study aims to analyse the scope and implementation level of the strategies defined in the Basque Urban Agenda and to define if they are a trend at a national and European level, in order to determine the lines of action that have the greatest potential to achieve financing. Initiatives, projects, calls for subsidies, UN reports, European awards, networks... at an international and national level have been analysed. As a result of the study, it has been detected that there are aspects that are actively promoted at a theoretical level with low posterior implementation, such as mobility, sustainable urban planning, nature-based solutions and diversity and inclusion. Others are developed on a theoretical as well as a practical level such as digitalisation, R&D, energy and resource efficiency and fighting climate change. In contrast, the strategic priorities 1. Housing and basic facilities and health and 7. Health and wellbeing are globally less promoted.</p> ]]> Analysis of the Scope and Implementation of the Strategies Promoted by Local Urban Agenda in Relation to European and National Trends. The Case of the Basque Country alba arias olatz grijalba irati otamendi-irizar rufino hernandez doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-58-65 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 1 Article 58 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-58-65 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-58-65 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-37-57 The objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of autonomous and connected sweepers for cleaning pavements and cycle ways. Supported by sustainable policies, the networks of cycle ways are growing considerably outside cities, and their maintenance is demanding in terms of economic resources. The current study examines the idea of replacing manned service vehicles by autonomous sweepers in urban areas. Autonomous sweepers could be operated from a control room to perform planned and on-demand cleaning tasks. Tests were carried out with the S100N Spring developed by the Chinese company Idriverplus Technology Co., Ltd. The sweeper performance and efficiency have been evaluated (1) with gravel, leaves, pine cones and rubbish in a closed test area and (2) in real conditions, on two pavements in Kongsberg (Norway). The results from the cleaning tests and the interactions with vulnerable road users are presented. Challenges and limitations of the technology are discussed. <![CDATA[ <p>The objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of autonomous and connected sweepers for cleaning pavements and cycle ways. Supported by sustainable policies, the networks of cycle ways are growing considerably outside cities, and their maintenance is demanding in terms of economic resources. The current study examines the idea of replacing manned service vehicles by autonomous sweepers in urban areas. Autonomous sweepers could be operated from a control room to perform planned and on-demand cleaning tasks. Tests were carried out with the S100N Spring developed by the Chinese company Idriverplus Technology Co., Ltd. The sweeper performance and efficiency have been evaluated (1) with gravel, leaves, pine cones and rubbish in a closed test area and (2) in real conditions, on two pavements in Kongsberg (Norway). The results from the cleaning tests and the interactions with vulnerable road users are presented. Challenges and limitations of the technology are discussed.</p> ]]> The Potential of Autonomous and Connected Sweepers for Smart and Sustainable Cities isabelle roche cerasi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-37-57 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 1 Article 37 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-37-57 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-37-57 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-25-36 The transition towards electric mobility is expected to reduce the direct emissions of local pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) from road transport. However, the environmental sustainability of road traffic is also influenced by the level of sustainability of the sources that compose the grid mix used to charge electric vehicles. The present paper aims at understanding if electric mobility can improve air quality and reduce the emissions of global and local air pollutants even if this transition is not supported by a continuous increase in the share of renewable sources in the grid mix. To answer this research question, two scenarios were evaluated through the application of emission and dispersion modelling: (1) a present-case scenario characterized by the movement of vehicles whose composition matches the latest statistics on the Italian vehicle fleet and (2) a future-case scenario entirely composed of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Both scenarios considered the same study area: a portion of an Italian urban area characterized by the presence of a canyon-like street. To take the comparison to extremes, the few BEVs in the present-case scenario were assumed as fed by renewable energy, while a nearby coal power plant was considered as the power source for the future-case BEVs. In spite of its deplorable energy source (coal) for BEVs, the future-case scenario would allow saving 12% GHG emissions with respect to the present-case scenario. The maximum annual mean concentrations of nitrogen oxides and total suspended particles in the future-case scenario were 99.9% and 68.0% lower in the street canyon compared to the present-case scenario. However, depending on the power plant considered, additional pollutants may be emitted, which may worsen the local air quality, especially if the location, the size and the characteristics of the emission source are not adequately evaluated. <![CDATA[ <p>The transition towards electric mobility is expected to reduce the direct emissions of local pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) from road transport. However, the environmental sustainability of road traffic is also influenced by the level of sustainability of the sources that compose the grid mix used to charge electric vehicles. The present paper aims at understanding if electric mobility can improve air quality and reduce the emissions of global and local air pollutants even if this transition is not supported by a continuous increase in the share of renewable sources in the grid mix. To answer this research question, two scenarios were evaluated through the application of emission and dispersion modelling: (1) a present-case scenario characterized by the movement of vehicles whose composition matches the latest statistics on the Italian vehicle fleet and (2) a future-case scenario entirely composed of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Both scenarios considered the same study area: a portion of an Italian urban area characterized by the presence of a canyon-like street. To take the comparison to extremes, the few BEVs in the present-case scenario were assumed as fed by renewable energy, while a nearby coal power plant was considered as the power source for the future-case BEVs. In spite of its deplorable energy source (coal) for BEVs, the future-case scenario would allow saving 12% GHG emissions with respect to the present-case scenario. The maximum annual mean concentrations of nitrogen oxides and total suspended particles in the future-case scenario were 99.9% and 68.0% lower in the street canyon compared to the present-case scenario. However, depending on the power plant considered, additional pollutants may be emitted, which may worsen the local air quality, especially if the location, the size and the characteristics of the emission source are not adequately evaluated.</p> ]]> Private Electric Mobility and Expected Impacts on Climate and Air Quality marco schiavon luca adami marco ragazzi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-25-36 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 1 Article 25 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-25-36 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-25-36 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-12-24 Prior to the current COVID-19 pandemic, the tourist industry and, in particular, its cruise shipping element, was one the leading economic sectors of the Spanish economy. Traditionally, port terminals specializing in cruise shipping generated localized traffic peaks that impacted on the management of urban mobility in port cities, and this created a major difficulty in the city-port relationship. The health crisis caused by COVID-19 has had a very strong impact on the cruise sector which reached its maximum in the volume of passengers in 2019 and practically disappeared during the following year, with reduction rates higher than ninety percent. Through indicators analysis, this paper will examine the impacts of cruise shipping on urban mobility in Spanish Mediterranean port cities (Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Malaga, Palma de Mallorca, Tarragona and Valencia), and on the mobility planning measures proposed and developed to mitigate these impacts. Due to data availability, the year 2018 will be considered to evaluate the general impact of cruise traffic on urban population and urban mobility characteristics. With an expected stabilization of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Spanish tourist industry and the associated cruise shipping activity face the greatest challenge in their history: reactivation. International sanitary measures and mass vaccination are allowing a new normality to emerge. Therefore, the reopening of services associated with the cruise shipping industry is starting to be announced, with the appropriate promotion of public policies, in order to achieve the sector’s revitalization. This expected return to pre-pandemic figures for cruise shipping traffic is a challenging scenario in Spanish Mediterranean port-cities, where the indicated measures and new urban mobility management for the future should be explored and considered. <![CDATA[ <p>Prior to the current COVID-19 pandemic, the tourist industry and, in particular, its cruise shipping element, was one the leading economic sectors of the Spanish economy. Traditionally, port terminals specializing in cruise shipping generated localized traffic peaks that impacted on the management of urban mobility in port cities, and this created a major difficulty in the city-port relationship. The health crisis caused by COVID-19 has had a very strong impact on the cruise sector which reached its maximum in the volume of passengers in 2019 and practically disappeared during the following year, with reduction rates higher than ninety percent. Through indicators analysis, this paper will examine the impacts of cruise shipping on urban mobility in Spanish Mediterranean port cities (Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Malaga, Palma de Mallorca, Tarragona and Valencia), and on the mobility planning measures proposed and developed to mitigate these impacts. Due to data availability, the year 2018 will be considered to evaluate the general impact of cruise traffic on urban population and urban mobility characteristics. With an expected stabilization of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Spanish tourist industry and the associated cruise shipping activity face the greatest challenge in their history: reactivation. International sanitary measures and mass vaccination are allowing a new normality to emerge. Therefore, the reopening of services associated with the cruise shipping industry is starting to be announced, with the appropriate promotion of public policies, in order to achieve the sector’s revitalization. This expected return to pre-pandemic figures for cruise shipping traffic is a challenging scenario in Spanish Mediterranean port-cities, where the indicated measures and new urban mobility management for the future should be explored and considered.</p> ]]> Cruise Ships and Urban Mobility in Mediterranean Spain alejandro l. grindlay sergio martínez-hornos doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-12-24 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 1 Article 12 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-12-24 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-12-24 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-1-11 The latest advancements in road asphalt materials and construction technologies have increased the difficulty for engineers to select the appropriate pavement design solution with consideration of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. On the other hand, infrastructure building information modeling (BIM) tools allow practitioners to efficiently store and manage large amounts of data, supporting decision making in road asphalt pavement design and management. This research contributes to setting up a dynamic LCA tool for the specific evaluation of designed road asphalt pavement solutions involving alternative materials and advanced recycling technologies; the tool is structured to minimize the need of input data by the designer, that are usually unknown during the early design stage, and automate the entire LCA calculation process to reduce the designer efforts and avoid any errors during data transcription. A traditional BIM workflow was integrated with additional user-defined property sets to simultaneously compute the environmental impact of the entire life cycle of the asphalt pavement, and dynamically update the result basing on the design thickness of the pavement layers, the specific features of materials and an external database of several life cycle impact category indicators that can be edited and updated gradually during more advanced design stage. The proposed BIM-LCA aims to be a practical and dynamic way to integrate environmental considerations into road pavement design, encouraging the use of digital tools in road industry and ultimately supporting a pavement maintenance decision-making process oriented toward circular economy. <![CDATA[ <p>The latest advancements in road asphalt materials and construction technologies have increased the difficulty for engineers to select the appropriate pavement design solution with consideration of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. On the other hand, infrastructure building information modeling (BIM) tools allow practitioners to efficiently store and manage large amounts of data, supporting decision making in road asphalt pavement design and management. This research contributes to setting up a dynamic LCA tool for the specific evaluation of designed road asphalt pavement solutions involving alternative materials and advanced recycling technologies; the tool is structured to minimize the need of input data by the designer, that are usually unknown during the early design stage, and automate the entire LCA calculation process to reduce the designer efforts and avoid any errors during data transcription. A traditional BIM workflow was integrated with additional user-defined property sets to simultaneously compute the environmental impact of the entire life cycle of the asphalt pavement, and dynamically update the result basing on the design thickness of the pavement layers, the specific features of materials and an external database of several life cycle impact category indicators that can be edited and updated gradually during more advanced design stage. The proposed BIM-LCA aims to be a practical and dynamic way to integrate environmental considerations into road pavement design, encouraging the use of digital tools in road industry and ultimately supporting a pavement maintenance decision-making process oriented toward circular economy.</p> ]]> Bim-Lca Integration Framework for Sustainable Road Pavement Maintenance Practices cristina oreto salvatore antonio biancardo rosa veropalumbo nunzio viscione francesca russo doi: 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-1-11 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 1 Article 1 10.2495/TDI-V6-N1-1-11 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_1/TDI-V6-N1-1-11 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-393-404 The lack of contemporary theoretical support for the construction of the vertical city leads to the application of an inherited model, conceived almost a century ago. Therefore, the urban space suffers a strong dehumanization, disconnecting the inhabitants from the urban context. In the search for strategies to make the high-rise city of the coming decades more humane, it is worth proposing the hypothesis of a hyperconnected, three-dimensional and multi-layered vertical city: a mesh of pedestrian skyways between skyscrapers that reproduce streets and urban squares where citizens can socialize. This paper proposes a rereading of those experiences and projects that, from the beginning of the 20th century to the present, built or unrealized, contributed to elaborating a new ideology about elevated pedestrian mobility. These ideas elevated the social and the relational, away from ground level through skyways to find growth strategies at the human scale, and so declaring the age of the multilevel city. <![CDATA[ <p>The lack of contemporary theoretical support for the construction of the vertical city leads to the application of an inherited model, conceived almost a century ago. Therefore, the urban space suffers a strong dehumanization, disconnecting the inhabitants from the urban context. In the search for strategies to make the high-rise city of the coming decades more humane, it is worth proposing the hypothesis of a hyperconnected, three-dimensional and multi-layered vertical city: a mesh of pedestrian skyways between skyscrapers that reproduce streets and urban squares where citizens can socialize. This paper proposes a rereading of those experiences and projects that, from the beginning of the 20th century to the present, built or unrealized, contributed to elaborating a new ideology about elevated pedestrian mobility. These ideas elevated the social and the relational, away from ground level through skyways to find growth strategies at the human scale, and so declaring the age of the multilevel city. </p> ]]> Skyways: A Strategy to Humanize the Mobility of the Vertical Cities adrián martínez-muñoz doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-393-404 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 4 Article 393 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-393-404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-393-404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-379-392 Green infrastructure supports urban areas by linking environmental, social and economic roles of other infrastructural developments, like connecting transport infrastructures with nature. Diverse street designs provide multiple benefits, such as carbon sequestration, flood management, reduced traffic accidents, wildlife habitat, neighbourhood beautification, improved air quality, noise pollution and more related to green infrastructure benefits. Thus, this article’s first objective is to explore green infrastructure benefits and identify those related to transportation. Furthermore, allocate a category of multifunc- tionality for African avenue/Bole street with experts’ opinions. what green infrastructure benefits do the pavement, bioswales, planter boxes, trees and Bole/African avenue road altogether deliver? The second is to see the transportation planning of Addis Ababa, first by reviewing its environmental impact on the city and second by taking the case of African avenue/Bole street, which has gone in the process of widening. Since one benefit of GI is reducing traffic accidents, this road is built to reduce traffic accidents. We checked if it reduced traffic collisions occurring on African Avenue. Its direct accidental impact, injuries sustained in road traffic collisions are gathered and compared between the years before and after the widening of African avenue.The GI value difference result indicates a considerable gap between the possible benefits the street could give and the current benefits. Transport impact on the city’s environmental health is vast. Collisions on vehicles increased and the number of pedestrians affected increased; thus, the papers suggest Addis Ababa needs to increase employed GI strategies and integrate new green infrastructure strategies to intensify multifunctionality. Moreover, the paper introduces the concept of Leapfrog and the possibility of shifting into green transportation. <![CDATA[ <p>Green infrastructure supports urban areas by linking environmental, social and economic roles of other infrastructural developments, like connecting transport infrastructures with nature. Diverse street designs provide multiple benefits, such as carbon sequestration, flood management, reduced traffic accidents, wildlife habitat, neighbourhood beautification, improved air quality, noise pollution and more related to green infrastructure benefits. Thus, this article’s first objective is to explore green infrastructure benefits and identify those related to transportation. Furthermore, allocate a category of multifunc- tionality for African avenue/Bole street with experts’ opinions. what green infrastructure benefits do the pavement, bioswales, planter boxes, trees and Bole/African avenue road altogether deliver? The second is to see the transportation planning of Addis Ababa, first by reviewing its environmental impact on the city and second by taking the case of African avenue/Bole street, which has gone in the process of widening. Since one benefit of GI is reducing traffic accidents, this road is built to reduce traffic accidents. We checked if it reduced traffic collisions occurring on African Avenue. Its direct accidental impact, injuries sustained in road traffic collisions are gathered and compared between the years before and after the widening of African avenue.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The GI value difference result indicates a considerable gap between the possible benefits the street could give and the current benefits. Transport impact on the city’s environmental health is vast. Collisions on vehicles increased and the number of pedestrians affected increased; thus, the papers suggest Addis Ababa needs to increase employed GI strategies and integrate new green infrastructure strategies to intensify multifunctionality. Moreover, the paper introduces the concept of Leapfrog and the possibility of shifting into green transportation.</p> ]]> Leapfrogging towards Green Infrastructure - A Case of African Avenue mosissa samuel shen zhongwei tsegaye wubengda eyob abel doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-379-392 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 4 Article 379 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-379-392 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-379-392 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-367-378 In Europe, urban areas represent the “engine” of economic growth and employment in a territory: about 85% of the EU’s GDP (gross domestic product) is generated in european cities. Several European cities, due to the extensive economic activities in urban areas, have to deal with and manage issues related to or caused by transport and mobility such as congestion, air pollution, safety and noise pollution. In 2010, for example, about 73% of European citizens lived in urban areas; this percentage is estimated to increase to more than 80% by 2050. In addition to the direct impact generated by traffic, urban mobility can also influence social development, social exclusion, and accessibility for people with reduced mobility. Consequently, the need to adopt sustainable transport systems is now a global goal that can no longer be postponed. To promote sustainable mobility models, current planning strategies have used smart growth interventions to move from mono-centric city structures to poly-centric, more localized configurations. For example, the idea of the 15-minute city is gradually growing in importance from both a policy and social perspective. The basis of the idea is the promotion of interventions to increase the supply of local services, such as schools, public transportation systems, health care facilities, dining facilities, jobs, recreation areas, and retail stores. In this way, local areas are created that are sustainable, inclusive, and walkable within a small radius on foot or by bicycle. Starting from these considerations, the aim of this work is to apply the idea of the city in 15 min to railway stations: in this perspective, the railway station becomes the starting point of the analysis as it represents the “door of the house”, from where users start their last mile trips after getting off the train. For some railway stations located in Northern Italy, an analytical index has been defined that summarizes the characteristics of the station in relation to the territory in which it is located. In this way, it is possible to classify the stations on the one hand and, on the other, to identify and propose improvements aimed at relaunching the role of a railway station in a territory. <![CDATA[ <p>In Europe, urban areas represent the “engine” of economic growth and employment in a territory: about 85% of the EU’s GDP (gross domestic product) is generated in european cities. Several European cities, due to the extensive economic activities in urban areas, have to deal with and manage issues related to or caused by transport and mobility such as congestion, air pollution, safety and noise pollution. In 2010, for example, about 73% of European citizens lived in urban areas; this percentage is estimated to increase to more than 80% by 2050. In addition to the direct impact generated by traffic, urban mobility can also influence social development, social exclusion, and accessibility for people with reduced mobility. Consequently, the need to adopt sustainable transport systems is now a global goal that can no longer be postponed. To promote sustainable mobility models, current planning strategies have used smart growth interventions to move from mono-centric city structures to poly-centric, more localized configurations. For example, the idea of the 15-minute city is gradually growing in importance from both a policy and social perspective. The basis of the idea is the promotion of interventions to increase the supply of local services, such as schools, public transportation systems, health care facilities, dining facilities, jobs, recreation areas, and retail stores. In this way, local areas are created that are sustainable, inclusive, and walkable within a small radius on foot or by bicycle. Starting from these considerations, the aim of this work is to apply the idea of the city in 15 min to railway stations: in this perspective, the railway station becomes the starting point of the analysis as it represents the “door of the house”, from where users start their last mile trips after getting off the train. For some railway stations located in Northern Italy, an analytical index has been defined that summarizes the characteristics of the station in relation to the territory in which it is located. In this way, it is possible to classify the stations on the one hand and, on the other, to identify and propose improvements aimed at relaunching the role of a railway station in a territory.</p> ]]> Relationship between Railway Stations and the Territory: Case Study in Lombardy – Italy for 15-Min Station fabio borghetti michela longo renato mazzoncini claudio somaschini leonardo cesarini luigi contestabile doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-367-378 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 4 Article 367 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-367-378 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-367-378 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-353-366 Two of the greatest challenges for future individual mobility are urban air quality and climate protection. Although a steady reduction of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles has been achieved in the past, local pollution levels within cities still reach levels that are considered hazardous to health. Although the significant contribution of road traffic to total pollution is known, especially at traffic hotspots, modelling the exact interactions remains a challenge. In this paper, a novel approach for the determination of the emission–immission interaction on the basis of a neural network model for the NO2 immission at a near-traffic hotspot scenario is presented. In addition to a detailed description of the modelling procedure, significance analysis of the influencing variables and the interactions considered, it is also described how the specific emissions for the entire vehicle fleet are implemented in accordance with different emission standards under real driving conditions. On the basis of the model presented, achievable immission levels for currently available and future technology are investigated within scenario analysis. results show that concentrations of less than half of today’s yearly average limit values are technically feasible in hotspot situations. <![CDATA[ <p>Two of the greatest challenges for future individual mobility are urban air quality and climate protection. Although a steady reduction of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles has been achieved in the past, local pollution levels within cities still reach levels that are considered hazardous to health. Although the significant contribution of road traffic to total pollution is known, especially at traffic hotspots, modelling the exact interactions remains a challenge. In this paper, a novel approach for the determination of the emission–immission interaction on the basis of a neural network model for the NO₂ immission at a near-traffic hotspot scenario is presented. In addition to a detailed description of the modelling procedure, significance analysis of the influencing variables and the interactions considered, it is also described how the specific emissions for the entire vehicle fleet are implemented in accordance with different emission standards under real driving conditions. On the basis of the model presented, achievable immission levels for currently available and future technology are investigated within scenario analysis. results show that concentrations of less than half of today’s yearly average limit values are technically feasible in hotspot situations.</p> ]]> Empirical Modelling of A Near-Traffic Emission Hotspot – Analysis of Immission Reduction Potentials tim steinhaus moritz hartwig christian beidl doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-353-366 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 4 Article 353 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-353-366 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-353-366 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-340-352 Accessibility is a concept that combines land use with transport service networks that connect and facilitates movements between locations or regions. cities are built based on transportation planning and should provide adequate access to the activities of the region. this paper measured the accessibility index of the sub-district region in Medan by applying two approaches. Attention is given to highlight the differences in transport accessibility measurement results. the results determine the disparities of transport services in each of the sub-district. identifying the accessibility index can be used to evaluate the policies encouraging public transport use in Medan. the public transport system should be developed based on high-density corridors and corridors poorly served by existing public transport to suppress private vehicles’ increase in urban areas. improvement of public transport services is manda- tory to fulfill the accessibility of the region and minimize the tendency for road-oriented development (traditional approach) only. the public transport routes and total fleet operations seem to be a crucial issue to encourage private vehicle owners to use public transport by increasing the accessibility index of the region. <![CDATA[ <p>Accessibility is a concept that combines land use with transport service networks that connect and facilitates movements between locations or regions. cities are built based on transportation planning and should provide adequate access to the activities of the region. this paper measured the accessibility index of the sub-district region in Medan by applying two approaches. Attention is given to highlight the differences in transport accessibility measurement results. the results determine the disparities of transport services in each of the sub-district. identifying the accessibility index can be used to evaluate the policies encouraging public transport use in Medan. the public transport system should be developed based on high-density corridors and corridors poorly served by existing public transport to suppress private vehicles’ increase in urban areas. improvement of public transport services is manda- tory to fulfill the accessibility of the region and minimize the tendency for road-oriented development (traditional approach) only. the public transport routes and total fleet operations seem to be a crucial issue to encourage private vehicle owners to use public transport by increasing the accessibility index of the region.</p> ]]> Accessibility Index Analysis of Medan Subdistrict Region: A Dual Approach ridwan anas medis s. surbakti ika puji hastuty doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-340-352 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 4 Article 340 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-340-352 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-340-352 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-327-339 When comparing the cost structure of different transport operators, tools standardising the expenses an ideal efficient operator would incur in producing a specific transport service are valuable instruments for private companies and public authorities. in this paper, we build a bottom-up cost model for electric-driven rail-based regional transport services. the proposed model includes (i) transport services production costs; (ii) maintenance costs; (iii) administrative costs and (iv) the cost of capital. except for the expenses for electric traction, infrastructure costs have been excluded and considered, as frequently happens, upon an external infrastructure manager. the bottom-up approach, relying on engineering analysis of the production process, limits the influence of past inefficiencies, typical of methods based on historical data. the model is developed for a generic short-medium distance service; it is then calibrated on the italian context, thanks to disaggregating data on production collected through questionnaires from italian transport operators in 2012 (covering 95% of the national service).We realised two settings, representing respectively an average performance and an ‘ideal’ best practise. to show the potentiality of the tool for policy makers, we apply the model to four case studies and calculate the maximum economic compensation paid to transport operators for each of them. the cases mainly differ over three fundamental characteristics: number of stops along the route, frequency and commercial speed. the latter two result to be the most influential factors in defining the unit standard cost. finally, we run numerical simulations to measure the marginal impact on efficiency obtained by modifying selected cost-driving variables and highlight the most promising interventions to enhance the performance gains. in particular, we consider both elements under the control of operators (e.g. vehicles and drivers productivity) and elements under the control of public authorities (e.g. average fleet age). <![CDATA[ <p>When comparing the cost structure of different transport operators, tools standardising the expenses an <em>ideal efficient operator </em>would incur in producing a specific transport service are valuable instruments for private companies and public authorities. in this paper, we build a bottom-up cost model for electric-driven rail-based regional transport services. the proposed model includes (i) transport services production costs; (ii) maintenance costs; (iii) administrative costs and (iv) the cost of capital. except for the expenses for electric traction, infrastructure costs have been excluded and considered, as frequently happens, upon an external infrastructure manager. the bottom-up approach, relying on engineering analysis of the production process, limits the influence of past inefficiencies, typical of methods based on historical data. the model is developed for a generic short-medium distance service; it is then calibrated on the italian context, thanks to disaggregating data on production collected through questionnaires from italian transport operators in 2012 (covering 95% of the national service).</p><p style="text-align: justify">We realised two settings, representing respectively an average performance and an ‘ideal’ best practise. to show the potentiality of the tool for policy makers, we apply the model to four case studies and calculate the maximum economic compensation paid to transport operators for each of them. the cases mainly differ over three fundamental characteristics: number of stops along the route, frequency and commercial speed. the latter two result to be the most influential factors in defining the unit standard cost. finally, we run numerical simulations to measure the marginal impact on efficiency obtained by modifying selected cost-driving variables and highlight the most promising interventions to enhance the performance gains. in particular, we consider both elements under the control of operators (e.g. vehicles and drivers productivity) and elements under the control of public authorities (e.g. average fleet age). </p> ]]> A Bottom-Up Cost Model for Electric Railbased Regional Public Transport Services: The Italian Context alessandro avenali giuseppe catalano tiziana d’ alfonso mirko giagnorio martina gregori giorgio matteucci doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-327-339 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 4 Article 327 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-327-339 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-327-339 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-309-326 The urban environment and the quality of the urban spaces are greatly affected by different forms of mobility, from the extremely impactful mass use of private vehicles to the ‘soft’ pedestrian walkways and cycle paths, and also through the several modes of public transport. In this paper we first explore the different urban impacts of these forms of mobility and the interaction between the urban system and the transportation system, and we then analyse the relationship of factors promoting urban quality in accordance with literature on urban design. Next, an analysis of the street’s cross section is made, as the quality of this space is inextricably linked to its grade of sustainable mobility. The results of this study are contrasted with the experience within Granada’s metropolitan area, which has a high level of private vehicular use, for example its heavy congestion coupled with severe environmental pollution. A new light rail system (LRT) has been developed, with major urban renewal along its track. The LRT has the particularity of having varied cross sections, whereby the improvement in quality of urban space along them can be evaluated. The high-quality urban spaces are those with virtually no vehicular access whatsoever, providing a completely pedestrianized area, such as in the traditional urban road crossing axes in the outlying districts, which are now almost completely free from vehicles and are more greatly accessible to people. As a result of current social distancing required by the COVID-19 pandemic, urban space, which can be configured in a very adaptable way, is changing in many cities including Granada, giving more space in their streets to sustainable mobility modes and, therefore, indirectly increasing their quality and longevity. The changes carried out in Granada reveal a requirement for the promotion of improvement in urban spaces and sustainable mobility on a metropolitan scale, since the LRT is not enough if it is not accompanied by other urban development and mobility integrated measures. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The urban environment and the quality of the urban spaces are greatly affected by different forms of mobility, from the extremely impactful mass use of private vehicles to the ‘soft’ pedestrian walkways and cycle paths, and also through the several modes of public transport. In this paper we first explore the different urban impacts of these forms of mobility and the interaction between the urban system and the transportation system, and we then analyse the relationship of factors promoting urban quality in accordance with literature on urban design. Next, an analysis of the street’s cross section is made, as the quality of this space is inextricably linked to its grade of sustainable mobility. The results of this study are contrasted with the experience within Granada’s metropolitan area, which has a high level of private vehicular use, for example its heavy congestion coupled with severe environmental pollution. A new light rail system (LRT) has been developed, with major urban renewal along its track. The LRT has the particularity of having varied cross sections, whereby the improvement in quality of urban space along them can be evaluated. The high-quality urban spaces are those with virtually no vehicular access whatsoever, providing a completely pedestrianized area, such as in the traditional urban road crossing axes in the outlying districts, which are now almost completely free from vehicles and are more greatly accessible to people. As a result of current social distancing required by the COVID-19 pandemic, urban space, which can be configured in a very adaptable way, is changing in many cities including Granada, giving more space in their streets to sustainable mobility modes and, therefore, indirectly increasing their quality and longevity. The changes carried out in Granada reveal a requirement for the promotion of improvement in urban spaces and sustainable mobility on a metropolitan scale, since the LRT is not enough if it is not accompanied by other urban development and mobility integrated measures.</span></p> ]]> Sustainable Mobility and Urban Space Quality: The Case of Granada, Spain a.l. grindlay g. ochoa-covarrubias c. lizárraga doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-309-326 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 4 Article 309 10.2495/TDI-V5-N4-309-326 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_4/TDI-V5-N4-309-326 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-291-301 Last December 2020, the European Commission welcomes the political agreement reached between the European Parliament and the Council on the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) already approved. RRF will be structured around six pillars. Between them, the first pillar is ‘green transition’. Green transition includes the goal of balanced CO2 emissions in 2050. Inside this framework, European transport system must to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This objective implies recovery transport system to sustainable modes. One of main ways to make the change is translate passengers and freight transport from road to railways that avoid greenhouse emissions if it uses electric energy with sustainable origins. To planning the change is important to now the mobility of passengers and freight by road. This article analyses the mobilities’ situation in Spain by road represented such as network of main nodes and trams, passengers and freight, for medium and large distance in 2017. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Last December 2020, the European Commission welcomes the political agreement reached between the European Parliament and the Council on the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) already approved. RRF will be structured around six pillars. Between them, the first pillar is ‘green transition’. Green transition includes the goal of balanced CO</span>₂<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> emissions in 2050. Inside this framework, European transport system must to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This objective implies recovery transport system to sustainable modes. One of main ways to make the change is translate passengers and freight transport from road to railways that avoid greenhouse emissions if it uses electric energy with sustainable origins. To planning the change is important to now the mobility of passengers and freight by road. This article analyses the mobilities’ situation in Spain by road represented such as network of main nodes and trams, passengers and freight, for medium and large distance in 2017.</span></p> ]]> Road Transport Corridors to Ecological Transition in Spain josé luis miralles i garcia doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-291-301 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 3 Article 291 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-291-301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-291-301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-278-290 Every year more than 1.35 million people die for road accidents and several million suffer serious injuries, which force them to live with compromised health conditions. Over the last decades, road safety research has focused on improving modelling techniques. However, due to the lack of expertise and statistical skills, such approaches might not be used by local authorities and road managers for road safety evaluation purposes. This paper proposes an operational methodology to analyze road accidents with the aim of increasing road safety. More specifically, the methodology enables to identify the most critical road segments to prioritize economic resources allocation accordingly. by using the data collected by the Road Police Department of Lombardy Region (in Italy) from 2014 to 2018, this methodology has been successfully applied to State Road 36, which is recognized as one of the busiest roads in Italy with a very high number of accidents occurring every year. The proposed methodology may support public administrations and road managers – involved in the definition and implementation of safety measures – to reduce the number of road accidents identifying and implementing prioritized interventions. Moreover, the methodology is general enough to be applied to each segment of a generic road infrastructure. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Every year more than 1.35 million people die for road accidents and several million suffer serious injuries, which force them to live with compromised health conditions. Over the last decades, road safety research has focused on improving modelling techniques. However, due to the lack of expertise and statistical skills, such approaches might not be used by local authorities and road managers for road safety evaluation purposes. This paper proposes an operational methodology to analyze road accidents with the aim of increasing road safety. More specifically, the methodology enables to identify the most critical road segments to prioritize economic resources allocation accordingly. by using the data collected by the Road Police Department of Lombardy Region (in Italy) from 2014 to 2018, this methodology has been successfully applied to State Road 36, which is recognized as one of the busiest roads in Italy with a very high number of accidents occurring every year. The proposed methodology may support public administrations and road managers – involved in the definition and implementation of safety measures – to reduce the number of road accidents identifying and implementing prioritized interventions. Moreover, the methodology is general enough to be applied to each segment of a generic road infrastructure.</span></p> ]]> A New Methodology for Accidents Analysis: The Case of the State Road 36 in Italy fabio borghetti giovanna marchionni matteo de bianchi benedetto barabino michela bonera claudia caballini doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-278-290 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 3 Article 278 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-278-290 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-278-290 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-264-277 Nowadays, the use of gearboxes in the mechanical sector has significantly increased due to the various possible applications and new materials available on the market. Moving through each application, from robotics to the automotive sector, the use of gearboxes ensures high efficiency with a compact structure. Generally, gearboxes are composed by gears, shafts and bearings, and each of these components can be subjected to failures. Therefore, in the analysis of each mechanical component it is central to let the system operate properly. In fact, the presence of a damage can lead to a slight variation of system properties (e.g. stiffness). To design even more reliable gearboxes, it results fundamental to monitor the system’s health state and the damage progress. To better understand these phenomena, a numerical study is here presented. A back-to-back gear rig (fixed-axis two-stage test rig) is used as reference. It was developed an effective multibody dynamic model that exploits a combination of two different approaches – the Lumped Parameter Method (LPM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM). In this work, the effect of different operative and loading conditions was studied. In particular, the effect of damages on the eigenfrequencies and on the vibrational spectra was investigated based on numerical simulations. The stiffnesses of the gear train components, used in the LPM, were estimated by means of dedicated fem simulations. the results of the LPM were validated with experimental data acquired on a real healthy back-to-back rig. Moreover, the effect of a tooth root damage on the vibrational spectra was analysed. The stiffnesses of the system’s components affect considerably the eigenfrequencies. As predicted by the FEM simulations, in presence of damage, the stiffness of the teeth varies significantly, affecting the vibrational spectra. Therefore, this work can be an effective starting point to setup a monitoring strategy of gearboxes. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Nowadays, the use of gearboxes in the mechanical sector has significantly increased due to the various possible applications and new materials available on the market. Moving through each application, from robotics to the automotive sector, the use of gearboxes ensures high efficiency with a compact structure. Generally, gearboxes are composed by gears, shafts and bearings, and each of these components can be subjected to failures. Therefore, in the analysis of each mechanical component it is central to let the system operate properly. In fact, the presence of a damage can lead to a slight variation of system properties (e.g. stiffness). To design even more reliable gearboxes, it results fundamental to monitor the system’s health state and the damage progress. To better understand these phenomena, a numerical study is here presented. A back-to-back gear rig (fixed-axis two-stage test rig) is used as reference. It was developed an effective multibody dynamic model that exploits a combination of two different approaches – the Lumped Parameter Method (LPM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM). In this work, the effect of different operative and loading conditions was studied. In particular, the effect of damages on the eigenfrequencies and on the vibrational spectra was investigated based on numerical simulations. The stiffnesses of the gear train components, used in the LPM, were estimated by means of dedicated fem simulations. the results of the LPM were validated with experimental data acquired on a real healthy back-to-back rig. Moreover, the effect of a tooth root damage on the vibrational spectra was analysed. The stiffnesses of the system’s components affect considerably the eigenfrequencies. As predicted by the FEM simulations, in presence of damage, the stiffness of the teeth varies significantly, affecting the vibrational spectra. Therefore, this work can be an effective starting point to setup a monitoring strategy of gearboxes.</span></p> ]]> A Multibody Dynamic Model for Evaluating the Vibrating Modes of Gear Train Systems r. p. monteiro r. vidoni f. concli doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-264-277 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 3 Article 264 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-264-277 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-264-277 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-254-263 The article explores the problem of modelling performance properties of cars in real driving conditions. At the same time, real or synthetic driving cycles are used to reproduce the road situation in the simulation model. The composition, the ratio of individual components and the nature of speed changes in such cycles significantly depends on both the traffic conditions on the route and the design features of the vehicles. The purpose of this work is to optimize simulation models of car operation by reducing the time of the experiment while maintaining the required accuracy of the model. This result is achieved using a dynamically changing model time. The paper considers the features of driving cycles of cars for various purposes. The program of simulation modelling Stamm 4.1 is presented, which implements the method of dynamic change of model time when simulating driving cycles of cars, which allows significantly reducing the duration of the experiment. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The article explores the problem of modelling performance properties of cars in real driving conditions. At the same time, real or synthetic driving cycles are used to reproduce the road situation in the simulation model. The composition, the ratio of individual components and the nature of speed changes in such cycles significantly depends on both the traffic conditions on the route and the design features of the vehicles. The purpose of this work is to optimize simulation models of car operation by reducing the time of the experiment while maintaining the required accuracy of the model. This result is achieved using a dynamically changing model time. The paper considers the features of driving cycles of cars for various purposes. The program of simulation modelling Stamm 4.1 is presented, which implements the method of dynamic change of model time when simulating driving cycles of cars, which allows significantly reducing the duration of the experiment.</span></p> ]]> Dynamic Change of Virtual Time When Modeling Vehicle Operating Cycles in the Program ‘Stamm’ a.v. manyashin doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-254-263 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 3 Article 254 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-254-263 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-254-263 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-242-253 In order to improve the design method of vehicle occupant restraint systems, it is necessary to reduce the computational load of simulations, to improve the global search capability, and to examine and integrate analytical methods to understand the complex interaction between design variables and objective functions. Therefore, in this study, we integrated the following three artificial intelligence technologies and applied them to the design of a vehicle occupant restraint system: (1) construction of a highly accurate approximate model by machine learning, (2) improvement of global search capability by evolutionary multi-objective optimization and (3) visualization and knowledge acquisition of multidimensional information using multivariate analysis methods. First, we obtained the minimum number of actual calculation samples using a crash analysis model with the design of experiments, and then used these samples to construct a highly accurate approximate model using machine learning. Next, we used the approximate model to perform a global search in the design space by evolutionary multi-objective optimization to obtain a pareto solution set that takes into account the trade-off relationship between the objective functions. finally, multivariate analysis using cluster analysis and self-organizing maps was performed on the pareto solution set. As a result, a fast global search was realized by substituting the evaluation calculation of evolutionary multi-objective optimization with a highly accurate approximate model. The pareto solution set obtained therein was then partitioned into clusters by cluster analysis, and the partitioned clusters were analysed by self-organizing maps, which provided perceptual information on the factors governing the trade-offs between the objective functions and the interactions between the design variables, and were useful for design engineers’ insights. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">In order to improve the design method of vehicle occupant restraint systems, it is necessary to reduce the computational load of simulations, to improve the global search capability, and to examine and integrate analytical methods to understand the complex interaction between design variables and objective functions. Therefore, in this study, we integrated the following three artificial intelligence technologies and applied them to the design of a vehicle occupant restraint system: (1) construction of a highly accurate approximate model by machine learning, (2) improvement of global search capability by evolutionary multi-objective optimization and (3) visualization and knowledge acquisition of multidimensional information using multivariate analysis methods. First, we obtained the minimum number of actual calculation samples using a crash analysis model with the design of experiments, and then used these samples to construct a highly accurate approximate model using machine learning. Next, we used the approximate model to perform a global search in the design space by evolutionary multi-objective optimization to obtain a pareto solution set that takes into account the trade-off relationship between the objective functions. finally, multivariate analysis using cluster analysis and self-organizing maps was performed on the pareto solution set. As a result, a fast global search was realized by substituting the evaluation calculation of evolutionary multi-objective optimization with a highly accurate approximate model. The pareto solution set obtained therein was then partitioned into clusters by cluster analysis, and the partitioned clusters were analysed by self-organizing maps, which provided perceptual information on the factors governing the trade-offs between the objective functions and the interactions between the design variables, and were useful for design engineers’ insights.</span></p> ]]> Advancement of Vehicle Occupant Restraint System Design by Integration of Artificial Intelligence Technologies hirosuke horii doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-242-253 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 3 Article 242 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-242-253 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-242-253 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-231-241 Various factors such as speed, variability of speed, traffic flows and the proportion of trucks affect the probability of truck-involved crashes. Numerous attempts have been made to identify the causal factors of truck-involved crashes, such as traffic volume, speed characteristics and geometric characteristics. Most of the research focused on identifying the causal factors or establishing models to represent the relationship between crashes and the identified factors. However, few studies have compared the differences in the impact of a coefficient by the type of region. This study aims to analyse the differences in the causal factors of truck-involved crashes in rural and urban areas. The applicability of the count models is examined owing to the low number of trucks involved in the crashes. The models for each area type are established using zero-inflated Poisson regression and negative binomial regression model for rural and urban areas, respectively. Our results indicate that sight distance is the single factor responsible for truck-involved crashes in rural areas, whereas annual average daily traffic, shoulder width and alignment are the contributors to truck-involved crashes in urban areas. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Various factors such as speed, variability of speed, traffic flows and the proportion of trucks affect the probability of truck-involved crashes. Numerous attempts have been made to identify the causal factors of truck-involved crashes, such as traffic volume, speed characteristics and geometric characteristics. Most of the research focused on identifying the causal factors or establishing models to represent the relationship between crashes and the identified factors. However, few studies have compared the differences in the impact of a coefficient by the type of region. This study aims to analyse the differences in the causal factors of truck-involved crashes in rural and urban areas. The applicability of the count models is examined owing to the low number of trucks involved in the crashes. The models for each area type are established using zero-inflated Poisson regression and negative binomial regression model for rural and urban areas, respectively. Our results indicate that sight distance is the single factor responsible for truck-involved crashes in rural areas, whereas annual average daily traffic, shoulder width and alignment are the contributors to truck-involved crashes in urban areas.</span></p> ]]> Identifying the Differences in the Causal Factors of Truck-Involved Crashes in Rural and Urban Areas donghyung yook jun lee sunnie haam doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-231-241 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 3 Article 231 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-231-241 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-231-241 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-217-230 The modern distribution of goods is highly complex, as it supports a closely linked globalized world. In the development of port terminals, competition is no longer only at the level of services. The increase in maritime transport and demand/supply in the hinterlands, with ensuing problems of capacity, distribu- tion and movement, have called for renewed attention on adequate structures and infrastructures. This evolution, enabled by technology, commercial interests and public policies, can be considered as a stage in the ongoing development of containerization and intermodal transport. At this stage, it is important to consider port terminals and maritime navigation networks as a system, together with terrestrial goods transport. Increasingly, regions are developing so-called dry or inland ports, to better serve the demand. We set out to define a sustainable model for dry ports, beginning with a review of relevant literature focused on Italian, Dutch and selected USA examples. We first define dry port, in the context of intermodal transport, ports in general and inland ports. Our investigation led to the identification of management tools and best practices. We report on visits and interviews to selected inland ports and identify key dry port activities, applications of innovative technologies and implications for different modes of transport. For the three countries studied, we identify strengths and weaknesses related to infrastructure, structures, internal organization of yard, types of imported and exported goods, transport methods and related travel times and costs. In regards to resilience and sustainability, vulnerabilities such as congestion, climate issues and cyber-attacks are considered. Finally, a maturity model for as- sessing dry ports is proposed. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The modern distribution of goods is highly complex, as it supports a closely linked globalized world. In the development of port terminals, competition is no longer only at the level of services. The increase in maritime transport and demand/supply in the hinterlands, with ensuing problems of capacity, distribu- tion and movement, have called for renewed attention on adequate structures and infrastructures. This evolution, enabled by technology, commercial interests and public policies, can be considered as a stage in the ongoing development of containerization and intermodal transport. At this stage, it is important to consider port terminals and maritime navigation networks as a system, together with terrestrial goods transport. Increasingly, regions are developing so-called dry or inland ports, to better serve the demand. We set out to define a sustainable model for dry ports, beginning with a review of relevant literature focused on Italian, Dutch and selected USA examples. We first define dry port, in the context of intermodal transport, ports in general and inland ports. Our investigation led to the identification of management tools and best practices. We report on visits and interviews to selected inland ports and identify key dry port activities, applications of innovative technologies and implications for different modes of transport. For the three countries studied, we identify strengths and weaknesses related to infrastructure, structures, internal organization of yard, types of imported and exported goods, transport methods and related travel times and costs. In regards to resilience and sustainability, vulnerabilities such as congestion, climate issues and cyber-attacks are considered. Finally, a maturity model for as- sessing dry ports is proposed.</span></p> ]]> Dry Port Network Model: Best Practices in the EU with Notes from the USA antonio pratelli ron van duin reginald souleyrette beatrice bianchini danilo marigo lorenzo brocchini wang teng doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-217-230 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 3 Article 217 10.2495/TDI-V5-N3-217-230 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_3/TDI-V5-N3-217-230 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2/TDI-V5-N2-190-207 Road traffic accidents are in the top ten of all deaths, with around 1.4 million fatalities and 50 million injuries per year worldwide. Regarding railways, in the EU, there were 1,666 serious accidents regis- tered in 2018 and 442 of them involved level crossings (LCs). The number of accidents on LCs in the EU in 2018 was approximately 27% of the total number of accidents on railways, but these accidents can be predictable and preventable. The current study investigated the efficiency of railways in terms of accident risk at LCs in 24 countries of the EU. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method has been applied to evaluate the efficiency of the selected railways in terms of safety at LCs. After extensive study of the subject, the comprehensive list of influencing factors has been identified and seven of them have been selected for further analysis. To investigate the relationship between selected factors and efficiency score of railways in terms of accident risk at LCs, the IBM SPSS software package has been deployed. The results show that GDP per capita and density of population in the selected countries have a strong influence on the efficiency of railways in terms of safety at LCs. The expected outcome of this research may contribute to a better understanding of the factors that influence the efficiency score of railways in term of accident risk at LCs and may help to develop preventative measures. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Road traffic accidents are in the top ten of all deaths, with around 1.4 million fatalities and 50 million injuries per year worldwide. Regarding railways, in the EU, there were 1,666 serious accidents regis- tered in 2018 and 442 of them involved level crossings (LCs). The number of accidents on LCs in the EU in 2018 was approximately 27% of the total number of accidents on railways, but these accidents can be predictable and preventable. The current study investigated the efficiency of railways in terms of accident risk at LCs in 24 countries of the EU. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method has been applied to evaluate the efficiency of the selected railways in terms of safety at LCs. After extensive study of the subject, the comprehensive list of influencing factors has been identified and seven of them have been selected for further analysis. To investigate the relationship between selected factors and efficiency score of railways in terms of accident risk at LCs, the IBM SPSS software package has been deployed. The results show that GDP per capita and density of population in the selected countries have a strong influence on the efficiency of railways in terms of safety at LCs. The expected outcome of this research may contribute to a better understanding of the factors that influence the efficiency score of railways in term of accident risk at LCs and may help to develop preventative measures.</span></p> ]]> Factors Affecting Efficiency of Railways in Terms of Safety at Railway Level Crossings inara watson amer ali ali bayyati doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N2-190-207 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 2 Article 190 10.2495/TDI-V5-N2-190-207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2/TDI-V5-N2-190-207 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2/TDI-V5-N2-162-174 It is important for urban tourism development to focus on the accessibility of tourist points of interest (POIs). The spatial distribution of POIs should be closely linked to sustainable traffic development. In recent years, smartphones and global positioning systems have provided strong technical support for tourist POIs through social media. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the correlation between POIs and transportation from different perspectives. There is however a lack of quantitative research on the correlation between traffic accessibility and the distribution of urban tourist POIs using space syntax theory. This study proposes a method for optimizing the layout of tourist POIs based on traffic accessibility. We crawled 2,322 tourist POIs in Dalian as research objects, adopted kernel density estimation and constructed spatial syntax models. We analysed these models from the perspective of the spatial distribution characteristics of the POIs and traffic accessibility. The results showed no di- rect correlation between the spatial distribution of POIs and road networks. The conclusion is that the distribution of the most popular POIs does not coincide with the roads with the highest accessibility in Dalian. Therefore, we propose feasible optimization strategies for spatial planning of tourist POIs and sustainable traffic development. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">It is important for urban tourism development to focus on the accessibility of tourist points of interest (POIs). The spatial distribution of POIs should be closely linked to sustainable traffic development. In recent years, smartphones and global positioning systems have provided strong technical support for tourist POIs through social media. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the correlation between POIs and transportation from different perspectives. There is however a lack of quantitative research on the correlation between traffic accessibility and the distribution of urban tourist POIs using space syntax theory. This study proposes a method for optimizing the layout of tourist POIs based on traffic accessibility. We crawled 2,322 tourist POIs in Dalian as research objects, adopted kernel density estimation and constructed spatial syntax models. We analysed these models from the perspective of the spatial distribution characteristics of the POIs and traffic accessibility. The results showed no di- rect correlation between the spatial distribution of POIs and road networks. The conclusion is that the distribution of the most popular POIs does not coincide with the roads with the highest accessibility in Dalian. Therefore, we propose feasible optimization strategies for spatial planning of tourist POIs and sustainable traffic development.</span></p> ]]> An Integrated Approach for Optimizing the Spatial Planning of Tourist POIs for Traffic Accessibility: Dalian City, China qunsong zhang eunyouny kim cuixia yang fucun cao doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N2-162-174 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 2 Article 162 10.2495/TDI-V5-N2-162-174 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2/TDI-V5-N2-162-174 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2/TDI-V5-N2-150-161 As pedestrian networks tie together all transportation modes, their accessibility is crucial to supporting public transportation and fostering more sustainable and liveable cities. Nevertheless, most studies have relied on street networks when calculating pedestrian accessibility. While street networks can substitute for pedestrian networks in some cases, they fail to capture all paths available to pedestrians. Recent studies argue that this may distort our understanding of connectivity, accessibility and consequently the walkability of an area. This study sought to understand the effect of pedestrian network accessibility on segment-scale pedestrian density. To achieve this goal, dedicated pedestrian networks were constructed for two 400 m2 areas in Bangkok and Osaka. In each site, the effect of accessibility variables, namely reach and gravity, were assessed first before controlling for other environmental factors addressing con- nectivity, transit proximity and path conditions. Measures were evaluated using ArcGIS and the Urban Network Analysis toolbox using data obtained from OpenStreetMap databases and field surveys. The results show that accessibility variables alone can account for up to 33% and 35% of observed pedes- trian densities in Bangkok and Osaka, respectively. Accessibility to retail land uses is the biggest driver in this relationship. However, when controlling for all variables, only in the denser, more connected Osaka site did accessibility to retail remain significant, helping to explaining up to 45% of observed pedestrian densities, while in Bangkok, its effect was minimal with proximity to rail transit being the only significant variable. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">As pedestrian networks tie together all transportation modes, their accessibility is crucial to supporting public transportation and fostering more sustainable and liveable cities. Nevertheless, most studies have relied on street networks when calculating pedestrian accessibility. While street networks can substitute for pedestrian networks in some cases, they fail to capture all paths available to pedestrians. Recent studies argue that this may distort our understanding of connectivity, accessibility and consequently the walkability of an area. This study sought to understand the effect of pedestrian network accessibility on segment-scale pedestrian density. To achieve this goal, dedicated pedestrian networks were constructed for two 400 m</span>²<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> areas in Bangkok and Osaka. In each site, the effect of accessibility variables, namely reach and gravity, were assessed first before controlling for other environmental factors addressing con- nectivity, transit proximity and path conditions. Measures were evaluated using ArcGIS and the Urban Network Analysis toolbox using data obtained from OpenStreetMap databases and field surveys. The results show that accessibility variables alone can account for up to 33% and 35% of observed pedes- trian densities in Bangkok and Osaka, respectively. Accessibility to retail land uses is the biggest driver in this relationship. However, when controlling for all variables, only in the denser, more connected Osaka site did accessibility to retail remain significant, helping to explaining up to 45% of observed pedestrian densities, while in Bangkok, its effect was minimal with proximity to rail transit being the only significant variable.</span></p> ]]> Utilising Dedicated Pedestrian Networks to Understand the Relationship Between Accessibility and Pedestrian Density in Asian Cities daniel m. pearce ryoji matsunaka tetsuharu oba shota yamamoto doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N2-150-161 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 2 Article 150 10.2495/TDI-V5-N2-150-161 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2/TDI-V5-N2-150-161 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2/TDI-V5-N2-136-149 The article overviews the influence transport supply has on the functioning parameters of the urban mobility structure of a large city that does not have off-street transport. The influence of the cost of paid parking, the length of bus and bike lanes on the share of trips by personal and public transport, cycling and pedestrian traffic is established. An assessment of the change in passenger traffic at individual bus stops and passenger traffic on bus routes is carried out with a change in the structure of urban mobility. The change in urban mobility with the expansion of the paid parking zone in the city centre is considered. The structure of urban mobility is determined using simulation modelling with a macroscopic transport model of a large city with a population over 800 thousand people. The parameters of three- factor mathematical models are determined, the adequacy of the models are checked and the static characteristics are presented. Changes in routes of movement of pedestrians and passengers of public transport after the construction of a new pedestrian bridge are predicted. Pedestrian traffic on the bridge increases with the introduction of a bus stop next to the bridge and two new routes for public transport. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The article overviews the influence transport supply has on the functioning parameters of the urban mobility structure of a large city that does not have off-street transport. The influence of the cost of paid parking, the length of bus and bike lanes on the share of trips by personal and public transport, cycling and pedestrian traffic is established. An assessment of the change in passenger traffic at individual bus stops and passenger traffic on bus routes is carried out with a change in the structure of urban mobility. The change in urban mobility with the expansion of the paid parking zone in the city centre is considered. The structure of urban mobility is determined using simulation modelling with a macroscopic transport model of a large city with a population over 800 thousand people. The parameters of three- factor mathematical models are determined, the adequacy of the models are checked and the static characteristics are presented. Changes in routes of movement of pedestrians and passengers of public transport after the construction of a new pedestrian bridge are predicted. Pedestrian traffic on the bridge increases with the introduction of a bus stop next to the bridge and two new routes for public transport.</span></p> ]]> The Efficiency of Some Activities for the Development of Urban Infrastructure for Public Transport, Cyclists and Pedestrians dmitrii zakharov alexey fadyushin doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N2-136-149 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 2 Article 136 10.2495/TDI-V5-N2-136-149 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2/TDI-V5-N2-136-149 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2/TDI-V5-N2-118-135 The inability to effectively and systematically identify and measure the damage in bridges will lead to an acceleration and dangerous deterioration of the health state of these structures. To repair and replace the aging and damaged bridge infrastructures, and prevent catastrophic bridge collapse, there is an urgent need to develop reliable, innovative, and efficient approaches to the performance assessment and inspection of bridges. Unmanned aerial vehicles, also knowns as drone, technology has found its way into a number of civilian applications including inspection in the last 20 years, predominantly due to lower cost and tangible scientific improvements. The intent of this paper is to map the current state-of- the-art drone-enabled bridge inspection practices and investigated their associated hazards and risks. This paper will integrate scenario prediction and, assess hazards as well as the social and environmental loss in the case of drone-enabled bridge inspection. Further, this paper will follow rather closely a three- phase process: hazard identification, hazard analysis, and hazard evaluation, all executed with qualitative data and methods by experts of a variety of fields, methodologies for recognition of the impact of cold operating environment on the performance of drone and drone-pilots, creative interpretation of the hazard factors of identifiable problems. The proposed preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) is exemplified via drone-enabled inspection of Håkenby bridge, which is located in the Viken county, in the eastern part of Norway. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The inability to effectively and systematically identify and measure the damage in bridges will lead to an acceleration and dangerous deterioration of the health state of these structures. To repair and replace the aging and damaged bridge infrastructures, and prevent catastrophic bridge collapse, there is an urgent need to develop reliable, innovative, and efficient approaches to the performance assessment and inspection of bridges. Unmanned aerial vehicles, also knowns as drone, technology has found its way into a number of civilian applications including inspection in the last 20 years, predominantly due to lower cost and tangible scientific improvements. The intent of this paper is to map the current state-of- the-art drone-enabled bridge inspection practices and investigated their associated hazards and risks. This paper will integrate scenario prediction and, assess hazards as well as the social and environmental loss in the case of drone-enabled bridge inspection. Further, this paper will follow rather closely a three- phase process: hazard identification, hazard analysis, and hazard evaluation, all executed with qualitative data and methods by experts of a variety of fields, methodologies for recognition of the impact of cold operating environment on the performance of drone and drone-pilots, creative interpretation of the hazard factors of identifiable problems. The proposed preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) is exemplified via drone-enabled inspection of Håkenby bridge, which is located in the Viken county, in the eastern part of Norway.</span></p> ]]> Drone-Based Bridge Inspection in Harsh Operating Environment: Risks and Safeguards mostafa aliyari behrooz ashrafi yonas zewdu ayele doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N2-118-135 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 2 Article 118 10.2495/TDI-V5-N2-118-135 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2/TDI-V5-N2-118-135 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2/TDI-V5-N2-105-117 Environmental perception and monitoring play essential roles in maritime automation. Besides radar, the use of LiDAR for maritime surveillance has been increasing in recent years thanks to its high accuracy, high data density and good robustness against varying lighting conditions. This paper presents a novel approach for an adaptive shape-fitting technique using LiDAR point clouds in maritime applications, improving the object-tracking performance. The clustered LiDAR point clouds are fitted into bounding boxes or elliptic cylinders depending on their geometric shapes. A fitting score based on mean squared error is used for the shape decision. Afterwards, the extracted objects are associated with those in the past frames and tracked using an adaptive extended Kalman filter. The proposed algorithm is validated in simulation and post-processing using real-world test data. In simulations, the proposed adaptive shape-fitting technique shows a high object positioning and heading accuracy and guarantees a good object-tracking behaviour with a positioning error of 1.5 m. The proposed algorithm’s efficiency and robustness are further validated using test data recorded in the real-world using an unmanned surface vehicle equipped with LiDAR and GNSS in Rostock harbour, Germany. Test results show that the proposed adaptive shape-fitting technique helps the multi-object tracker reach a 2D position error of approximately 2 m with an update rate of 10 Hz, which is sufficient for object tracking in maritime applications. The size accuracy is improved by 10%, and heading accuracy is improved by 16% compared with multi-object tracking approaches only using L-shape fitting. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Environmental perception and monitoring play essential roles in maritime automation. Besides radar, the use of LiDAR for maritime surveillance has been increasing in recent years thanks to its high accuracy, high data density and good robustness against varying lighting conditions. This paper presents a novel approach for an adaptive shape-fitting technique using LiDAR point clouds in maritime applications, improving the object-tracking performance. The clustered LiDAR point clouds are fitted into bounding boxes or elliptic cylinders depending on their geometric shapes. A fitting score based on mean squared error is used for the shape decision. Afterwards, the extracted objects are associated with those in the past frames and tracked using an adaptive extended Kalman filter. The proposed algorithm is validated in simulation and post-processing using real-world test data. In simulations, the proposed adaptive shape-fitting technique shows a high object positioning and heading accuracy and guarantees a good object-tracking behaviour with a positioning error of 1.5 m. The proposed algorithm’s efficiency and robustness are further validated using test data recorded in the real-world using an unmanned surface vehicle equipped with LiDAR and GNSS in Rostock harbour, Germany. Test results show that the proposed adaptive shape-fitting technique helps the multi-object tracker reach a 2D position error of approximately 2 m with an update rate of 10 Hz, which is sufficient for object tracking in maritime applications. The size accuracy is improved by 10%, and heading accuracy is improved by 16% compared with multi-object tracking approaches only using L-shape fitting.</span></p> ]]> Adaptive Shape Fitting for Lidar Object Detection and Tracking in Maritime Applications jiaying lin giovanni campa christian-eike framing jan-jöran gehrt rené zweigel dirk abel doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N2-105-117 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 2 Article 105 10.2495/TDI-V5-N2-105-117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2/TDI-V5-N2-105-117 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-81-94 Over the past 10 years, the fleet of electric vehicles has grown dramatically, due to the introduction of incentive programs for their operation, as well as the development of accessible charging infrastructure. However, the design and organization of this network come with a number of obstacles in countries where the number of electric vehicles is limited. A small number of operated electric vehicles leads to a decrease in the utilization rate of the charging infrastructure. A main obstacle to increasing the fleet of electric vehicles is an insufficiently developed charging network. In this instance, such a location of charging stations in the city that will help to reduce idle runs of electric vehicles and increase the utilization rates of charging stations is one of the priority practical tasks in the field of infrastructure organization. In the world, there are approaches to the location of charging stations in cities. They are based on the methods proposed for choosing the location of socially significant objects in the city, and therefore take into account the centres of attraction of the population, the features of the organization of parking space and car services. However, until now, no methodology has been developed aimed at calculating the number of charging stations in the city, taking into account the characteristics of the functioning of the existing infrastructure and their location. The developed approach to the location of charging stations will take into account the peculiarities of the city’s power distribution network, the complexity of the access roads to the charging station and the likelihood of a free parking space. This paper partially describes the results of a larger study and aims at developing an approach to the location of charging stations in the city and optimizing the existing network. The approach was developed in two stages. Initially, the authors identified the applicability of an existing model, and then at the second stage, they adapted it taking into account the proposed indicators for assessing the location of the charging station in the city of Tyumen. In the future, the developed approach will be applied in several cities of the Russian Federation. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Over the past 10 years, the fleet of electric vehicles has grown dramatically, due to the introduction of incentive programs for their operation, as well as the development of accessible charging infrastructure. However, the design and organization of this network come with a number of obstacles in countries where the number of electric vehicles is limited. A small number of operated electric vehicles leads to a decrease in the utilization rate of the charging infrastructure. A main obstacle to increasing the fleet of electric vehicles is an insufficiently developed charging network. In this instance, such a location of charging stations in the city that will help to reduce idle runs of electric vehicles and increase the utilization rates of charging stations is one of the priority practical tasks in the field of infrastructure organization. In the world, there are approaches to the location of charging stations in cities. They are based on the methods proposed for choosing the location of socially significant objects in the city, and therefore take into account the centres of attraction of the population, the features of the organization of parking space and car services. However, until now, no methodology has been developed aimed at calculating the number of charging stations in the city, taking into account the characteristics of the functioning of the existing infrastructure and their location. The developed approach to the location of charging stations will take into account the peculiarities of the city’s power distribution network, the complexity of the access roads to the charging station and the likelihood of a free parking space. This paper partially describes the results of a larger study and aims at developing an approach to the location of charging stations in the city and optimizing the existing network. The approach was developed in two stages. Initially, the authors identified the applicability of an existing model, and then at the second stage, they adapted it taking into account the proposed indicators for assessing the location of the charging station in the city of Tyumen. In the future, the developed approach will be applied in several cities of the Russian Federation.</span></p> ]]> Development of the Integrated Approach to the Location of Charging Infrastructure in Tyumen City, Russian Federation anastasiya gorbunova ilya anisimov doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-81-94 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 1 Article 81 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-81-94 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-81-94 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-69-80 The rapid growth in the use of recommendation systems in the tourism sector is mainly related to the possibility to access updated data deriving from social networks, thus providing more appropriate and personalized suggestions. The paper presents a tourist trip recommendation system that suggests personalized itineraries defined as sequence of point of interest (PoI) to visit. The system core integrates two software modules: a neural network and an optimization engine. For every pair user-PoI typology, the neural network provides, on the basis of the analysis of the social media data, a score between 0 and 1. These latter values are then used as input parameters for a routing optimization problem that suggests the itinerary by considering additional restriction, as, for example, time windows, budget and time limitations, specified by the end user. Being a computational demanding problem, the model solution is carried out by applying a heuristic approach that is proven to provide high-quality solution in a limited amount of time. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The rapid growth in the use of recommendation systems in the tourism sector is mainly related to the possibility to access updated data deriving from social networks, thus providing more appropriate and personalized suggestions. The paper presents a tourist trip recommendation system that suggests personalized itineraries defined as sequence of point of interest (PoI) to visit. The system core integrates two software modules: a neural network and an optimization engine. For every pair user-PoI typology, the neural network provides, on the basis of the analysis of the social media data, a score between 0 and 1. These latter values are then used as input parameters for a routing optimization problem that suggests the itinerary by considering additional restriction, as, for example, time windows, budget and time limitations, specified by the end user. Being a computational demanding problem, the model solution is carried out by applying a heuristic approach that is proven to provide high-quality solution in a limited amount of time.</span></p> ]]> A Decision Support System for Trip Tourism Recommendation patrizia beraldi annarita de maio filomena olivito giuseppe potrino immacolata straface antonio violi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-69-80 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 1 Article 69 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-69-80 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-69-80 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-57-68 Mobility as a Service (MaaS) presents a shift from existing ownership-based transports and towards access-based ones and it has been recently gaining ground in urban mobility. MaaS is still surrounded by uncertainties and, its development and applicability are mainly centered in developed countries. However, MaaS is modular, adaptable and applicable to several realities. in this sense, this study aims to examine the perception of different transport models among students and to find the profile that can predict respondents’ willingness to use MaaS in a developing country. This survey was applied to over 300 university students in a Brazilian city (Lavras). Using the cart algorithm, it was obtained classification trees to predict favourable responses related to MaaS use, based on several predictor variables (socio-economic characteristics, means of transport used, distance and other). It was observed that, car users are a little less sensitive to cost than non-car users. For car users, commute alternatives that take longer, with less flexibility and availability – even when offered at lower costs – are not appealing, while non-car users accept and spend more time whether lower costs are available. Also, in general, the tree-based classification model predicted a positive adherence possibility for a MaaS scheme for both car users and non-car users (69%). As conclusions, this study suggests a willingness to MaaS model for creating value for commuters in a developing country. It was found that many MaaS’ characteristics (e.g. app payment, transport integration, monthly plan, customization, etc.) presented a positive predicted possibility of substitution, especially for millennials. Also, it was found that bicycle may be a modal that can be explored for MaaS schemes worldwide, and casual carpooling could be used as strategy to apply MaaS in places where the public transport lacks efficiency. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Mobility as a Service (MaaS) presents a shift from existing ownership-based transports and towards access-based ones and it has been recently gaining ground in urban mobility. MaaS is still surrounded by uncertainties and, its development and applicability are mainly centered in developed countries. However, MaaS is modular, adaptable and applicable to several realities. in this sense, this study aims to examine the perception of different transport models among students and to find the profile that can predict respondents’ willingness to use MaaS in a developing country. This survey was applied to over 300 university students in a Brazilian city (Lavras). Using the cart algorithm, it was obtained classification trees to predict favourable responses related to MaaS use, based on several predictor variables (socio-economic characteristics, means of transport used, distance and other). It was observed that, car users are a little less sensitive to cost than non-car users. For car users, commute alternatives that take longer, with less flexibility and availability – even when offered at lower costs – are not appealing, while non-car users accept and spend more time whether lower costs are available. Also, in general, the tree-based classification model predicted a positive adherence possibility for a MaaS scheme for both car users and non-car users (69%). As conclusions, this study suggests a willingness to MaaS model for creating value for commuters in a developing country. It was found that many MaaS’ characteristics (e.g. app payment, transport integration, monthly plan, customization, etc.) presented a positive predicted possibility of substitution, especially for millennials. Also, it was found that bicycle may be a modal that can be explored for MaaS schemes worldwide, and casual carpooling could be used as strategy to apply MaaS in places where the public transport lacks efficiency.</span></p> ]]> Willingness to Use Maas in a Developing Country rodrigo m. gandia fabio antonialli julia r. oliveira joel y. sugano isabelle nicolaï izabela r. cardoso oliveira doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-57-68 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 1 Article 57 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-57-68 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-57-68 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-41-56 Large speeds and axle-loads are required for modern freight trains, which can cause a big rise in in-train forces on wagon coupling elements for both tensile and compressive states, thus possibly leading to breaking of the coupling systems and to train derailments, respectively. Therefore, longitudinal train dynamics (LTD) simulations are a key tool for the prediction of the in-train forces and for the design of coupling and braking systems as well as for the optimization of the train composition. LTD simulations are typically carried out in time domain, to account for all the system non-linearities, mainly the hysteretic behaviour of the coupling system mechanical impedance characteristic. Although time domain simulations are a powerful tool to predict in-train forces considering all the system non-linearities, also frequency domain analyses can be useful to quickly compute the system dynamic behaviour. More in detail, modal analysis can provide important information on the system natural frequencies, so that the frequency content of the input forces can be checked to avoid the excitation of the system natural vibration modes.The paper shows the development of a new efficient time domain simulation LTD code implemented in MATLAB, provided with a modal analysis post-processing routine. The code was validated on the four time domain simulation scenarios suggested by the international benchmark of LTD simulators, and a simplified modal analysis was also carried out on the same train configurations. The validation process highlighted that the new code provides stable numerical outputs with a good computational efficiency, while the modal analysis routine showed that the train eigenfrequencies can vary significantly according to the deflection, relative speed and loading state on each coupler. <![CDATA[ <p>Large speeds and axle-loads are required for modern freight trains, which can cause a big rise in in-train forces on wagon coupling elements for both tensile and compressive states, thus possibly leading to breaking of the coupling systems and to train derailments, respectively. Therefore, longitudinal train dynamics (LTD) simulations are a key tool for the prediction of the in-train forces and for the design of coupling and braking systems as well as for the optimization of the train composition. LTD simulations are typically carried out in time domain, to account for all the system non-linearities, mainly the hysteretic behaviour of the coupling system mechanical impedance characteristic. Although time domain simulations are a powerful tool to predict in-train forces considering all the system non-linearities, also frequency domain analyses can be useful to quickly compute the system dynamic behaviour. More in detail, modal analysis can provide important information on the system natural frequencies, so that the frequency content of the input forces can be checked to avoid the excitation of the system natural vibration modes.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The paper shows the development of a new efficient time domain simulation LTD code implemented in MATLAB, provided with a modal analysis post-processing routine. The code was validated on the four time domain simulation scenarios suggested by the international benchmark of LTD simulators, and a simplified modal analysis was also carried out on the same train configurations. The validation process highlighted that the new code provides stable numerical outputs with a good computational efficiency, while the modal analysis routine showed that the train eigenfrequencies can vary significantly according to the deflection, relative speed and loading state on each coupler.</p> ]]> Validation of a New Longitudinal Train Dynamics Code for Time Domain Simulations and Modal Analyses nicola bosso matteo magelli nicolò zampieri doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-41-56 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 1 Article 41 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-41-56 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-41-56 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-28-40 Given the growth in container transport volumes and the use of mega-ships calling at a limited number of hub ports, it is necessary to increase the capacity of port-hinterland connections. Rail transport should play a key role in providing a sustainable response to this need and innovative solutions must be developed which can address the current problems and limitations through a more collaborative approach involving all the relevant stakeholders. The present study contributes to the development of an innovative Just-in-Time Rail Shuttle Service for a major port-hinterland corridor of the port of Valencia (Valencia-Zaragoza) and its service-dominant business logic, which emphasises the interaction between different transport agents as they co-create value through collaborative processes. The service-dominant business model radar (SDBM/R) methodology has been applied in close collaboration with industry experts and the resulting model evaluated through an extensive series of hands-on workshops with industry professionals from the port and logistics sector. This paper focuses on the application and evaluation of this methodology in the inland container transport domain, aimed at harnessing digital innovation in the design of new business models for a Just-in-Time Rail Shuttle Service. In summary, it contributes a novel and collaborative business design approach that has an academic grounding and practical relevance. <![CDATA[ <p>Given the growth in container transport volumes and the use of mega-ships calling at a limited number of hub ports, it is necessary to increase the capacity of port-hinterland connections. Rail transport should play a key role in providing a sustainable response to this need and innovative solutions must be developed which can address the current problems and limitations through a more collaborative approach involving all the relevant stakeholders. The present study contributes to the development of an innovative Just-in-Time Rail Shuttle Service for a major port-hinterland corridor of the port of Valencia (Valencia-Zaragoza) and its service-dominant business logic, which emphasises the interaction between different transport agents as they co-create value through collaborative processes. The service-dominant business model radar (SDBM/R) methodology has been applied in close collaboration with industry experts and the resulting model evaluated through an extensive series of hands-on workshops with industry professionals from the port and logistics sector. This paper focuses on the application and evaluation of this methodology in the inland container transport domain, aimed at harnessing digital innovation in the design of new business models for a Just-in-Time Rail Shuttle Service. In summary, it contributes a novel and collaborative business design approach that has an academic grounding and practical relevance.</p> ]]> Collaborative Service-Dominant Business Model Design for a Just-In-Time Rail Shuttle Service at the Port of Valencia c. pérez-cervera m. lu a. sánchez-pérez l. sáez-carramolino s. furió-pruñonosa doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-28-40 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 1 Article 28 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-28-40 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-28-40 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-15-27 The utilization and the quality of public transport are important for the customers, maintainers and service providers. Passive measurement techniques, when humans are not involved are the cheapest way for collecting large amounts of long-term data from multiple public transport lines. Useful data can be collected from various sources, such as from cameras, infrared sensors and Wi-Fi routers. We addressed the problems of estimating passenger counts in two different ways, and also to get travel statistics like the number of passengers getting on or off a vehicle at a bus stop; and even to compute an origin–destination matrix from Wi-Fi monitoring data. In this study, we focus on Wi-Fi data, which can be still useful for extracting relevant data after many years. here we describe Wi-fi data collection methods, and then prove the usefulness of applying simple artificial intelligence-based methods to extract information from the huge amount of Wi-Fi data. We will also show that ‘lower-level re-estimation’ can be useful for further optimization, which means that globally modelled data may have to be re-modelled on partially selected groups to get better results. Namely, after building linear models and estimating absolute and relative errors, we found that the relative error of the Wi-Fi-based estimation can be markedly reduced if data are processed and analysed in more detail. When a daily Wi-Fi analysis is split into between-stops parts, an additive linear correction can be computed and applied to these parts, and as a result, the relative error of estimates can be reduced. <![CDATA[ <p>The utilization and the quality of public transport are important for the customers, maintainers and service providers. Passive measurement techniques, when humans are not involved are the cheapest way for collecting large amounts of long-term data from multiple public transport lines. Useful data can be collected from various sources, such as from cameras, infrared sensors and Wi-Fi routers. We addressed the problems of estimating passenger counts in two different ways, and also to get travel statistics like the number of passengers getting on or off a vehicle at a bus stop; and even to compute an origin–destination matrix from Wi-Fi monitoring data. In this study, we focus on Wi-Fi data, which can be still useful for extracting relevant data after many years. here we describe Wi-fi data collection methods, and then prove the usefulness of applying simple artificial intelligence-based methods to extract information from the huge amount of Wi-Fi data. We will also show that ‘lower-level re-estimation’ can be useful for further optimization, which means that globally modelled data may have to be re-modelled on partially selected groups to get better results. Namely, after building linear models and estimating absolute and relative errors, we found that the relative error of the Wi-Fi-based estimation can be markedly reduced if data are processed and analysed in more detail. When a daily Wi-Fi analysis is split into between-stops parts, an additive linear correction can be computed and applied to these parts, and as a result, the relative error of estimates can be reduced.</p> ]]> Extracting Information from Wi-Fi Traffic on Public Transport andrás bánhalmi vilmos bilicki istván megyeri zoltán majó-petri jános csirik doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-15-27 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 1 Article 15 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-15-27 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-15-27 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-1-14 In dependence upon a given geometric configuration, an actual or forecasted number of vehicles arriving at an intersection can turn left or right, otherwise proceed straight through it. This article can be placed in between a research working paper, and a kind of informational brief report. Indeed, it deals with forecasting techniques for estimation of intersection turning movements. Such issue is crucial, both in network planning and in traffic engineering, while its applications span from traffic safety and environmental impacts, to signal timing, roundabout design and setting of traffic control strategies. The number of vehicles making each movement on an existing intersection can be manually collected, especially when operational analyses are undertaken. Nevertheless, when the intersection is at the planning or design stage, an estimation process is required. In its first part, this paper provides a brief literature review of some of theoretical and practical methods focused to forecast the intersection turning movements. Such a review is limited on methods used to distribute the incoming and exiting traffic volumes within the different intersection branches, then generating an estimation of the so-called intersection O/D matrix of turning flows. The second part of the paper is experimental. Two different, but similar, heuristic procedures have described. Then, they have successively applied to some selected intersection real traffic data sets, and the respective computational performances were compared. Namely, the first one is known as proportion methods, while the second one is called as the difference, or deviation, method. Each method of these two starts from an initial matrix, and through iterative steps it reaches the best estimate of the matrix of turning flows, with respect to a given distribution model. Test intersections with their related set of real traffic data have been used as input, and each of the two procedures, as described in advance, was applied to the same numeric instances. The obtained values were compared in respect to few selected performance indicators. Finally, the computational results were displayed and discussed. On this basis, some insights are drawn and useful remarks for application and future research have been addressed. <![CDATA[ <p>In dependence upon a given geometric configuration, an actual or forecasted number of vehicles arriving at an intersection can turn left or right, otherwise proceed straight through it. This article can be placed in between a research working paper, and a kind of informational brief report. Indeed, it deals with forecasting techniques for estimation of intersection turning movements. Such issue is crucial, both in network planning and in traffic engineering, while its applications span from traffic safety and environmental impacts, to signal timing, roundabout design and setting of traffic control strategies. The number of vehicles making each movement on an existing intersection can be manually collected, especially when operational analyses are undertaken. Nevertheless, when the intersection is at the planning or design stage, an estimation process is required. In its first part, this paper provides a brief literature review of some of theoretical and practical methods focused to forecast the intersection turning movements. Such a review is limited on methods used to distribute the incoming and exiting traffic volumes within the different intersection branches, then generating an estimation of the so-called intersection O/D matrix of turning flows. The second part of the paper is experimental. Two different, but similar, heuristic procedures have described. Then, they have successively applied to some selected intersection real traffic data sets, and the respective computational performances were compared. Namely, the first one is known as proportion methods, while the second one is called as the difference, or deviation, method. Each method of these two starts from an initial matrix, and through iterative steps it reaches the best estimate of the matrix of turning flows, with respect to a given distribution model. Test intersections with their related set of real traffic data have been used as input, and each of the two procedures, as described in advance, was applied to the same numeric instances. The obtained values were compared in respect to few selected performance indicators. Finally, the computational results were displayed and discussed. On this basis, some insights are drawn and useful remarks for application and future research have been addressed.</p> ]]> Methods to Generate an Expected Turning Traffic Flows Matrix for Road Junction Analysis a. pratelli l. sordi a. farina doi: 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-1-14 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 1 Article 1 10.2495/TDI-V5-N1-1-14 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_1/TDI-V5-N1-1-14 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-368-378 About 1% or 2 % of the overall container traffic is run on the Iron Silk Road between Europe and China (with a long broad-gauge section Belarus–Russia–Kazakhstan and gantry crane transshipments in Brest and Khorgos) because trains are estimated to be faster and more reliable than container ships. There may be even a market for high-speed block trains for the most valuable and urgent 10% or 20 % of these containers being part of just-in-time production or trade chains. These containers are worth to be shipped at express timetables and protected in deep well cars from falling neither off ships nor off trains. (On 1 January 2019 MSC_Zoe lost 342 containers washed ashore on Dutch and German isles of the North Sea [1], and on 2 January 2019 a freight train lost an empty semi-trailer on the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark which caused a collision with a passenger train and 8 persons killed [2]). In UT conference, Sevilla 2002 [3], I was mistaken believing that there is no limit for mass or speed of container trains. A diagram on sustainable maximal speed (Y) versus mass per length (X) shows distinct sets for passenger trains near the Y axis and freight trains near the X axis and a cut set <![CDATA[ <p>About 1% or 2 % of the overall container traffic is run on the Iron Silk Road between Europe and China (with a long broad-gauge section Belarus–Russia–Kazakhstan and gantry crane transshipments in Brest and Khorgos) because trains are estimated to be faster and more reliable than container ships. There may be even a market for high-speed block trains for the most valuable and urgent 10% or 20 % of these containers being part of just-in-time production or trade chains. These containers are worth to be shipped at express timetables and protected in deep well cars from falling neither off ships nor off trains. (On 1 January 2019 MSC_Zoe lost 342 containers washed ashore on Dutch and German isles of the North Sea [1], and on 2 January 2019 a freight train lost an empty semi-trailer on the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark which caused a collision with a passenger train and 8 persons killed [2]). In UT conference, Sevilla 2002 [3], I was mistaken believing that there is no limit for mass or speed of container trains. A diagram on sustainable maximal speed (Y) versus mass per length (X) shows distinct sets for passenger trains near the Y axis and freight trains near the X axis and a cut set <3 t/m and ≤120 km/h. So there are limits for both speed and mass per length, probably because of dynamic stress between train mass and infrastructure. In order to quickly develop a high-speed container train, existing and proven locomotives and bogies should be made use of and only the deep well car structure is left. Together with bogies and container masses, this structure must not exceed the mass-per-length criterion of a high-speed passenger middle car, to make the infrastructure not feel the difference. For easy and fast unloading and loading containers by gantry cranes, deep well cars should stay topless and be designed exclusively for high-cube 40′ containers. First estimates seem to confirm a compound welded copper-steel alloy structure will be tough, long and light enough. A market analysis, a feasibility study including air resistance and a specification book are required before prototypes of the car body can be designed, calibrated and manufactured for tests and presentations.</p> ]]> Deep Well Cars Exclusively for High-Cube 40′ Containers on High-Speed Trains frieder r. haferkorn doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-368-378 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 4 Article 368 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-368-378 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-368-378 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-353-367 In this paper, we build a proxy cost model for tramway services. We estimate separately: (i) transport services production costs; (ii) infrastructure costs; (iii) maintenance costs; (iv) administrative and general costs and (v) the cost of capital. We apply the proposed methodology to estimate the standard cost of Italian tramway services. Detailed data about costs, technical and environmental characteristics were collected by means of questionnaires sent to Italian companies providing 100% of tramway services in 2012. We perform a simulation study in order to highlight the marginal impact of efficiency gains obtained by manipulating cost-driving variables both under the control of the operators (trains and drivers productivity) and of the local authority who assigns the service (number of train revenue kilometers (TRK) assigned within the service contract, average fleet age). The simulations show how the local authority should allocate extra resources if it wants to increase the quality–quantity mix of tramway services. Our results might help the decision-maker to define the maximum economic compensation (auction base) in competitive tendering procedures or a benchmark for the bargaining with the local monopolist. <![CDATA[ <p>In this paper, we build a proxy cost model for tramway services. We estimate separately: (i) transport services production costs; (ii) infrastructure costs; (iii) maintenance costs; (iv) administrative and general costs and (v) the cost of capital. We apply the proposed methodology to estimate the standard cost of Italian tramway services. Detailed data about costs, technical and environmental characteristics were collected by means of questionnaires sent to Italian companies providing 100% of tramway services in 2012. We perform a simulation study in order to highlight the marginal impact of efficiency gains obtained by manipulating cost-driving variables both under the control of the operators (trains and drivers productivity) and of the local authority who assigns the service (number of train revenue kilometers (TRK) assigned within the service contract, average fleet age). The simulations show how the local authority should allocate extra resources if it wants to increase the quality–quantity mix of tramway services. Our results might help the decision-maker to define the maximum economic compensation (auction base) in competitive tendering procedures or a benchmark for the bargaining with the local monopolist.</p> ]]> A Proxy Cost Model for Tramway Services alessandro avenali giuseppe catalano tiziana d’alfonso mirko giagnorio doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-353-367 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 4 Article 353 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-353-367 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-353-367 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-344-352 A computational path finding method has been developed to simulate the flow of passengers at railway transit stations. The concept of computational method is very similar to particle-laden flow. The basic procedures are as follows. Like general computational fluid dynamics, the computational domain is divided into meshes and potential values are calculated for each cell by providing boundary conditions for inlet and outlet. The path line is then calculated according to the potential value. The path line obtained is the basic moving path, but it is an algorithm that finds a new path by changing the path according to the situation. Representative situations in which passengers may change routes at railway stations are as follows. That is, there is a slow pedestrian in the direction that the pedestrian is going to move or encounter a pedestrian in the opposite direction. According to a specific rule-based system, we developed an algorithm to find the path to change, and the main factors such as walking speed, viewing angle, straightness, walking on the right, etc. were considered. The analysis results show that pedestrians do not move along the shortest paths but change their paths from time to time. Through the analysis of passenger flow, it is expected that it can be applied to the optimal structural design of railway stations and the convenient flow of passenger. <![CDATA[ <p>A computational path finding method has been developed to simulate the flow of passengers at railway transit stations. The concept of computational method is very similar to particle-laden flow. The basic procedures are as follows. Like general computational fluid dynamics, the computational domain is divided into meshes and potential values are calculated for each cell by providing boundary conditions for inlet and outlet. The path line is then calculated according to the potential value. The path line obtained is the basic moving path, but it is an algorithm that finds a new path by changing the path according to the situation. Representative situations in which passengers may change routes at railway stations are as follows. That is, there is a slow pedestrian in the direction that the pedestrian is going to move or encounter a pedestrian in the opposite direction. According to a specific rule-based system, we developed an algorithm to find the path to change, and the main factors such as walking speed, viewing angle, straightness, walking on the right, etc. were considered. The analysis results show that pedestrians do not move along the shortest paths but change their paths from time to time. Through the analysis of passenger flow, it is expected that it can be applied to the optimal structural design of railway stations and the convenient flow of passenger.</p> ]]> A Study on the Development of Path Finding Algorithm for Passenger Flow in Railway Station seongwon nam doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-344-352 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 4 Article 344 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-344-352 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-344-352 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-330-343 Research and analysis in developed and developing countries of the interface between strategic planning instruments, transportation, spatial and statutory planning instruments supporting integration in decision making demonstrate that the application of such instruments on all spatial scales is not optimized due to internalities, externalities and factors such as focus, content and output. The purpose of assessment of planning instruments is to promote urban system sustainability and resilience through alignment and integration of strategic and statutory planning instruments with specific reference to regional urban spatial; transportation planning and traffic generation in supporting decision making. A precondition for regional and urban sustainability and resilience pivots on multi-disciplinary practice applications to optimally align the development and application of planning instruments such as Integrated Development Plans (IDP’s), Spatial Development Plans (SDF’s), Integrated Transport Plans (ITP’s), Land Use Management Systems (LUMS’s), Housing Sector Plans (HSP’s), Environmental Management Plans (EMP’s) and related Precinct Plans (PP’s). Application of selective professional strategic, regional and urban planning results in ad hoc planning practices in decision making and project implementation. Strategic and regional planning practices on all scales are considered to be the root cause of not attaining spatial sustainability and resilience. Identification of macro spatial measures (norms) to assess spatial plans and consequent transportation impacts are developed and prosed in this paper. The results will be of value to articulating the content of sectoral plans and to promote sustainability and resilience in spatial system planning. The research deals with the theoretical and empirical realities underpinning the formulation and application of spatial planning instruments. The research illustrates the need to identify, assess and to relate macro spatial norms to promote spatial system sustainability and resilience. It will underpin plan assessment, alignment, integration, planning coordination and improved planning implementation integration. The research demonstrates that planning processes and resources are fundamental in integration and alignment in enhancing sustainability and resilience spatial system planning and development. <![CDATA[ <p>Research and analysis in developed and developing countries of the interface between strategic planning instruments, transportation, spatial and statutory planning instruments supporting integration in decision making demonstrate that the application of such instruments on all spatial scales is not optimized due to internalities, externalities and factors such as focus, content and output. The purpose of assessment of planning instruments is to promote urban system sustainability and resilience through alignment and integration of strategic and statutory planning instruments with specific reference to regional urban spatial; transportation planning and traffic generation in supporting decision making. A precondition for regional and urban sustainability and resilience pivots on multi-disciplinary practice applications to optimally align the development and application of planning instruments such as Integrated Development Plans (IDP’s), Spatial Development Plans (SDF’s), Integrated Transport Plans (ITP’s), Land Use Management Systems (LUMS’s), Housing Sector Plans (HSP’s), Environmental Management Plans (EMP’s) and related Precinct Plans (PP’s). Application of selective professional strategic, regional and urban planning results in ad hoc planning practices in decision making and project implementation. Strategic and regional planning practices on all scales are considered to be the root cause of not attaining spatial sustainability and resilience. Identification of macro spatial measures (norms) to assess spatial plans and consequent transportation impacts are developed and prosed in this paper. The results will be of value to articulating the content of sectoral plans and to promote sustainability and resilience in spatial system planning. The research deals with the theoretical and empirical realities underpinning the formulation and application of spatial planning instruments. The research illustrates the need to identify, assess and to relate macro spatial norms to promote spatial system sustainability and resilience. It will underpin plan assessment, alignment, integration, planning coordination and improved planning implementation integration. The research demonstrates that planning processes and resources are fundamental in integration and alignment in enhancing sustainability and resilience spatial system planning and development.</p> ]]> Strategic Planning and Assessment of Spatial and Transportation Planning Instruments in Promoting Sustainability and Resilience carel benjamin schoeman ilse maria schoeman doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-330-343 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 4 Article 330 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-330-343 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-330-343 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-321-329 Eco-friendly technologies, such as renewable energies, represent the future. The field of automotive is moving in this direction as well, especially with the introduction of hybridisation to reduce fuel consumptions. This paper presents a methodology aimed to optimise the internal combustion engine (ICE) efficiency with a new concept of continuously variable transmission (CVT). The starting point of the research is the investigation of the fuel consumption of a representative powertrain in different driving cycles; numerical simulations provides detailed information about fuel efficiency in the case of real and ideal ICE working conditions (manual transmission vs. ideal CVT). End scope of the work is to explore the possible optimisation of the ICE consumptions, aiming at the achievement of a reduction of the pollutant emissions and an increase of its efficiency by means of innovative system architectures. <![CDATA[ <p>Eco-friendly technologies, such as renewable energies, represent the future. The field of automotive is moving in this direction as well, especially with the introduction of hybridisation to reduce fuel consumptions. This paper presents a methodology aimed to optimise the internal combustion engine (ICE) efficiency with a new concept of continuously variable transmission (CVT). The starting point of the research is the investigation of the fuel consumption of a representative powertrain in different driving cycles; numerical simulations provides detailed information about fuel efficiency in the case of real and ideal ICE working conditions (manual transmission vs. ideal CVT). End scope of the work is to explore the possible optimisation of the ICE consumptions, aiming at the achievement of a reduction of the pollutant emissions and an increase of its efficiency by means of innovative system architectures.</p> ]]> Hybrid Transmissions for the Optimisation of the Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines f. concli c. nezzi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-321-329 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 4 Article 321 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-321-329 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-321-329 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-308-320 Vehicle scheduling and rescheduling are central challenges for the planning and operation of railways. Even though these problems have been the subject of many research and development over several decades, railways still – with good reason – at the end of the day rely on well-trained and experienced personnel to provide practical solutions to these problems. Over the last couple of years, novel techniques based on machine learning have been used to propose solutions to problems such as image and speech recognition that could not have been imagined previously. The aim of machine learning is to design algorithms that can improve automatically through experience. The experience possessed by traffic dispatchers is often their greatest tool. It is, therefore, not implausible that machine learning techniques could also be used to provide better automation or support to the railway scheduling and rescheduling problems. This article describes the results of a study conducted to evaluate the extent to which solutions to the scheduling and rescheduling problems could be improved using a machine learning technique called reinforcement learning. The solutions obtained using this technique are compared with solutions obtained using classical algorithmic and constraint-based search techniques. The initial results have been obtained under a simulated environment developed by Swiss Federal Railways for the public Flatland Challenge competition. This research has been ranked number 4 in this international competition. Although these initial results have been obtained under simulated conditions and using limited computational resources, they look promising compared to classical scheduling and rescheduling solutions and suggest that further work in this direction could be worthwhile <![CDATA[ <p>Vehicle scheduling and rescheduling are central challenges for the planning and operation of railways. Even though these problems have been the subject of many research and development over several decades, railways still – with good reason – at the end of the day rely on well-trained and experienced personnel to provide practical solutions to these problems. Over the last couple of years, novel techniques based on machine learning have been used to propose solutions to problems such as image and speech recognition that could not have been imagined previously. The aim of machine learning is to design algorithms that can improve automatically through experience. The experience possessed by traffic dispatchers is often their greatest tool. It is, therefore, not implausible that machine learning techniques could also be used to provide better automation or support to the railway scheduling and rescheduling problems. This article describes the results of a study conducted to evaluate the extent to which solutions to the scheduling and rescheduling problems could be improved using a machine learning technique called reinforcement learning. The solutions obtained using this technique are compared with solutions obtained using classical algorithmic and constraint-based search techniques. The initial results have been obtained under a simulated environment developed by Swiss Federal Railways for the public Flatland Challenge competition. This research has been ranked number 4 in this international competition. Although these initial results have been obtained under simulated conditions and using limited computational resources, they look promising compared to classical scheduling and rescheduling solutions and suggest that further work in this direction could be worthwhile</p> ]]> Aiding Vehicle Scheduling and Rescheduling Using Machine Learning jonas wälter farhad d. mehta xiaolu rao doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-308-320 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 4 Article 308 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-308-320 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-308-320 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-295-307 Two stochastic models of train interaction are considered in the paper. These models are designed to study the process of calculation the arrival deviation probability density function. The stochastic models allow you to receive an adequate forecast the development of traffic situation taking random fluctuations of the train run trajectory into account. The paper proves the equivalence of two train traffic models that reflect the mechanism of formation the arrival time distribution. Both models take the scattering of train departure deviations into account. The first type model describes the result of the run time random nature, while the second model reflects the impact of short-term unplanned train stops. The study also makes an attempt to outline the regularity of formation the standard and the abnormal arrival deviation distributions. The proposed models are verified by using the results of the historical data analysis obtained at the main railway line. <![CDATA[ <p>Two stochastic models of train interaction are considered in the paper. These models are designed to study the process of calculation the arrival deviation probability density function. The stochastic models allow you to receive an adequate forecast the development of traffic situation taking random fluctuations of the train run trajectory into account. The paper proves the equivalence of two train traffic models that reflect the mechanism of formation the arrival time distribution. Both models take the scattering of train departure deviations into account. The first type model describes the result of the run time random nature, while the second model reflects the impact of short-term unplanned train stops. The study also makes an attempt to outline the regularity of formation the standard and the abnormal arrival deviation distributions. The proposed models are verified by using the results of the historical data analysis obtained at the main railway line.</p> ]]> Stochastic Modeling of Train Delays Formation vladimir chebotarev boris davydov kseniya kablukova doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-295-307 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 4 Article 295 10.2495/TDI-V4-N4-295-307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_4/TDI-V4-N4-295-307 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-274-285 In view of the transition towards climate-friendly transportation, mobility and freight traffic demand are both expected to grow in Europe’s already heavily occupied railway networks. To accommodate the increasing traffic volume, capacity-optimised traffic planning is a requirement. One key factor in this context is the heterogeneity of train speeds on heavily used mixed-traffic railway lines. In this paper, we study the effects of train speed harmonisation based on the increase of freight train velocities. Two planning scenarios are addressed: in the first case, freight trains have a conventional speed profile but can occasionally make use of their higher allowed speed level when needed. This can be used in operations to recover from delays or blend in with passenger traffic. In the second case, freight trains are scheduled to so-called ‘express train paths’ – reaching a more homogeneous timetable profile. The two planning concepts are analysed and compared in a microscopic simulation approach. It is shown that scenarios based on the first planning concept tend to have positive effects on operational quality and capacity, whereas scenarios using ‘express freight train paths’ are less promising in this respect. <![CDATA[ <p>In view of the transition towards climate-friendly transportation, mobility and freight traffic demand are both expected to grow in Europe’s already heavily occupied railway networks. To accommodate the increasing traffic volume, capacity-optimised traffic planning is a requirement. One key factor in this context is the heterogeneity of train speeds on heavily used mixed-traffic railway lines. In this paper, we study the effects of train speed harmonisation based on the increase of freight train velocities. Two planning scenarios are addressed: in the first case, freight trains have a conventional speed profile but can occasionally make use of their higher allowed speed level when needed. This can be used in operations to recover from delays or blend in with passenger traffic. In the second case, freight trains are scheduled to so-called ‘express train paths’ – reaching a more homogeneous timetable profile. The two planning concepts are analysed and compared in a microscopic simulation approach. It is shown that scenarios based on the first planning concept tend to have positive effects on operational quality and capacity, whereas scenarios using ‘express freight train paths’ are less promising in this respect.</p> ]]> Impact of Faster Freight Trains on Railway Capacity and Operational Quality jakob geischberger michael moensters doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-274-285 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 3 Article 274 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-274-285 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-274-285 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-264-273 Signalling and communications facilities in the railway are installed not in one place but scattered out along track-side between adjacent stations. For this reason, a great deal of labour is currently required in maintenance work for performing individual inspections, and in facility management work for ascertaining the installed positions and their types. For example, when repairing or improving for signal equipment, we have to update a database such as a management ledger based on the drawings. However, since the workers manually update the ledgers, there is a concern that input or deletion omission possibly occurs. In order to reduce human errors and the workload in maintenance, there is a requirement for a system that can automatically recognize and inspect the equipment without going to the site. Although there are methods to grasp the position and state of the equipment using distinctive sensors such as a LiDAR sensor and a stereo camera, it is necessary to prepare a dedicated vehicle, expensive sensors, or both. Therefore, we are developing a system that supports the maintenance work of signal equipment using only a handy camera. To use the system, all you need is a camera and a camera mount, such as a tripod. Our system is that assists ledger management by recognizing signal and communication equipment from the video obtained by the handy camera and estimating the location of the equipment. This paper describes the outline of our system and the fundamental elemental technologies for building it. <![CDATA[ <p>Signalling and communications facilities in the railway are installed not in one place but scattered out along track-side between adjacent stations. For this reason, a great deal of labour is currently required in maintenance work for performing individual inspections, and in facility management work for ascertaining the installed positions and their types. For example, when repairing or improving for signal equipment, we have to update a database such as a management ledger based on the drawings. However, since the workers manually update the ledgers, there is a concern that input or deletion omission possibly occurs. In order to reduce human errors and the workload in maintenance, there is a requirement for a system that can automatically recognize and inspect the equipment without going to the site. Although there are methods to grasp the position and state of the equipment using distinctive sensors such as a LiDAR sensor and a stereo camera, it is necessary to prepare a dedicated vehicle, expensive sensors, or both. Therefore, we are developing a system that supports the maintenance work of signal equipment using only a handy camera. To use the system, all you need is a camera and a camera mount, such as a tripod. Our system is that assists ledger management by recognizing signal and communication equipment from the video obtained by the handy camera and estimating the location of the equipment. This paper describes the outline of our system and the fundamental elemental technologies for building it.</p> ]]> Recognition the Installation Place of Signal Equipment Using One Handy Camera hiroki mukojima nozomi nagamine doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-264-273 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 3 Article 264 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-264-273 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-264-273 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-252-263 There have been many reports of wear and rail damage caused by wheel/rail contact on conventional railway lines in Japan. In particular, rail squats have been commonly reported and gauge corner cracking has been frequently observed on curved high rails with a radius of curvature of approximately 800 m. These forms of damage lead to rail breakage as the cracks develop with the repeated passage of railway vehicles. Predicting crack growth and developing countermeasures is therefore essential for establishing management methods. Furthermore, it is important to reduce the rate of occurrence of these cracks because it is difficult to remove the cracks once they occur. As a countermeasure against rail squats, in addition to the development of a rail grinding method to remove fatigue layers and small cracks on the rail surface, bainitic rails have been developed that promote self-removal of fatigue layers and small cracks by accelerating wear development. However, the advancement of gauge corner cracking is more complicated; for example, gauge corner cracking continuously combines with head checks. At present, countermeasures have not been taken in order to suppress the formation of gauge corner cracking, and there is an urgent need to propose an effective method for doing so. In the present study, countermeasures to reduce gauge corner cracking are proposed by changing the cross-sectional profile of the high rail and reducing the wheel/rail contact pressure and the effectiveness of this method is examined. A mathematical model is constructed from the viewpoint of multi-body dynamics, and the wheel/rail contact pressure at the location at which gauge corner cracking occurs is examined. <![CDATA[ <p>There have been many reports of wear and rail damage caused by wheel/rail contact on conventional railway lines in Japan. In particular, rail squats have been commonly reported and gauge corner cracking has been frequently observed on curved high rails with a radius of curvature of approximately 800 m. These forms of damage lead to rail breakage as the cracks develop with the repeated passage of railway vehicles. Predicting crack growth and developing countermeasures is therefore essential for establishing management methods. Furthermore, it is important to reduce the rate of occurrence of these cracks because it is difficult to remove the cracks once they occur. As a countermeasure against rail squats, in addition to the development of a rail grinding method to remove fatigue layers and small cracks on the rail surface, bainitic rails have been developed that promote self-removal of fatigue layers and small cracks by accelerating wear development. However, the advancement of gauge corner cracking is more complicated; for example, gauge corner cracking continuously combines with head checks. At present, countermeasures have not been taken in order to suppress the formation of gauge corner cracking, and there is an urgent need to propose an effective method for doing so. In the present study, countermeasures to reduce gauge corner cracking are proposed by changing the cross-sectional profile of the high rail and reducing the wheel/rail contact pressure and the effectiveness of this method is examined. A mathematical model is constructed from the viewpoint of multi-body dynamics, and the wheel/rail contact pressure at the location at which gauge corner cracking occurs is examined.</p> ]]> A Study on Prevention Measures for Gauge Corner Cracking masayoshi okita masahiro tsujie yoshiaki terumichi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-252-263 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 3 Article 252 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-252-263 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-252-263 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-243-251 Nowadays, a considerable percentage of trains mature delays due to nodes and stations congestion. They are normally a combination of effects of routes conflicts in stations on lines and propagation in stations of delays suffered along the lines. It is a consequence of the variable values of capacity within the railway system caused by a combination of parameters, more relevant when short line sections separate nearby stations. Goal of the research is to compare some literature methods for the assessment of nodes and lines capacity to identify their reciprocal effects and innovative approaches. The work is included in a research framework with the final goal of traffic optimization and minimization of delays. In order to tackle the purpose, the paper introduces synthetically the methods and applies them systematically to a complex text network, including single and double track lines and various typologies of stations. The results of the methods applications are compared each other and with the outputs of a simulation approach. This analysis highlights the most appropriate application fields of single methods and the need of their integration and combination in terms of inputs, intermediate and final results. The review of single and coordinated use of these methods will move towards the definition of a comprehensive new methodological approach for combined lines-nodes capacity calculation. It will represent a powerful instrument to facilitate decision making on operational and infrastructural improvements of complex railway networks. <![CDATA[ <p>Nowadays, a considerable percentage of trains mature delays due to nodes and stations congestion. They are normally a combination of effects of routes conflicts in stations on lines and propagation in stations of delays suffered along the lines. It is a consequence of the variable values of capacity within the railway system caused by a combination of parameters, more relevant when short line sections separate nearby stations. Goal of the research is to compare some literature methods for the assessment of nodes and lines capacity to identify their reciprocal effects and innovative approaches. The work is included in a research framework with the final goal of traffic optimization and minimization of delays. In order to tackle the purpose, the paper introduces synthetically the methods and applies them systematically to a complex text network, including single and double track lines and various typologies of stations. The results of the methods applications are compared each other and with the outputs of a simulation approach. This analysis highlights the most appropriate application fields of single methods and the need of their integration and combination in terms of inputs, intermediate and final results. The review of single and coordinated use of these methods will move towards the definition of a comprehensive new methodological approach for combined lines-nodes capacity calculation. It will represent a powerful instrument to facilitate decision making on operational and infrastructural improvements of complex railway networks.</p> ]]> Comparative Application of Methods for the Combined Lines-Nodes Capacity Assessment atieh kianinejadoshah stefano ricci doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-243-251 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 3 Article 243 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-243-251 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-243-251 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-230-242 Energy-efficient train operation plays an important role on reduction of energy consumption and sustainable development in Metro system. The improvement of regenerative energy (RE) utilization through multi-train collaborative optimization is an effective way. However, traditional researches on this problem mainly focus on a two-train system, which cannot be applied to train group. This paper proposes a novel optimization method for multi-train, the complex train group problem is turned into a single-train and multiple two-train problems based on the analysis of the total energy model. Then the optimal traction force of the accelerating train related to the braking power of the braking train is deduced to 100% recover the RE. Therefore, the train group can be optimized by departure orders, traction energy of the first train is minimized and speed profiles of rest trains are adjusted to maximize the utilization of RE by sequence. Specially, optimization of each train is independent, which only needs to focus on the braking power of its previous train, greatly simplifying the multi-train collaborative optimization problem. Detailed optimization methods are proposed and the effectiveness are verified by the simulation results based on Guangzhou Metro. <![CDATA[ <p>Energy-efficient train operation plays an important role on reduction of energy consumption and sustainable development in Metro system. The improvement of regenerative energy (RE) utilization through multi-train collaborative optimization is an effective way. However, traditional researches on this problem mainly focus on a two-train system, which cannot be applied to train group. This paper proposes a novel optimization method for multi-train, the complex train group problem is turned into a single-train and multiple two-train problems based on the analysis of the total energy model. Then the optimal traction force of the accelerating train related to the braking power of the braking train is deduced to 100% recover the RE. Therefore, the train group can be optimized by departure orders, traction energy of the first train is minimized and speed profiles of rest trains are adjusted to maximize the utilization of RE by sequence. Specially, optimization of each train is independent, which only needs to focus on the braking power of its previous train, greatly simplifying the multi-train collaborative optimization problem. Detailed optimization methods are proposed and the effectiveness are verified by the simulation results based on Guangzhou Metro.</p> ]]> An Energy-Efficient Optimization Method of Train Group Trajectory for Metro mo chen qingyuan wang pengfei sun k. murugesan v. koushik doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-230-242 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 3 Article 230 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-230-242 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-230-242 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-218-229 Railway interlocking systems (RIS) are responsible for the control of trains’ movements by allowing or denying their routing according to safety rules. Originally built as mechanical systems then as electrical mechanical systems, they are modelled as relay-based electrical circuit diagrams and checked manually. Even recent computer based RIS are still modelled as relay diagrams. Manual checking of safety in such a critical context is an issue that needs to be addressed by the railway domain. In this context, one of the objectives of the LCHIP project is the development of computer-based RIS based on the formal specification of the RIS behaviour, which allows the generation of formally checked computer binaries by refinement. However, the produced binaries may be accessed and tampered with by ill-intended persons as computer code is easier to analyse and understand than electrical mechanical systems. In the context of the LCHIP project, binaries are run on a Microchip PIC32 MCU embedding two independent 32-bit MIPS processors. The choice of such generic architecture allows easier production and maintainability, lower production costs and easier replacement in case of hardware failure. It also makes it easier to reverse engineer compiled software as the MIPS architecture is well documented and has a small instruction set. This paper presents how binaries can be obtained using the B-method formal language and it discusses the usage of software obfuscation as a way to ensure security of these binaries. Obfuscation transforms a piece of software to make it impossible to understand for potential attackers, while keeping its observable behaviour: obfuscated software give the same outputs for the same inputs as their unobfuscated counterparts. As the obfuscation transformations do not alter the behaviour of formally checked generated binaries in a way that would void the safety checking, it is possible to secure computer based RIS and prevent ill-intended persons from tampering with them. <![CDATA[ <p>Railway interlocking systems (RIS) are responsible for the control of trains’ movements by allowing or denying their routing according to safety rules. Originally built as mechanical systems then as electrical mechanical systems, they are modelled as relay-based electrical circuit diagrams and checked manually. Even recent computer based RIS are still modelled as relay diagrams. Manual checking of safety in such a critical context is an issue that needs to be addressed by the railway domain. In this context, one of the objectives of the LCHIP project is the development of computer-based RIS based on the formal specification of the RIS behaviour, which allows the generation of formally checked computer binaries by refinement. However, the produced binaries may be accessed and tampered with by ill-intended persons as computer code is easier to analyse and understand than electrical mechanical systems. In the context of the LCHIP project, binaries are run on a Microchip PIC32 MCU embedding two independent 32-bit MIPS processors. The choice of such generic architecture allows easier production and maintainability, lower production costs and easier replacement in case of hardware failure. It also makes it easier to reverse engineer compiled software as the MIPS architecture is well documented and has a small instruction set. This paper presents how binaries can be obtained using the B-method formal language and it discusses the usage of software obfuscation as a way to ensure security of these binaries. Obfuscation transforms a piece of software to make it impossible to understand for potential attackers, while keeping its observable behaviour: obfuscated software give the same outputs for the same inputs as their unobfuscated counterparts. As the obfuscation transformations do not alter the behaviour of formally checked generated binaries in a way that would void the safety checking, it is possible to secure computer based RIS and prevent ill-intended persons from tampering with them.</p> ]]> Towards Safe and Secure Computer Based Railway Interlocking Systems sébastien martinez dalay israel de almeida pereira philippe bon simon collart-dutilleul matthieu perin doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-218-229 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 3 Article 218 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-218-229 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-218-229 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-199-217 This study aims to investigate how the port waterfront structure of the city of Messina can be resilient against the stresses induced by road freight transport, and generated by the port, because of Short Sea Shipping activities. For this study, the configurational approach of the Space Syntax Analysis was used, in order to consider the relationship between the spaces of the urban grid. This urban grid has considered, on one hand as the primary matrix of the settlement processes, and on the other hand as an ordering factor for the formation of social relations between the individuals. The case study is significant due to the presence of a strong historical matrix linking the spaces of the port infrastructure with the urban structure, and such a condition appears to be common to most medium-sized Mediterranean port cities. The present work is divided into three analytical phases: (a) Structuring: geometric definition of the urban grid considering various historical periods; (b) Characterization: configurational analysis of the urban grid in the various historical periods; (c) Interaction: analysis of the relational effects of heavy freight traffic generated by the port on the configuration of the urban grid as defined above. <![CDATA[ <p>This study aims to investigate how the port waterfront structure of the city of Messina can be resilient against the stresses induced by road freight transport, and generated by the port, because of Short Sea Shipping activities. For this study, the configurational approach of the Space Syntax Analysis was used, in order to consider the relationship between the spaces of the urban grid. This urban grid has considered, on one hand as the primary matrix of the settlement processes, and on the other hand as an ordering factor for the formation of social relations between the individuals. The case study is significant due to the presence of a strong historical matrix linking the spaces of the port infrastructure with the urban structure, and such a condition appears to be common to most medium-sized Mediterranean port cities. The present work is divided into three analytical phases: (a) Structuring: geometric definition of the urban grid considering various historical periods; (b) Characterization: configurational analysis of the urban grid in the various historical periods; (c) Interaction: analysis of the relational effects of heavy freight traffic generated by the port on the configuration of the urban grid as defined above.</p> ]]> An Analysis Between Spatial Relationships and Short Sea Shipping Impacts on Messina’s Waterfront a. pratelli a. rosselli a. farina m. lupi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-199-217 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 3 Article 199 10.2495/TDI-V4-N3-199-217 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_3/TDI-V4-N3-199-217 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-179-189 Noise is a significant environmental problem in railway transportation systems. The rail transport policy of the EU and Switzerland is asking for efficient, innovative track systems, which are able to reduce rail noise. A project named OST funded by BAFU Switzerland was carried out under the co-operation with Empa (Switzerland), Technical University of Munich and Technical University of Berlin, had the target to develop a numerical model to predict the noise and vibration of ballasted track caused by passing trains. A co-simulation chain for transient acoustic simulation between multi body simulation (for structure-borne vibration) and finite element simulation (for sound radiation and for air-borne sound propagation) was established and the interface was developed. The numerical model was validated through laboratory tests on the test track of Technical University of Munich and field measurements on the track section Rothenthurm in Switzerland. The model aims to predict the acoustic effect of different railway superstructure components such as different sleeper types, rail profiles and rail pad stiffness. <![CDATA[ <p>Noise is a significant environmental problem in railway transportation systems. The rail transport policy of the EU and Switzerland is asking for efficient, innovative track systems, which are able to reduce rail noise. A project named OST funded by BAFU Switzerland was carried out under the co-operation with Empa (Switzerland), Technical University of Munich and Technical University of Berlin, had the target to develop a numerical model to predict the noise and vibration of ballasted track caused by passing trains. A co-simulation chain for transient acoustic simulation between multi body simulation (for structure-borne vibration) and finite element simulation (for sound radiation and for air-borne sound propagation) was established and the interface was developed. The numerical model was validated through laboratory tests on the test track of Technical University of Munich and field measurements on the track section Rothenthurm in Switzerland. The model aims to predict the acoustic effect of different railway superstructure components such as different sleeper types, rail profiles and rail pad stiffness.</p> ]]> Development of Numerical Model for the Design of Low-Noise Ballasted Track junyang zhang bernhard lechner stephen freudenstein jean-marc wunderli armin zemp gwenael hannema markus hecht doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-179-189 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 2 Article 179 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-179-189 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-179-189 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-163-178 The present work is part of the Project for Scientific Research and Technological Development “Ac cessibility for All in Tourism”, focusing on modal interfaces designed according to the concepts of “Universal Design” and “Age Sensitive Design”. In this project 851 surveys were carried out on elderly tourists who travelled in the Algarve (Portugal) through the international Airport of Faro, in 2018, with a view to understanding their use of means of transport in their daily life. It characterizes the senior tourist in the Algarve according to: gender, age, disabilities that affect mobility and the need to use technical aids to move. It analyses and compares the means of transportation used by elderly tourists with and without disabilities. Findings demonstrate that elderly people with disabilities walk less on foot daily and several times a week and the majority of the respondents with disabilities claim to never using the bus, train and tram/metro. Respondents concede to having specific limitations in the use of some public transport. Older people with disabilities behave differently than other older people with regard to the choice and frequency of a particular means of transport. <![CDATA[ <p>The present work is part of the Project for Scientific Research and Technological Development “Ac cessibility for All in Tourism”, focusing on modal interfaces designed according to the concepts of “Universal Design” and “Age Sensitive Design”. In this project 851 surveys were carried out on elderly tourists who travelled in the Algarve (Portugal) through the international Airport of Faro, in 2018, with a view to understanding their use of means of transport in their daily life. It characterizes the senior tourist in the Algarve according to: gender, age, disabilities that affect mobility and the need to use technical aids to move. It analyses and compares the means of transportation used by elderly tourists with and without disabilities. Findings demonstrate that elderly people with disabilities walk less on foot daily and several times a week and the majority of the respondents with disabilities claim to never using the bus, train and tram/metro. Respondents concede to having specific limitations in the use of some public transport. Older people with disabilities behave differently than other older people with regard to the choice and frequency of a particular means of transport.</p> ]]> An Analysis of Elderly Tourists’ Constraints in the Use of Public Transport manuela pires rosa celeste gameiro carlos sousa patrícia costa pinto doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-163-178 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 2 Article 163 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-163-178 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-163-178 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-152-162 a new approach is conducted within sncf réseau to redefine and improve the current procedure behind rolling stocks admission. a perspective to update computation rules for traffic conditions is to consider track fatigue issues. in this sense, the study aims to provide a better knowledge of stress state induced by moving vehicles in rails through a lightweight numerical model of the track. specifically, the track model consists of a two-layer discrete support model in which the rail is considered as a beam and sleepers are punctual masses. the rail-pads and ballast layer are modelled as spring/damper cou ples. considering the track’s vertical response, the study intends to quantify the impact of the vehicle’s dynamic overload on the track response and verify the possibility of these overloads to excite track vibration modes. a first study considering constant moving loads already shows negligible effect of track inertia forces due to high track stiffness and damping. this justifies the prediction of mechanical stress state in the rail for fatigue issues through a static model of the track and a simplified dynamic model for the vehicle. <![CDATA[ <p>a new approach is conducted within sncf réseau to redefine and improve the current procedure behind rolling stocks admission. a perspective to update computation rules for traffic conditions is to consider track fatigue issues. in this sense, the study aims to provide a better knowledge of stress state induced by moving vehicles in rails through a lightweight numerical model of the track. specifically, the track model consists of a two-layer discrete support model in which the rail is considered as a beam and sleepers are punctual masses. the rail-pads and ballast layer are modelled as spring/damper cou ples. considering the track’s vertical response, the study intends to quantify the impact of the vehicle’s dynamic overload on the track response and verify the possibility of these overloads to excite track vibration modes. a first study considering constant moving loads already shows negligible effect of track inertia forces due to high track stiffness and damping. this justifies the prediction of mechanical stress state in the rail for fatigue issues through a static model of the track and a simplified dynamic model for the vehicle.</p> ]]> A Lightweight Numerical Model of Railway Track to Predict Mechanical Stress State in the Rail maryam el moueddeb françois louf pierre-alain boucard franck dadié gilles saussine danilo sorrentino doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-152-162 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 2 Article 152 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-152-162 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-152-162 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-142-151 Wheel forces generate stresses in the rail as a function of several vehicle and infrastructure characteristics and operating conditions. The different components of the wheel forces develop strains in the rail which contain an elastic and hysteretic (irreversible) components. The irreversible deformations of the rail would be associated with locomotive energy losses. In this paper, a testing facility is proposed to indirectly characterize the level of stresses in the rail, in terms of the energy that is lost during turning manoeuvres. Different potentially influential factors are considered, including the friction at the centre plate, the wheelbase length, the distance between bogies and the radius of the curved track. The change in the potential energy during a U-turn displacement is measured. In this respect, an experimental model under this operating principles, aimed at validating such a principle of operation, reveals a significant effect of the friction at the centre plate on the energy lost during turning manoeuvres, and consequently, on the level of stresses in the rail. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Wheel forces generate stresses in the rail as a function of several vehicle and infrastructure characteristics and operating conditions. The different components of the wheel forces develop strains in the rail which contain an elastic and hysteretic (irreversible) components. The irreversible deformations of the rail would be associated with locomotive energy losses. In this paper, a testing facility is proposed to indirectly characterize the level of stresses in the rail, in terms of the energy that is lost during turning manoeuvres. Different potentially influential factors are considered, including the friction at the centre plate, the wheelbase length, the distance between bogies and the radius of the curved track. The change in the potential energy during a U-turn displacement is measured. In this respect, an experimental model under this operating principles, aimed at validating such a principle of operation, reveals a significant effect of the friction at the centre plate on the energy lost during turning manoeuvres, and consequently, on the level of stresses in the rail.</span></p> ]]> A Testing Facility to Assess Railway Car Infrastructure Damage. A Conceptual Design jose a. romero navarrete frank otremba doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-142-151 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 2 Article 142 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-142-151 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-142-151 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-129-141 In a world where the population and many economies are expanding rapidly the demand for freight transport keeps rising accordingly. As more goods are transported by a growing number of freight vehicles, in particular trucks and sea vessels, their already considerable negative environmental impact also rises. Technology advances, but demand growth (partially) counteracts its positive impact on fuel consumption and emissions. In road transport, CO2 -emissions keep rising, while emissions of NOx and PM10 have been reduced, at least in those countries where the most advanced engine technologies are used, although locally serious problems may remain. In areas where such technologies are not available, more freight transport means higher emissions and negative health effects. Sea shipping sees increasing emission levels overall. Maritime transport and trucking dominate intercontinental freight transport. Modernisation of railways and roads offers opportunities to reduce emissions by using rail for part of the journey. In a market setting, this means that transport providers have to redesign transport chains. Some have done this already, while others are increasingly interested. To assess the potential, the following main research question was addressed: Is it possible to reduce emissions of CO2 , NOx and PM10 by replacing the maritime leg of a transport service by road and/or rail transport in the corridor Antwerp (Belgium) – Shanghai (China) without logistic penalties? Various combinations of trucking, sea and rail transport were fed into a simulation model to estimate the accompanying emissions and trip times. The new services offer a complex range of positive and negative impacts; hence governments should carefully consider their support. In a simulation study only a very stylised representation of these services can be modelled. This leads to an advice for a more in-depth study to include additional (technical, service and cost) data. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">In a world where the population and many economies are expanding rapidly the demand for freight transport keeps rising accordingly. As more goods are transported by a growing number of freight vehicles, in particular trucks and sea vessels, their already considerable negative environmental impact also rises. Technology advances, but demand growth (partially) counteracts its positive impact on fuel consumption and emissions. In road transport, CO</span>₂<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> -emissions keep rising, while emissions of NO</span>_x<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> and PM</span>₁₀<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> have been reduced, at least in those countries where the most advanced engine technologies are used, although locally serious problems may remain. In areas where such technologies are not available, more freight transport means higher emissions and negative health effects. Sea shipping sees increasing emission levels overall. Maritime transport and trucking dominate intercontinental freight transport. Modernisation of railways and roads offers opportunities to reduce emissions by using rail for part of the journey. In a market setting, this means that transport providers have to redesign transport chains. Some have done this already, while others are increasingly interested. To assess the potential, the following main research question was addressed: Is it possible to reduce emissions of CO</span>₂<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> , NO</span>_x<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> and PM</span>₁₀<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> by replacing the maritime leg of a transport service by road and/or rail transport in the corridor Antwerp (Belgium) – Shanghai (China) without logistic penalties? Various combinations of trucking, sea and rail transport were fed into a simulation model to estimate the accompanying emissions and trip times. The new services offer a complex range of positive and negative impacts; hence governments should carefully consider their support. In a simulation study only a very stylised representation of these services can be modelled. This leads to an advice for a more in-depth study to include additional (technical, service and cost) data.</span></p> ]]> Towards More Environmentally Sustainable Intercontinental Freight Transport frans bal jaap vleugel doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-129-141 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 2 Article 129 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-129-141 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-129-141 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-113-128 The vehicle running safety on structures during an earthquake is drawing great attention due to the increased frequency of large-scale earthquakes in recent years in Japan. In order to enhance the vehicle running safety on structures during an earthquake, it is important to reinforce existing structures in an effective and efficient way. On this point, it is needed to identify potential weak structures for the running safety in continuous railway structures, understand the dominant factor that contributes to causing derailment, and provide an appropriate reinforcement to the existing structures. In this study, we investigated the influence of various parameters related to the vehicle running safety on structures during an earthquake with simple dynamic structural models using the analysis program DIASTARS III that can consider the dynamic interaction between railway vehicles and railway structures. We also conducted seismic vehicle running analysis on a model line with 4.8 km in length and identified the weak structures for the running safety. Additionally, we proposed an index that is calculated only from structural responses with an earthquake and evaluates the ease of derailment. It was observed that the index could identify the critical structures on the running safety and evaluate the dominant factor. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The vehicle running safety on structures during an earthquake is drawing great attention due to the increased frequency of large-scale earthquakes in recent years in Japan. In order to enhance the vehicle running safety on structures during an earthquake, it is important to reinforce existing structures in an effective and efficient way. On this point, it is needed to identify potential weak structures for the running safety in continuous railway structures, understand the dominant factor that contributes to causing derailment, and provide an appropriate reinforcement to the existing structures. In this study, we investigated the influence of various parameters related to the vehicle running safety on structures during an earthquake with simple dynamic structural models using the analysis program DIASTARS III that can consider the dynamic interaction between railway vehicles and railway structures. We also conducted seismic vehicle running analysis on a model line with 4.8 km in length and identified the weak structures for the running safety. Additionally, we proposed an index that is calculated only from structural responses with an earthquake and evaluates the ease of derailment. It was observed that the index could identify the critical structures on the running safety and evaluate the dominant factor.</span></p> ]]> Evaluation of Vehicle Running Safety on Railway Structures During Earthquake keiichi goto masamichi sogabe munemasa tokunaga doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-113-128 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 2 Article 113 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-113-128 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-113-128 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-103-112 Several classifications of ports were proposed in the literature, but there is no single established or accepted framework or taxonomy due to the complexity and diversity of the port entities.In 1990s, UNCTAD introduced a new classification based on the definition of port-generation, according to which some prevalent ports’ characteristics could be associated to discrete time periods, the so-called generations. UNCTAD fully defined the characteristics of three generations of ports, while the fourth-generation port was less specified. Later, several researchers criticized the definition of portgeneration and proposed new elements of classification, mainly of qualitative nature.The objective of the paper regards to the definition of an operative basis for the quantitative specification of ports’ characteristics, based on UNCTAD port-generation approach. The definition of a specific generation for a port is not a vote, or an element of ranking; but, a synthetic indicator about his main role in the worldwide network. Several ports were object, in the time, of a process of hybridization. They were born with specific characteristics and, later, they evolved in acquiring new ones.The paper, after the presentation of a revised port-generation classification, proposes some indicators to identify each of the three generations defined by UNCTAD. The applicative section presents the preliminary results of the calculation of the specified indicators to a set of Italian ports. <![CDATA[ <p>Several classifications of ports were proposed in the literature, but there is no single established or accepted framework or taxonomy due to the complexity and diversity of the port entities.</p><p style="text-align: justify">In 1990s, UNCTAD introduced a new classification based on the definition of port-generation, according to which some prevalent ports’ characteristics could be associated to discrete time periods, the so-called generations. UNCTAD fully defined the characteristics of three generations of ports, while the fourth-generation port was less specified. Later, several researchers criticized the definition of portgeneration and proposed new elements of classification, mainly of qualitative nature.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The objective of the paper regards to the definition of an operative basis for the quantitative specification of ports’ characteristics, based on UNCTAD port-generation approach. The definition of a specific generation for a port is not a vote, or an element of ranking; but, a synthetic indicator about his main role in the worldwide network. Several ports were object, in the time, of a process of hybridization. They were born with specific characteristics and, later, they evolved in acquiring new ones.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The paper, after the presentation of a revised port-generation classification, proposes some indicators to identify each of the three generations defined by UNCTAD. The applicative section presents the preliminary results of the calculation of the specified indicators to a set of Italian ports.</p> ]]> Quantitative Characteristics for Port Generations: The Italian Case Study francesco russo giuseppe musolino doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-103-112 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 2 Article 103 10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-103-112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_2/TDI-V4-N2-103-112 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-75-92 In this paper, we evaluate different elements of the urban micro-scale environment in eight European capitals’ downtown areas (i.e. Vienna, Copenhagen, Warsaw, Madrid, Brussels, Budapest, Athens and Sofia) to provide insight into inequalities in walkability benefits due to spatial distribution. To this end, we utilize MAPS-Mini, the brief version of Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes to record and assess, at the street level, 15 walkability related items based on the Google Street View service. Our total sample consists of about 15.736 street segments/crossings, while for reliability analysis reasons, a second rater was employed to cross assess 10% of street segments per city. Results showed that Vienna and Athens had the highest (50.4%) and lowest (32.1%) overall walkability scores, respectively. Assessments were further combined with the population estimates of the European Urban Atlas 2012 dataset to perform equity analysis by estimating the distribution of average walkability scores among the population living downtown in the examined cities. In doing so, we used the Gini (G.) index and constructed Lorenz curve graphs. Our findings reveal a landscape of high inequality in downtown walkability distribution since all Gini coefficients were higher than 0.43. However, the inequality was greatest in Brussels (G. = 0.60) and lowest in Budapest (G. = 0.43). Additionally, we used spatial statistics tests (i.e. global and local Moran’s I) to identify global and local patterns of walkability and population. The results indicated a highly clustered pattern of walkability across all downtowns and designated several clusters of uneven walkability geographies. Our approach sheds light on the application of active mobility strategies in different European cities, highlighting at the same time the need for further research to provide a clearer assessment of the spatial distribution of inequalities in social benefits and impact when designing sustainable urban neighbourhoods. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">In this paper, we evaluate different elements of the urban micro-scale environment in eight European capitals’ downtown areas (i.e. Vienna, Copenhagen, Warsaw, Madrid, Brussels, Budapest, Athens and Sofia) to provide insight into inequalities in walkability benefits due to spatial distribution. To this end, we utilize MAPS-Mini, the brief version of Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes to record and assess, at the street level, 15 walkability related items based on the Google Street View service. Our total sample consists of about 15.736 street segments/crossings, while for reliability analysis reasons, a second rater was employed to cross assess 10% of street segments per city. Results showed that Vienna and Athens had the highest (50.4%) and lowest (32.1%) overall walkability scores, respectively. Assessments were further combined with the population estimates of the European Urban Atlas 2012 dataset to perform equity analysis by estimating the distribution of average walkability scores among the population living downtown in the examined cities. In doing so, we used the Gini (G.) index and constructed Lorenz curve graphs. Our findings reveal a landscape of high inequality in downtown walkability distribution since all Gini coefficients were higher than 0.43. However, the inequality was greatest in Brussels (G. = 0.60) and lowest in Budapest (G. = 0.43). Additionally, we used spatial statistics tests (i.e. global and local Moran’s I) to identify global and local patterns of walkability and population. The results indicated a highly clustered pattern of walkability across all downtowns and designated several clusters of uneven walkability geographies. Our approach sheds light on the application of active mobility strategies in different European cities, highlighting at the same time the need for further research to provide a clearer assessment of the spatial distribution of inequalities in social benefits and impact when designing sustainable urban neighbourhoods.</span></p> ]]> Is Walkability Equally Distributed Among Downtowners? Evaluating the Pedestrian Streetscapes of Eight Uropean Capitals Using a Micro-Scale Audit Approach alexandros bartzokas-tsiompras eleftheria maria tampouraki yorgos n. photis doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-75-92 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 1 Article 75 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-75-92 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-75-92 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-62-74 Information and data have become a new working tool for many disciplines including urbanism. Its incorporation into the field of urban planning is currently a process with great development potential. Within this context, citizens are one of the most important sources of data, providing relevant information for better smart city planning, adapted to their preferences and needs. In this sense, social networks are very powerful tools that city planners have to know directly from users the use they make of public space. It is clear that this information cannot be left out of the process of smart planning and design of today’s cities. Specifically, this work focuses on the study of sport social networks and aims to determine which sport social networks offer the greatest potential for improving urban planning processes. To this end, the main existing social networks in this field are studied and, as a conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages that make these sports networks an opportunity to move towards smarter, more participatory and inclusive urban planning are discussed. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Information and data have become a new working tool for many disciplines including urbanism. Its incorporation into the field of urban planning is currently a process with great development potential. Within this context, citizens are one of the most important sources of data, providing relevant information for better smart city planning, adapted to their preferences and needs. In this sense, social networks are very powerful tools that city planners have to know directly from users the use they make of public space. It is clear that this information cannot be left out of the process of smart planning and design of today’s cities. Specifically, this work focuses on the study of sport social networks and aims to determine which sport social networks offer the greatest potential for improving urban planning processes. To this end, the main existing social networks in this field are studied and, as a conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages that make these sports networks an opportunity to move towards smarter, more participatory and inclusive urban planning are discussed.</span></p> ]]> Social Networks of Sport and Their Potential in Smart Urban Planning Processes raquel pérez-delhoyo higinio mora rubén abad-ortiz rafael mollá-sirvent doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-62-74 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 1 Article 62 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-62-74 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-62-74 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-51-61 Nowadays, the success of a maritime port does not depend anymore on its traditional intrinsic points of strength, such as the internal capacity, but also on its ability to effectively integrate the development of its hinterland into business relations and supply chains. Mediterranean ports can get competitive, if specific “regionalization” processes are launched and supported. Key point for this strategy is the hinterland involvement: logistics and transports integration, railways, realization and development of dryports, terminals, distribution centres. All these are core elements for this purpose. The overall focus has changed from port performances to performance of the entire supply chain in the port-hinterland relationship.This is what it is going to do the Port of Civitavecchia, the most important port in Lazio Region, would like to become the central point into commercial, industrial and infrastructural development of central Italy. The development of railway terminal and of regional road network for the developing of intermodal logistics chain, of the industrial port activities (shipbuilding sector and oil bunkering), of trade relations with Fiumicino Airport and with the roman agroindustrial sector, of logistics relations with the dryport of Orte and with the intermodal terminal (road-railway) of Pomezia Santa Palomba, are some of the activities planned and undertaken by the port for improving the regionalization of Civitavecchia.Aim of this paper is to show and underline how these regionalization processes can increase the development, and so benefit the entire regional hinterland and the competitiveness and attraction of the entire port system. A model to estimate the regionalization effect has been designed by the authors and implemented to make a comparison analysis between Civitavecchia and competing ports. <![CDATA[ <p>Nowadays, the success of a maritime port does not depend anymore on its traditional intrinsic points of strength, such as the internal capacity, but also on its ability to effectively integrate the development of its hinterland into business relations and supply chains. Mediterranean ports can get competitive, if specific “regionalization” processes are launched and supported. Key point for this strategy is the hinterland involvement: logistics and transports integration, railways, realization and development of dryports, terminals, distribution centres. All these are core elements for this purpose. The overall focus has changed from port performances to performance of the entire supply chain in the port-hinterland relationship.</p><p style="text-align: justify">This is what it is going to do the Port of Civitavecchia, the most important port in Lazio Region, would like to become the central point into commercial, industrial and infrastructural development of central Italy. The development of railway terminal and of regional road network for the developing of intermodal logistics chain, of the industrial port activities (shipbuilding sector and oil bunkering), of trade relations with Fiumicino Airport and with the roman agroindustrial sector, of logistics relations with the dryport of Orte and with the intermodal terminal (road-railway) of Pomezia Santa Palomba, are some of the activities planned and undertaken by the port for improving the regionalization of Civitavecchia.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Aim of this paper is to show and underline how these regionalization processes can increase the development, and so benefit the entire regional hinterland and the competitiveness and attraction of the entire port system. A model to estimate the regionalization effect has been designed by the authors and implemented to make a comparison analysis between Civitavecchia and competing ports.</p> ]]> Regionalization of Ports as a Strategic Leverage to Improve Competitiveness: A Study on Central Italy Ports and Related Hinterland gabriele pistilli andrea campagna luca persia maria rosaria saporito doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-51-61 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 1 Article 51 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-51-61 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-51-61 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-42-50 The maritime sector is a complex, vulnerable transport network characterized by the disintegration and heterogeneity of its actors. The reticular structure of this network exposes the movement of containers to several risks. A maritime transport chain includes several actors working in a complex environment, in order to reduce the scope of our research. In this context, based on the existing literature on maritime risks in general, and port risks (within the port perimeter) in particular, we have compiled a comprehensive list of conceivable risks. We compared it with the risks that were identified in the TUNISIAN context. Our risk identification technique is a mixture of methodology (qualitative interviews with practitioners, existing literature and port data). In our study, the approach used to assess and analyse risks is the port risk assessment, which is a multi-step process (system identification, risk identification, risk assessment, risk control options and decision-making).This paper contributes to the current risk management literature by confirming certain risks (in the literature) and offering new ones that have been specific to the Tunisian context (lack of a strategic role for the state with a low level of transparency). The risk assessment with an in-depth diagnosis aims to develop recommendations for optimized management while improving resilience, and it will serve as a remarkable efficiency tool that facilitates decision-making and the achievement of objectives. <![CDATA[ <p>The maritime sector is a complex, vulnerable transport network characterized by the disintegration and heterogeneity of its actors. The reticular structure of this network exposes the movement of containers to several risks. A maritime transport chain includes several actors working in a complex environment, in order to reduce the scope of our research. In this context, based on the existing literature on maritime risks in general, and port risks (within the port perimeter) in particular, we have compiled a comprehensive list of conceivable risks. We compared it with the risks that were identified in the TUNISIAN context. Our risk identification technique is a mixture of methodology (qualitative interviews with practitioners, existing literature and port data). In our study, the approach used to assess and analyse risks is the port risk assessment, which is a multi-step process (system identification, risk identification, risk assessment, risk control options and decision-making).</p><p style="text-align: start">This paper contributes to the current risk management literature by confirming certain risks (in the literature) and offering new ones that have been specific to the Tunisian context (lack of a strategic role for the state with a low level of transparency). The risk assessment with an in-depth diagnosis aims to develop recommendations for optimized management while improving resilience, and it will serve as a remarkable efficiency tool that facilitates decision-making and the achievement of objectives.</p> ]]> Port Risk Assessment in Container Terminals: The Case of Tunisia smari sihem noumen robert doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-42-50 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 1 Article 42 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-42-50 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-42-50 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-29-41 Ports are organisationally complex critical infrastructures that have to deliver reliable movement of goods and the safe transport of people. The EU is concerned that there is an increasing number of cases where ports have been subject to combined attacks on their IT and physical infrastructure for criminal gain or other malign purposes. The European Commission has funded the SAURON project (Scalable multidimensionAl sitUation awaReness sOlution for protectiNg European ports) to help protect European ports from a physical, cyber or a combined cyber-physical attack. The aim of this paper is to provide guidance on how port security needs to evolve to respond to the cyber-physical security threat, drawing on concepts developed in SAURON. This paper reviews the current port security approaches and the cyber-physical security threat and then assesses how new systems and technologies under development, including SAURON technologies, may help to reduce port vulnerabilities. For example, to detect combined attacks on port infrastructure in the physical and cyber domains and identify the cascading effects of an incident in both domains to enable effective countermeasures, the SAURON hybrid situational awareness tool incorporates inputs from the physical and cyber domains and analyses their interdependencies. The goal is that once a physical and/or cyber threat is detected, the potential consequences including cascading effects in both planes will be automatically shown to decision-makers in order to give them integrated situational awareness of what is happening and how the situation could evolve, thus supporting decision-making. The benefits of such approaches are described. Security technologies need to be complemented by effective security processes operated by personnel with appropriate training: the paper uses results of a table-top exercise supported by analysis of port user requirements to identify the importance of multidisciplinary training in combatting complex combined cyber-physical security threats. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Ports are organisationally complex critical infrastructures that have to deliver reliable movement of goods and the safe transport of people. The EU is concerned that there is an increasing number of cases where ports have been subject to combined attacks on their IT and physical infrastructure for criminal gain or other malign purposes. The European Commission has funded the SAURON project (Scalable multidimensionAl sitUation awaReness sOlution for protectiNg European ports) to help protect European ports from a physical, cyber or a combined cyber-physical attack. The aim of this paper is to provide guidance on how port security needs to evolve to respond to the cyber-physical security threat, drawing on concepts developed in SAURON. This paper reviews the current port security approaches and the cyber-physical security threat and then assesses how new systems and technologies under development, including SAURON technologies, may help to reduce port vulnerabilities. For example, to detect combined attacks on port infrastructure in the physical and cyber domains and identify the cascading effects of an incident in both domains to enable effective countermeasures, the SAURON hybrid situational awareness tool incorporates inputs from the physical and cyber domains and analyses their interdependencies. The goal is that once a physical and/or cyber threat is detected, the potential consequences including cascading effects in both planes will be automatically shown to decision-makers in order to give them integrated situational awareness of what is happening and how the situation could evolve, thus supporting decision-making. The benefits of such approaches are described. Security technologies need to be complemented by effective security processes operated by personnel with appropriate training: the paper uses results of a table-top exercise supported by analysis of port user requirements to identify the importance of multidisciplinary training in combatting complex combined cyber-physical security threats.</span></p> ]]> How Port Security Has to Evolve to Address the Cyber-Physical Security Threat: Lessons from the Sauron Project n.p.h. adams r.j. chisnall c. pickering s. schauer doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-29-41 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 1 Article 29 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-29-41 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-29-41 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-14-28 A study on cyclists’ behaviour and bicycle kinematic was conducted to determine the behavioural characteristics and kinetic representatives, as they are closely linked. The study focused on the behaviour of cyclists at road intersections and on cycle paths, including the crossing speeds, the accelerations, the time spent covering a fixed distance, as well as the most complex and dynamic part of the road transport system, the human factor. Whether the road users follow the laws of traffic and adopt a cautious and considerate driving attitude has a great impact on road safety. Video cameras placed at different locations were used to collect traffic data. A post processing phase to analyze the data followed. Interesting groups behaviour of cyclists were identified, as well as many characteristics curves related to the kinematic parameters. In general, a poor attitude towards compliance with behavioural rules has emerged in the medium-sized city of Bologna, Italy, especially for male cyclists.In addition, the average flow speed was observed under normal conditions, resulting in the order of 4 m/s. The results obtained are useful for understanding the performance of mixed traffic at intersection and on bicycle lanes, as well as building a basis for road accident reconstruction. <![CDATA[ <p>A study on cyclists’ behaviour and bicycle kinematic was conducted to determine the behavioural characteristics and kinetic representatives, as they are closely linked. The study focused on the behaviour of cyclists at road intersections and on cycle paths, including the crossing speeds, the accelerations, the time spent covering a fixed distance, as well as the most complex and dynamic part of the road transport system, the human factor. Whether the road users follow the laws of traffic and adopt a cautious and considerate driving attitude has a great impact on road safety. Video cameras placed at different locations were used to collect traffic data. A post processing phase to analyze the data followed. Interesting groups behaviour of cyclists were identified, as well as many characteristics curves related to the kinematic parameters. In general, a poor attitude towards compliance with behavioural rules has emerged in the medium-sized city of Bologna, Italy, especially for male cyclists.</p><p style="text-align: justify">In addition, the average flow speed was observed under normal conditions, resulting in the order of 4 m/s. The results obtained are useful for understanding the performance of mixed traffic at intersection and on bicycle lanes, as well as building a basis for road accident reconstruction.</p> ]]> A Study on Cyclists Behaviour and Bicycles Kinematic alfonso micucci maurizio sangermano doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-14-28 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 1 Article 14 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-14-28 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-14-28 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-1-13 Unlike in the developed countries, road rehabilitation timing has recently become a subject of consideration and attracting much attention in developing countries like Nigeria. Increase in international roughness index (IRI) on Nigerian roads corroborated this fact. This study focuses on trailer/truck loads pattern, highway regulations and standard life span of highways, annual budgetary allocations to road construction and rehabilitations, and the adoption of weigh-in-motion (WIM) device on Nigerian carriageways. The study reveals that the increase in freight movement and growth in E80s/heavy vehicles (HV) traffic on inter-state roads has tripled within the last 5 years. It further revealed that the highway life span has reduced to 2 years in Nigeria, and thereby increased the national recurrent expenditure on road transport. Results from this study shows that the deplorable conditions of the national highways have resulted in the loss of about ₦175 billion to the Nigerian economy. Lastly, this setback of none implementation of weighbridges and WIM devices on Nigeria roads can be attributed to political vested interest, lack of will power and governance offered by the ruling class in the country rather than technicality. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Unlike in the developed countries, road rehabilitation timing has recently become a subject of consideration and attracting much attention in developing countries like Nigeria. Increase in international roughness index (IRI) on Nigerian roads corroborated this fact. This study focuses on trailer/truck loads pattern, highway regulations and standard life span of highways, annual budgetary allocations to road construction and rehabilitations, and the adoption of weigh-in-motion (WIM) device on Nigerian carriageways. The study reveals that the increase in freight movement and growth in E80s/heavy vehicles (HV) traffic on inter-state roads has tripled within the last 5 years. It further revealed that the highway life span has reduced to 2 years in Nigeria, and thereby increased the national recurrent expenditure on road transport. Results from this study shows that the deplorable conditions of the national highways have resulted in the loss of about ₦175 billion to the Nigerian economy. Lastly, this setback of none implementation of weighbridges and WIM devices on Nigeria roads can be attributed to political vested interest, lack of will power and governance offered by the ruling class in the country rather than technicality.</span></p> ]]> The Menace of Uncontrolled Trailer/Truck Loads and the Use of Weigh-In-Motion Device on Carriageways in Nigeria dukiya jehoshaphat jaiye adejumo taiye elisha doi: 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-1-13 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2020 4 1 Article 1 10.2495/TDI-V4-N1-1-13 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2020_4_1/TDI-V4-N1-1-13 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-369-381 With the increasing size of container ships, accurate methods to model manoeuvring and mooring conditions are indispensable. especially in confined waters, where the ship speed is low or even zero, wind forces add a significant contribution to the force balance. the calculation of wind forces is typically done using wind coefficients based on wind tunnel tests. in these computations, a reference wind pressure must be used which is often based on the wind speed at 10 m height. When the wind blows over a rough surface however, the wind profiles become non-uniform, resulting in much higher wind speeds near the top of the ship, for the same wind speed at 10 m height. in case of differences between the wind profile used in the wind tunnel and the one expected in the reality, an appropriate reference pressure should be used. a method proposed by blendermann to calculate such reference pressure is applied in this paper to a wind force calculation for an ultra large container ship. it is shown that, depending on the roughness of the surface, the reference pressure can be a factor 2 to 3 higher than the one corresponding to 10 m height. this means that wind forces are potentially highly underestimated. the results of the method are compared with CFD simulations with a uniform and non-uniform inlet profile. the comparison shows a good agreement between blendermann’s method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results for the surge force and roll moment. on the other hand, blendermann’s method seems to overestimate the sway force, but more simulations are needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">With the increasing size of container ships, accurate methods to model manoeuvring and mooring conditions are indispensable. especially in confined waters, where the ship speed is low or even zero, wind forces add a significant contribution to the force balance. the calculation of wind forces is typically done using wind coefficients based on wind tunnel tests. in these computations, a reference wind pressure must be used which is often based on the wind speed at 10 m height. When the wind blows over a rough surface however, the wind profiles become non-uniform, resulting in much higher wind speeds near the top of the ship, for the same wind speed at 10 m height. in case of differences between the wind profile used in the wind tunnel and the one expected in the reality, an appropriate reference pressure should be used. a method proposed by blendermann to calculate such reference pressure is applied in this paper to a wind force calculation for an ultra large container ship. it is shown that, depending on the roughness of the surface, the reference pressure can be a factor 2 to 3 higher than the one corresponding to 10 m height. this means that wind forces are potentially highly underestimated. the results of the method are compared with CFD simulations with a uniform and non-uniform inlet profile. the comparison shows a good agreement between blendermann’s method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results for the surge force and roll moment. on the other hand, blendermann’s method seems to overestimate the sway force, but more simulations are needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn.</span></p> ]]> Wind Modeling for Large Container Vessels: A Critical Review of the Calculation Procedure thibaut van zwijnsvoorde luca donatini wim van hoydonck evert lataire doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-369-381 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 4 Article 369 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-369-381 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-369-381 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-355-368 Despite the great attention that the field of maritime surveillance has gained nowadays, special effort is required to remove the barriers of collecting and integrating heterogeneous data into a common picture to be shared among all relevant parties and achieving a reasonable level of interoperability for improved efficiency of maritime surveillance systems. Traditional solutions offered mainly rely on the usage of either custom data models or the automatic identification system (AIS) types of messages which, although widely accepted, has significant restrictions regarding the types of data that can transmit (e.g. support of additional information and metadata). Based on the more modern, XML-based, inter-VTS exchange format service (IVEF) introduced by the IALA, we present the design and implementation of a uniform communication gateway (UCG) and an advanced user interface (AUI) for maritime surveillance systems, implementing the IVEF service model and protocol. The UCG consists of a set of interconnected processes implementing data listeners for acquiring raw vessel traffic data, translators from AIS or custom data models (based on reusable libraries) to the IVEF data model, a merging process for integrating the data streams and a IVEF-compliant and SSL/TLS-secured server serving the data to any IVEF-compatible client. For monitoring UCG data traffic, a web-based interface presenting statistics for the reception and sending rates is offered. Moreover, maritime environment data stemming from the EU Copernicus service are map illustrated. The AUI is a front-end system specifically designed to provide multiple categories of users (e.g. radar designers, operational users, result stream subscribers) with the functionalities required to operate and exploit the results of diverse sources of data reception (including AIS traffic and proprietary radars). Its basic component is a map-centric GUI displaying nautical charts, radar cells, vessels tracks and alerts and providing end-users analysis tools. Both implementations have been tested and validated in real operational environment. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Despite the great attention that the field of maritime surveillance has gained nowadays, special effort is required to remove the barriers of collecting and integrating heterogeneous data into a common picture to be shared among all relevant parties and achieving a reasonable level of interoperability for improved efficiency of maritime surveillance systems. Traditional solutions offered mainly rely on the usage of either custom data models or the automatic identification system (AIS) types of messages which, although widely accepted, has significant restrictions regarding the types of data that can transmit (e.g. support of additional information and metadata). Based on the more modern, XML-based, inter-VTS exchange format service (IVEF) introduced by the IALA, we present the design and implementation of a uniform communication gateway (UCG) and an advanced user interface (AUI) for maritime surveillance systems, implementing the IVEF service model and protocol. The UCG consists of a set of interconnected processes implementing data listeners for acquiring raw vessel traffic data, translators from AIS or custom data models (based on reusable libraries) to the IVEF data model, a merging process for integrating the data streams and a IVEF-compliant and SSL/TLS-secured server serving the data to any IVEF-compatible client. For monitoring UCG data traffic, a web-based interface presenting statistics for the reception and sending rates is offered. Moreover, maritime environment data stemming from the EU Copernicus service are map illustrated. The AUI is a front-end system specifically designed to provide multiple categories of users (e.g. radar designers, operational users, result stream subscribers) with the functionalities required to operate and exploit the results of diverse sources of data reception (including AIS traffic and proprietary radars). Its basic component is a map-centric GUI displaying nautical charts, radar cells, vessels tracks and alerts and providing end-users analysis tools. Both implementations have been tested and validated in real operational environment.</span></p> ]]> A Multisource Communication Gateway and an Advanced Visualization Interface for Maritime Surveillance Systems Based on the Inter-Vts Exchange Format Service eleftherios ouzounoglou miltiadis koutsokeras pascal boyé augustin ambiehl damien gravelat lazaros karagiannidis evangelos sdongos frédéric lamole angelos amditis doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-355-368 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 4 Article 355 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-355-368 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-355-368 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-344-354 The Chinese government is heavily investing in trade-related infrastructure with its one Belt one road initiative (OBOR), A proposal to build a new silk road or network of trade routes. This infrastructure-driven innovation will have a large economic, spatial and environmental impact on China; it is also likely to transform entire regions throughout asia, africa and Europe. in pursuing it, the Chinese government seeks to meaningfully combine a strong national interest in infrastructural and economic development with an equally strong national interest in environmental sustainability. This chapter explores how it might meet both goals. How do the initiative’s many projects intersect with local interests and needs in China? Will these investments carry out the proclaimed desire of the Chinese government for environmentally sustainable development? This chapter examines these questions by looking at how various governmental players are translating these investments and proposals into spatial plans. It focuses on port city regions, using the Dalian region in northeast China, one of the OBOR initiative hubs, as an example. Port regions are key spatial components in the OBOR initiative: as infrastructural hubs and as centres for trade and innovation, as sites of national oil storage or as hubs for the development of new maritime technology. as places where the industrial production and long-distance infrastructure of OBOR encounters densely populated areas, they are also particularly at risk from climate change, including rising sea levels. Thus, the OBOR initiative’s goals of economic improvement and environmental sustainability may well collide. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The Chinese government is heavily investing in trade-related infrastructure with its one Belt one road initiative (OBOR), A proposal to build a new silk road or network of trade routes. This infrastructure-driven innovation will have a large economic, spatial and environmental impact on China; it is also likely to transform entire regions throughout asia, africa and Europe. in pursuing it, the Chinese government seeks to meaningfully combine a strong national interest in infrastructural and economic development with an equally strong national interest in environmental sustainability. This chapter explores how it might meet both goals. How do the initiative’s many projects intersect with local interests and needs in China? Will these investments carry out the proclaimed desire of the Chinese government for environmentally sustainable development? This chapter examines these questions by looking at how various governmental players are translating these investments and proposals into spatial plans. It focuses on port city regions, using the Dalian region in northeast China, one of the OBOR initiative hubs, as an example. Port regions are key spatial components in the OBOR initiative: as infrastructural hubs and as centres for trade and innovation, as sites of national oil storage or as hubs for the development of new maritime technology. as places where the industrial production and long-distance infrastructure of OBOR encounters densely populated areas, they are also particularly at risk from climate change, including rising sea levels. Thus, the OBOR initiative’s goals of economic improvement and environmental sustainability may well collide.</span></p> ]]> The Dalian Port Cluster: Spatial Practice of the One Belt One Road Initiative penglin zhu carola hein doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-344-354 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 4 Article 344 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-344-354 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-344-354 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-331-343 This research aims at investigating the direct and indirect influence of network structures on urban transportation performance with a macroscopic perspective. Transport systems are complex – the functional properties of a transportation network can affect mobility patterns which in turn changes the network performance. Understanding the topology of transportation networks is important in order to upgrade transport network design and to improve transportation performance. This paper attempts to determine important network indicators such connectivity, centrality and clustering measures for different network types (road, rail and bike) from 86 urban areas and 32 countries, based on compa- rable, directly observable open-source data such as OpenStreetMap (OSM) and the TomTom congestion database. Relations between indicators are identified through correlation measures. In addition, regression models are calibrated which quantify the relations between infrastructure accessibility (IA) and network indicators and average traffic delay times. The indicator average road connectivity over average road circuity (RCRC), which is proposed in this study, has not been cited before in literature. The main results suggest that the determination of distance-based connectivity of networks is an important proxy to understand road transportation performance. Consequently, two main results were obtained: (1) an increase in average short-distance connectivity of road networks (average closeness centrality and RCRC) eases road congestion, presumably because the network distributes road traffic more homogenously while decreasing low-permeability choke points, (2) an increase of the average short-distance connectivity of networks of alternative modes such as rail or bike (average weighted rail clustering coefficient and average cycle closeness centrality) does alleviate road congestion. In particular, for cities with over 0.4 km per km$^2$ cycleway density, an increase in cycleway closeness centrality decreases road congestion and it does so almost as efficiently as an increase in road infrastructure accessibility. Presumably, well-connected, alternative networks with short and direct routes convince car users to shift to the alternative mode, which decreases road traffic volumes. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">This research aims at investigating the direct and indirect influence of network structures on urban transportation performance with a macroscopic perspective. Transport systems are complex – the functional properties of a transportation network can affect mobility patterns which in turn changes the network performance. Understanding the topology of transportation networks is important in order to upgrade transport network design and to improve transportation performance. This paper attempts to determine important network indicators such connectivity, centrality and clustering measures for different network types (road, rail and bike) from 86 urban areas and 32 countries, based on compa- rable, directly observable open-source data such as OpenStreetMap (OSM) and the TomTom congestion database. Relations between indicators are identified through correlation measures. In addition, regression models are calibrated which quantify the relations between infrastructure accessibility (IA) and network indicators and average traffic delay times. The indicator average road connectivity over average road circuity (RCRC), which is proposed in this study, has not been cited before in literature. The main results suggest that the determination of distance-based connectivity of networks is an important proxy to understand road transportation performance. Consequently, two main results were obtained: (1) an increase in average short-distance connectivity of road networks (average closeness centrality and RCRC) eases road congestion, presumably because the network distributes road traffic more homogenously while decreasing low-permeability choke points, (2) an increase of the average short-distance connectivity of networks of alternative modes such as rail or bike (average weighted rail clustering coefficient and average cycle closeness centrality) does alleviate road congestion. In particular, for cities with over 0.4 km per km$^2$ cycleway density, an increase in cycleway closeness centrality decreases road congestion and it does so almost as efficiently as an increase in road infrastructure accessibility. Presumably, well-connected, alternative networks with short and direct routes convince car users to shift to the alternative mode, which decreases road traffic volumes.</span></p> ]]> A Macroscopic Analysis of Transport Networks: The Influence of Network Design on Urban Transportation Performance ali enes dingil federico rupi zaneta stasiskiene doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-331-343 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 4 Article 331 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-331-343 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-331-343 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-317-330 The research takes into consideration diverse perspectives and parameters for assessing accessibility in urban spaces within the Frankfurt Rhein-Main Area, with the initiation of pilot study in Darmstadt, being one of the major cities forming the urban agglomeration. Diverse tools including public transport accessibility level and Space Syntax which contribute to the factor of accessibility are studied and utilized in different urban spaces and further correlated. The study takes into consideration the city centre, the main transit station and a residential area, as three urban spaces within Darmstadt, to understand how the selected performance measures quantify leading to qualitative learning and inferences. The study aims to further evolve in future stages, in order to understand the diversity through the accessibility performance measures through different cities, based on commuter flows, within the urban agglomeration. Assessing accessible mobility in continuum within the urban agglomeration, through interdisciplinary means of research methodology, would assist in the vision (as per German legislation) of obtaining an accessible and integrated multimodal transport system by 2022. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The research takes into consideration diverse perspectives and parameters for assessing accessibility in urban spaces within the Frankfurt Rhein-Main Area, with the initiation of pilot study in Darmstadt, being one of the major cities forming the urban agglomeration. Diverse tools including public transport accessibility level and Space Syntax which contribute to the factor of accessibility are studied and utilized in different urban spaces and further correlated. The study takes into consideration the city centre, the main transit station and a residential area, as three urban spaces within Darmstadt, to understand how the selected performance measures quantify leading to qualitative learning and inferences. The study aims to further evolve in future stages, in order to understand the diversity through the accessibility performance measures through different cities, based on commuter flows, within the urban agglomeration. Assessing accessible mobility in continuum within the urban agglomeration, through interdisciplinary means of research methodology, would assist in the vision (as per German legislation) of obtaining an accessible and integrated multimodal transport system by 2022.</span></p> ]]> Understanding Multimodal Accessibility Parameters in Diverse Urban Environments: A Pilot Study in Darmstadt lakshya pandit martin knöll doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-317-330 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 4 Article 317 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-317-330 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-317-330 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-306-316 In many transit systems, operators use skip–stop strategies to reduce travel time of particular train services by not stopping (skipping) at less densely populated stations. This decision of omitting some stops reduces the travel time for the users within the vehicle and increases the speed of operation, favouring the provision of new transit services where are more necessary. In this work, the best A/b stop–skip patterns for a set of transit services along a railway corridor are determined by means a three-phase methodology that includes the formulation of a nonlinear integer programming inspired in the multiple knapsack problem and the application of a heuristic algorithm based on mathematical properties (matheuristic). <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">In many transit systems, operators use skip–stop strategies to reduce travel time of particular train services by not stopping (skipping) at less densely populated stations. This decision of omitting some stops reduces the travel time for the users within the vehicle and increases the speed of operation, favouring the provision of new transit services where are more necessary. In this work, the best A/b stop–skip patterns for a set of transit services along a railway corridor are determined by means a three-phase methodology that includes the formulation of a nonlinear integer programming inspired in the multiple knapsack problem and the application of a heuristic algorithm based on mathematical properties (matheuristic).</span></p> ]]> A Matheuristic for Optimizing Skip–Stop Operation Strategies in Rail Transit Lines francisco a. ortega juan a. mesa ramón piedra-de-la-cuadra miguel a. pozo doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-306-316 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 4 Article 306 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-306-316 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-306-316 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-295-305 Housing units located near transportation facilities tend to have a higher market value than those that are at a greater distance to transport facilities but have similar characteristics. Provision of public infrastructure has a great impact on urban areas, especially on urban development patterns, spatial distribution of urban land use and real estate values. Mass transit systems are one of the most important public infrastructures in cities. Mass transit operations have a significant effect on property values, since they increase accessibility in urban areas. Railway projects are long-lasting investments and by their nature are extremely expensive when compared to other land transportation modes. It is not always possible or reasonable for many countries to fund these high-price projects only with their national budget generated by taxes collected from all citizens. Literature suggests that property values tend to rise in parallel to land values after any kind of public infrastructure investment. Nowadays transportation, especially railway system investments, is regarded as the most important public infrastructure in urban areas impacting land values maximally. Railway investments are becoming widespread in Turkey, especially in Istanbul as Istanbul is the most important and most populated city in country. As due to their high operation costs urban public transport systems, especially railway systems, rarely make a profit, private investors are not willing to get involved in these projects. Furthermore, it is not possible to finance all rail system investments from public funds. This article aims to prove the impact of railway systems on housing values and investigate the possibility of internalizing this increased value for financing railway investments. The main objective of this article is to calculate the impact of distance to a railway station on the value of properties by using the hedonic price model on an existing railway corridor and applying this anticipated impact on a proposed railway corridor. Finally, the calculated value is used as a prelimi- nary basis as a funding model for railway projects in developing countries like Turkey. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Housing units located near transportation facilities tend to have a higher market value than those that are at a greater distance to transport facilities but have similar characteristics. Provision of public infrastructure has a great impact on urban areas, especially on urban development patterns, spatial distribution of urban land use and real estate values. Mass transit systems are one of the most important public infrastructures in cities. Mass transit operations have a significant effect on property values, since they increase accessibility in urban areas. Railway projects are long-lasting investments and by their nature are extremely expensive when compared to other land transportation modes. It is not always possible or reasonable for many countries to fund these high-price projects only with their national budget generated by taxes collected from all citizens. Literature suggests that property values tend to rise in parallel to land values after any kind of public infrastructure investment. Nowadays transportation, especially railway system investments, is regarded as the most important public infrastructure in urban areas impacting land values maximally. Railway investments are becoming widespread in Turkey, especially in Istanbul as Istanbul is the most important and most populated city in country. As due to their high operation costs urban public transport systems, especially railway systems, rarely make a profit, private investors are not willing to get involved in these projects. Furthermore, it is not possible to finance all rail system investments from public funds. This article aims to prove the impact of railway systems on housing values and investigate the possibility of internalizing this increased value for financing railway investments. The main objective of this article is to calculate the impact of distance to a railway station on the value of properties by using the hedonic price model on an existing railway corridor and applying this anticipated impact on a proposed railway corridor. Finally, the calculated value is used as a prelimi- nary basis as a funding model for railway projects in developing countries like Turkey.</span></p> ]]> Investigation of the Impact of Railways on Housing Values; The Case of Istanbul, Turkey elif can cengiz hüseyin murat çelik doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-295-305 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 4 Article 295 10.2495/TDI-V3-N4-295-305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_4/TDI-V3-N4-295-305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-271-285 In 2015, a truly lightweight track geometry measuring trolley was successfully developed to enable real-time measurement after all track maintenance work. A commercial product model named the LR-S100 was realized that is small (disassembled total length of 1,600 mm maximum) and lightweight (13.4 kg, which is about one-third that of the track geometry measuring trolley the LIGHTREC). Seven items may be measured in real-time: track gauge, cross level, alignment (right and left), longitudinal level (right and left), and twist. The measuring accuracy is high, and it far outperforms current track geometry measuring trolleys in terms of repeatability error. The mechanism of the LR-S100 is very simple and easy to maintain because there are no moving parts for measuring alignment and longitu- dinal level. These advantages, which are not found in any similar conventional product, were achieved with a brand-new track geometry measuring principle called the ‘differential-difference method’ for the LR-S100. Since the measurement accuracy of the LR-S100 is high, it is also possible to restore the actual track geometry and to compensate for errors in gauge and cross-level irregularities by means of a three-wheel trolley without any additional sensors. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">In 2015, a truly lightweight track geometry measuring trolley was successfully developed to enable real-time measurement after all track maintenance work. A commercial product model named the LR-S100 was realized that is small (disassembled total length of 1,600 mm maximum) and lightweight (13.4 kg, which is about one-third that of the track geometry measuring trolley the LIGHTREC). Seven items may be measured in real-time: track gauge, cross level, alignment (right and left), longitudinal level (right and left), and twist. The measuring accuracy is high, and it far outperforms current track geometry measuring trolleys in terms of repeatability error. The mechanism of the LR-S100 is very simple and easy to maintain because there are no moving parts for measuring alignment and longitu- dinal level. These advantages, which are not found in any similar conventional product, were achieved with a brand-new track geometry measuring principle called the ‘differential-difference method’ for the LR-S100. Since the measurement accuracy of the LR-S100 is high, it is also possible to restore the actual track geometry and to compensate for errors in gauge and cross-level irregularities by means of a three-wheel trolley without any additional sensors.</span></p> ]]> Development of an Inertial Track Geometry Measuring Trolley and Utilization of Its High-Precision Data yasukuni naganuma taro yada takayuki uematsu doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-271-285 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 3 Article 271 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-271-285 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-271-285 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-259-270 The automotive industry is one of the largest polluters, affecting air quality in urban areas. For this reason, the effect of the public policies on the sector is very important in economic and social terms. In this sense, one of the policies has been the subsidies for efficient vehicles where the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are included. Subsidies are very important for some of these vehicles, with a real price which is not competitive in comparison with internal combustion (IC) cars. As an example, the sales have dropped in Denmark in 2016 after the incentive reduction. However, in some cases, policies designed to regulate the situation can create some perverse effects due to the complexity of this issue. This type of vehicle is powered by an IC engine in combination with one or more electric motors using energy stored in battery packs. The real efficiency of this kind of vehicle depends strongly on the responsibility of the owner. Only if the car has been plugged in, their batteries have been fully charged and also the car is driven under “efficient mode”, the emissions will reduce significantly. Considering the fuel consumption gap between manufacturer declaration and real drive test and the emissions in different pollutants of the PHEVs in comparison with IC cars, the aim of this article is to show a new possible perverse effect generated by them. This has happened recently with diesel cars, favoured by policies focused in CO2 emission, generating NOX high level in the urban area air quality.Finally, we highlight the main result and conclude emission cost implemented in fuel tax as ‘the first best’ in environmental policies. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The automotive industry is one of the largest polluters, affecting air quality in urban areas. For this reason, the effect of the public policies on the sector is very important in economic and social terms. In this sense, one of the policies has been the subsidies for efficient vehicles where the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are included. Subsidies are very important for some of these vehicles, with a real price which is not competitive in comparison with internal combustion (IC) cars. As an example, the sales have dropped in Denmark in 2016 after the incentive reduction. However, in some cases, policies designed to regulate the situation can create some perverse effects due to the complexity of this issue. This type of vehicle is powered by an IC engine in combination with one or more electric motors using energy stored in battery packs. The real efficiency of this kind of vehicle depends strongly on the responsibility of the owner. Only if the car has been plugged in, their batteries have been fully charged and also the car is driven under “efficient mode”, the emissions will reduce significantly. Considering the fuel consumption gap between manufacturer declaration and real drive test and the emissions in different pollutants of the PHEVs in comparison with IC cars, the aim of this article is to show a new possible perverse effect generated by them. This has happened recently with diesel cars, favoured by policies focused in CO</span>₂<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">emission, generating NO</span>_X<span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif"> high level in the urban area air quality.Finally, we highlight the main result and conclude emission cost implemented in fuel tax as ‘the first best’ in environmental policies.</span></p> ]]> Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVS): A Possible Perverse Effect Generated by Environmental Policies pedro pablo ramírez sánchez alassane ballé ndiaye roberto rendeiro martín-cejas doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-259-270 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 3 Article 259 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-259-270 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-259-270 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-245-258 Migrants in cities are highly dependent on frequent and fast public transport services. Easy access to rapid transit stations, such as subways or suburban rails, plays a crucial role in shaping migrants’ daily lives and critically influences integration processes at the local level. Nevertheless, in Europe, little is known about migrants’ access to rapid transport facilities. This article is the first one that provides com- parable local indicators of rapid transit accessibility and equity in the supply of transit services for vari- ous migrant and non-migrant groups across 17 European cities. Our analysis was based primarily on an innovative European spatial dataset about migrants’ concentration in cities as well as on several openly available general transit feed specification datasets. Methodologically, we used a classic gravity-based accessibility model, where the average frequency of daily departures was assumed as the attractiveness factor of the instrument. On the other hand, we performed Gini coefficient analysis and created Lorenz curve graphs to assess transit equity. The results allowed us to make interor intracity comparisons and to demonstrate some of the most transit disadvantaged migrant communities in Europe. Our findings suggest that Africans experience on average the worst access, while Americans, in the vast majority of cities, are located in high-access districts. Also, transit equity assessment demonstrated a high level of inequality across all population groups and cities, except Barcelona. A striking result was that 88% of African communities in Turin shared only 10% of rapid transit supply. However, it was confirmed that regardless of people’s nationality, in many cities around Europe, it is difficult for many dwellers to live in close proximity to subways. Therefore, better land-use and mobility policies are required to guide cities towards more inclusive and sustainable urban development. <![CDATA[ <p>Migrants in cities are highly dependent on frequent and fast public transport services. Easy access to rapid transit stations, such as subways or suburban rails, plays a crucial role in shaping migrants’ daily lives and critically influences integration processes at the local level. Nevertheless, in Europe, little is known about migrants’ access to rapid transport facilities. This article is the first one that provides com- parable local indicators of rapid transit accessibility and equity in the supply of transit services for vari- ous migrant and non-migrant groups across 17 European cities. Our analysis was based primarily on an innovative European spatial dataset about migrants’ concentration in cities as well as on several openly available general transit feed specification datasets. Methodologically, we used a classic gravity-based accessibility model, where the average frequency of daily departures was assumed as the attractiveness factor of the instrument. On the other hand, we performed Gini coefficient analysis and created Lorenz curve graphs to assess transit equity. The results allowed us to make interor intracity comparisons and to demonstrate some of the most transit disadvantaged migrant communities in Europe. Our findings suggest that Africans experience on average the worst access, while Americans, in the vast majority of cities, are located in high-access districts. Also, transit equity assessment demonstrated a high level of inequality across all population groups and cities, except Barcelona. A striking result was that 88% of African communities in Turin shared only 10% of rapid transit supply. However, it was confirmed that regardless of people’s nationality, in many cities around Europe, it is difficult for many dwellers to live in close proximity to subways. Therefore, better land-use and mobility policies are required to guide cities towards more inclusive and sustainable urban development.</p> ]]> Measuring Rapid Transit Accessibility and Equity in Migrant Communities Across 17 European Cities alexandros bartzokas-tsiompras yorgos n. photis doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-245-258 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 3 Article 245 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-245-258 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-245-258 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-232-244 The article proposes a simulation-based approach for supporting a threshold analysis aimed at identifying the maximum number of trains to be operated on a line, given the related infrastructural and operational constraints. The method addresses an intermediate case between the theoretical and practical capacity conditions (i.e. simulated capacity). Moreover, the evaluated capacity represents an up- per-bound value and, therefore, it is independent of the involved demand flows which, hence, have been neglected in the provided discussion. In particular, against an initial effort for building the rail micro-simulation model, which requires the modelling of infrastructure layout, signalling system, roll- ing stock and planned timetable, the presented methodology allows infrastructure managers to properly direct the decision-making process by providing information on the effects of any intervention, in ad- vance of its effective implementation. In order to show the feasibility and usefulness of the proposed approach, it has been applied in the case of a real rail network context in the south of Italy. <![CDATA[ <p>The article proposes a simulation-based approach for supporting a threshold analysis aimed at identifying the maximum number of trains to be operated on a line, given the related infrastructural and operational constraints. The method addresses an intermediate case between the theoretical and practical capacity conditions (i.e. simulated capacity). Moreover, the evaluated capacity represents an up- per-bound value and, therefore, it is independent of the involved demand flows which, hence, have been neglected in the provided discussion. In particular, against an initial effort for building the rail micro-simulation model, which requires the modelling of infrastructure layout, signalling system, roll- ing stock and planned timetable, the presented methodology allows infrastructure managers to properly direct the decision-making process by providing information on the effects of any intervention, in ad- vance of its effective implementation. In order to show the feasibility and usefulness of the proposed approach, it has been applied in the case of a real rail network context in the south of Italy.</p> ]]> A Simulation-Based Approach for Estimating Railway Capacity luca d’acierno marilisa botte giuseppe pignatiello doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-232-244 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 3 Article 232 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-232-244 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-232-244 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-222-231 This paper aims at evaluating road transport externalities in an intercity corridor taking into account the energetic and economic characterization of the available road transport modes: intercity bus, individual transport and shared mobility. One of the purposes of this analysis is to identify the external costs (EC) and private costs (PC) of each mode/route and to which extent the best environmental option can be also considered as the best economical option. Results show the intercity bus at full or half occupancy is the best option in terms of EC, followed by the shared mobility. Regarding the PC, results suggest that the best option is the shared mobility along route 1 (motorway), followed by the intercity bus. When comparing both routes, route 1 has less PC than route 2 (national road). In order to reduce the overall environmental impacts of a transport system, one solution might be the reduction of the EC through an optimization of the PC, ensuring that the option with less EC is also the option with less PC, so that it can encourage users to choose routes and transport modes with less environmental impacts. <![CDATA[ <p>This paper aims at evaluating road transport externalities in an intercity corridor taking into account the energetic and economic characterization of the available road transport modes: intercity bus, individual transport and shared mobility. One of the purposes of this analysis is to identify the external costs (EC) and private costs (PC) of each mode/route and to which extent the best environmental option can be also considered as the best economical option. Results show the intercity bus at full or half occupancy is the best option in terms of EC, followed by the shared mobility. Regarding the PC, results suggest that the best option is the shared mobility along route 1 (motorway), followed by the intercity bus. When comparing both routes, route 1 has less PC than route 2 (national road). In order to reduce the overall environmental impacts of a transport system, one solution might be the reduction of the EC through an optimization of the PC, ensuring that the option with less EC is also the option with less PC, so that it can encourage users to choose routes and transport modes with less environmental impacts.</p> ]]> Characterization of Road Traffic Externalities in an Intercity Corridor carlos sampaio eloísa macedo margarida c. coelho jorge m. bandeira doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-222-231 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 3 Article 222 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-222-231 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-222-231 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-207-221 The environmental and sustainable problems caused by automotive exhaust emission have received more attention than ever. Innovative vehicle technologies, such as hydrogen fuel cell and electric vehicles (EVs), have been developed a long time ago to cope with the problem. Public acceptance of these EV technologies is critical to their successful replacement of the internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles and thus reduce the emissions. Previous researches had shown that the main barriers were the lack of support infrastructures, high vehicle purchase cost and vehicle reliability with respect to safety. However, studies into the public safety perception of hydrogen-fuelled vehicles have still been limited to date. In this article, a quantitative survey was developed to investigate the public safety concerns of three types of vehicle powertrain: the IC engine, the hybrid electric and the solely EV. The study indicates the root cause of the low safety perception at present. The survey results also indicate that driving freedom is nowadays not just a problem of infrastructure only but is gradually becoming a psychological issue in terms of increased driver’s mental stress, and thus, the overall driving safety is affected. Furthermore, this article states the existence of an evaluation chain to determine the driver’s safety perception. In the end, this article proposed a comprehensive framework of the negation of driver’s safety concerns regarding the hydrogen-fuelled EV, based on the results from the survey and a review of psychological effects. This framework intends to explain the perceived safety perception from a wider angle with some depth. <![CDATA[ <p>The environmental and sustainable problems caused by automotive exhaust emission have received more attention than ever. Innovative vehicle technologies, such as hydrogen fuel cell and electric vehicles (EVs), have been developed a long time ago to cope with the problem. Public acceptance of these EV technologies is critical to their successful replacement of the internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles and thus reduce the emissions. Previous researches had shown that the main barriers were the lack of support infrastructures, high vehicle purchase cost and vehicle reliability with respect to safety. However, studies into the public safety perception of hydrogen-fuelled vehicles have still been limited to date. In this article, a quantitative survey was developed to investigate the public safety concerns of three types of vehicle powertrain: the IC engine, the hybrid electric and the solely EV. The study indicates the root cause of the low safety perception at present. The survey results also indicate that driving freedom is nowadays not just a problem of infrastructure only but is gradually becoming a psychological issue in terms of increased driver’s mental stress, and thus, the overall driving safety is affected. Furthermore, this article states the existence of an evaluation chain to determine the driver’s safety perception. In the end, this article proposed a comprehensive framework of the negation of driver’s safety concerns regarding the hydrogen-fuelled EV, based on the results from the survey and a review of psychological effects. This framework intends to explain the perceived safety perception from a wider angle with some depth.</p> ]]> The Influence of Driver’s Psychological States on the Safety Perception of Hydrogen Electric Vehicles hanlin li ruth welsh andrew morris doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-207-221 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 3 Article 207 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-207-221 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-207-221 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-195-206 Shared ride-hailing transportation is discreetly emerging in cities all over the world with the purpose of decongesting cities, offering a similar comfort and convenience of the private car, and this way, filling the gap between the cities’ bus services and the regular taxi services. Hence, the aim of this research is to detect the main factors that should be taken into account for the service design of shared ride- hailing transportation, as well as to compare this mean of transport with the bus and taxi services. The research was conducted through, first, an analysis of shared ride-hailing services business model. Then, a quantitative research was conducted to users of a small-scale one-week pilot in Barcelona. The results show that factors related to price and travel times are more important from a user perspective than the ones related to comfort, such as the walking distance to the pickup point or the comfort provided by the vehicle. Furthermore, results indicate the intended use of participants of a potential future shared ride-hailing service in different use cases. <![CDATA[ <p>Shared ride-hailing transportation is discreetly emerging in cities all over the world with the purpose of decongesting cities, offering a similar comfort and convenience of the private car, and this way, filling the gap between the cities’ bus services and the regular taxi services. Hence, the aim of this research is to detect the main factors that should be taken into account for the service design of shared ride- hailing transportation, as well as to compare this mean of transport with the bus and taxi services. The research was conducted through, first, an analysis of shared ride-hailing services business model. Then, a quantitative research was conducted to users of a small-scale one-week pilot in Barcelona. The results show that factors related to price and travel times are more important from a user perspective than the ones related to comfort, such as the walking distance to the pickup point or the comfort provided by the vehicle. Furthermore, results indicate the intended use of participants of a potential future shared ride-hailing service in different use cases.</p> ]]> Main Design Factors for Shared Ride-Hailing Services from a User Perspective m. gilibert i. ribas doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-195-206 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 3 Article 195 10.2495/TDI-V3-N3-195-206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_3/TDI-V3-N3-195-206 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-179-184 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from vehicle dashboards, panelling and interior components are one of the primary contributors to poor automobile air quality. Exposure to VOCs can result in symptoms such as headaches and fatigue which can lead to unsafe driving. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the VOC and airborne particle concentration levels between new model (10 years old, N = 4) automobiles. VOC and particle measurements were conducted at the beginning of business operations and then again four hours later to assess the impact of temperature on material emissions of VOCs. Morning VOC measurements in new and old model au- tomobiles ranged from ＜LOD to 6.60 ppm (mean ± SD: 1.168 ± 2.005 ppm) and ＜LOD to 0.60 ppm (mean ± SD: 0.0285 ± 0.0182), respectively. Afternoon VOC measurements for both models ranged from 0.22 to 6.62 ppm (mean ± SD: 2.952 ± 1.714 ppm and ＜LOD to 12.12 ppm (mean ± SD: 3.106 ± 3.722), respectively. Interestingly, unlike new model automobiles, old models of automobiles showed statistically significant positive correlations between temperature increase and VOC levels [Spearman’s rho in the mornings: 0.611 (p <![CDATA[ <p>Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from vehicle dashboards, panelling and interior components are one of the primary contributors to poor automobile air quality. Exposure to VOCs can result in symptoms such as headaches and fatigue which can lead to unsafe driving. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the VOC and airborne particle concentration levels between new model (<10 years old, N = 6) and old model (>10 years old, N = 4) automobiles. VOC and particle measurements were conducted at the beginning of business operations and then again four hours later to assess the impact of temperature on material emissions of VOCs. Morning VOC measurements in new and old model au- tomobiles ranged from ＜LOD to 6.60 ppm (mean ± SD: 1.168 ± 2.005 ppm) and ＜LOD to 0.60 ppm (mean ± SD: 0.0285 ± 0.0182), respectively. Afternoon VOC measurements for both models ranged from 0.22 to 6.62 ppm (mean ± SD: 2.952 ± 1.714 ppm and ＜LOD to 12.12 ppm (mean ± SD: 3.106 ± 3.722), respectively. Interestingly, unlike new model automobiles, old models of automobiles showed statistically significant positive correlations between temperature increase and VOC levels [Spearman’s rho in the mornings: 0.611 (p < 0.05; in the afternoons: 0.947 (p < 0.05)]. New model automobiles emit significantly higher levels of VOCs than older models during morning hours (p < 0.05).</p> ]]> VOC and Particle Concentrations in New and Old Model Automobiles j. edward dotherow deonte martin atin adhikari doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-179-184 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 2 Article 179 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-179-184 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-179-184 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-166-178 The relationship between land use planning and traffic generation is internationally recognised. At the same time, the spatial impacts of unlocking land for development in terms of transit orientated development through corridor and nodal development; densification in integrating spatial development in urban context, urban development and regeneration are also evident. It represents implications for spatial systems and the environment in terms of factors such as traffic flows, traffic congestion, noise, emissions and traffic accidents. International research on theory and practical case studies revealed that planning activities are mostly undertaken by professions such as urban and regional planners; transportation engineers and environmental practitioners. Limited multi-disciplinary practices related to integrated land use, transportation, traffic and environmental management plans for residential areas are undertaken with exception of isolated thematically consultation. However, specialisation in integrated research (theory) in focuses such as land use management; transportation and emissions impacts are evident. Development approaches in modelling of such focusses necessitates integration as illustrated in various urban system studies undertaken. Development of applicable decision support systems for residential areas through multi-disciplinary planning will enhance accountability in land use densification and development of new township extensions. Application of improved technology in terms of vehicles will affect levels of emissions/pollution while land use planning is guided by accessibility, density and spatial form and especially in residential areas. In planning and research, the application of key performance indicators through estimated passenger car units per land use category, road classes, densities and estimated pollution impacts are fundamental for resilience and sustainability in spatial planning and quality of living in residential neighbourhoods. The objective of the paper will be to address this interface in residential areas through development of a simplified practical assessment and development approach for initial impact overview informing detailed planning and decision making. It will assist in selecting the best and preferred development scenarios and to guide actions and input by stakeholders affected by planning proposals. It thus precedes formal modelling exercises related to planning (land use), transportation and environmental planning through normal project life cycle integration. <![CDATA[ <p>The relationship between land use planning and traffic generation is internationally recognised. At the same time, the spatial impacts of unlocking land for development in terms of transit orientated development through corridor and nodal development; densification in integrating spatial development in urban context, urban development and regeneration are also evident. It represents implications for spatial systems and the environment in terms of factors such as traffic flows, traffic congestion, noise, emissions and traffic accidents. International research on theory and practical case studies revealed that planning activities are mostly undertaken by professions such as urban and regional planners; transportation engineers and environmental practitioners. Limited multi-disciplinary practices related to integrated land use, transportation, traffic and environmental management plans for residential areas are undertaken with exception of isolated thematically consultation. However, specialisation in integrated research (theory) in focuses such as land use management; transportation and emissions impacts are evident. Development approaches in modelling of such focusses necessitates integration as illustrated in various urban system studies undertaken. Development of applicable decision support systems for residential areas through multi-disciplinary planning will enhance accountability in land use densification and development of new township extensions. Application of improved technology in terms of vehicles will affect levels of emissions/pollution while land use planning is guided by accessibility, density and spatial form and especially in residential areas. In planning and research, the application of key performance indicators through estimated passenger car units per land use category, road classes, densities and estimated pollution impacts are fundamental for resilience and sustainability in spatial planning and quality of living in residential neighbourhoods. The objective of the paper will be to address this interface in residential areas through development of a simplified practical assessment and development approach for initial impact overview informing detailed planning and decision making. It will assist in selecting the best and preferred development scenarios and to guide actions and input by stakeholders affected by planning proposals. It thus precedes formal modelling exercises related to planning (land use), transportation and environmental planning through normal project life cycle integration.</p> ]]> Land Use, Traffic Generation and Emissions in Formulating a Simplified Approach in Assessing Development Impacts in Residential Areas c.b. schoeman i. m. schoeman doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-166-178 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 2 Article 166 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-166-178 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-166-178 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-152-165 This paper introduces an agent-based simulation approach to model current and future spatial mobility demand based on activity profiles under different urban land use policies. Further, mobility provision for young and elderly people through a system consisting of shared, on-demand autonomous vehicles (AVs) is proposed and evaluated. We use a generalized optimization approach including investment, driving, and social costs to determine the optimal number of vehicles. Future demographics of the population are simulated through a cohort analysis where migration based on historical data is taken into account. The method is applied to the case of Izu Oshima, a Japanese island strongly affected by demographic change and comprising of a high number of immobile citizens. The promotion of settlement in vacant houses in different areas of Izu Oshima through urban land use policies is simulated and compared with respect to urban sprawl, spatial mobility demand, and the cost of mobility provision. The results show that land use policies have a big potential to lower the cost of transportation. We further show that their effect is stronger for shared electric AVs than for conventional transportation systems. <![CDATA[ <p>This paper introduces an agent-based simulation approach to model current and future spatial mobility demand based on activity profiles under different urban land use policies. Further, mobility provision for young and elderly people through a system consisting of shared, on-demand autonomous vehicles (AVs) is proposed and evaluated. We use a generalized optimization approach including investment, driving, and social costs to determine the optimal number of vehicles. Future demographics of the population are simulated through a cohort analysis where migration based on historical data is taken into account. The method is applied to the case of Izu Oshima, a Japanese island strongly affected by demographic change and comprising of a high number of immobile citizens. The promotion of settlement in vacant houses in different areas of Izu Oshima through urban land use policies is simulated and compared with respect to urban sprawl, spatial mobility demand, and the cost of mobility provision. The results show that land use policies have a big potential to lower the cost of transportation. We further show that their effect is stronger for shared electric AVs than for conventional transportation systems. </p> ]]> Urban Land Use Policies for Efficient Autonomous On-Demand Transportation – A Case Study on the Japanese Island of Izu Oshima lukas d. pöhler yasushi asami takashi oguchi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-152-165 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 2 Article 152 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-152-165 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-152-165 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-144-151 Road traffic is recognized as a significant source of particulate matter (PM), especially in urban areas, where exceedances of the legislation PM limit values is one of the main environmental concerns. Therefore, the development and implementation of methodologies allowing detailed characterization of PM within urban areas are required to find potential solutions to decrease PM levels.This work aims to provide a detailed characterization of traffic-related PM concentrations at urban scale by using an integrated modelling approach and insitu aerosol measurements. For this purpose, a modelling cascade based on transportation-emission-dispersion approach was implemented for a medium-sized Portuguese city (Coimbra). Moreover, optical aerosol measurements were obtained from an experimental field monitoring campaign (June 2017) implemented at a city ‘hot-spot’ to provide relevant in-situ data on number, surface and mass concentrations distribution into 31 size ranges from 0.25 to 32 μm.The spatial distribution of the exhaust and non-exhaust traffic-related emissions is analysed and discussed addressing their contribution to the PM pollution. The current study evidences the importance of road traffic non-exhaust emissions and demonstrates the usefulness of the integrated modelling approach in the mobility policy relevant context. <![CDATA[ <p>Road traffic is recognized as a significant source of particulate matter (PM), especially in urban areas, where exceedances of the legislation PM limit values is one of the main environmental concerns. Therefore, the development and implementation of methodologies allowing detailed characterization of PM within urban areas are required to find potential solutions to decrease PM levels.</p><p>This work aims to provide a detailed characterization of traffic-related PM concentrations at urban scale by using an integrated modelling approach and insitu aerosol measurements. For this purpose, a modelling cascade based on transportation-emission-dispersion approach was implemented for a medium-sized Portuguese city (Coimbra). Moreover, optical aerosol measurements were obtained from an experimental field monitoring campaign (June 2017) implemented at a city ‘hot-spot’ to provide relevant in-situ data on number, surface and mass concentrations distribution into 31 size ranges from 0.25 to 32 μm.</p><p>The spatial distribution of the exhaust and non-exhaust traffic-related emissions is analysed and discussed addressing their contribution to the PM pollution. The current study evidences the importance of road traffic non-exhaust emissions and demonstrates the usefulness of the integrated modelling approach in the mobility policy relevant context.</p> ]]> Characterization of Traffic-Related Particulate Matter at Urban Scale d. dias n. pina o. tchepel doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-144-151 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 2 Article 144 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-144-151 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-144-151 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-132-143 Commercial heavy vehicles using urban curbside loading zones are not typically provided with an envelope, or space adjacent to the vehicle, allocated for loading and unloading activities. While completing loading and unloading activities, couriers are required to walk around the vehicle, extend ramps and handling equipment and manoeuvre goods; these activities require space around the vehicle. But the unique space needs of delivery trucks are not commonly acknowledged by or incorporated into current urban design practices in either North America or Europe. Because of this lack of a truck envelope, couriers of commercial vehicles are observed using pedestrian pathways and bicycling infrastructure for unloading activities, as well as walking in traffic lanes. These actions put them and other road users in direct conflict and potentially in harm’s way.This article presents our research to improve our understanding of curb space and delivery needs in urban areas. The research approach involved the observation of delivery operations to determine vehicle type, loading actions, door locations and accessories used. Once common practices had been identified by observing 25 deliveries, simulated loading activities were measured to quantify different types of loading space requirements around commercial vehicles. This resulted in a robust measurement of the operating envelope required to reduce conflicts between truck loading and unloading activities with adjacent pedestrian, bicycle, and motor vehicle activities. From these results, commercial loading zone design recommendations can be developed that will allow our urban street system to operate more efficiently, safely and reliably for all users. <![CDATA[ <p>Commercial heavy vehicles using urban curbside loading zones are not typically provided with an envelope, or space adjacent to the vehicle, allocated for loading and unloading activities. While completing loading and unloading activities, couriers are required to walk around the vehicle, extend ramps and handling equipment and manoeuvre goods; these activities require space around the vehicle. But the unique space needs of delivery trucks are not commonly acknowledged by or incorporated into current urban design practices in either North America or Europe. Because of this lack of a truck envelope, couriers of commercial vehicles are observed using pedestrian pathways and bicycling infrastructure for unloading activities, as well as walking in traffic lanes. These actions put them and other road users in direct conflict and potentially in harm’s way.</p><p>This article presents our research to improve our understanding of curb space and delivery needs in urban areas. The research approach involved the observation of delivery operations to determine vehicle type, loading actions, door locations and accessories used. Once common practices had been identified by observing 25 deliveries, simulated loading activities were measured to quantify different types of loading space requirements around commercial vehicles. This resulted in a robust measurement of the operating envelope required to reduce conflicts between truck loading and unloading activities with adjacent pedestrian, bicycle, and motor vehicle activities. From these results, commercial loading zone design recommendations can be developed that will allow our urban street system to operate more efficiently, safely and reliably for all users.</p> ]]> Developing Design Guidelines for Commercial Vehicle Envelopes on Urban Streets edward mccormack anne goodchild manali sheth david hurwitz doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-132-143 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 2 Article 132 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-132-143 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-132-143 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-117-131 Railway transport has high punctuality, however, sometimes accidents happens due to facility failure or natural disasters, and the operation needs to change from its original scheduled timetable. When the operation has to return to the original schedule that operation is called “train rescheduling”. Automatic rescheduling methods have been suggested considering several operation conditions and operation environments.During the rescheduling, the operated rolling stock types must be considered because different types of rolling stock have limitations for each running section, for example, one type of vehicle cannot run sections that are driven in a different electrical manner.Based on the above, this paper describes how to generate automatic rescheduling methods while specifically considering the operated rolling stock types. We suggest a rescheduling method which does not use software tools such as mixed integer linear programming. Train rescheduling deals with the problem of how to move rolling stocks from their location after resumption time to their location at time of recovery to scheduled conditions. Thus considering the conditions, track routes are registered for each type, and the created rolling stock operation plan is a combination of the possible routes during rescheduling time. Other stock operation routes are also searched for, and the combination of all these routes results in a complete rescheduling plan. When more than one train is located at the same location at the same time, the solution is rejected because the plan is impossible to be realized.Average headway time and its standard deviation at each station are used as evaluation functions to decide which solution to adopt from the multiple rescheduling timetables that can be generated. Shorter average headway time results in a higher train number, and accordingly more passengers can be transported. With a smaller deviation, trains run at similar intervals and the number of passengers is equalized for all operated trains. The operation plan with the smallest evaluation value is adopted as the final rescheduling timetable.Finally, we apply the suggested method to a theoretical track modelled on an existing track for a variation of traffic accident parameters, and indicate that rescheduling timetables are generated that fulfil the operation conditions of the rolling stock types under consideration. <![CDATA[ <p><span>Railway transport has high punctuality, however, sometimes accidents happens due to facility failure or natural disasters, and the operation needs to change from its original scheduled timetable. When the operation has to return to the original schedule that operation is called “train rescheduling”. Automatic rescheduling methods have been suggested considering several operation conditions and operation environments.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify"><span>During the rescheduling, the operated rolling stock types must be considered because different types of rolling stock have limitations for each running section, for example, one type of vehicle cannot run sections that are driven in a different electrical manner.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify"><span>Based on the above, this paper describes how to generate automatic rescheduling methods while specifically considering the operated rolling stock types. We suggest a rescheduling method which does not use software tools such as mixed integer linear programming. Train rescheduling deals with the problem of how to move rolling stocks from their location after resumption time to their location at time of recovery to scheduled conditions. Thus considering the conditions, track routes are registered for each type, and the created rolling stock operation plan is a combination of the possible routes during rescheduling time. Other stock operation routes are also searched for, and the combination of all these routes results in a complete rescheduling plan. When more than one train is located at the same location at the same time, the solution is rejected because the plan is impossible to be realized.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify"><span>Average headway time and its standard deviation at each station are used as evaluation functions to decide which solution to adopt from the multiple rescheduling timetables that can be generated. Shorter average headway time results in a higher train number, and accordingly more passengers can be transported. With a smaller deviation, trains run at similar intervals and the number of passengers is equalized for all operated trains. The operation plan with the smallest evaluation value is adopted as the final rescheduling timetable.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify"><span>Finally, we apply the suggested method to a theoretical track modelled on an existing track for a variation of traffic accident parameters, and indicate that rescheduling timetables are generated that fulfil the operation conditions of the rolling stock types under consideration.</span></p> ]]> Train Rescheduling Plan Generation Based on Train Route Combination Considering Rolling Stock Types teruomi katori takashi izumi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-117-131 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 2 Article 117 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-117-131 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-117-131 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-103-116 There has been an encouraging awareness of the need for more sustainable transportation particularly for freight transport that has resulted from the continuing increases in global trade and business inter- nationalisation. This is mainly driven by the related issues concerning greenhouse gas emissions and dependency on fossil fuel. The expansion in the worldwide high-speed railway (HSR) systems has provided a reliable opportunity for freight transportation. The HSR has the ability to move goods in a more efficient, safe and cost-effective way, which can improve trade links in Europe and the rest of the world. Many countries have developed HSR systems, but such systems are mostly used for passenger transport despite their haulage capacity. This research investigates the future possibility of shifting freight from airlines onto HSR, by analysing the operational and technical constraints associated with freight traffic. Most of the data were gathered from online sources and related research publications concerning a selected set of worldwide HSR systems. The outcome of this research may contribute to the development of suitable solutions that may improve the economic, environmental and social sustainability of transport systems. <![CDATA[ <p><span>There has been an encouraging awareness of the need for more sustainable transportation particularly for freight transport that has resulted from the continuing increases in global trade and business inter- nationalisation. This is mainly driven by the related issues concerning greenhouse gas emissions and dependency on fossil fuel. The expansion in the worldwide high-speed railway (HSR) systems has provided a reliable opportunity for freight transportation. The HSR has the ability to move goods in a more efficient, safe and cost-effective way, which can improve trade links in Europe and the rest of the world. Many countries have developed HSR systems, but such systems are mostly used for passenger transport despite their haulage capacity. This research investigates the future possibility of shifting freight from airlines onto HSR, by analysing the operational and technical constraints associated with freight traffic. Most of the data were gathered from online sources and related research publications concerning a selected set of worldwide HSR systems. The outcome of this research may contribute to the development of suitable solutions that may improve the economic, environmental and social sustainability of transport systems.</span></p> ]]> Freight Transport Using High-Speed Railways inara watson amer ali ali bayyati doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-103-116 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 2 Article 103 10.2495/TDI-V3-N2-103-116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_2/TDI-V3-N2-103-116 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-79-93 The inherited spatial, land use and transportation form in developing countries represent various challenges in addressing effectiveness and efficiency in attaining resilience and sustainability goals and objectives for urban development. Addressing development and growth in spatial systems within urban areas in developing countries are too often guided and determined by political preferences of decision makers. This practice is applied notwithstanding the existence of planning instruments in developing countries to guide decision making in a technical and accountable preferred practice.Priorities for development in such countries is thus determined subjectively notwithstanding the variety of needs to be addressed with restricted resources for development capital as well as allocation of funding for maintenance and operational practices related to infrastructure and transportation systems. Socio-economic realities complicate decision making further.The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the use of modelling tools to guide strategic planning and decision making in determining development priorities in urban areas within developing countries. It will consider components such as spatial and land use planning and development realities; infrastructural input and needs; application of standards and a prioritisation approach towards optimal development and application of best practices. <![CDATA[ <p><span>The inherited spatial, land use and transportation form in developing countries represent various challenges in addressing effectiveness and efficiency in attaining resilience and sustainability goals and objectives for urban development. Addressing development and growth in spatial systems within urban areas in developing countries are too often guided and determined by political preferences of decision makers. This practice is applied notwithstanding the existence of planning instruments in developing countries to guide decision making in a technical and accountable preferred practice.</span></p><p><span>Priorities for development in such countries is thus determined subjectively notwithstanding the variety of needs to be addressed with restricted resources for development capital as well as allocation of funding for maintenance and operational practices related to infrastructure and transportation systems. Socio-economic realities complicate decision making further.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify"><span>The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the use of modelling tools to guide strategic planning and decision making in determining development priorities in urban areas within developing countries. It will consider components such as spatial and land use planning and development realities; infrastructural input and needs; application of standards and a prioritisation approach towards optimal development and application of best practices.</span></p> ]]> Infrastructure Assessment as a Mechanism to Enhance Spatial and Strategic Planning and Decision Making in Determining Development Priorities Within Urban Areas in Developing Countries i.m. schoeman doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-79-93 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 1 Article 79 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-79-93 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-79-93 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-67-78 Bike sharing systems are fundamental sources of data for creating applications of monitoring the city and guiding the user’s choice for bike usage. Although many related works analyse the generated data by these urban bike systems with the scope of finding bike usage patterns, the variety of the cities and the lack of impact factors require further deeper investigations. We propose a simple, but efficient mathematical approach based on a Markovian model to predict the bike distribution for an urban shar- ing bike system considering the weather and event impacts. The model is applied for data collected from the New York city bike system. The main findings are relevant for the urban applications and are summarized as follows: (a) the model results substantially address the city’s characteristics, i.e., for the New York city, in terms of weather, only the temperature influences the bike usage, while regarding the events, the impact is insignificant, (b) the hourly bike distribution is predicted 1 day-ahead that is of particular interest to the city manager and (c) to the user who is able to know 1 day in advance the prob- ability of finding an available bike or a free parking space at a specific station. Further city comparison analysis in terms of traffic, vehicle utilization and population density is provided for future purposes. Finding the precise station’s capacity is a forthcoming feature of the proposed model. <![CDATA[ <p><span>Bike sharing systems are fundamental sources of data for creating applications of monitoring the city and guiding the user’s choice for bike usage. Although many related works analyse the generated data by these urban bike systems with the scope of finding bike usage patterns, the variety of the cities and the lack of impact factors require further deeper investigations. We propose a simple, but efficient mathematical approach based on a Markovian model to predict the bike distribution for an urban shar- ing bike system considering the weather and event impacts. The model is applied for data collected from the New York city bike system. The main findings are relevant for the urban applications and are summarized as follows: (a) the model results substantially address the city’s characteristics, i.e., for the New York city, in terms of weather, only the temperature influences the bike usage, while regarding the events, the impact is insignificant, (b) the hourly bike distribution is predicted 1 day-ahead that is of particular interest to the city manager and (c) to the user who is able to know 1 day in advance the prob- ability of finding an available bike or a free parking space at a specific station. Further city comparison analysis in terms of traffic, vehicle utilization and population density is provided for future purposes. Finding the precise station’s capacity is a forthcoming feature of the proposed model.</span></p> ]]> Bike Distribution Model for Urban Data Applications maricica nistor andré dias doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-67-78 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 1 Article 67 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-67-78 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-67-78 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-55-66 Recent decades have seen a shift towards more sustainable transport and support of more balanced development of all modes of transport by many governments, with scholarly articles contributing to the discourse. However, users’ attitudes and satisfaction with existing modes of transport determine ultimate acceptance of new transport opportunities. Inclusion of the public is also essential to make a change towards new and more sustainable mobility choices. Accordingly, travel satisfaction as a source of travel mode choice is a significant aspect in the analysis of urban mobility. Different travellers with varying mode choices have different needs and priorities, influencing appreciation of and satisfaction with various aspects of travel.This paper investigates key factors influencing individual travel behaviours for different travel modes by examining the interactions of mode choice and traveller satisfaction with mobility challenges. Primary data were collected through online surveys conducted as a part of the EU-Horizon 2020-funded Cities-4-People project. Quantitative data were collected to analyse the socio-demographic characteristics of citizens moving daily in the city, their routes, mobility challenges and satisfaction with travelling. This paper presents the findings of the survey conducted in Hamburg-Altona (Germany) and Oxfordshire (UK).Survey results confirm previous findings and contribute additional evidence suggesting that the main sources of satisfaction from sustainable transportation modes appear to be service quality and infra- structure. Deeper consideration of satisfaction by mode usage allows for some pronounced differences between user types to be analysed. <![CDATA[ <p><span>Recent decades have seen a shift towards more sustainable transport and support of more balanced development of all modes of transport by many governments, with scholarly articles contributing to the discourse. However, users’ attitudes and satisfaction with existing modes of transport determine ultimate acceptance of new transport opportunities. Inclusion of the public is also essential to make a change towards new and more sustainable mobility choices. Accordingly, travel satisfaction as a source of travel mode choice is a significant aspect in the analysis of urban mobility. Different travellers with varying mode choices have different needs and priorities, influencing appreciation of and satisfaction with various aspects of travel.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify"><span>This paper investigates key factors influencing individual travel behaviours for different travel modes by examining the interactions of mode choice and traveller satisfaction with mobility challenges. Primary data were collected through online surveys conducted as a part of the EU-Horizon 2020-funded Cities-4-People project. Quantitative data were collected to analyse the socio-demographic characteristics of citizens moving daily in the city, their routes, mobility challenges and satisfaction with travelling. This paper presents the findings of the survey conducted in Hamburg-Altona (Germany) and Oxfordshire (UK).</span></p><p style="text-align: justify"><span>Survey results confirm previous findings and contribute additional evidence suggesting that the main sources of satisfaction from sustainable transportation modes appear to be service quality and infra- structure. Deeper consideration of satisfaction by mode usage allows for some pronounced differences between user types to be analysed.</span></p> ]]> Driving Factors of Sustainable Transportation: Satisfaction with Mode Choices and Mobility Challenges in Oxfordshire and Hamburg kimberly tatum katie parnell tuba inal cekic joerg knieling doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-55-66 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 1 Article 55 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-55-66 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-55-66 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-44-54 Tourism is a fast-growing key industry, which provides an economic rationale for governments to stimulate it. The more it grows, the higher the negative environmental effects and the more the use of space, resources, pollution and travel. Sustainable tourism aims to strike a balance between the environmental, economic and social effects of tourism. The aim of this article is to find the optimal itinerary for an individual traveller to a congress hotel in Valencia. The main research question is as follows: Which itinerary has the best overall score in terms of CO2 per passenger kilometre, travel time and direct cost? Three scenarios were compared: Airplane plus, train plus and car only. The choice of these three suits the travel purpose and length. Literature was used to find the necessary trip and vehicle data. This was fed into a microsimulation model. The main outcome of the simulation experiment is that the environment would benefit if the traveller would favour the train plus scenario. This, however, has a time penalty compared to the airplane plus scenario. A trip by car is the least preferable, because of CO2 emissions, travel safety and time. Direct costs of all three scenarios are comparable. Rail has the low- est emissions per passenger in the scenarios, hence it is important that network improvement programs continue and ticket prices stay in line with the price of travelling by car or airplane. An individual trav- eller was chosen for different reasons. One reason is that after understanding individual touristic travel decisions and their impact, it is a small step to estimate what is feasible if many more individuals would become ecofriendly touristic travellers. A second reason is that it allows an advice for governments and businesses to target individual tourists. Finally, there is the communicative impact of simplification on individual tourists. <![CDATA[ <p>Tourism is a fast-growing key industry, which provides an economic rationale for governments to stimulate it. The more it grows, the higher the negative environmental effects and the more the use of space, resources, pollution and travel. Sustainable tourism aims to strike a balance between the environmental, economic and social effects of tourism. The aim of this article is to find the optimal itinerary for an individual traveller to a congress hotel in Valencia. The main research question is as follows: Which itinerary has the best overall score in terms of CO₂ per passenger kilometre, travel time and direct cost? Three scenarios were compared: Airplane plus, train plus and car only. The choice of these three suits the travel purpose and length. Literature was used to find the necessary trip and vehicle data. This was fed into a microsimulation model. The main outcome of the simulation experiment is that the environment would benefit if the traveller would favour the train plus scenario. This, however, has a time penalty compared to the airplane plus scenario. A trip by car is the least preferable, because of CO₂ emissions, travel safety and time. Direct costs of all three scenarios are comparable. Rail has the low- est emissions per passenger in the scenarios, hence it is important that network improvement programs continue and ticket prices stay in line with the price of travelling by car or airplane. An individual trav- eller was chosen for different reasons. One reason is that after understanding individual touristic travel decisions and their impact, it is a small step to estimate what is feasible if many more individuals would become ecofriendly touristic travellers. A second reason is that it allows an advice for governments and businesses to target individual tourists. Finally, there is the communicative impact of simplification on individual tourists.</p> ]]> A Business-Leisure Traveller Goes to Valencia: Fuel, $\mathrm{CO}_2$, Time and Cost jaap m. vleugel frans bal doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-44-54 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 1 Article 44 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-44-54 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-44-54 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-30-43 The safety assessment of Safety Critical Systems (SCSs) is a challenging task since it involves different actors and a combination of several knowledge domains. This increases the complexity of the integration of safety requirements into the design model. Consequently, there is a need for a shared model with an unambiguous terminology aiming to avoid misunderstandings between both safety and design teams. In this paper, we propose a model-based system engineering approach in order to support the goal-oriented safety reasoning and to provide a common model between both safety and requirement engineering driven by goals. Furthermore, the present study considers the safety rules development process based on the Organization-based Access Control (Or-BAC) model, which is normally used to improve the security of the information systems. Then, the common vocabulary proposed for the interpretation of the considered notions of domains is defined. Moreover, safety requirements are expressed with a high level of abstraction according to the required railway knowledge and the requirement trace- ability process is considered through an up-bottom reasoning using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams. The proposed approach aims to provide a methodology able to identify safety conditions in order to anticipate risks and to make better safety-related decisions. Finally, the proposed methodology is evaluated through a real accident scenario analysis in order to validate its adaptability to represent real critical situations. <![CDATA[ <p><span>The safety assessment of Safety Critical Systems (SCSs) is a challenging task since it involves different actors and a combination of several knowledge domains. This increases the complexity of the integration of safety requirements into the design model. Consequently, there is a need for a shared model with an unambiguous terminology aiming to avoid misunderstandings between both safety and design teams. In this paper, we propose a model-based system engineering approach in order to support the goal-oriented safety reasoning and to provide a common model between both safety and requirement engineering driven by goals. Furthermore, the present study considers the safety rules development process based on the Organization-based Access Control (Or-BAC) model, which is normally used to improve the security of the information systems. Then, the common vocabulary proposed for the interpretation of the considered notions of domains is defined. Moreover, safety requirements are expressed with a high level of abstraction according to the required railway knowledge and the requirement trace- ability process is considered through an up-bottom reasoning using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams. The proposed approach aims to provide a methodology able to identify safety conditions in order to anticipate risks and to make better safety-related decisions. Finally, the proposed methodology is evaluated through a real accident scenario analysis in order to validate its adaptability to represent real critical situations.</span></p> ]]> A Model-Based System Engineering Approach to Manage Railway Safety-Related Decisions sana debbech philippe bon simon collart-dutilleul doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-30-43 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 1 Article 30 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-30-43 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-30-43 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-15-29 Transport infrastructure produces many externalities. Increased accessibility and the resultant economic development are among the most notable positive ones. Accidents, air and noise pollution and other environmental issues, such as impacts on biodiversity, landscape and townscape, are the most important negative ones. In the case of railway infrastructure, noise impacts have a key effect on net social benefit. Noise reduction is crucial to achieve greater social benefits. Against this background, the University of Southampton has been undertaking the Track to the Future (T2F) project, which is assessing, among other issues, how to produce a quiet ballasted track system that at the same time is cheaper to maintain and renew.This paper considers combinations of engineering interventions that could reduce rail-related noise, including under sleeper pads, rail dampers and noise barriers which all reduce noise emissions. It extends previous analysis of under sleeper pads to compare their costs and benefits with those of rail dampers and noise barriers in the context of a UK-based installation case study. <![CDATA[ <p><span>Transport infrastructure produces many externalities. Increased accessibility and the resultant economic development are among the most notable positive ones. Accidents, air and noise pollution and other environmental issues, such as impacts on biodiversity, landscape and townscape, are the most important negative ones. In the case of railway infrastructure, noise impacts have a key effect on net social benefit. Noise reduction is crucial to achieve greater social benefits. Against this background, the University of Southampton has been undertaking the Track to the Future (T2F) project, which is assessing, among other issues, how to produce a quiet ballasted track system that at the same time is cheaper to maintain and renew.</span></p><p><span>This paper considers combinations of engineering interventions that could reduce rail-related noise, including under sleeper pads, rail dampers and noise barriers which all reduce noise emissions. It extends previous analysis of under sleeper pads to compare their costs and benefits with those of rail dampers and noise barriers in the context of a UK-based installation case study.</span></p> ]]> Noise Reduction for Ballasted Track: A Comparative Socio-Economic Assessment john armstrong alejandro ortega simon blainey john preston david thompson giacomo squicciarini evangelos ntotsios doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-15-29 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 1 Article 15 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-15-29 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-15-29 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-1-14 Planning bicycle infrastructure significantly depends on data that provide adequate information. Various studies indicate that GPS data, which have been collected via smartphone application by cyclists themselves, could provide that information. The article presents the results of a recently conducted study that evaluates the usability of such data for bicycle traffic planning in German cities. We used different methods (web-survey, focus group interview, data analysis) to investigate data needs of German municipal traffic planners and oppose it to the information deduced and computed from commercially available data provided by Strava Inc. The article reveals that the provided data are, in general, useful, but there are also serious limitations that must be considered. <![CDATA[ <p><span>Planning bicycle infrastructure significantly depends on data that provide adequate information. Various studies indicate that GPS data, which have been collected via smartphone application by cyclists themselves, could provide that information. The article presents the results of a recently conducted study that evaluates the usability of such data for bicycle traffic planning in German cities. We used different methods (web-survey, focus group interview, data analysis) to investigate data needs of German municipal traffic planners and oppose it to the information deduced and computed from commercially available data provided by Strava Inc. The article reveals that the provided data are, in general, useful, but there are also serious limitations that must be considered.</span></p> ]]> Utility of GPS Data for Urban Bicycle Traffic Planning in Germany: Potentiality, Limitations and Prospects stefan huber sven lißner angela francke doi: 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-1-14 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2019 3 1 Article 1 10.2495/TDI-V3-N1-1-14 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2019_3_1/TDI-V3-N1-1-14 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_4/TDI-V2-N4-373-385 The city of Groningen, the Netherlands, introduced the Traffic Circulation Plan (Verkeerscirculatie- plan, VCP) in 1977, dividing its inner city into four sectors for cars by enforcing one-way restrictions throughout the inner city. It reduced car traffic in the inner city by half, improving the environment there, and revitalized the city centre. On the other hand, lacking opportunities for the public to par- ticipate, the process for introducing the VCP was by no means democratic in terms of participatory democracy, but democratic enough in terms of liberal democracy. In 2009, more than 30 years later, the city of The Hague introduced the Traffic Circulation Plan for the Central Area (Verkeerscirculatieplan Centrumgebied, VCPC), which was based on the sector model like the VCP. The purpose of this article is to re-examine the superiority of liberal democracy over participatory democracy, which was indicated in the case of the VCP, by studying the process for introducing the VCPC in terms of the two types of democracy and the effects of the plan. It turns out that political parties with a majority of seats in the city council took the initiative in introducing the plan while opposition against the plan, which was dominant in public participation, was mostly brushed aside. On the other hand, the plan reduced pollu- tion in the inner city while not undermining the economy there. It can be concluded that the case of the VCPC constitutes another example indicating the superiority of liberal democracy over participatory democracy in realizing the public interest. <![CDATA[ <p><span>The city of Groningen, the Netherlands, introduced the Traffic Circulation Plan (</span><em><span>Verkeerscirculatie- plan</span></em><span>, VCP) in 1977, dividing its inner city into four sectors for cars by enforcing one-way restrictions throughout the inner city. It reduced car traffic in the inner city by half, improving the environment there, and revitalized the city centre. On the other hand, lacking opportunities for the public to par- ticipate, the process for introducing the VCP was by no means democratic in terms of participatory democracy, but democratic enough in terms of liberal democracy. In 2009, more than 30 years later, the city of The Hague introduced the Traffic Circulation Plan for the Central Area (</span><em><span>Verkeerscirculatieplan Centrumgebied</span></em><span>, VCPC), which was based on the sector model like the VCP. The purpose of this article is to re-examine the superiority of liberal democracy over participatory democracy, which was indicated in the case of the VCP, by studying the process for introducing the VCPC in terms of the two types of democracy and the effects of the plan. It turns out that political parties with a majority of seats in the city council took the initiative in introducing the plan while opposition against the plan, which was dominant in public participation, was mostly brushed aside. On the other hand, the plan reduced pollu- tion in the inner city while not undermining the economy there. It can be concluded that the case of the VCPC constitutes another example indicating the superiority of liberal democracy over participatory democracy in realizing the public interest.</span></p> ]]> Democracy in the Traffic Circulation Plan for the Central Area of the Hague, the Netherlands shinji tsubohara doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N4-373-385 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2018 2 4 Article 373 10.2495/TDI-V2-N4-373-385 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_4/TDI-V2-N4-373-385 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_4/TDI-V2-N4-362-372 Railway systems in metropolitan areas support a high density of daily traffic that is exposed to different types of disturbances in the service. An interesting topic in the literature is to obtain action protocols in the presence of contingencies which can affect the system operation, avoiding the propagation of perturbation and minimizing its negative consequences.Assume that, with a small margin of time (e.g. one day), the decision-maker of the transportation network is knowing that a part of the train fleet will become inoperative temporarily along a specific transit line and none additional vehicle will be able to restore the affected services. The decision to be taken in consequence will require to reschedule the existing services by possibly reducing the number of expeditions (line runs). This will affect travellers who regularly use the transit system to get around.Consider that the decision-maker aims to lose the least number of passengers as a consequence of having introduced changes into the transit line. A strategy that could be applied in this context is to remove those line runs which are historically less used by travellers without affecting the remaining services. Another alternative strategy might be to reschedule the timetables of the available units, taking into account the pattern of arrivals of users to the boarding stations and the user behavior during waiting times (announced in situ).The aim of this work consists of assessing the strategy of train rescheduling along the current transportation line when the supply must be reduced in order to reinforce the service of another line, exploited by the same public operator, which has suffered an incidence or emergency. 11-14-2018 <![CDATA[ <p>Railway systems in metropolitan areas support a high density of daily traffic that is exposed to different types of disturbances in the service. An interesting topic in the literature is to obtain action protocols in the presence of contingencies which can affect the system operation, avoiding the propagation of perturbation and minimizing its negative consequences.</p><p>Assume that, with a small margin of time (e.g. one day), the decision-maker of the transportation network is knowing that a part of the train fleet will become inoperative temporarily along a specific transit line and none additional vehicle will be able to restore the affected services. The decision to be taken in consequence will require to reschedule the existing services by possibly reducing the number of expeditions (line runs). This will affect travellers who regularly use the transit system to get around.</p><p>Consider that the decision-maker aims to lose the least number of passengers as a consequence of having introduced changes into the transit line. A strategy that could be applied in this context is to remove those line runs which are historically less used by travellers without affecting the remaining services. Another alternative strategy might be to reschedule the timetables of the available units, taking into account the pattern of arrivals of users to the boarding stations and the user behavior during waiting times (announced in situ).</p><p>The aim of this work consists of assessing the strategy of train rescheduling along the current transportation line when the supply must be reduced in order to reinforce the service of another line, exploited by the same public operator, which has suffered an incidence or emergency.</p> ]]> Railway Traffic Disturbance Management by Means of Control Strategies Applied to Operations in the Transit System francisco a. ortega juan a. mesa miguel a. pozo justo puerto doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N4-362-372 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-14-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-14-2018 2018 2 4 Article 362 10.2495/TDI-V2-N4-362-372 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_4/TDI-V2-N4-362-372 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_4/TDI-V2-N4-353-361 Electropneumatic brake systems are widely used on electric multiple units (EMUs) for high-speed railway and urban rail transit. The common marshalling of the EMUs varies from four to eight cars for urban mass transit and even 16 cars for high-speed way. Traditional methods for braking calculation, which are only suitable for unit-fixed and marshalling-fixed EMUs, are not able to deal with complicated braking process and various marshalling. In this article, a general method for flexible marshalling train braking process simulation is proposed. This method deals with an EMU consisting of 1–24 cars by dividing it into one to eight units and each unit has one to three cars. During braking of EMUs, braking force is calculated according to brake level and velocity, and then managed and applied according to units’ type and distributing principle. With this method, braking deceleration, speed, distance and electric braking force, pneumatic braking force and brake cylinder pressure of each car at any time during the whole braking process can be all presented. Simulation covers braking instruction transmission, braking force calculation and management at train level, electric pneumatic blending braking force distribution at unit level and braking force application at vehicle level. Simulation has been validated by field test results. Finally, an instance of simulation for a custom marshalling EMU is presented. The method can not only meet the needs of engineers and technicians to do brake calculation and braking performance validation of the existing fixed marshalling EMUs, but also provide reference for new design of novel flexible marshalling EMUs. 11-14-2018 <![CDATA[ <p>Electropneumatic brake systems are widely used on electric multiple units (EMUs) for high-speed railway and urban rail transit. The common marshalling of the EMUs varies from four to eight cars for urban mass transit and even 16 cars for high-speed way. Traditional methods for braking calculation, which are only suitable for unit-fixed and marshalling-fixed EMUs, are not able to deal with complicated braking process and various marshalling. In this article, a general method for flexible marshalling train braking process simulation is proposed. This method deals with an EMU consisting of 1–24 cars by dividing it into one to eight units and each unit has one to three cars. During braking of EMUs, braking force is calculated according to brake level and velocity, and then managed and applied according to units’ type and distributing principle. With this method, braking deceleration, speed, distance and electric braking force, pneumatic braking force and brake cylinder pressure of each car at any time during the whole braking process can be all presented. Simulation covers braking instruction transmission, braking force calculation and management at train level, electric pneumatic blending braking force distribution at unit level and braking force application at vehicle level. Simulation has been validated by field test results. Finally, an instance of simulation for a custom marshalling EMU is presented. The method can not only meet the needs of engineers and technicians to do brake calculation and braking performance validation of the existing fixed marshalling EMUs, but also provide reference for new design of novel flexible marshalling EMUs.</p> ]]> A General Method of Braking Process Simulation for Flexible Marshalling EMUs tianhe ma mengling wu chun tian doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N4-353-361 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-14-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-14-2018 2018 2 4 Article 353 10.2495/TDI-V2-N4-353-361 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_4/TDI-V2-N4-353-361 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_4/TDI-V2-N4-342-352 A multi-agent route choice learning model for the microscopic simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) is used to investigate the effects of traffic information accuracy on drivers' day-to-day route choice decisions. Using the total relative gap convergence metric to quantify the convergence speed for some chosen update cycle length intervals, the results show that a slight decrease in accuracy has a negative effect on the rate of convergence. From a learning perspective, shorter information up-date cycles from an advanced traveller information system induce faster convergence when compared to longer information update cycles. This implies that drivers learn faster, given the additional computational and storage costs of travel information that the system is willing to invest in. Moreover, when the update cycle length is very long, it produces a worse result compared to a scenario where drivers rely only on their own travel experiences based on the routes they have chosen. 11-14-2018 <![CDATA[ <p>A multi-agent route choice learning model for the microscopic simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) is used to investigate the effects of traffic information accuracy on drivers' day-to-day route choice decisions. Using the total relative gap convergence metric to quantify the convergence speed for some chosen update cycle length intervals, the results show that a slight decrease in accuracy has a negative effect on the rate of convergence. From a learning perspective, shorter information up-date cycles from an advanced traveller information system induce faster convergence when compared to longer information update cycles. This implies that drivers learn faster, given the additional computational and storage costs of travel information that the system is willing to invest in. Moreover, when the update cycle length is very long, it produces a worse result compared to a scenario where drivers rely only on their own travel experiences based on the routes they have chosen.</p> ]]> Effects of Traffic Information on Drivers’ Day-to-Day Route Choices genaro peque, jr toshihiko miyagi fumitaka kurauchi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N4-342-352 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-14-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-14-2018 2018 2 4 Article 342 10.2495/TDI-V2-N4-342-352 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_4/TDI-V2-N4-342-352 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_4/TDI-V2-N4-330-341 Railway traffic management in mass transit is often disturbed by perturbations on the running and the dwell times. Then, the headways between the trains may become insufficient and due to security distances between trains the perturbations propagate in the network and amplify. In this article, we propose a train-holding strategy in order to reset sufficient headways between trains. The mechanism is based on a heuristic which is simple and responsive. The prototype developed based on this concept was ex- perimented in a subpart of the SNCF Transilien network: the RER A and L lines. During a 2-week experimentation, the train drivers were advised to depart after a dwell time that was accurately computed. The obtained results and the experimental feedback confirm the relevance and the efficiency of such a mechanism in the mass-transit context with important flows. 11-14-2018 <![CDATA[ <p>Railway traffic management in mass transit is often disturbed by perturbations on the running and the dwell times. Then, the headways between the trains may become insufficient and due to security distances between trains the perturbations propagate in the network and amplify. In this article, we propose a train-holding strategy in order to reset sufficient headways between trains. The mechanism is based on a heuristic which is simple and responsive. The prototype developed based on this concept was ex- perimented in a subpart of the SNCF Transilien network: the RER A and L lines. During a 2-week experimentation, the train drivers were advised to depart after a dwell time that was accurately computed. The obtained results and the experimental feedback confirm the relevance and the efficiency of such a mechanism in the mass-transit context with important flows.</p> ]]> Improving the Mass-Transit Flow by Train-Holding in Station with a Simple and Efficient Heuristic rémy chevrier françois ramond doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N4-330-341 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-14-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-14-2018 2018 2 4 Article 330 10.2495/TDI-V2-N4-330-341 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_4/TDI-V2-N4-330-341 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_4/TDI-V2-N4-319-329 At the National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory, we proposed a train control system using satellite positioning and general-purpose radio. However, in sections such as tunnels where satellite positioning is not possible, it is necessary to combine this with other methods of determining the absolute position. Therefore, we considered a method to accurately determine the absolute position of the vehicle by ascertaining the feature points by using a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor. In addition, as validation of the performance of the single LiDAR sensor, we installed a LiDAR sensor on a train to study its detection of humans and cars. Through validation of its performance in addition to its potential for absolute position detection, we tried to assess its effectiveness as an obstacle detection device for the future. The probability of accidents between an automobile and a tram is higher at an intersection. Hence, a specific aim of the basic experiments was to ascertain the possibility of using the LiDAR sensor to judge the approach of a car turning right onto a tram track at an intersection. The results of these experiments are reported here. 11-14-2018 <![CDATA[ <p>At the National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory, we proposed a train control system using satellite positioning and general-purpose radio. However, in sections such as tunnels where satellite positioning is not possible, it is necessary to combine this with other methods of determining the absolute position. Therefore, we considered a method to accurately determine the absolute position of the vehicle by ascertaining the feature points by using a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor. In addition, as validation of the performance of the single LiDAR sensor, we installed a LiDAR sensor on a train to study its detection of humans and cars. Through validation of its performance in addition to its potential for absolute position detection, we tried to assess its effectiveness as an obstacle detection device for the future. The probability of accidents between an automobile and a tram is higher at an intersection. Hence, a specific aim of the basic experiments was to ascertain the possibility of using the LiDAR sensor to judge the approach of a car turning right onto a tram track at an intersection. The results of these experiments are reported here.</p> ]]> Fundamental Experiment for Utilizing LiDAR Sensor for Railway noriyuki shinoda toshihiro takeuchi nozomi kudo takeshi mizuma doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N4-319-329 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-14-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 11-14-2018 2018 2 4 Article 319 10.2495/TDI-V2-N4-319-329 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_4/TDI-V2-N4-319-329 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-298-309 Recently safety of Korean railway lines has been threatened by typhoon and heavy rainfall due to global warming and representative rainfall induced risks are landslides, slope failure, debris flow, fallen rocks etc. Risks of slope failures are evaluated by deformation of ground surface and underground movements. But many bore holes and sensors must be equipped in the ground for detecting of deformation of ground movements. Furthermore, it is not easy to confirm slope failure immediately and needs much time for post-processing of various data. Only one or very specific sections could be monitored for limited area due to budget. A multipurpose sensor is developed for overcoming these problems by use of data from inclinometer installed on the ground surface. Motions at a point of ground surface could be simply divided into rotation and linear movements and they might be representative sensor signals. In this study, failure types, slip surface, failed mass and failure direction could be recognized by use of these characteristics; sensor data and an algorithm to detect these movements are suggested. Failure shapes such as circular and planar failure are estimated by combination of simplified ground movements. For determination of a two-dimensional (2D) slip surface, 3D coordinates of a main slope profile and all sensor locations should be defined. Then specific equation to estimate slip surface is selected. After selection of starting and ending point of slip surface, the tangent value of a slip surface could be calculated from each sensor. 2D slip surface is calculated by combination of sensor location, the equation, tangent values and each ending point. 3D failed soil mass is also estimated from various 2D slip surfaces. By use of centre of mass, we could get movement direction of failed soil mass. An examination of this algorithm has been executed in a railway slope. Consequently, it is possible to estimate slip surface and failed soil mass using data from ground surface. 09-29-2018 <![CDATA[ <p>Recently safety of Korean railway lines has been threatened by typhoon and heavy rainfall due to global warming and representative rainfall induced risks are landslides, slope failure, debris flow, fallen rocks etc. Risks of slope failures are evaluated by deformation of ground surface and underground movements. But many bore holes and sensors must be equipped in the ground for detecting of deformation of ground movements. Furthermore, it is not easy to confirm slope failure immediately and needs much time for post-processing of various data. Only one or very specific sections could be monitored for limited area due to budget. A multipurpose sensor is developed for overcoming these problems by use of data from inclinometer installed on the ground surface. Motions at a point of ground surface could be simply divided into rotation and linear movements and they might be representative sensor signals. In this study, failure types, slip surface, failed mass and failure direction could be recognized by use of these characteristics; sensor data and an algorithm to detect these movements are suggested. Failure shapes such as circular and planar failure are estimated by combination of simplified ground movements. For determination of a two-dimensional (2D) slip surface, 3D coordinates of a main slope profile and all sensor locations should be defined. Then specific equation to estimate slip surface is selected. After selection of starting and ending point of slip surface, the tangent value of a slip surface could be calculated from each sensor. 2D slip surface is calculated by combination of sensor location, the equation, tangent values and each ending point. 3D failed soil mass is also estimated from various 2D slip surfaces. By use of centre of mass, we could get movement direction of failed soil mass. An examination of this algorithm has been executed in a railway slope. Consequently, it is possible to estimate slip surface and failed soil mass using data from ground surface.</p> ]]> Failure Evaluation Method for a Slope Monitoring System h.k. kim c.y. choi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-298-309 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 2018 2 3 Article 298 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-298-309 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-298-309 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-284-297 The Virtual Balise concept has been demonstrated and shared among the ERTMS community as a mean to replace the physical balises by implementing a train Location Determination System (LDS) based on GNSS. It is evidenced both by the results of recent and current EC-supported R&D projects (e.g. 3InSat, ERSAT EAV, STARS, RHINOS, NGTC), the Sardinia Trial Site (Cagliari – San Gavino double track lines) equipped with a ERTMS Level 2 based system with Virtual Balises and the Ansaldo STS Freight SIL 4 ERTMS Level 2 system based on GPS L1 positioning system in commercial service in Australia.In order to introduce the safe high-integrity LDS system into ERTMS/ ETCS and use it in railway operations in EU member states (MSs), it is necessary to develop and to authorize it according to relevant European and national regulations. It means that this LDS and its integration into ERTMS must pass through a certification and authorization process compliant with the applicable CENELEC standards and EU regulations.This article deals with a possible certification process of a train LDS as a new subsystem of the ERTMS/ETCS interoperability constituents. Special attention is paid to a possible certification strategy in case of external GNSS safety-of-life service employment via an augmentation network. A possible certification framework for the whole LDS comprising on-board and trackside subsystems is outlined as well. Since the introduction of GNSS into ERTMS/ETCS represents a significant change within EU railway network, then the required common safety method must be applied. In this framework, a new pilot line has been launched by RFI with Ansaldo STS aiming to contribute to the identification of a possible certification process for deploying an ERTMS Level 2, baseline 3 with GNSS localization and public telecom solutions by 2020. 09-29-2018 <![CDATA[ <p>The Virtual Balise concept has been demonstrated and shared among the ERTMS community as a mean to replace the physical balises by implementing a train Location Determination System (LDS) based on GNSS. It is evidenced both by the results of recent and current EC-supported R&D projects (e.g. 3InSat, ERSAT EAV, STARS, RHINOS, NGTC), the Sardinia Trial Site (Cagliari – San Gavino double track lines) equipped with a ERTMS Level 2 based system with Virtual Balises and the Ansaldo STS Freight SIL 4 ERTMS Level 2 system based on GPS L1 positioning system in commercial service in Australia.</p><p>In order to introduce the safe high-integrity LDS system into ERTMS/ ETCS and use it in railway operations in EU member states (MSs), it is necessary to develop and to authorize it according to relevant European and national regulations. It means that this LDS and its integration into ERTMS must pass through a certification and authorization process compliant with the applicable CENELEC standards and EU regulations.</p><p>This article deals with a possible certification process of a train LDS as a new subsystem of the ERTMS/ETCS interoperability constituents. Special attention is paid to a possible certification strategy in case of external GNSS safety-of-life service employment via an augmentation network. A possible certification framework for the whole LDS comprising on-board and trackside subsystems is outlined as well. Since the introduction of GNSS into ERTMS/ETCS represents a significant change within EU railway network, then the required common safety method must be applied. In this framework, a new pilot line has been launched by RFI with Ansaldo STS aiming to contribute to the identification of a possible certification process for deploying an ERTMS Level 2, baseline 3 with GNSS localization and public telecom solutions by 2020.</p> ]]> A Framework for Certification of Train Location Determination System Based on GNSS for ERTMS/ETCS aleš filip salvatore sabina francesco rispoli doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-284-297 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 2018 2 3 Article 284 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-284-297 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-284-297 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-271-283 The present work addresses traffic rescheduling in case of electric infrastructure failure. The power available for train traction is restricted and the traffic must be reorganized according to this constraint. The system behaviour is computed using a dynamic multi-physics railway simulator which gives physi- cal quantities such as the train speed profiles, voltage along the catenary lines and temperatures. The rescheduling problem relies on this non-linear model, with a large number of continuous and discrete variables, constraints on dynamic outputs (typically voltage limits) and a high computation cost. We propose a rescheduling process based on sensitivity analysis in order to analyse the behaviour of this complex system and obtain information about the adjustment operations needed in order to reschedule the traffic in an optimal way. Our approach is based on statistics, with predefined variation ranges of the input parameters. In a first stage, variance decomposition-based sensitivity analysis (generalized Sobol indexes) is used for prioritization and fixing factors; then regional sensitivity analysis is used for factor mapping. The proposed approach has been tested on a simple case, with a nominal traffic running on a single-track line. The considered incident is the loss of a feeding power substation. The variables to be adjusted are the time interval between departure times and speed reduction in the vicinity of the faulty substation. The results show that increasing the time interval between trains is the most influential vari- able. Pareto-optimal fronts are also built in order to perform multi-criteria analysis according to travel- ling time, train delays and traction energy. 09-29-2018 <![CDATA[ <p>The present work addresses traffic rescheduling in case of electric infrastructure failure. The power available for train traction is restricted and the traffic must be reorganized according to this constraint. The system behaviour is computed using a dynamic multi-physics railway simulator which gives physi- cal quantities such as the train speed profiles, voltage along the catenary lines and temperatures. The rescheduling problem relies on this non-linear model, with a large number of continuous and discrete variables, constraints on dynamic outputs (typically voltage limits) and a high computation cost. We propose a rescheduling process based on sensitivity analysis in order to analyse the behaviour of this complex system and obtain information about the adjustment operations needed in order to reschedule the traffic in an optimal way. Our approach is based on statistics, with predefined variation ranges of the input parameters. In a first stage, variance decomposition-based sensitivity analysis (generalized Sobol indexes) is used for prioritization and fixing factors; then regional sensitivity analysis is used for factor mapping. The proposed approach has been tested on a simple case, with a nominal traffic running on a single-track line. The considered incident is the loss of a feeding power substation. The variables to be adjusted are the time interval between departure times and speed reduction in the vicinity of the faulty substation. The results show that increasing the time interval between trains is the most influential vari- able. Pareto-optimal fronts are also built in order to perform multi-criteria analysis according to travel- ling time, train delays and traction energy.</p> ]]> Global Sensitivity Analysis Applied to Traffic Rescheduling in Case of Power Shortage s. saad f. ossart j. bigeon e. sourdille h. gance doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-271-283 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 2018 2 3 Article 271 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-271-283 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-271-283 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-258-270 Taipei Main Station of Taipei Mass Rapid Transit is the busiest transport hub in Taiwan in terms of ridership. Its complex layout and high number of passengers frequently lead to congested transfer traffic patterns. This study examined passengers’ walking trajectories and behaviours and the relationship between crowding and train movement at the transfer concourse on floor B2 of Taipei Main Station to understand the factors of interference and congestion during traffic flow. An improvement plan was subsequently proposed. This study observed that because more passengers situated themselves in the middle cars than the front and rear cars, most boarding and alighting passengers used specific escalators to enter and exit the platform level. In addition, passengers’ walking flow tended to be affected by their personal moving distances, the movement of other passengers and traffic volume. Transfer passengers preferred to use escalators or stairs closer to them, resulting in poor traffic diversion inside the platform. In particular, congestion frequently occurred at the fork near the T junction, where most passenger interferences were recorded. Passengers tended to lean against walls or walk between pillars to mitigate the conflicting flow of movement among them. Other walking trajectory factors included the locations and directions of escalators, stairs and turnstiles. This study used Unity3D software to construct three traffic diversion proposals based on observation records. The proposals were used to simulate and verify improved traffic patterns and mitigate interference. The simulations revealed that moderate changes in the upward and downward directions of escalators could facilitate smoother transfer traffic patterns. Escalators with traversing directions that better adhere to passengers’ traffic patterns may substantially increase passengers’ walking speeds regardless of the direction they are coming from, thereby effectively mitigating congestion at the T junction. 09-29-2018 <![CDATA[ <p>Taipei Main Station of Taipei Mass Rapid Transit is the busiest transport hub in Taiwan in terms of ridership. Its complex layout and high number of passengers frequently lead to congested transfer traffic patterns. This study examined passengers’ walking trajectories and behaviours and the relationship between crowding and train movement at the transfer concourse on floor B2 of Taipei Main Station to understand the factors of interference and congestion during traffic flow. An improvement plan was subsequently proposed. This study observed that because more passengers situated themselves in the middle cars than the front and rear cars, most boarding and alighting passengers used specific escalators to enter and exit the platform level. In addition, passengers’ walking flow tended to be affected by their personal moving distances, the movement of other passengers and traffic volume. Transfer passengers preferred to use escalators or stairs closer to them, resulting in poor traffic diversion inside the platform. In particular, congestion frequently occurred at the fork near the T junction, where most passenger interferences were recorded. Passengers tended to lean against walls or walk between pillars to mitigate the conflicting flow of movement among them. Other walking trajectory factors included the locations and directions of escalators, stairs and turnstiles. This study used Unity3D software to construct three traffic diversion proposals based on observation records. The proposals were used to simulate and verify improved traffic patterns and mitigate interference. The simulations revealed that moderate changes in the upward and downward directions of escalators could facilitate smoother transfer traffic patterns. Escalators with traversing directions that better adhere to passengers’ traffic patterns may substantially increase passengers’ walking speeds regardless of the direction they are coming from, thereby effectively mitigating congestion at the T junction.</p> ]]> Empirical Study on Congested Subway Transfer Traffic Patterns meng-cong zheng doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-258-270 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 2018 2 3 Article 258 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-258-270 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-258-270 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-250-257 The article uses numerical modelling to verify the impact of non-traffic load (water and frost) on sub- grade structure freezing of railway tracks with different routing (embankment and cut). The introduction characterizes two actual railway track models in the campus of the University of Žilina, named experimental stand DRETM – Department of Railway Engineering and Track Management (two measuring profiles were considered here: second measuring profile – embankment, third measuring profile – cut). The second part of the article brings the results of numerical modelling of non-traffic load impact on subgrade structure freezing in two respective profiles. Here, the course of the winter period 2016/2017 for Žilina and the climatic conditions of the winter period 2004/2005 measured for Poprad were applied (the values of the air frost index achieved in Poprad were approximately identical to or higher than the values in Žilina). The conclusion includes a comparison of the individual methods of rail track routing, a summary of achieved results of numerical modelling of subgrade structure freezing and sufficiency assessment of subgrade surface protection from the adverse effects of frost. 09-29-2018 <![CDATA[ <p>The article uses numerical modelling to verify the impact of non-traffic load (water and frost) on sub- grade structure freezing of railway tracks with different routing (embankment and cut). The introduction characterizes two actual railway track models in the campus of the University of Žilina, named experimental stand DRETM – Department of Railway Engineering and Track Management (two measuring profiles were considered here: second measuring profile – embankment, third measuring profile – cut). The second part of the article brings the results of numerical modelling of non-traffic load impact on subgrade structure freezing in two respective profiles. Here, the course of the winter period 2016/2017 for Žilina and the climatic conditions of the winter period 2004/2005 measured for Poprad were applied (the values of the air frost index achieved in Poprad were approximately identical to or higher than the values in Žilina). The conclusion includes a comparison of the individual methods of rail track routing, a summary of achieved results of numerical modelling of subgrade structure freezing and sufficiency assessment of subgrade surface protection from the adverse effects of frost.</p> ]]> Impact of the Method of Rail Track Routing on the Thermal Regime of Subgrade Structure – Numerical Modeling of Non-Traffic Load libor ižvolt peter dobeš stanislav hodás doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-250-257 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 2018 2 3 Article 250 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-250-257 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-250-257 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-240–249 Urban rapid transits are one of the most popular transportation methods these days. They are equipped with large-capacity air compressors because they use pneumatic pressure to supply power for braking, door opening and closing. Passengers tend to complain about vibration and noise generated during the operation of the air compressor. To address such issues, the excitation force generated in an air compressor mounted on a railway car was indirectly measured in this study. In order to accurately predict the excitation force transmitted to the mount rubber, the impedance matrix method technique was applied, which uses acceleration and the inverse of transfer functions. The proper locations of the measuring acceleration were also investigated. The calculated results of the transmitting force were then compared with the directly measured values. 09-29-2018 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Urban rapid transits are one of the most popular transportation methods these days. They are equipped with large-capacity air compressors because they use pneumatic pressure to supply power for braking, door opening and closing. Passengers tend to complain about vibration and noise generated during the operation of the air compressor. To address such issues, the excitation force generated in an air compressor mounted on a railway car was indirectly measured in this study. In order to accurately predict the excitation force transmitted to the mount rubber, the impedance matrix method technique was applied, which uses acceleration and the inverse of transfer functions. The proper locations of the measuring acceleration were also investigated. The calculated results of the transmitting force were then compared with the directly measured values.</span></p> ]]> Prediction of the Excitation Force of an Air Compressor at the Mounting Position by Vibration Transfer Path Analysis kwanju kim uyup park seung-gon kim min-gyeong kim doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-240–249 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 2018 2 3 Article 240 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-240–249 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-240–249 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-225-239 Road intersections play a key role in traffic management. Modern roundabouts require entering vehicles to yield to the circulating flow, and have proven highly effective in granting high performance levels to both new and redesigned intersections; therefore, their use has widely spread around the world over the years. The choice of the correct shape, size and signage of a roundabout is essential to accomplish the desired results in terms of performance and safety. In order to achieve these goals, designers have moved away from conventional layouts such as single-lane and multilane roundabouts, conceiving more and more unconventional solutions (spiral, turbo and two-geometry roundabouts). Alongside this design evolution, research has been conducted on functional analysis of roundabouts: several authors and authorities have developed capacity assessment models that are suitable for the analysis of unconventional roundabouts, but nowadays no complete review of such models is available. The aim of this paper is to collect descriptions of the main types of conventional and unconventional roundabouts, with a focus on their geometric features and applicable capacity assessment models. 09-29-2018 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Road intersections play a key role in traffic management. Modern roundabouts require entering vehicles to yield to the circulating flow, and have proven highly effective in granting high performance levels to both new and redesigned intersections; therefore, their use has widely spread around the world over the years. The choice of the correct shape, size and signage of a roundabout is essential to accomplish the desired results in terms of performance and safety. In order to achieve these goals, designers have moved away from conventional layouts such as single-lane and multilane roundabouts, conceiving more and more unconventional solutions (spiral, turbo and two-geometry roundabouts). Alongside this design evolution, research has been conducted on functional analysis of roundabouts: several authors and authorities have developed capacity assessment models that are suitable for the analysis of unconventional roundabouts, but nowadays no complete review of such models is available. The aim of this paper is to collect descriptions of the main types of conventional and unconventional roundabouts, with a focus on their geometric features and applicable capacity assessment models.</span></p> ]]> Conventional and Unconventional Roundabouts: A Review of Geometric Features and Capacity Models antonio pratelli simona casella alessandro farina marino lupi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-225-239 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-29-2018 2018 2 3 Article 225 10.2495/TDI-V2-N3-225-239 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_3/TDI-V2-N3-225-239 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-202-214 Aimed at discrete character of complex pneumatic control valve, the 120 emergency valve was taken as an example. Under the theory of power bond graph and model approximation and introduction of controllable node and virtual element, the mathematic model of 120 emergency valve was built with uniform causality in different working modes. The created bond graph was utilized to research the effects of two structural parameters (aperture size of hole Ⅲ and gap between piston rod and push rod) on stability and emergency sensitivity. Analysis results show that when the diameter is designed as 2.5 mm, the selection range of the gap will be 3–3.5 mm; when the gap is designed as 3 mm, the diameter will be 2.5–2.7 mm. The proposed method may be commonly applied to modelling and analysis of other complex pneumatic control valve. 01-31-2018 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Aimed at discrete character of complex pneumatic control valve, the 120 emergency valve was taken as an example. Under the theory of power bond graph and model approximation and introduction of controllable node and virtual element, the mathematic model of 120 emergency valve was built with uniform causality in different working modes. The created bond graph was utilized to research the effects of two structural parameters (aperture size of hole Ⅲ and gap between piston rod and push rod) on stability and emergency sensitivity. Analysis results show that when the diameter is designed as 2.5 mm, the selection range of the gap will be 3–3.5 mm; when the gap is designed as 3 mm, the diameter will be 2.5–2.7 mm. The proposed method may be commonly applied to modelling and analysis of other complex pneumatic control valve.</span></p> ]]> Modelling and Simulation of Complex Pneumatic Control Valve for Train Braking System meng-ling wu lu zhu chun tian doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-202-214 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 2018 2 2 Article 202 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-202-214 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-202-214 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-189-201 Many initiatives have been implemented in an attempt to reduce traffic congestion and to encourage more sustainable commuting choices, however, rarely has before–after research been undertaken to measure the effect of introduction of such initiatives on commuter attitudes or behaviour. The University of Waikato, New Zealand, introduced parking charges for approximately 14,000 staff and students on their main campus in 2016, but not on a satellite campus in another city. A multimethod approach including questionnaires, naturalistic observation and photo-voice methodologies was used to assess the impact of parking fees on commuting attitudes and behaviour of staff and students. The heavy reliance on car travel was undiminished after the introduction of parking fees. Commuters still arrived by car, but more parked off-campus or became willing to pay parking fees after they were introduced. There was no increase in bus travel or cycling after the introduction of parking fees. Strategies to decrease car commuting to university campuses include higher parking charges, removing any ability to pay in advance for parking, reducing the availability of free parking nearby, subsidizing bus travel for staff and students, improving cycle and pedestrian access and related facilities, promoting the health benefits of active transport, policies that encourage students to spend more time on campus, ensuring that bus schedules align with lecture times and provision of student housing on or near campus. 01-31-2018 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Many initiatives have been implemented in an attempt to reduce traffic congestion and to encourage more sustainable commuting choices, however, rarely has before–after research been undertaken to measure the effect of introduction of such initiatives on commuter attitudes or behaviour. The University of Waikato, New Zealand, introduced parking charges for approximately 14,000 staff and students on their main campus in 2016, but not on a satellite campus in another city. A multimethod approach including questionnaires, naturalistic observation and photo-voice methodologies was used to assess the impact of parking fees on commuting attitudes and behaviour of staff and students. The heavy reliance on car travel was undiminished after the introduction of parking fees. Commuters still arrived by car, but more parked off-campus or became willing to pay parking fees after they were introduced. There was no increase in bus travel or cycling after the introduction of parking fees. Strategies to decrease car commuting to university campuses include higher parking charges, removing any ability to pay in advance for parking, reducing the availability of free parking nearby, subsidizing bus travel for staff and students, improving cycle and pedestrian access and related facilities, promoting the health benefits of active transport, policies that encourage students to spend more time on campus, ensuring that bus schedules align with lecture times and provision of student housing on or near campus.</span></p> ]]> Do Parking Fees Affect Commuting Choices of Staff and Students on a University Campus? rebecca j. sargisson doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-189-201 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 2018 2 2 Article 189 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-189-201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-189-201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-176-188 The project brief was simple: create future proof guidelines for a form of transport that has rarely been seen and technology capabilities that have only recently been imagined while ensuring safety and ease of use for government and industry. Automated vehicles are predicted to revolutionize mobility in a way that we have not seen for over a hundred years. Increased safety on the road, improved efficiency and beneficial environmental impacts are all presented as potential benefits of more automated vehicles. However, to achieve these outcomes the technology must be trialled and tested in many different environments. In Australia, establishing that the technology can perform is crucial to both the public as users and to governments, who aim to ensure public safety. For example, it is necessary to confirm that the red dust in Central Australia doesn’t inhibit cameras and that movement projection algorithms can accurately predict the course of a kangaroo. Additionally, any guidance must work within the existing transport regulatory framework. The federated states and territories of Australia manage operational aspects of road transport regulation, while the Commonwealth Government manages standards for imported vehicles or those manufactured in Australia. This article describes the policy context in which the National Transport Commission worked with the state, territory and federal governments as well as industry stakeholders to design a flexible but robust set of guidelines that both encourages trials in Australia and ensures the safety of other road users. 01-31-2018 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The project brief was simple: create future proof guidelines for a form of transport that has rarely been seen and technology capabilities that have only recently been imagined while ensuring safety and ease of use for government and industry. Automated vehicles are predicted to revolutionize mobility in a way that we have not seen for over a hundred years. Increased safety on the road, improved efficiency and beneficial environmental impacts are all presented as potential benefits of more automated vehicles. However, to achieve these outcomes the technology must be trialled and tested in many different environments. In Australia, establishing that the technology can perform is crucial to both the public as users and to governments, who aim to ensure public safety. For example, it is necessary to confirm that the red dust in Central Australia doesn’t inhibit cameras and that movement projection algorithms can accurately predict the course of a kangaroo. Additionally, any guidance must work within the existing transport regulatory framework. The federated states and territories of Australia manage operational aspects of road transport regulation, while the Commonwealth Government manages standards for imported vehicles or those manufactured in Australia. This article describes the policy context in which the National Transport Commission worked with the state, territory and federal governments as well as industry stakeholders to design a flexible but robust set of guidelines that both encourages trials in Australia and ensures the safety of other road users.</span></p> ]]> Designing National Guidelines for Automated Vehicle Trials in Australia natasha bolsin doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-176-188 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 2018 2 2 Article 176 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-176-188 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-176-188 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-166-175 Congestion at ticket gatelines is a growing problem. According to travel projections in the UK, the number of journeys for rail passengers is likely to double over the next 30 years. This creates the need to improve passenger throughput while still maintaining revenue protection. The proposed solution is to create a ‘Gateless Gateline’: a concept in which a user can seamlessly authenticate the intent to travel in train stations using current ticketing media ranging from barcode and Bluetooth low energy to radiofrequency identification, as well as new and emerging ticketing media, specifically related to biometrics. This article focuses on utilizing three-dimensional (3D) face recognition based on photometric stereo using near-infrared (NIR) light to illuminate a face for a 3D construction and tracking for the purpose of associating the correct biometric identifier with the correct person in a high-throughput environment. Other biometric systems have also been investigated as part of this project, i.e. palm vein scanning based on passing NIR light through the palm. There are challenges when it comes to associating passengers with valid travel tokens in a system which is free flowing and does not have a modus operandi of a standard access gate where validation occurs one at a time, normally signalled by paddles opening and closing. The proposed solution to the above, alongside the known issues associated with scaling biometric solutions, is reported in this article. 01-31-2018 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Congestion at ticket gatelines is a growing problem. According to travel projections in the UK, the number of journeys for rail passengers is likely to double over the next 30 years. This creates the need to improve passenger throughput while still maintaining revenue protection. The proposed solution is to create a ‘Gateless Gateline’: a concept in which a user can seamlessly authenticate the intent to travel in train stations using current ticketing media ranging from barcode and Bluetooth low energy to radiofrequency identification, as well as new and emerging ticketing media, specifically related to biometrics. This article focuses on utilizing three-dimensional (3D) face recognition based on photometric stereo using near-infrared (NIR) light to illuminate a face for a 3D construction and tracking for the purpose of associating the correct biometric identifier with the correct person in a high-throughput environment. Other biometric systems have also been investigated as part of this project, i.e. palm vein scanning based on passing NIR light through the palm. There are challenges when it comes to associating passengers with valid travel tokens in a system which is free flowing and does not have a modus operandi of a standard access gate where validation occurs one at a time, normally signalled by paddles opening and closing. The proposed solution to the above, alongside the known issues associated with scaling biometric solutions, is reported in this article.</span></p> ]]> Scalable Biometric Travel Token Without Barriers to Access niosha kayhani steffen reymann doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-166-175 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 2018 2 2 Article 166 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-166-175 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-166-175 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-155-165 This study verifies the impact of the reduced fare programme for senior citizens on the step count per day, visited places and the modal share of public transportation. We targeted citizens over 65 years in Toyama City, Japan. The city operates a Special Pass Project, which allows passholders to receive a public transportation discount fare to the city centre from any station or stop in the city. We selected participants randomly and collected global positioning system log data and step counts for one month. Participants were instructed to wear the provided instruments, which we configured in advance. We analysed and compared the results between passholders and non-passholders. Passholders walked more than non-passholders. In addition, passholders visited more places in the city centre. Moreover, the modal share of public transportation between the city centre and home was higher for passholders than for non-passholders. These results confirm that the reduced fare programme supports active lifestyles for senior citizens. 01-31-2018 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">This study verifies the impact of the reduced fare programme for senior citizens on the step count per day, visited places and the modal share of public transportation. We targeted citizens over 65 years in Toyama City, Japan. The city operates a Special Pass Project, which allows passholders to receive a public transportation discount fare to the city centre from any station or stop in the city. We selected participants randomly and collected global positioning system log data and step counts for one month. Participants were instructed to wear the provided instruments, which we configured in advance. We analysed and compared the results between passholders and non-passholders. Passholders walked more than non-passholders. In addition, passholders visited more places in the city centre. Moreover, the modal share of public transportation between the city centre and home was higher for passholders than for non-passholders. These results confirm that the reduced fare programme supports active lifestyles for senior citizens.</span></p> ]]> Impact Analysis of Reduced Fare Programme for Older People on Step Counts per Day and Travel Behaviour yutaro kamada ryoji matsunaka tetsuharu oba dai nakagawa yoshiyasu suzukin shinkuro ho doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-155-165 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 2018 2 2 Article 155 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-155-165 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-155-165 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-146-154 Hybrid vehicles have experienced a great boom in recent years thanks to the increasing spread of ‘parallel’ architectures, often realized by a planetary gear train (Hybrid Synergy Drive).At the same time, an enhancement of electrical and electronic components has been experienced; these improvements especially concern reliability and efficiency. Particularly, the possibility of using supercapacitors with increasing storage performances makes possible to manage higher power flows together with a superior efficiency. These innovations may challenge the architecture used nowadays on medium size cars.The hybrid series architecture, which allows the optimal management of the combustion engine, has been disadvantaged until now by the electric powertrain efficiency.In the current scenario, this architecture could benefit from the above-mentioned technology, becoming a competitive alternative to the actual powertrain configurations. The aim of this article is the efficiency analysis, in order to evaluate the operational energy efficiency achievable thanks to this configuration. This analysis will be carried out considering all the possible working conditions of the different powertrains. 01-31-2018 <![CDATA[ <p>Hybrid vehicles have experienced a great boom in recent years thanks to the increasing spread of ‘parallel’ architectures, often realized by a planetary gear train (Hybrid Synergy Drive).</p><p style="text-align: justify">At the same time, an enhancement of electrical and electronic components has been experienced; these improvements especially concern reliability and efficiency. Particularly, the possibility of using supercapacitors with increasing storage performances makes possible to manage higher power flows together with a superior efficiency. These innovations may challenge the architecture used nowadays on medium size cars.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The hybrid series architecture, which allows the optimal management of the combustion engine, has been disadvantaged until now by the electric powertrain efficiency.</p><p style="text-align: justify">In the current scenario, this architecture could benefit from the above-mentioned technology, becoming a competitive alternative to the actual powertrain configurations. The aim of this article is the efficiency analysis, in order to evaluate the operational energy efficiency achievable thanks to this configuration. This analysis will be carried out considering all the possible working conditions of the different powertrains.</p> ]]> Conceptual Design Upgrade on Hybrid Powertrains Resulting from Electric Improvemen m. passalacqua d. lanzarotto m. repetto m. marches doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-146-154 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 2018 2 2 Article 146 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-146-154 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-146-154 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-136-145 The Southern African region is made of nine countries, each with own local railway network. Most of the countries have railway links with neighbouring countries resulting in the formation of a wide railway network. Majority of the locomotives currently in use in most of these countries are diesel powered despite efforts made by some countries such as South Africa and Zimbabwe of electrifying some of their domestic railway routes. The focus of the research article is on the economic and environmental benefits that Southern African countries can draw from an electrified railway network. It is expected that there would be reduced railway locomotive exhaust fumes-related pollutants in the environment resulting in cleaner air. High-speed associated with electric trains would encourage the use of railway transport for both passenger and heavy goods movement which at the moment are dominated by road and air transport. The use of comparatively safe and cost-effective railway transport would not only improve trade among member countries but also attract foreign investment. It is expected that transportation of industrial raw materials and finished products would not only be efficient but also costeffective. Reduction of heavy goods traffic would besides decongesting the roads, but also bring down the cost of road maintenance. Finally, the damaging effects of the locomotives’ exhaust fumes would be avoided if railway electrification was embarked on. In addition, trade between member countries is expected to increase due to comparatively cost-effective fast movement of goods and passengers. The region is expected to save some foreign exchange due to reduced expenditure on road maintenance and locomotive diesel imports. 01-31-2018 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The Southern African region is made of nine countries, each with own local railway network. Most of the countries have railway links with neighbouring countries resulting in the formation of a wide railway network. Majority of the locomotives currently in use in most of these countries are diesel powered despite efforts made by some countries such as South Africa and Zimbabwe of electrifying some of their domestic railway routes. The focus of the research article is on the economic and environmental benefits that Southern African countries can draw from an electrified railway network. It is expected that there would be reduced railway locomotive exhaust fumes-related pollutants in the environment resulting in cleaner air. High-speed associated with electric trains would encourage the use of railway transport for both passenger and heavy goods movement which at the moment are dominated by road and air transport. The use of comparatively safe and cost-effective railway transport would not only improve trade among member countries but also attract foreign investment. It is expected that transportation of industrial raw materials and finished products would not only be efficient but also costeffective. Reduction of heavy goods traffic would besides decongesting the roads, but also bring down the cost of road maintenance. Finally, the damaging effects of the locomotives’ exhaust fumes would be avoided if railway electrification was embarked on. In addition, trade between member countries is expected to increase due to comparatively cost-effective fast movement of goods and passengers. The region is expected to save some foreign exchange due to reduced expenditure on road maintenance and locomotive diesel imports.</span></p> ]]> Environmental and Economic Benefits of Railway Electrification of Southern African Countries edson lungomesha ackim zu doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-136-145 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 2018 2 2 Article 136 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-136-145 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-136-145 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-123-135 Current techniques of travel demand management are based on the simulation of users’ reactions to implement strategies. Indeed, the correct modelling of user behaviour may be considered important for managing public transport systems. Especially in high-density contexts, performance of the masstransit system may represent one of the main tools of decision-makers for affecting users’ choices. In this article, we focus on the behaviour of users waiting on rail/metro platforms, analysing boarding priorities when a train arrives based on the traditional First In–First Out (FIFO) approach and comparing it with Random In–First Out (RIFO) behaviour. The approaches are then applied in the case of a real metro line operating under different congestion levels. 01-31-2018 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Current techniques of travel demand management are based on the simulation of users’ reactions to implement strategies. Indeed, the correct modelling of user behaviour may be considered important for managing public transport systems. Especially in high-density contexts, performance of the masstransit system may represent one of the main tools of decision-makers for affecting users’ choices. In this article, we focus on the behaviour of users waiting on rail/metro platforms, analysing boarding priorities when a train arrives based on the traditional First In–First Out (FIFO) approach and comparing it with Random In–First Out (RIFO) behaviour. The approaches are then applied in the case of a real metro line operating under different congestion levels.</span></p> ]]> Assumptions and Simulation of Passenger Behaviour on Rail Platforms l. d’acierno m. botte b. montella doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-123-135 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-31-2018 2018 2 2 Article 123 10.2495/TDI-V2-N2-123-135 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_2/TDI-V2-N2-123-135 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-98-114 Deregulation and/or privatization of railway systems has been adapted in many developed countries, aimed at improving economic performance. literature on railway performance mainly focuses on the effects of reforms and on liberalization itself as well as measuring performance indicators for the management of assets in the railway industry. although these management reforms on the maintenance and operations of rail infrastructures are generally found to have contributed to improving trends of rail safety and safety performance, there is not much evidence from research to support this. There is also little work on how the lessons from restructuring can apply in developing countries. Identifying approaches that can revitalize railways in developing and emerging economies while raising standards of safety and operational performance is the objective of this article. Presented are some of the specific lessons from developed countries and how they can be applied in developing economies’ railways, noting that it is not generally feasible to adopt best practices because of social and/or economic constraints. Only where there is a significant foreign investor is there the potential to replicate best in class technology and operational practices, so the presentation will identify areas where less well-funded railways can adopt lessons from developed countries – using both historical and current international benchmarks. The originality of this approach lies in establishing the relationship between performance and safety in the era of reforms and liberalization of the rail industry. The article analyses publicly available data to suggest how rail safety considerations have impacted in a more general way upon railway performance, and by extension, derive lessons for emerging and developing economies. 12-31-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Deregulation and/or privatization of railway systems has been adapted in many developed countries, aimed at improving economic performance. literature on railway performance mainly focuses on the effects of reforms and on liberalization itself as well as measuring performance indicators for the management of assets in the railway industry. although these management reforms on the maintenance and operations of rail infrastructures are generally found to have contributed to improving trends of rail safety and safety performance, there is not much evidence from research to support this. There is also little work on how the lessons from restructuring can apply in developing countries. Identifying approaches that can revitalize railways in developing and emerging economies while raising standards of safety and operational performance is the objective of this article. Presented are some of the specific lessons from developed countries and how they can be applied in developing economies’ railways, noting that it is not generally feasible to adopt best practices because of social and/or economic constraints. Only where there is a significant foreign investor is there the potential to replicate best in class technology and operational practices, so the presentation will identify areas where less well-funded railways can adopt lessons from developed countries – using both historical and current international benchmarks. The originality of this approach lies in establishing the relationship between performance and safety in the era of reforms and liberalization of the rail industry. The article analyses publicly available data to suggest how rail safety considerations have impacted in a more general way upon railway performance, and by extension, derive lessons for emerging and developing economies.</span></p> ]]> Establishing the Relationship Between Railway Safety and Operational Performance wendy d. wemakor anson jack felix schmid doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-98-114 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 2018 2 1 Article 98 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-98-114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-98-114 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-84-97 The Saudi arabian government is investing more than $22 billion to build a metro system in riyadh, with a total length of 176 km across 6 lines and 85 stations. The metro network has been under construction since 2013 and is expected to be in operation by 2019. One of the biggest challenges faced by the authorities early on is as to how to manage traffic during the construction period especially that the metro lines running along some of the busiest corridors in the city. Specifically, the construction of Metro Line 5 was expected to cause major disruptions due to several reasons, among them are significant traffic volume uses this main road; wide extent of construction works (very large worksites, undertaken at busy junctions); concurrent execution of other infrastructure projects in the vicinity; and the presence of more than 20 government entities along the road. In this regard, a comprehensive Strategic Traffic Management Plan for Line 5 was developed based on the state-of-the-art traffic manage- ment practices, supplemented by innovative and outside the box concepts. The plan included physical measures such as converting major roads into temporary one-way roads, parking management, junction improvements, modifications to traffic signals as well as soft measures such as shifting working hours for some government entities and a very aggressive community outreach programme. The plan was implemented in 2015, and was well received by the general public in addition to the key stakeholders. This article presents the thinking behind the development of this plan – including a benchmarking exercise against projects of similar nature/scale, adopted methodology, challenges faced, expectations of the plans’ performance before implementation as well as the results after the implementation of the plan. This successful story could be a good case study for forward thinking of managing traffic in mega infrastructure and urban transport projects. 12-31-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The Saudi arabian government is investing more than $22 billion to build a metro system in riyadh, with a total length of 176 km across 6 lines and 85 stations. The metro network has been under construction since 2013 and is expected to be in operation by 2019. One of the biggest challenges faced by the authorities early on is as to how to manage traffic during the construction period especially that the metro lines running along some of the busiest corridors in the city. Specifically, the construction of Metro Line 5 was expected to cause major disruptions due to several reasons, among them are significant traffic volume uses this main road; wide extent of construction works (very large worksites, undertaken at busy junctions); concurrent execution of other infrastructure projects in the vicinity; and the presence of more than 20 government entities along the road. In this regard, a comprehensive Strategic Traffic Management Plan for Line 5 was developed based on the state-of-the-art traffic manage- ment practices, supplemented by innovative and outside the box concepts. The plan included physical measures such as converting major roads into temporary one-way roads, parking management, junction improvements, modifications to traffic signals as well as soft measures such as shifting working hours for some government entities and a very aggressive community outreach programme. The plan was implemented in 2015, and was well received by the general public in addition to the key stakeholders. This article presents the thinking behind the development of this plan – including a benchmarking exercise against projects of similar nature/scale, adopted methodology, challenges faced, expectations of the plans’ performance before implementation as well as the results after the implementation of the plan. This successful story could be a good case study for forward thinking of managing traffic in mega infrastructure and urban transport projects.</span></p> ]]> Traffic Management of Mega Infrastructure Construction Projects: Success Story and Lessons Learned from the Riyadh Metro Project b. alshalalfah j. nafakh y. al banna i. kaysi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-84-97 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 2018 2 1 Article 84 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-84-97 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-84-97 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-71-83 Many existing industrial solutions for transportation services assume tightly controlled optimization scenarios where the price does not take a centre role, yet these models heavily rely on long-term business relationships between shippers and carriers. a number of solutions have been proposed for auction-based marketplaces with market-clearing property models, where supply and demand dictate the price and through innovation and improve transparency and efficiency. The overall objectives of these efforts are aimed at finding a balance that assures maximizing capital efficiency, maximizing customer satisfaction and minimizing logistical complexity, hence maximizing scalability. Some uber- like experiences have recently emerged, introducing fresh perspectives and putting back the spotlight on the potential of digital markets in transportation industry. In this article, we take a look at how the ideas of digital marketplaces have evolved over time and specifically consider how the lessons learned can be applied in last-mile urban logistics. We also present a prototype marketplace for urban city logistics and draw initial conclusions. 12-31-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Many existing industrial solutions for transportation services assume tightly controlled optimization scenarios where the price does not take a centre role, yet these models heavily rely on long-term business relationships between shippers and carriers. a number of solutions have been proposed for auction-based marketplaces with market-clearing property models, where supply and demand dictate the price and through innovation and improve transparency and efficiency. The overall objectives of these efforts are aimed at finding a balance that assures maximizing capital efficiency, maximizing customer satisfaction and minimizing logistical complexity, hence maximizing scalability. Some uber- like experiences have recently emerged, introducing fresh perspectives and putting back the spotlight on the potential of digital markets in transportation industry. In this article, we take a look at how the ideas of digital marketplaces have evolved over time and specifically consider how the lessons learned can be applied in last-mile urban logistics. We also present a prototype marketplace for urban city logistics and draw initial conclusions.</span></p> ]]> Towards Sustainable Urban Logistics: The Evolution of Digital Marketplace i. giordani f. archetti d. djordjevic r. sormani doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-71-83 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 2018 2 1 Article 71 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-71-83 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-71-83 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-60-70 Build–operate–transfer (BOT) model is extensively used by many governments throughout the world for the realization of large-scale transportation projects. As a rapidly developing economy, Turkey is also increasingly referring to the use of the project finance model for delivering large-scale transport, energy and healthcare projects. Istanbul, located between Asia and europe, is one of the most important economic centres of the country. Based on this model, rapid urbanization and population growth are taking place in the city. Growing concerns over the insufficiency of the existing two bridges in meeting the traffic demands of cross-continental transport in Istanbul have urged central and local governments to find a solution for the traffic congestion problem. As a result, the government of Turkey has announced plans for building a new bridge to connect the european and Asian sides in early 2011. The construction of the new Bosphorus Strait Crossing Project which has started in 2012 is expected to be completed by 2015. however, since its launch, the project faced many diverse challenges such as delayed tendering, legal disputes, financial problems and social opposition. This study aims at exploring the problems experienced and the solutions developed as a response to these problems in the implementation and management of the third Bosphorus Bridge and the Northern Marmara Motorway Project using a case study approach. To achieve this objective, necessary data regarding the tendering process were collected from various sources. The conclusion provided at the end of this case study is expected to enhance our understanding of the use of BOT model for transport projects and risk allocation between different actors. Both public and private sector participants that are involved in delivering transport projects using the BOT model may benefit from the findings of this study. 12-31-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">Build–operate–transfer (BOT) model is extensively used by many governments throughout the world for the realization of large-scale transportation projects. As a rapidly developing economy, Turkey is also increasingly referring to the use of the project finance model for delivering large-scale transport, energy and healthcare projects. Istanbul, located between Asia and europe, is one of the most important economic centres of the country. Based on this model, rapid urbanization and population growth are taking place in the city. Growing concerns over the insufficiency of the existing two bridges in meeting the traffic demands of cross-continental transport in Istanbul have urged central and local governments to find a solution for the traffic congestion problem. As a result, the government of Turkey has announced plans for building a new bridge to connect the european and Asian sides in early 2011. The construction of the new Bosphorus Strait Crossing Project which has started in 2012 is expected to be completed by 2015. however, since its launch, the project faced many diverse challenges such as delayed tendering, legal disputes, financial problems and social opposition. This study aims at exploring the problems experienced and the solutions developed as a response to these problems in the implementation and management of the third Bosphorus Bridge and the Northern Marmara Motorway Project using a case study approach. To achieve this objective, necessary data regarding the tendering process were collected from various sources. The conclusion provided at the end of this case study is expected to enhance our understanding of the use of BOT model for transport projects and risk allocation between different actors. Both public and private sector participants that are involved in delivering transport projects using the BOT model may benefit from the findings of this study.</span></p> ]]> The Third Bosphorus Bridge and the Northern Marmara Motorway Project f. büyükyoran s. gündes doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-60-70 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 2018 2 1 Article 60 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-60-70 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-60-70 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-49-59 This research addresses the issue of sustainability of high-income monofunctional urban structures sprawled within the city, considering as case study Alphaville Barueri residential condominiums in the metropolitan area of São Paulo. The aim was to investigate how these spatial structures are truly sustainable by checking their environmental efficiency according to their mobility behavioural pattern. The methodology used was to calculate the estimated transportation diseconomies produced by these sprawled urban structures through their quantification and establishment of monetary value to three indexes of environmental costs – fuel consumption, air emissions and time in congestion – and then to compare the results of the study case (the Alphaville Barueri residential condominiums) with the results of three control areas (the districts of Morumbi, Alto de Pinheiros and Pacaembu), which have been defined according to their similarity of urban design and socio-economic profile, but with different location taking into consideration the centre of the metropolis. The results pointed out that the Alphaville Barueri residential condominiums are not environmentally efficient in accordance with the defined criteria, when compared to the results of all three control areas, even if one of these areas, Morumbi, showed to be less environmentally efficient than all areas, including the case study. 12-31-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">This research addresses the issue of sustainability of high-income monofunctional urban structures sprawled within the city, considering as case study Alphaville Barueri residential condominiums in the metropolitan area of São Paulo. The aim was to investigate how these spatial structures are truly sustainable by checking their environmental efficiency according to their mobility behavioural pattern. The methodology used was to calculate the estimated transportation diseconomies produced by these sprawled urban structures through their quantification and establishment of monetary value to three indexes of environmental costs – fuel consumption, air emissions and time in congestion – and then to compare the results of the study case (the Alphaville Barueri residential condominiums) with the results of three control areas (the districts of Morumbi, Alto de Pinheiros and Pacaembu), which have been defined according to their similarity of urban design and socio-economic profile, but with different location taking into consideration the centre of the metropolis. The results pointed out that the Alphaville Barueri residential condominiums are not environmentally efficient in accordance with the defined criteria, when compared to the results of all three control areas, even if one of these areas, Morumbi, showed to be less environmentally efficient than all areas, including the case study.</span></p> ]]> Environmental Impacts of Sprawled Residential Settlements: Transport Diseconomies in São Paulo p. moraes s. zioni doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-49-59 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 2018 2 1 Article 49 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-49-59 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-49-59 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-39-48 In a 2015 study, policy measures to promote electric mobility were examined with regard to their acceptance by consumers in 20 countries on five continents. results of a choice-based conjoint analysis showed that people appreciate monetary incentives; however, the application of the Kano method to detect dissatisfaction with missing features revealed that charging networks are absolute must-haves. In the same 20 countries, the present article examines the actual effects of three kinds of policy measures: monetary incentives, traffic regulations in favour of electric vehicles (eVs), and investments in charging infrastructure. The outcome variable was the percentage of new registered eVs in 2016. all policy measures had positive direct effects; however, the number of existing charging stations as a moderator increased the effect of monetary measures over proportionately. The widespread uptake of eVs has been challenged by the problem that people do not accept eVs as long as the number of charging stations is insufficient, and the low number of eVs has not stimulated sufficient demand for charging stations yet. The results demonstrate how this ‘chicken or the egg’ dilemma will be resolved over time as soon as a sufficient number of charging stations are available. because the effects of monetary measures and charging stations reinforce each other and the number of charging stations is accumulative, governments will be able to offer fewer and fewer monetary incentives to produce the same promoting effects. 12-31-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">In a 2015 study, policy measures to promote electric mobility were examined with regard to their acceptance by consumers in 20 countries on five continents. results of a choice-based conjoint analysis showed that people appreciate monetary incentives; however, the application of the Kano method to detect dissatisfaction with missing features revealed that charging networks are absolute must-haves. In the same 20 countries, the present article examines the actual effects of three kinds of policy measures: monetary incentives, traffic regulations in favour of electric vehicles (eVs),</span><span> </span>and investments in charging infrastructure. The outcome variable was the percentage of new registered eVs in 2016. all policy measures had positive direct effects; however, the number of existing charging stations as a moderator increased the effect of monetary measures over proportionately. The widespread uptake of eVs has been challenged by the problem that people do not accept eVs as long as the number of charging stations is insufficient, and the low number of eVs has not stimulated sufficient demand for charging stations yet. The results demonstrate how this ‘chicken or the egg’ dilemma will be resolved over time as soon as a sufficient number of charging stations are available. because<span> </span>the effects of monetary measures and charging stations reinforce each other and the number of charging stations is accumulative, governments will be able to offer fewer and fewer monetary incentives to produce the same promoting effects.</p> ]]> Do Policy Measures in Fact Promote Electric Mobility? A Study Across 20 Countries theo lieven nele rietmann doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-39-48 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 2018 2 1 Article 39 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-39-48 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-39-48 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-30-38 The number of urban residents is growing by nearly 60 million people every year. With the growth of cities and urban population, cities are becoming more and more the centre of worldwide development. Being the centre of growth, cities have the additional responsibility to make development activities more sustainable and environmental friendly. Increasing urbanization requires new and innovative ways to manage the complexity of urban living and to target problems of energy consumption, resource man- agement and environmental protection. The present study is mostly based on investigating managers of transport and forwarding companies, public transport administrators and city board representatives within the Pomeranian region. Moreover, research is carried out on the analysis of practical solutions in the field of smart mobility solutions in European urban areas, documents of the European Commission and the publications prepared by industry associations. The theoretical part of the article is based on existing materials from public resources and author’s research experience. The study result is an authorial framework of goods’ and people’s transport organizer within metropolitan areas with conceptual modelling of their functions. Thus, the organizer’s specialization does not depend on the subject of transportation, and their range comprehensively covers goods flows as well as passengers’ transportation. Analysis of solutions within goods and people flows within the metropolitan areas and the studies carried out on the basis of investigating key stakeholders shows that the best way within smart mobility concepts is employing specialized integrator – City Transport Organizer. 12-31-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The number of urban residents is growing by nearly 60 million people every year. With the growth of cities and urban population, cities are becoming more and more the centre of worldwide development. Being the centre of growth, cities have the additional responsibility to make development activities more sustainable and environmental friendly. Increasing urbanization requires new and innovative ways to manage the complexity of urban living and to target problems of energy consumption, resource man- agement and environmental protection. The present study is mostly based on investigating managers of transport and forwarding companies, public transport administrators and city board representatives within the Pomeranian region. Moreover, research is carried out on the analysis of practical solutions in the field of smart mobility solutions in European urban areas, documents of the European Commission and the publications prepared by industry associations. The theoretical part of the article is based on existing materials from public resources and author’s research experience. The study result is an authorial framework of goods’ and people’s transport organizer within metropolitan areas with conceptual modelling of their functions. Thus, the organizer’s specialization does not depend on the subject of transportation, and their range comprehensively covers goods flows as well as passengers’ transportation. Analysis of solutions within goods and people flows within the metropolitan areas and the studies carried out on the basis of investigating key stakeholders shows that the best way within smart mobility concepts is employing specialized integrator – City Transport Organizer.</span></p> ]]> Transport Organizers’ Integrating Role in City Logistics jagienka rześny cieplińska doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-30-38 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 2018 2 1 Article 30 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-30-38 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-30-38 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-11-29 The vast majority of studies on urban travel demand focus on the effect on the demand of one travel mode given a change in the characteristics of that same transport mode, for example, own-elasticities. comparatively little is known about cross-elasticities of demand. In particular, there is a need for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of modal substitution, that is a better understanding of cross-modal diversion factors (Dfs) defined as the proportion of people who leave mode a and switch to mode b. The purpose of this article is to investigate what factors explain variations in Dfs across transport modes, submarkets and policy measures. using a recently developed empirical travel mode choice model for the Oslo area, we simulate over 10,000 different Dfs by systematically changing the underlying transport modes, submarkets and policies (size, direction and type of change). With descrip- tive statistics, we show how the Dfs vary on a general level. most results are immediately intuitive, for example that car drivers mostly substitute to walk for short-distance trips but that those Dfs diminish rapidly with increasing distance. Interestingly, we find rather high Dfs across different forms of public transportation. With successive regression analyses we show that the number of available alternatives and relative market shares significantly affect Dfs. 12-31-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The vast majority of studies on urban travel demand focus on the effect on the demand of one travel mode given a change in the characteristics of that same transport mode, for example, own-elasticities. comparatively little is known about cross-elasticities of demand. In particular, there is a need for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of modal substitution, that is a better understanding of cross-modal diversion factors (Dfs) defined as the proportion of people who leave mode a and switch to mode b. The purpose of this article is to investigate what factors explain variations in Dfs across transport modes, submarkets and policy measures. using a recently developed empirical travel mode choice model for the Oslo area, we simulate over 10,000 different Dfs by systematically changing the underlying transport modes, submarkets and policies (size, direction and type of change). With descrip- tive statistics, we show how the Dfs vary on a general level. most results are immediately intuitive, for example that car drivers mostly substitute to walk for short-distance trips but that those Dfs diminish rapidly with increasing distance. Interestingly, we find rather high Dfs across different forms of public transportation. With successive regression analyses we show that the number of available alternatives and relative market shares significantly affect Dfs.</span></p> ]]> What Factors Affect Cross-Modal Substitution? – Evidences from the Oslo Area stefan flügel nils fearnley jeremy toner doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-11-29 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 2018 2 1 Article 11 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-11-29 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-11-29 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-1-10 The regularity is a key performance in the operation of a metro service, because it is normally affecting a large set of secondary performances: for example, punctuality, energy efficiency, economic efficiency and vehicles availability. Human behaviours are affecting the regularity by introducing deviations between planned and actual times in various operational phases of metro services: for example, dwelling times, acceleration/deceleration times, inversion times at terminus and headways themselves. The variability in passengers’ flows is one of the most relevant parameters affecting mainly dwelling times and finally headways themselves. In this framework, this article is specifically presenting the results of experimental surveys on metro services operating in rome (lines a and B). On these lines, a systematic counting of passengers boarding and alighting in the most crowded stations, combined with simultaneous measurement of actual dwelling times and headways, has been performed. The collected results have been analysed, cleaned by inconsistent data and statistically interrelated looking for significant trends to compare with the most consolidated theoretical models and to quantify the effects in line with the literature developments, including those by the authors themselves. Finally, the focus is on the most relevant quantitative outputs and the mainly identified and outlined further research needs. 12-31-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman, serif">The regularity is a key performance in the operation of a metro service, because it is normally affecting a large set of secondary performances: for example, punctuality, energy efficiency, economic efficiency and vehicles availability. Human behaviours are affecting the regularity by introducing deviations between planned and actual times in various operational phases of metro services: for example, dwelling times, acceleration/deceleration times, inversion times at terminus and headways themselves. The variability in passengers’ flows is one of the most relevant parameters affecting mainly dwelling times and finally headways themselves. In this framework, this article is specifically presenting the results of experimental surveys on metro services operating in rome (lines a and B). On these lines, a systematic counting of passengers boarding and alighting in the most crowded stations, combined with simultaneous measurement of actual dwelling times and headways, has been performed. The collected results have been analysed, cleaned by inconsistent data and statistically interrelated looking for significant trends to compare with the most consolidated theoretical models and to quantify the effects in line with the literature developments, including those by the authors themselves. Finally, the focus is on the most relevant quantitative outputs and the mainly identified and outlined further research needs.</span></p> ]]> Effect of Passengers’ Flows on Regularity of Metro Services: Case Studies of Rome Lines A And B marco antognoli francesco girolami stefano ricci luca rizzetto doi: 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-1-10 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 12-31-2017 2018 2 1 Article 1 10.2495/TDI-V2-N1-1-10 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2018_2_1/TDI-V2-N1-1-10 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-695-710 In the case of conventional rail lines, when disruptions occur, dispatchers have the difficult task of finding feasible rescheduling solutions rapidly so as to re-establish ordinary conditions as soon as possible. Despite the numerous contributions for automatic rescheduling proposed in the literature, this process is still totally controlled by dispatchers who decide according to their personal experience and under their own responsibility. Indeed, in many cases, it can be more advantageous to let the system revert to ordinary conditions without implementing any strategy rather than look for solutions which can reduce the discomfort perceived by passengers. In this article we propose a system of models for managing the rail system, combining a microscopic simulation model with an assignment tool which is able to consider passenger flows on the network. as a result, the disutility experienced by users during their trip can be evaluated and feasible intervention strategies can be assessed, taking into account the passengers’ perspective. an application on a real regional line in campania (Italy) shows the benefits of the proposed approach for performing off-line analyses of intervention solutions and helping dispatchers make decisions during critical events to increase service quality. 09-01-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif">In the case of conventional rail lines, when disruptions occur, dispatchers have the difficult task of finding feasible rescheduling solutions rapidly so as to re-establish ordinary conditions as soon as possible. Despite the numerous contributions for automatic rescheduling proposed in the literature, this process is still totally controlled by dispatchers who decide according to their personal experience and under their own responsibility. Indeed, in many cases, it can be more advantageous to let the system revert to ordinary conditions without implementing any strategy rather than look for solutions which can reduce the discomfort perceived by passengers. In this article we propose a system of models for managing the rail system, combining a microscopic simulation model with an assignment tool which is able to consider passenger flows on the network. as a result, the disutility experienced by users during their trip can be evaluated and feasible intervention strategies can be assessed, taking into account the passengers’ perspective. an application on a real regional line in campania (Italy) shows the benefits of the proposed approach for performing off-line analyses of intervention solutions and helping dispatchers make decisions during critical events to increase service quality.</span></p> ]]> Managing Disruptions and Disturbances on Railway Services: A Real-Scale Case Study a. placido c. petito m. gallo l. d’acierno doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-695-710 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 2017 1 4 Article 695 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-695-710 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-695-710 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-677-694 Specialists have been discussing the best locations for railway stations for a long time; the first railway stations were built in the 21st century, and afterwards cities grew to the point of leaving the stations in central areas. Central stations provide train trips with several advantages over other means of transport. However, high-speed railway (HSR) introduces new variables when considering the best location for new stations. In 2000, the author’s team started the discussion and assessment of possible locations for the new HSR station in Valencia (Spain) and undertook two studies to analyse this issue. This article provides a theoretical framework for train station location and the analysis of the case in Spain. Furthermore, it synthesizes the results from researches performed in 2002 and 2006 as well as their implementation in Valencia. In addition, this article examines recent experience in relation to new high-speed train station placement, and the case of the 2,400-km-long HSR network in Spain by the end of 2015. Since the HSR network has a different track gauge in relation to the historical railway network, adaptations in the old stations or new locations were required. This situation allowed us to analyse the evolution of HSR in Spain and confirm theories about territorial impacts and optimal rail-network design, particularly in relation to the best location for new HSR stations. This article also looks into the evolution and current trends in modern railway planning, which have progressively changed in Spanish cities such as Madrid and Barcelona. 09-01-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Specialists have been discussing the best locations for railway stations for a long time; the first railway stations were built in the 21st century, and afterwards cities grew to the point of leaving the stations in central areas. Central stations provide train trips with several advantages over other means of transport. However, high-speed railway (HSR) introduces new variables when considering the best location for new stations. In 2000, the author’s team started the discussion and assessment of possible locations for the new HSR station in Valencia (Spain) and undertook two studies to analyse this issue. This article provides a theoretical framework for train station location and the analysis of the case in Spain. Furthermore, it synthesizes the results from researches performed in 2002 and 2006 as well as their implementation in Valencia. In addition, this article examines recent experience in relation to new high-speed train station placement, and the case of the 2,400-km-long HSR network in Spain by the end of 2015. Since the HSR network has a different track gauge in relation to the historical railway network, adaptations in the old stations or new locations were required. This situation allowed us to analyse the evolution of HSR in Spain and confirm theories about territorial impacts and optimal rail-network design, particularly in relation to the best location for new HSR stations. This article also looks into the evolution and current trends in modern railway planning, which have progressively changed in Spanish cities such as Madrid and Barcelona.</span></p> ]]> Integration of High-Speed Train Stations in Cities: The Case of Spain and Valencia City j.l. miralles i garcia doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-677-694 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 2017 1 4 Article 677 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-677-694 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-677-694 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-666-676 The coupling and decoupling of trains while they are in motion is one of the research fields of the DLR project, Next Generation Train. The coupling will be non-mechanical, but virtual and will be maintained by means of distance control technology. A special challenge of the virtual coupling in railway operation is the peril point of the switch in case of failure during the passage of two trains which are coming from different tracks, running in close succession at high speed. Therefore some concepts are unrealizable with the current switch technology. Nevertheless there are situations where virtual coupling seems promising. One scenario is the virtual coupling at low speed, for example in the proximity of a station, where a safe brake is possible in case of a switch failure. The ‘Shinkansen’ scenario aims to increase line capacity on the Tokaido high-speed line in Japan between Tokio and Osaka. The fastest ‘Nozomi’ trains are stopping only at major stations. These stations have two tracks per direction with a 400-metre platform. The idea is to double the number of Nozomi trains. So in every stopping station, there are two trains arriving and departing in a short interval. The distance on the open line is not that close, so it is more a ride within relative braking distance than a virtual coupling.To evaluate that scenario a special railway operation simulation has been developed, which is able to handle virtual coupling. The simulation shows the possibility to increase seating capacity from 15,000 to 23,000 seats per hour and direction. One bottleneck is occurring in Nagoya, where an additional platform is needed. Also the return time in Tokio has to be shortened to no more than 15 min. 09-01-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>The coupling and decoupling of trains while they are in motion is one of the research fields of the DLR project, Next Generation Train. The coupling will be non-mechanical, but virtual and will be maintained by means of distance control technology. A special challenge of the virtual coupling in railway operation is the peril point of the switch in case of failure during the passage of two trains which are coming from different tracks, running in close succession at high speed. Therefore some concepts are unrealizable with the current switch technology. Nevertheless there are situations where virtual coupling seems promising. One scenario is the virtual coupling at low speed, for example in the proximity of a station, where a safe brake is possible in case of a switch failure. The ‘Shinkansen’ scenario aims to increase line capacity on the Tokaido high-speed line in Japan between Tokio and Osaka. The fastest ‘Nozomi’ trains are stopping only at major stations. These stations have two tracks per direction with a 400-metre platform. The idea is to double the number of Nozomi trains. So in every stopping station, there are two trains arriving and departing in a short interval. The distance on the open line is not that close, so it is more a ride within relative braking distance than a virtual coupling.</p><p style="text-align: justify">To evaluate that scenario a special railway operation simulation has been developed, which is able to handle virtual coupling. The simulation shows the possibility to increase seating capacity from 15,000 to 23,000 seats per hour and direction. One bottleneck is occurring in Nagoya, where an additional platform is needed. Also the return time in Tokio has to be shortened to no more than 15 min. </p> ]]> Increase of Capacity on the Shinkansen High-Speed Line Using Virtual Coupling tilo schumann doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-666-676 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 2017 1 4 Article 666 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-666-676 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-666-676 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-654-665 Trans-border railroad in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to the early 20th century in Saudi Arabia. Over the recent decades due to increasing population and developing industrial zones, the demands are growing up over time. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is now embarking on one of the largest modern cross-border rail networks in the world. This is an ambitious step regarding the planning and establishment of the rail network connecting all the six GCC countries. This railway network will go through at least one city in each country to link the cities of Kuwait in Kuwait, Dammam in Saudi Arabia, Manama in Bahrain, Doha in Qatar, the cities of Abu Dhabi and Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates and Sohar and then Muscat in Oman in terms of cargo and passengers. The area of investigation covers different aspects of the shared Arabian countries rail routes called ‘GCC line’ and their national rail network. The aim of this article is to study the existing future plans and policies of the GCC countries shared line and domestic railway network. This article studies the national urban (light rail transportation (LRT), metro (subways) and intercity rail transportation to appraise the potential of passenger movement and commodity transportation at present and in the future. The tabular informative technical aspects of operation, such as traffic load yearly, speed, cost of the project, tracks length and track types, are supplied. Result of the analysis gives an overview of the Gulf Arabian countries railway plan and project properties to generate opportunities for international companies and researchers. It shows that there is a big boom and development for the upcoming railway transportation in the GCC countries. 09-01-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Trans-border railroad in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to the early 20th century in Saudi Arabia. Over the recent decades due to increasing population and developing industrial zones, the demands are growing up over time. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is now embarking on one of the largest modern cross-border rail networks in the world. This is an ambitious step regarding the planning and establishment of the rail network connecting all the six GCC countries. This railway network will go through at least one city in each country to link the cities of Kuwait in Kuwait, Dammam in Saudi Arabia, Manama in Bahrain, Doha in Qatar, the cities of Abu Dhabi and Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates and Sohar and then Muscat in Oman in terms of cargo and passengers. The area of investigation covers different aspects of the shared Arabian countries rail routes called ‘GCC line’ and their national rail network. The aim of this article is to study the existing future plans and policies of the GCC countries shared line and domestic railway network. This article studies the national urban (light rail transportation (LRT), metro (subways) and intercity rail transportation to appraise the potential of passenger movement and commodity transportation at present and in the future. The tabular informative technical aspects of operation, such as traffic load yearly, speed, cost of the project, tracks length and track types, are supplied. Result of the analysis gives an overview of the Gulf Arabian countries railway plan and project properties to generate opportunities for international companies and researchers. It shows that there is a big boom and development for the upcoming railway transportation in the GCC countries.</span></p> ]]> Investigation Future Planning of Railway Networks in the Arabs Gulf Countries mohammad emad motieyan najar alia khalfan al rahbi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-654-665 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 2017 1 4 Article 654 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-654-665 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-654-665 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-640-653 This article examines the role user-specific characteristics can play on assessing a new public transit service. The case under consideration is the new Western Suburban Rail service in Thessaloniki, Greece, which will cover a suburban area. Binary logit models were developed in order to investigate the potential demand for this project. A revealed and stated preference questionnaire survey was conducted. The sample of the survey was stratified according to the three current travel options, namely car, regular-fare bus and low-fare bus. The revealed preference survey included questions about trip and socio-economic characteristics of each user. The stated preference part examined the potential for the new mode in comparison to the current travel modes through changes in travel cost, travel time and number of transfers. Six binary logit choice models were developed in total, two for each user group. For each group, a simplified model was initially calibrated only with the mode-specific variables; at a next step user-specific variables were added and a second extended model was created. The results show significant relationship of mode- and user-specific variables to the final choice for all the three user groups. Likelihood ratio tests were used to examine whether user-specific attributes improve the overall fit of the models or not, compared to traditional choice models of travel time, travel cost and number of transfers. The outcomes show that the inclusion of user-specific variables improved the overall fit and the explanatory power of the models. 09-01-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">This article examines the role user-specific characteristics can play on assessing a new public transit service. The case under consideration is the new Western Suburban Rail service in Thessaloniki, Greece, which will cover a suburban area. Binary logit models were developed in order to investigate the potential demand for this project. A revealed and stated preference questionnaire survey was conducted. The sample of the survey was stratified according to the three current travel options, namely car, regular-fare bus and low-fare bus. The revealed preference survey included questions about trip and socio-economic characteristics of each user. The stated preference part examined the potential for the new mode in comparison to the current travel modes through changes in travel cost, travel time and number of transfers. Six binary logit choice models were developed in total, two for each user group. For each group, a simplified model was initially calibrated only with the mode-specific variables; at a next step user-specific variables were added and a second extended model was created. The results show significant relationship of mode- and user-specific variables to the final choice for all the three user groups. Likelihood ratio tests were used to examine whether user-specific attributes improve the overall fit of the models or not, compared to traditional choice models of travel time, travel cost and number of transfers. The outcomes show that the inclusion of user-specific variables improved the overall fit and the explanatory power of the models. </span></p> ]]> Assessing the Potential for a New Suburban Rail: Do User Characteristics Matter? s. basbas a. nikolaidou p. papaioannou i. politis doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-640-653 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 2017 1 4 Article 640 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-640-653 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-640-653 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-633-639 Illegal pedestrian crossing situations at signalized intersections are observed worldwide. The main goal of this study was to observe attributes and determine the proportion and type of pedestrian violations and dangerous crossing situations at a traffic light located in a recreational tourist urban environment, i.e. the beach town of Viareggio on the coast of Tuscany, Italy.A large signalized intersection placed close to the beach was observed for some days in Summer 2015, for several hours, both in the morning and in the afternoon, to collect data. The main aim was to identify the illegal pedestrian crossing behaviour with red traffic light.Pedestrian crossing data were recorded with a video camera. Then, the video data were processed using a semi-automated software self-written in MATLAB to extract information on different pedestrian factors.Some factors, identified in the current literature as having an influence on the proportion of violations, such as age, sex and group size, were analysed. Furthermore, the impact of the amber length time on the proportion of dangerous performed crossings was studied. The obtained results highlight that pedestrians in a recreational tourist environment are generally more in compliance with traffic light than those in a weekday urban context. It is also important to pay particular attention to pedestrian yellow time (amber steady man) in order to avoid dangerous legal crossings. In fact it was often observed that pedestrians start to cross on the green walking man but end under the red light. 09-01-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>Illegal pedestrian crossing situations at signalized intersections are observed worldwide. The main goal of this study was to observe attributes and determine the proportion and type of pedestrian violations and dangerous crossing situations at a traffic light located in a recreational tourist urban environment, i.e. the beach town of Viareggio on the coast of Tuscany, Italy.</p><p>A large signalized intersection placed close to the beach was observed for some days in Summer 2015, for several hours, both in the morning and in the afternoon, to collect data. The main aim was to identify the illegal pedestrian crossing behaviour with red traffic light.</p><p>Pedestrian crossing data were recorded with a video camera. Then, the video data were processed using a semi-automated software self-written in MATLAB to extract information on different pedestrian factors.</p><p>Some factors, identified in the current literature as having an influence on the proportion of violations, such as age, sex and group size, were analysed. Furthermore, the impact of the amber length time on the proportion of dangerous performed crossings was studied. The obtained results highlight that pedestrians in a recreational tourist environment are generally more in compliance with traffic light than those in a weekday urban context. It is also important to pay particular attention to pedestrian yellow time (amber steady man) in order to avoid dangerous legal crossings. In fact it was often observed that pedestrians start to cross on the green walking man but end under the red light.</p> ]]> Illegal Pedestrian Crossing at a Traffic Light: A Study on to Urist Behaviour a. pratelli m. lupi d. razzuoli doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-633-639 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 2017 1 4 Article 633 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-633-639 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-633-639 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-624-632 The role of ports has changed and has become more complex. Ports play a relevant role in global economy. They connect modes of transport and usually they are the leaders in the logistics chain. New works in Suez Canal were in progress until August 2015. The expansion of the Panama Canal will finish this year. These new operational conditions allow for an improvement of international maritime transportation. The Suez Canal Corridor Area Project is a mega project in Egypt that was officially launched in August 2014. The project’s aim is to increase the role of the Suez Canal region in international trading and to develop the three canal cities: Suez, Ismaïlia and Port Said. The importance of these actions changes in the new port cities and new trends and conditions in maritime transportation are discussed. 09-01-2017 <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">The role of ports has changed and has become more complex. Ports play a relevant role in global economy. They connect modes of transport and usually they are the leaders in the logistics chain. New works in Suez Canal were in progress until August 2015. The expansion of the Panama Canal will finish this year. These new operational conditions allow for an improvement of international maritime transportation. The Suez Canal Corridor Area Project is a mega project in Egypt that was officially launched in August 2014. The project’s aim is to increase the role of the Suez Canal region in international trading and to develop the three canal cities: Suez, Ismaïlia and Port Said. The importance of these actions changes in the new port cities and new trends and conditions in maritime transportation are discussed.</span></p> ]]> New Trends in Maritime Transportation and Port Activity vicent esteban chapapría doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-624-632 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 2017 1 4 Article 624 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-624-632 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-624-632 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-611-623 Benefits are intrinsic to infrastructure and the public sector, yet these remain a problem for many infrastructure sectors (including transportation), organizations and countries. Much of the focus upon benefit management targets project delivery; by contrast, this study considers system-level benefit management using a transportation case study from New Zealand. In so doing, it investigates why the matter of benefits might be so problematic, and in what way this might affect the integration of projects into the extant system.The research shows system-level coordination and integration are being lost within the ‘tactical strategy’ of programmes and initiatives. In turn, this is creating a ‘red queen’-like busyness without a real understanding of whether anything has been achieved relative to the intended or necessary outcomes being sought. System stewardship has therefore been advanced as an appropriate response to system- level complexity and a potential enabler of strategic agility and adaptive capacity. 09-01-2017 <![CDATA[ <p style="text-align: justify">Benefits are intrinsic to infrastructure and the public sector, yet these remain a problem for many infrastructure sectors (including transportation), organizations and countries. Much of the focus upon benefit management targets project delivery; by contrast, this study considers system-level benefit management using a transportation case study from New Zealand. In so doing, it investigates why the matter of benefits might be so problematic, and in what way this might affect the integration of projects into the extant system.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The research shows system-level coordination and integration are being lost within the ‘tactical strategy’ of programmes and initiatives. In turn, this is creating a ‘red queen’-like busyness without a real understanding of whether anything has been achieved relative to the intended or necessary outcomes being sought. System stewardship has therefore been advanced as an appropriate response to system- level complexity and a potential enabler of strategic agility and adaptive capacity.</p> ]]> An Argument for Infrastructure System Stewardship: A New Zealand Transportation Case Study in Benefit Management c. blom p. guthrie doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-611-623 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 09-01-2017 2017 1 4 Article 611 10.2495/TDI-V1-N4-611-623 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_4/TDI-V1-N4-611-623 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-601-610 new railway line for commuter trains through central Stockholm, the ‘City line’, is under construction and will open in 2017. The line will have two new underground stations and these will be equipped with platform screen doors in order to enhance air quality and prevent suicides. Several stations along the line will have only two platform tracks and this will limit capacity.Neither trains nor platform doors will be fully automatized and thus the drivers will have to stop the trains in exact position to match the platform doors. Consequently, adding extended times for opening and closing doors will prolong the dwell time by approximately 12 s/stop.an extensive capacity evaluation has been carried out as a RailSys simulation in order to find out whether a capacity of 24 trains/hour/ direction can be reached. The core part of the study was to prepare dwell time distributions for all stations along the line. These distributions include several terms, namely additional braking time due to a more careful and precise braking, time to correct stopping position (stochastic), door opening time, passenger exchange time (stochastic), door closing time, door obstruction time (stochastic) and driver’s reaction time before departure.The simulation results indicate that the extended dwell times caused by the platform screen doors limit capacity to 22 trains/hour in one direction and 24 trains/hour in the other direction. This difference comes from the fact that the station with the longest dwell times is located adjacent to a station with four platform tracks where trains can recover delays. Thus, the delay level differs significantly between the two traffic directions. This delay difference influences the useful capacity in such a way that the most punctual direction has a higher capacity. 04-29-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>new railway line for commuter trains through central Stockholm, the ‘City line’, is under construction and will open in 2017. The line will have two new underground stations and these will be equipped with platform screen doors in order to enhance air quality and prevent suicides. Several stations along the line will have only two platform tracks and this will limit capacity.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Neither trains nor platform doors will be fully automatized and thus the drivers will have to stop the trains in exact position to match the platform doors. Consequently, adding extended times for opening and closing doors will prolong the dwell time by approximately 12 s/stop.</p><p style="text-align: justify">an extensive capacity evaluation has been carried out as a RailSys simulation in order to find out whether a capacity of 24 trains/hour/ direction can be reached. The core part of the study was to prepare dwell time distributions for all stations along the line. These distributions include several terms, namely additional braking time due to a more careful and precise braking, time to correct stopping position (stochastic), door opening time, passenger exchange time (stochastic), door closing time, door obstruction time (stochastic) and driver’s reaction time before departure.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The simulation results indicate that the extended dwell times caused by the platform screen doors limit capacity to 22 trains/hour in one direction and 24 trains/hour in the other direction. This difference comes from the fact that the station with the longest dwell times is located adjacent to a station with four platform tracks where trains can recover delays. Thus, the delay level differs significantly between the two traffic directions. This delay difference influences the useful capacity in such a way that the most punctual direction has a higher capacity.</p> ]]> The Impact of Platform Screen Doors on Rail Capacity o. lindfeldt doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-601-610 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 2017 1 3 Article 601 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-601-610 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-601-610 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-589-600 The planning of a rail system requires the definition of travel demand in terms of passenger (or freight) flows for sizing physical and technological elements (such as number of trains, signalling system type, length and width of platforms). Moreover, once a system has been set up and functional elements have been acquired, system management in terms of services and related timetables requires knowledge of travel demand flows. Much has been written about the methods and techniques for estimating travel demand by means of analytical models (calibrated by surveys), statistical processing of survey data and/ or correcting model results by using properly collected traffic counts. However, whatever the adopted approach, it is necessary to proceed with survey campaigns to acquire experimental data. Obviously, the greater the number of detected data (and related acquisition costs and times), the greater the accuracy of travel demand estimations. Hence, in real cases, a fair compromise between survey costs and estimation accuracy has to be struck.In this context, we propose an analytical methodology for identifying space–time relations between passenger counts to reduce the amount of data to be surveyed without affecting estimation accuracy. In particular, our proposal is based on defining analytical functions to provide boarding and alighting flows depending on the station (space component) and the time period (time component) in question. Finally, in order to show the feasibility of the proposed methodology and related improvements with respect to traditional approaches, we applied our proposal to the case of a real metro line in Naples (Italy) by comparing different levels of detail in passenger surveys. 04-29-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>The planning of a rail system requires the definition of travel demand in terms of passenger (or freight) flows for sizing physical and technological elements (such as number of trains, signalling system type, length and width of platforms). Moreover, once a system has been set up and functional elements have been acquired, system management in terms of services and related timetables requires knowledge of travel demand flows. Much has been written about the methods and techniques for estimating travel demand by means of analytical models (calibrated by surveys), statistical processing of survey data and/ or correcting model results by using properly collected traffic counts. However, whatever the adopted approach, it is necessary to proceed with survey campaigns to acquire experimental data. Obviously, the greater the number of detected data (and related acquisition costs and times), the greater the accuracy of travel demand estimations. Hence, in real cases, a fair compromise between survey costs and estimation accuracy has to be struck.</p><p style="text-align: justify">In this context, we propose an analytical methodology for identifying space–time relations between passenger counts to reduce the amount of data to be surveyed without affecting estimation accuracy. In particular, our proposal is based on defining analytical functions to provide boarding and alighting flows depending on the station (space component) and the time period (time component) in question. Finally, in order to show the feasibility of the proposed methodology and related improvements with respect to traditional approaches, we applied our proposal to the case of a real metro line in Naples (Italy) by comparing different levels of detail in passenger surveys.</p> ]]> An Analytical Methodology for Extending Passenger Counts in a Metro System r. di mauro m. botte l. d'acierno doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-589-600 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 2017 1 3 Article 589 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-589-600 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-589-600 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-578-588 The railway industry has taken a great effort and is currently focused on exploitation of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) for the European train control system (ETCS). It has been assessed that replacement of track balises, used for safe train location determination, with virtual balises (VBs) detected by means of GNSS will significantly reduce the track-side infrastructure and operational costs. However, this innovated ETCS can be put into operations only in the case when detection of VBs by means of GNSS will achieve the same safety integrity level (SIL 4) and availability as it is required for physical balise groups (BGs).This paper describes a novel travelling virtual balise (TVB) concept, which was proposed to meet the demanding ETCS safety requirements for GNSS using the existing European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) safety-of-life (SoL) service. The TVB concept profits from the basic feature of GNSS – i.e. the ability of abundant train position determination in GNSS service volume, which cannot be realized by current track balise groups (BGs) with a spacing of hundreds of metres or more. The frequent GNSS train positions are utilized for (1) fast diagnostics of on-board location determination system (LDS), (2) introduction of reactive fail-safety into LDS and (3) derivation and justification of the ETCS safety requirements for EGNOS.The TVB concept brings one significant advantage to ETCS in contrast to the static VBs – i.e. the safety requirement for LDS doesn’t depend longer on the distance between successive VBs. It means that the existing spacing between physical BGs (up to 2.5 km) can be also preserved in case of TVBs. It can significantly improve the availability of LDS. Further it was found that a less demanding tolerable hazard rate (THR) requirement for GNSS of about 1e-7/1 h or more still enables to meet the ETCS THR requirement for VB determination, i.e. THRVB of 0.67e-9/1 h. Thus the ETCS TVB concept opens the door for efficient use of the EGNOS SoL service, originally developed for aviation. 04-29-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>The railway industry has taken a great effort and is currently focused on exploitation of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) for the European train control system (ETCS). It has been assessed that replacement of track balises, used for safe train location determination, with virtual balises (VBs) detected by means of GNSS will significantly reduce the track-side infrastructure and operational costs. However, this innovated ETCS can be put into operations only in the case when detection of VBs by means of GNSS will achieve the same safety integrity level (SIL 4) and availability as it is required for physical balise groups (BGs).</p><p style="text-align: justify">This paper describes a novel travelling virtual balise (TVB) concept, which was proposed to meet the demanding ETCS safety requirements for GNSS using the existing European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) safety-of-life (SoL) service. The TVB concept profits from the basic feature of GNSS – i.e. the ability of abundant train position determination in GNSS service volume, which cannot be realized by current track balise groups (BGs) with a spacing of hundreds of metres or more. The frequent GNSS train positions are utilized for (1) fast diagnostics of on-board location determination system (LDS), (2) introduction of reactive fail-safety into LDS and (3) derivation and justification of the ETCS safety requirements for EGNOS.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The TVB concept brings one significant advantage to ETCS in contrast to the static VBs – i.e. the safety requirement for LDS doesn’t depend longer on the distance between successive VBs. It means that the existing spacing between physical BGs (up to 2.5 km) can be also preserved in case of TVBs. It can significantly improve the availability of LDS. Further it was found that a less demanding tolerable hazard rate (THR) requirement for GNSS of about 1e-7/1 h or more still enables to meet the ETCS THR requirement for VB determination, i.e. THR_VBof 0.67e-9/1 h. Thus the ETCS TVB concept opens the door for efficient use of the EGNOS SoL service, originally developed for aviation.</p> ]]> Travelling Virtual Balise for ETCS a. filip doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-578-588 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 2017 1 3 Article 578 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-578-588 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-578-588 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-568-577 In recent times, the transportation industry has generated a number of developments involving new technology in signalling. Important developments have involved the production of light by means of light-emitting diode (LED). Unfortunately, the maximum light output, dominant wavelength, reliability and the lifetime of LEDs are all closely related to the junction temperature. Accordingly, LED performance largely depends on the ambient temperature of its operating environment. Consequently, adequate heat-sinking is required to maintain a long lifetime and compliance. Today again, designing an LED railway signal that is able to meet compliance over wide range of temperatures is problematic. In particular, for yellow aspects compliance is difficult to achieve at extreme ambient temperature because the shift in the colour of yellow LEDs over the specified temperature range can be greater than the magnitude of colour specification. Use of phase change materials (PCMs) can provide practical solution of these problems. PCMs can store and release thermal energy during the process of melting and freezing (changing from one phase to another). When such a material freezes, it releases large amounts of energy in the form of latent heat of fusion or energy of crystallization. Conversely, when the material is melted, an equal amount of energy is absorbed from the environment as it changes from solid to liquid. This paper presents studies that enable the design of railway signals to meet, in a rigorous way, colorimetric compliances on a large range of temperature change. Furthermore, the proposed system is applicable, in a simple way and without operational changes, to the existing systems. It is sufficient to insert inside of the signals a suitable amount of a specific PCM. <![CDATA[ <p>In recent times, the transportation industry has generated a number of developments involving new technology in signalling. Important developments have involved the production of light by means of light-emitting diode (LED). Unfortunately, the maximum light output, dominant wavelength, reliability and the lifetime of LEDs are all closely related to the junction temperature. Accordingly, LED performance largely depends on the ambient temperature of its operating environment. Consequently, adequate heat-sinking is required to maintain a long lifetime and compliance. Today again, designing an LED railway signal that is able to meet compliance over wide range of temperatures is problematic. In particular, for yellow aspects compliance is difficult to achieve at extreme ambient temperature because the shift in the colour of yellow LEDs over the specified temperature range can be greater than the magnitude of colour specification. Use of phase change materials (PCMs) can provide practical solution of these problems. PCMs can store and release thermal energy during the process of melting and freezing (changing from one phase to another). When such a material freezes, it releases large amounts of energy in the form of latent heat of fusion or energy of crystallization. Conversely, when the material is melted, an equal amount of energy is absorbed from the environment as it changes from solid to liquid. This paper presents studies that enable the design of railway signals to meet, in a rigorous way, colorimetric compliances on a large range of temperature change. Furthermore, the proposed system is applicable, in a simple way and without operational changes, to the existing systems. It is sufficient to insert inside of the signals a suitable amount of a specific PCM.</p> ]]> Led Railway Signal vs Full Compliance with Colorimetric Specifications g. schirripa spagnolo d. papalillo c. malta s. vinzani doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-568-577 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 568 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-568-577 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-568-577 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-558-567 All large railway networks use a mixture of outdated, modern and emerging signalling and train operation principles. There is a need to develop novel modelling and verification mechanisms to support mixed traffic scenarios, including, for example, mixing different types of signalling and driving. In our previous work we introduced the Unified Train Driving Policy (UTDP) formal modelling language for uniformly capturing diverse signalling principles and mixing, in a demonstratively safe manner, at the node and/or network-level novel and legacy signalling principles. This paper describes our work on making UTDP practical and useful for the engineers. <![CDATA[ <p>All large railway networks use a mixture of outdated, modern and emerging signalling and train operation principles. There is a need to develop novel modelling and verification mechanisms to support mixed traffic scenarios, including, for example, mixing different types of signalling and driving. In our previous work we introduced the Unified Train Driving Policy (UTDP) formal modelling language for uniformly capturing diverse signalling principles and mixing, in a demonstratively safe manner, at the node and/or network-level novel and legacy signalling principles. This paper describes our work on making UTDP practical and useful for the engineers.</p> ]]> A Railway Simulation Suite for Modelling Advanced Railway Control Systems p. stankaitis a. iliasov a. romanovsky doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-558-567 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 558 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-558-567 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-558-567 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-552-557 Collapses due to underground cavities have been drastically increasing in urban areas of South Korea. This article establishes a statistical model to assess the risk potential of railroads with respect to under-ground cavities. The authors first identified the risk factors of the event based on case studies where the collapses of underground cavities took place. The database was then established, taking into account the risk factors, to come up with a statistical model that estimates the risk level. In this study, the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method was employed to estimate the parameters in a statistical model. Thorough the statistical analysis, the probability of underground cavity occurrences was found to be expressed in terms of the depth of alluvial layer, groundwater level, water and sewage utilities, and their age. Consequently, an attempt was made to generate a preliminary hazard map for a specific railway route by employing the statistical model. <![CDATA[ <p>Collapses due to underground cavities have been drastically increasing in urban areas of South Korea. This article establishes a statistical model to assess the risk potential of railroads with respect to under-ground cavities. The authors first identified the risk factors of the event based on case studies where the collapses of underground cavities took place. The database was then established, taking into account the risk factors, to come up with a statistical model that estimates the risk level. In this study, the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method was employed to estimate the parameters in a statistical model. Thorough the statistical analysis, the probability of underground cavity occurrences was found to be expressed in terms of the depth of alluvial layer, groundwater level, water and sewage utilities, and their age. Consequently, an attempt was made to generate a preliminary hazard map for a specific railway route by employing the statistical model.</p> ]]> Risk Assessment of Railroad for the Presence of Underground Cavities Based on a Statistical Approach j. oh h. yoo b. park j. kim j. oh doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-552-557 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 552 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-552-557 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-552-557 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-540-551 A computational model to solve for the dynamic interaction of a high-speed train and railway structure including derailment during an earthquake is given. An efficient mechanical model to express contact–impact behaviours between wheel and rail before derailment, between wheel and the track structure after derailment, and between the car body and railway structure during and after derailment is presented. The motion of the train with nonlinear springs and dampers is modelled in multibody dynamics. The railway structure is modelled with various finite elements. The combined dynamic response of the train and railway structure during an earthquake is obtained by solving the nonlinear equations of motions of the train and railway structure in the modal coordinates subjected to the interaction between the train and railway structure. Numerical examples of a high-speed train running on the railway structure after derailment during an earthquake are demonstrated. <![CDATA[ <p>A computational model to solve for the dynamic interaction of a high-speed train and railway structure including derailment during an earthquake is given. An efficient mechanical model to express contact–impact behaviours between wheel and rail before derailment, between wheel and the track structure after derailment, and between the car body and railway structure during and after derailment is presented. The motion of the train with nonlinear springs and dampers is modelled in multibody dynamics. The railway structure is modelled with various finite elements. The combined dynamic response of the train and railway structure during an earthquake is obtained by solving the nonlinear equations of motions of the train and railway structure in the modal coordinates subjected to the interaction between the train and railway structure. Numerical examples of a high-speed train running on the railway structure after derailment during an earthquake are demonstrated.</p> ]]> An Efficient Contact Model for Dynamic Interaction Analysis of High-Speed Train and Railway Structure Including Derailment During an Earthquake m. tanabe k. goto t. watanabe m. sogabe h. wakui y. tanabe doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-540-551 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 540 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-540-551 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-540-551 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-529-539 The article describes the preliminary results and conclusions of experimental monitoring of the thermal regime of railway track structure performed on the experimental stands (railway track models in 1:1). The purpose of this study was to optimize the structural thickness of the protective layer in the subgrade structure. The first part of the study describes the experimental stand design and methodology for monitoring the heat and humidity variations in the railway track structure. The following parts describe the results of verification of the thermal characteristics of the material incorporated into the model of the railway track and of its subgrade. <![CDATA[ <p>The article describes the preliminary results and conclusions of experimental monitoring of the thermal regime of railway track structure performed on the experimental stands (railway track models in 1:1). The purpose of this study was to optimize the structural thickness of the protective layer in the subgrade structure. The first part of the study describes the experimental stand design and methodology for monitoring the heat and humidity variations in the railway track structure. The following parts describe the results of verification of the thermal characteristics of the material incorporated into the model of the railway track and of its subgrade.</p> ]]> Preliminary Results and Conclusions from the Experimental Monitoring of Thermal Regime of Railway Track Structure l. ižvolt p. dobeš m. pitoňák doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-529-539 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 529 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-529-539 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-529-539 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-520-528 To find out the relationship between the track structure parameters and rail corrugation type and put forward a reasonable maintenance threshold for the amplitude of rail corrugation, surveys on rail corrugation by rail static and dynamic tests were carried out on Shanghai Metro recently. Based on the in situ data, the wavelength and amplitude of rail corrugation were calculated and analysed by different categories according to their service conditions. Investigation data and its analysis show that different track structure parameters, such as ballast, fastener, curve radius, etc., can affect the amplitude and wavelength in pretty different ways. In order to know the development trend in rail corrugation, statistical significance on the distribution of amplitude and dynamic data is calculated, the distribution of amplitude at certain wavelengths is figured out, and accordingly a reasonable threshold of the amplitude maintenance is put forward. <![CDATA[ <p>To find out the relationship between the track structure parameters and rail corrugation type and put forward a reasonable maintenance threshold for the amplitude of rail corrugation, surveys on rail corrugation by rail static and dynamic tests were carried out on Shanghai Metro recently. Based on the in situ data, the wavelength and amplitude of rail corrugation were calculated and analysed by different categories according to their service conditions. Investigation data and its analysis show that different track structure parameters, such as ballast, fastener, curve radius, etc., can affect the amplitude and wavelength in pretty different ways. In order to know the development trend in rail corrugation, statistical significance on the distribution of amplitude and dynamic data is calculated, the distribution of amplitude at certain wavelengths is figured out, and accordingly a reasonable threshold of the amplitude maintenance is put forward.</p> ]]> Characteristics of Corrugation in Shanghai Metro and Suggested Maintenance Threshold for Amplitude wanyi liu haifeng li yude xu wanqing zhang sihan yan fengyu li junxing qiu doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-520-528 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 520 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-520-528 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-520-528 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-511-519 Stray current corrosion in direct current (dc) transit systems occurs because of the mechanism of current transfer between metals and a conductive electrolyte such as concrete, soil and water. Stray current reactions can be considered as a special case in that the anode (point of current discharge) may be at a considerable distance from the cathode (point of current pickup). The risk of stray current corrosion arising from the operation of dc-powered transit system is difficult to eliminate completely. However, suitable design of dc traction power systems and structures carrying the railways can significantly reduce the risk of corrosion both to the transit system structures and third-party structures.Stray currents can cause safety risks, thus making the design of stray current mitigation, testing and maintenance an important element of the holistic design for a dc transit system. based on the results of the literature research, interviews with over two dozen dc rail transit systems, and testing of dc rail tracks, this paper presents and analyses various mitigation methods currently in use in the industry to control stray current corrosion. Recommendations for the testing (monitoring) and maintenance procedures to keep the stray current leakage and the related corrosion in control are then presented. <![CDATA[ <p>Stray current corrosion in direct current (dc) transit systems occurs because of the mechanism of current transfer between metals and a conductive electrolyte such as concrete, soil and water. Stray current reactions can be considered as a special case in that the anode (point of current discharge) may be at a considerable distance from the cathode (point of current pickup). The risk of stray current corrosion arising from the operation of dc-powered transit system is difficult to eliminate completely. However, suitable design of dc traction power systems and structures carrying the railways can significantly reduce the risk of corrosion both to the transit system structures and third-party structures.</p><p>Stray currents can cause safety risks, thus making the design of stray current mitigation, testing and maintenance an important element of the holistic design for a dc transit system. based on the results of the literature research, interviews with over two dozen dc rail transit systems, and testing of dc rail tracks, this paper presents and analyses various mitigation methods currently in use in the industry to control stray current corrosion. Recommendations for the testing (monitoring) and maintenance procedures to keep the stray current leakage and the related corrosion in control are then presented.</p> ]]> Stray Current Corrosion Mitigation, Testing and Maintenance in dc Transit System s.a. memon p. fromme doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-511-519 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 511 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-511-519 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-511-519 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-501-510 We consider energy-efficient scheduling of freight trains on a line with single-track sections, as is the case on many freight railways routes in North America. We determine the train speed that minimizes the energy consumption, taking into account the departure and arrival times and exploiting the waiting times. The proposed energy consumption model takes into account the ground topography, the speed, the number of axles the axle load and the type of locomotives. Some experiments are conducted in order to estimate the energy gain when adapting the train speed, using Canada Pacific Railway (CPR) data. <![CDATA[ <p>We consider energy-efficient scheduling of freight trains on a line with single-track sections, as is the case on many freight railways routes in North America. We determine the train speed that minimizes the energy consumption, taking into account the departure and arrival times and exploiting the waiting times. The proposed energy consumption model takes into account the ground topography, the speed, the number of axles the axle load and the type of locomotives. Some experiments are conducted in order to estimate the energy gain when adapting the train speed, using Canada Pacific Railway (CPR) data.</p> ]]> Freight Train Scheduling with Minimum Energy Consumption t.h. le b. jaumard doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-501-510 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 501 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-501-510 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-501-510 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-491-500 Energy efficiency in railway operation has been a topic of high interest for years. Lowering energy costs can make railway operation not only more sustainable, but also more competitive towards other modalities. Energy efficiency can be reached in two ways: system efficiency and operational efficiency. Innovation can be found in combining the right system measures with the right operational measures. Introducing the right system measures can even lead to energy efficiency independent of operational strategies, such as coasting and regenerative braking.Rail infra providers struggle with the question which innovations – system, operational or both – will bring them closer to their targets. To determine which measures will contribute best, the authors developed a new universal method based on energy efficiency at three levels: individual rolling stock performance, rolling stock performance in networks and operational strategies.The authors used this three-level method to study the energy efficiency effect of a system change from the current 1,500 VDC to a 3 kVDC traction power supply system, including operational strategies. The results of the study revealed that in the Netherlands this system change will result in a return on investment (ROI) within 15 years and a reduction of energy consumption ranging up to 20%. <![CDATA[ <p>Energy efficiency in railway operation has been a topic of high interest for years. Lowering energy costs can make railway operation not only more sustainable, but also more competitive towards other modalities. Energy efficiency can be reached in two ways: system efficiency and operational efficiency. Innovation can be found in combining the right system measures with the right operational measures. Introducing the right system measures can even lead to energy efficiency independent of operational strategies, such as coasting and regenerative braking.</p><p style="text-align: justify">Rail infra providers struggle with the question which innovations – system, operational or both – will bring them closer to their targets. To determine which measures will contribute best, the authors developed a new universal method based on energy efficiency at three levels: individual rolling stock performance, rolling stock performance in networks and operational strategies.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The authors used this three-level method to study the energy efficiency effect of a system change from the current 1,500 V_DC to a 3 kV_DC traction power supply system, including operational strategies. The results of the study revealed that in the Netherlands this system change will result in a return on investment (ROI) within 15 years and a reduction of energy consumption ranging up to 20%.</p> ]]> Increasing Railway Energy Efficiency: A Three-Level Method r.m. paulussen g.f. ten harve t. ploeg a. zoeteman doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-491-500 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 491 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-491-500 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-491-500 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-481-490 Electrification systems applied to railway systems have high complexity to achieve the optimum in several terms. These terms could be separated in energy supply and budget costs, such as direct and indirect costs, all of them derived from the implantation of the electrification system along the railway line. Starting from the experience in several projects carried out in CITEF (Railway Research Center in Technical University of Madrid), a new research way has grown up. The main goal has been an expert system, which is able to improve substantially the design process of power supply systems in railways, such as in AC as DC. Bearing in mind the specific constraints in terms of budget and electric standards, the expert system is able to determine a set of possible design scenarios. Each of them has the number, type and location for the main elements (catenary, substation, autotransformer, etc.). In this article a step forward is presented. This new step would apply a better way to choose between elements, hence taking into account the relationship between lifecycle versus element cost or losses avoided in the infrastructure. This has been applied to the main elements like traction substations, autotransformers, catenary and impact on maintenance and environmental zones. This new concept for evaluation has been integrated in the objective functions. These functions are the managers for the guidance of the optimization method, in this case genetic algorithm AMGA-II, in order to achieve the final Pareto Front. This Pareto Front contains the several possibilities which the designers must evaluate to accomplish their goals to power supply system. <![CDATA[ <p>Electrification systems applied to railway systems have high complexity to achieve the optimum in several terms. These terms could be separated in energy supply and budget costs, such as direct and indirect costs, all of them derived from the implantation of the electrification system along the railway line. Starting from the experience in several projects carried out in CITEF (Railway Research Center in Technical University of Madrid), a new research way has grown up. The main goal has been an expert system, which is able to improve substantially the design process of power supply systems in railways, such as in AC as DC. Bearing in mind the specific constraints in terms of budget and electric standards, the expert system is able to determine a set of possible design scenarios. Each of them has the number, type and location for the main elements (catenary, substation, autotransformer, etc.). In this article a step forward is presented. This new step would apply a better way to choose between elements, hence taking into account the relationship between lifecycle versus element cost or losses avoided in the infrastructure. This has been applied to the main elements like traction substations, autotransformers, catenary and impact on maintenance and environmental zones. This new concept for evaluation has been integrated in the objective functions. These functions are the managers for the guidance of the optimization method, in this case genetic algorithm AMGA-II, in order to achieve the final Pareto Front. This Pareto Front contains the several possibilities which the designers must evaluate to accomplish their goals to power supply system.</p> ]]> Lifecycle vs Element Costs: A New Approach to Optimize the Power Supply System Design in Railways Infrastructures m. soler j. lópez j.m. mera j. maroto doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-481-490 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 481 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-481-490 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-481-490 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-471-480 Nowadays, the most commonly used configuration to supply high-speed trains is 2 × 25 kV power supply system. The location of ground faults in 2 × 25 kV power supply systems is a difficult task, since the use of distance protection relays to localize ground faults positions doesn’t work properly as the relation between the distance and the impedance seen by the distance protection relays is not linear and therefore the location is not accurate enough. A new simple and economical method to identify the subsection between autotransformers (ATS) and the conductor (positive or negative) where the ground fault is happening, based on the comparison of the angle between the current and the voltage of the positive terminal in each autotransformer, was developed recently. Consequently, after the identification of the subsection and the conductor with the ground fault, only this subsection where the ground fault is present, will be quickly removed from service, with the minimum effect on rail traffic. The high-speed trains demand a power about 12–16 MW, hence a significant current flow through the conductors of the 2 × 25 kV power system. This paper presents a study about the influence of the current consumed by the high-speed trains on this novel ground fault identification method. The operation of the method is correct even with the high-speed train currents in the section with a ground fault. This fact has been validated through numerous computer simulations, obtaining excellent results. 04-29-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>Nowadays, the most commonly used configuration to supply high-speed trains is 2 × 25 kV power supply system. The location of ground faults in 2 × 25 kV power supply systems is a difficult task, since the use of distance protection relays to localize ground faults positions doesn’t work properly as the relation between the distance and the impedance seen by the distance protection relays is not linear and therefore the location is not accurate enough. A new simple and economical method to identify the subsection between autotransformers (ATS) and the conductor (positive or negative) where the ground fault is happening, based on the comparison of the angle between the current and the voltage of the positive terminal in each autotransformer, was developed recently. Consequently, after the identification of the subsection and the conductor with the ground fault, only this subsection where the ground fault is present, will be quickly removed from service, with the minimum effect on rail traffic. The high-speed trains demand a power about 12–16 MW, hence a significant current flow through the conductors of the 2 × 25 kV power system. This paper presents a study about the influence of the current consumed by the high-speed trains on this novel ground fault identification method. The operation of the method is correct even with the high-speed train currents in the section with a ground fault. This fact has been validated through numerous computer simulations, obtaining excellent results.</p> ]]> Influence of High-Speed Train Power Consumption on a Novel Ground Fault Identification Method for 2 × 25 Kv Railway Power Supply Systems j. serrano c.a. platero m. lópez-toledo r. granizo doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-471-480 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 2017 1 3 Article 471 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-471-480 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-471-480 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-460-470 Convenience is an important requirement of a scheduled transit system. The authors proposed a new method to evaluate a train schedule by using entropy of the information theory. By the aspect of statistical mechanics, the randomness of a schedule is associated with the convenience of the schedule. However, the way of using entropy requires special conditions. In this paper, we show that we can relax the conditions by interpreting the entropy as information.First, we explain the representation of a schedule by a tree structure. Introducing the tree structure, we recognize the more composite construction of schedules. The tree structure leads to the concept of conditional entropy. Using the concept of conditional entropy, we can evaluate schedules of the states of different places or times. Secondly, we can understand what the information of the schedule is. We can grasp that the information is the benefit of knowing the schedule. The increase of the entropy corresponds to the increase of the benefit. Moreover, it becomes possible to express an unexpected disbenefit by the entropy with the loss of information. In other words, the benefit is a positive entropy and the disbenefit is negative entropy. Finally, we show that we are able to deal with an influence of wasteful time in a schedule, such as an unnecessary waiting time and an extra duration by using the entropy. It is very important that we can evaluate negative effects, namely the discrepancy of supply and demand from the point of view of time. 04-29-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>Convenience is an important requirement of a scheduled transit system. The authors proposed a new method to evaluate a train schedule by using entropy of the information theory. By the aspect of statistical mechanics, the randomness of a schedule is associated with the convenience of the schedule. However, the way of using entropy requires special conditions. In this paper, we show that we can relax the conditions by interpreting the entropy as information.</p><p>First, we explain the representation of a schedule by a tree structure. Introducing the tree structure, we recognize the more composite construction of schedules. The tree structure leads to the concept of conditional entropy. Using the concept of conditional entropy, we can evaluate schedules of the states of different places or times. Secondly, we can understand what the information of the schedule is. We can grasp that the information is the benefit of knowing the schedule. The increase of the entropy corresponds to the increase of the benefit. Moreover, it becomes possible to express an unexpected disbenefit by the entropy with the loss of information. In other words, the benefit is a positive entropy and the disbenefit is negative entropy. Finally, we show that we are able to deal with an influence of wasteful time in a schedule, such as an unnecessary waiting time and an extra duration by using the entropy. It is very important that we can evaluate negative effects, namely the discrepancy of supply and demand from the point of view of time.</p> ]]> Evaluation of Train Schedule by Using Information Theory k. moro y. sugai doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-460-470 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 2017 1 3 Article 460 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-460-470 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-460-470 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-452-459 This paper deals with an optimization approach to railway track allocation, which is one of the most important decision problems in the presence of multiple train operating companies (TOCs). In fact there has been deep discussion about how to boost the competition environment in Korean railway since the functional reform in 2004, which at last resulted in introducing a new entrant to high-speed railway passenger transportation market. Finally, in August 2016, two operating companies will compete on the major routes in the Korean high-speed railway network. The infra manager, KR Network, who is responsible for allocating the slots, has been developing their own allocation procedure which partly uses an optimization model for adjusting the times of requested train-paths. But one of the TOCs’ concerns with respect to the adjustment is that their train-set routing plan could be in disorder by the adjustment of the arrival/departure times. Assuming TOCs submit their routing plan as well as their desired train-paths, we present an optimization model and algorithm for track allocation problem, considering the routing plan requested by TOCs. The model is developed on a time-space network, where a train-path can be described as the sequence of the arcs. Based on the network, we developed an column-generation approach to dynamically generate the promising train-paths for each requested one so as to maximize the total profit while preventing the routing plans from disrupting by means of setting up the arcs only among the two successive train-paths in the routing plan. Also we present the experimental results applied to the Korean high-speed railway network. 04-29-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>This paper deals with an optimization approach to railway track allocation, which is one of the most important decision problems in the presence of multiple train operating companies (TOCs). In fact there has been deep discussion about how to boost the competition environment in Korean railway since the functional reform in 2004, which at last resulted in introducing a new entrant to high-speed railway passenger transportation market. Finally, in August 2016, two operating companies will compete on the major routes in the Korean high-speed railway network. The infra manager, KR Network, who is responsible for allocating the slots, has been developing their own allocation procedure which partly uses an optimization model for adjusting the times of requested train-paths. But one of the TOCs’ concerns with respect to the adjustment is that their train-set routing plan could be in disorder by the adjustment of the arrival/departure times. Assuming TOCs submit their routing plan as well as their desired train-paths, we present an optimization model and algorithm for track allocation problem, considering the routing plan requested by TOCs. The model is developed on a time-space network, where a train-path can be described as the sequence of the arcs. Based on the network, we developed an column-generation approach to dynamically generate the promising train-paths for each requested one so as to maximize the total profit while preventing the routing plans from disrupting by means of setting up the arcs only among the two successive train-paths in the routing plan. Also we present the experimental results applied to the Korean high-speed railway network.</p> ]]> An Optimization Approach to Railway Track Allocation Considering the Train-Set Routings bum hwan park doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-452-459 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 2017 1 3 Article 452 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-452-459 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-452-459 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-442-451 In strategic subway scheduling stage, the conflict sometimes comes from different requirements of the subway operator. This study aims to investigate the significant factors concerning strategic subway scheduling problem and to develop an automatic procedure of feasibility analysis in subway scheduling. To this end, accurate simulation of train movement (via a simulator, named HAMLET) is applied first by considering the line geography, train performances, actual speed restrictions, etc. The critical elements of subway scheduling and their correlations are then studied and a bound structure of the critical factors is established. The feasibility of primary plan requirements is analysed with the restrictions of the bound structure. Infeasible aspects and possible adjustments are shortly discussed. Finally, the subsequent applications including schedule generation and optimization according to various objectives are indicated as well. 04-29-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>In strategic subway scheduling stage, the conflict sometimes comes from different requirements of the subway operator. This study aims to investigate the significant factors concerning strategic subway scheduling problem and to develop an automatic procedure of feasibility analysis in subway scheduling. To this end, accurate simulation of train movement (via a simulator, named HAMLET) is applied first by considering the line geography, train performances, actual speed restrictions, etc. The critical elements of subway scheduling and their correlations are then studied and a bound structure of the critical factors is established. The feasibility of primary plan requirements is analysed with the restrictions of the bound structure. Infeasible aspects and possible adjustments are shortly discussed. Finally, the subsequent applications including schedule generation and optimization according to various objectives are indicated as well.</p> ]]> Feasibility Evaluation and Critical Factor Analysis for Subway Scheduling t. zhu j.m. mera e. castellote j. lópez doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-442-451 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 2017 1 3 Article 442 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-442-451 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-442-451 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-432-441 In railway lines where trains are running densely, a small increase of a dwell time causes a delay and the delay tends to expand and propagate to many other trains. One idea to avoid such delays is to increase dwell times of trains in timetables. Increase of dwell times, however, may cause an expansion of headways and we may have to decrease the frequency, which is never allowed in a congested railway line. In this article, we propose a procedure to get a timetable in which each train is given an enough amount of dwell time without reducing the frequency of trains. Our key idea is to find a train performance curve which minimizes the departure–arrival interval of trains and to make use of the generated time to increase the dwell times. In this process, we do not stick to an idea that travel times of trains have to be minimized. Following this procedure, we can increase the dwell times without reducing the frequency. We have applied our procedure to actual timetables and confirmed that our procedure works very well. 04-29-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>In railway lines where trains are running densely, a small increase of a dwell time causes a delay and the delay tends to expand and propagate to many other trains. One idea to avoid such delays is to increase dwell times of trains in timetables. Increase of dwell times, however, may cause an expansion of headways and we may have to decrease the frequency, which is never allowed in a congested railway line. In this article, we propose a procedure to get a timetable in which each train is given an enough amount of dwell time without reducing the frequency of trains. Our key idea is to find a train performance curve which minimizes the departure–arrival interval of trains and to make use of the generated time to increase the dwell times. In this process, we do not stick to an idea that travel times of trains have to be minimized. Following this procedure, we can increase the dwell times without reducing the frequency. We have applied our procedure to actual timetables and confirmed that our procedure works very well.</p> ]]> Increasing Robustness of Timetables by Deliberate Operation of Trains to Shorten Headways h. yabuki y. takatori m. koresawa n. tomii doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-432-441 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 2017 1 3 Article 432 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-432-441 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-432-441 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-421-431 The aim of this article is to study how selected variables influence delays in train traffic. Data has been collected on train movements, timetables, weather and capacity utilization on a highly utilized single-track railway line in southern Sweden during 2014. Based on this dataset, we have analysed how different factors affect delays in passenger traffic. We measure delays in a novel way, as deviations from the scheduled duration for each line section and station stop, not as deviations from a published or operational timetable, and this allows us to identify when and where the delays first occur. Average delays were much larger at station stops. The most significant factor affecting delays was the scheduled duration time at station stops and the existence of margins on line sections. If trains arrive to a line section or station stop slightly delayed they speed up the activity, otherwise they are typically delayed. The influence of weather was less significant and somewhat contradictory: snow and cold temperatures increase delays on line sections but reduce them at station stops, while precipitation made no difference. Capacity utilization seems to have a negative correlation with delays, but we have too little variation in the levels to be confident. All studied variables, except for precipitation, have impacts that are statistically significant to a very high degree of confidence, using both t-tests and regression analysis. The results of this study have important practical implications for timetable construction; for instance we estimate that a reallocation of scheduled time at stations could reduce delays by as much as 80%. 04-29-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>The aim of this article is to study how selected variables influence delays in train traffic. Data has been collected on train movements, timetables, weather and capacity utilization on a highly utilized single-track railway line in southern Sweden during 2014. Based on this dataset, we have analysed how different factors affect delays in passenger traffic. We measure delays in a novel way, as deviations from the scheduled duration for each line section and station stop, not as deviations from a published or operational timetable, and this allows us to identify when and where the delays first occur. Average delays were much larger at station stops. The most significant factor affecting delays was the scheduled duration time at station stops and the existence of margins on line sections. If trains arrive to a line section or station stop slightly delayed they speed up the activity, otherwise they are typically delayed. The influence of weather was less significant and somewhat contradictory: snow and cold temperatures increase delays on line sections but reduce them at station stops, while precipitation made no difference. Capacity utilization seems to have a negative correlation with delays, but we have too little variation in the levels to be confident. All studied variables, except for precipitation, have impacts that are statistically significant to a very high degree of confidence, using both t-tests and regression analysis. The results of this study have important practical implications for timetable construction; for instance we estimate that a reallocation of scheduled time at stations could reduce delays by as much as 80%.</p> ]]> Delays for Passenger Trains on a Regional Railway Line in Southern Sweden c.w. palmqvist n.o.e. olsson l. hiselius doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-421-431 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 2017 1 3 Article 421 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-421-431 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-421-431 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-414-420 Railway operation can be perceived as a complex system consisting of thousands of constituent elements, including demands for transportation and a variety of transportation resources, such as tracks, track blocks, stations, sidings, trains, crews, etc. Overall behaviour of a railway operation is characterized by unpredictable disruptive events such as changes in availability of resources due to failures, weather conditions or human errors. In addition transportation demands tend to change over time whilst changing transportation resources, such as tracks, is not always possible or practical. The key task of railway management is the allocation of transportation resources to transportation demands with a goal of achieving a complete match, ensuring a smooth operation. The difficulty of this task primarily depends on the variability of demand and reliability of resources, in particular, tracks, trains and human resources. The paper describes how to design complex adaptive railway schedulers, which allocate resources to demands in real time and ensure rapid rescheduling in reaction to unpredictable disruptive events. 04-29-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>Railway operation can be perceived as a complex system consisting of thousands of constituent elements, including demands for transportation and a variety of transportation resources, such as tracks, track blocks, stations, sidings, trains, crews, etc. Overall behaviour of a railway operation is characterized by unpredictable disruptive events such as changes in availability of resources due to failures, weather conditions or human errors. In addition transportation demands tend to change over time whilst changing transportation resources, such as tracks, is not always possible or practical. The key task of railway management is the allocation of transportation resources to transportation demands with a goal of achieving a complete match, ensuring a smooth operation. The difficulty of this task primarily depends on the variability of demand and reliability of resources, in particular, tracks, trains and human resources. The paper describes how to design complex adaptive railway schedulers, which allocate resources to demands in real time and ensure rapid rescheduling in reaction to unpredictable disruptive events.</p> ]]> Intelligent Adaptive Schedulers for Railways g. rzevski p. skobelev doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-414-420 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 2017 1 3 Article 414 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-414-420 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-414-420 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-403-413 Train rescheduling means a transient situation to correct a train diagram in a suspended state due to traffic accidents or disasters. Automatic (or half manual) rescheduling has been studied, and such previous research has shown promising results.In this paper, we describe a train timetable rescheduling method. In Japanese urban areas, some private companies operate on each other’s tracks. If vehicle types have limitations due to ground facilities or company rules, the vehicle has to be operated under these limitations even when running on a rescheduled timetable. Even if the ground facilities of different companies have uniform conditions, local and rapid trains must be operated in a distinct manner.Therefore, we suggest a rescheduling method. With this method, each vehicle type and its vehicle routes based on the track layout are registered, and rescheduling diagrams are composed with the route combinations.Important conditions to decide the combinations are vehicle location at the operation resumption time and the introduction of same-type vehicles at an originally unscheduled timing. We compare the traffic effects for some combinations of the latter situation where originally unscheduled same-type vehicles are introduced for rescheduling. The evaluation values are average headway time and its standard deviation at all stations on the timetable.We apply our rescheduling method to a theoretical line and timetable modelled on existing urban lines in Japan where trains go and come back on double tracks, and indicate the efficacy of our rescheduling method. 04-29-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>Train rescheduling means a transient situation to correct a train diagram in a suspended state due to traffic accidents or disasters. Automatic (or half manual) rescheduling has been studied, and such previous research has shown promising results.</p><p>In this paper, we describe a train timetable rescheduling method. In Japanese urban areas, some private companies operate on each other’s tracks. If vehicle types have limitations due to ground facilities or company rules, the vehicle has to be operated under these limitations even when running on a rescheduled timetable. Even if the ground facilities of different companies have uniform conditions, local and rapid trains must be operated in a distinct manner.</p><p>Therefore, we suggest a rescheduling method. With this method, each vehicle type and its vehicle routes based on the track layout are registered, and rescheduling diagrams are composed with the route combinations.</p><p>Important conditions to decide the combinations are vehicle location at the operation resumption time and the introduction of same-type vehicles at an originally unscheduled timing. We compare the traffic effects for some combinations of the latter situation where originally unscheduled same-type vehicles are introduced for rescheduling. The evaluation values are average headway time and its standard deviation at all stations on the timetable.</p><p>We apply our rescheduling method to a theoretical line and timetable modelled on existing urban lines in Japan where trains go and come back on double tracks, and indicate the efficacy of our rescheduling method.</p> ]]> Train Timetable Rescheduling Generation Based on Vehicle Type and Train Route Combinations t. katori t. izumi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-403-413 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 2017 1 3 Article 403 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-403-413 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-403-413 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-392-402 This article describes how to maximize the number of freight trains through global networks. Nowadays, the capacity of railway lines and also of railway nodes can be calculated by using analytic algorithms. Currently there is no generally accepted method to allocate the overall capacity of lines and nodes of such networks by using analytic algorithms. However, to maximize the number of train runs, the rail passenger service will be fixed on the scheduled train course so that the rail freight service can use the remaining capacity on a planned or re-routed train course. Existing or detected bottlenecks could be eliminated by means of sensible re-routing due to optimization, which will reveal the best train paths through the network. The article concludes with an illustrative computation for a generic railway sub-network to exhibit how the optimization is working. 04-29-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>This article describes how to maximize the number of freight trains through global networks. Nowadays, the capacity of railway lines and also of railway nodes can be calculated by using analytic algorithms. Currently there is no generally accepted method to allocate the overall capacity of lines and nodes of such networks by using analytic algorithms. However, to maximize the number of train runs, the rail passenger service will be fixed on the scheduled train course so that the rail freight service can use the remaining capacity on a planned or re-routed train course. Existing or detected bottlenecks could be eliminated by means of sensible re-routing due to optimization, which will reveal the best train paths through the network. The article concludes with an illustrative computation for a generic railway sub-network to exhibit how the optimization is working.</p> ]]> Maximizing Freight Traffic by Re-Routing c. meirich n. nießen doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-392-402 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 2017 1 3 Article 392 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-392-402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-392-402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-382-391 It is important for railway operators to make suitable timetables. On the assumption that passengers’ train paths are invariant even if the timetable changes, the timetables are determined according to the various statistical data under the current timetable. In planning the timetable, it is difficult to grasp the change of passengers’ paths due to timetable modifications because it is too complex. In this paper, we propose a framework of timetabling with due consideration of the path change and propose a practical timetabling system which can quickly estimate the congestion of each train by using passengers’ origin–destination (OD) data collected by automatic ticket checkers. With the system, timetable planners can interactively make and modify timetables by trial and error while confirming the congestion, and finally, they can reach the most preferable one. In order to realize such an interactive system, it is important to develop a fast estimation algorithm of train congestion. We developed a new shortest path search algorithm to determine which trains each passenger gets on. The algorithm devised based on the Dijkstra method has two features. First, the shortest path search from each node to all the destination stations in the composed graph network is executed only once. Second, overlapping the path searches are omitted using stored information of the shortest paths which have already been searched. By applying this algorithm, it took only about 10 s to estimate the train congestion under a timetable of the whole day on an urban commuter line. 04-29-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>It is important for railway operators to make suitable timetables. On the assumption that passengers’ train paths are invariant even if the timetable changes, the timetables are determined according to the various statistical data under the current timetable. In planning the timetable, it is difficult to grasp the change of passengers’ paths due to timetable modifications because it is too complex. In this paper, we propose a framework of timetabling with due consideration of the path change and propose a practical timetabling system which can quickly estimate the congestion of each train by using passengers’ origin–destination (OD) data collected by automatic ticket checkers. With the system, timetable planners can interactively make and modify timetables by trial and error while confirming the congestion, and finally, they can reach the most preferable one. In order to realize such an interactive system, it is important to develop a fast estimation algorithm of train congestion. We developed a new shortest path search algorithm to determine which trains each passenger gets on. The algorithm devised based on the Dijkstra method has two features. First, the shortest path search from each node to all the destination stations in the composed graph network is executed only once. Second, overlapping the path searches are omitted using stored information of the shortest paths which have already been searched. By applying this algorithm, it took only about 10 s to estimate the train congestion under a timetable of the whole day on an urban commuter line.</p> ]]> Interactive Timetabling System with Function of Estimating Train Congestion on Timetable Planned daisuke tatsui taketoshi kunimatsu takashi sakaguchi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-382-391 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 04-29-2017 2017 1 3 Article 382 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-382-391 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-382-391 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-371-381 A new era of automation in rail has begun offering developments in the operation and maintenance of industry standard systems. This article documents the development of an architecture and range of scenarios for an autonomous system for rail maintenance planning and scheduling. The Unified Modelling Language (UML) has been utilized to visualize and validate the design of the prototype. A model for information exchange between prototype components and related maintenance planning systems is proposed in this article. Putting forward an architecture and set of usage mode scenarios for the proposed system, this article outlines and validates a viable platform for autonomous planning and scheduling in rail. <![CDATA[ <p>A new era of automation in rail has begun offering developments in the operation and maintenance of industry standard systems. This article documents the development of an architecture and range of scenarios for an autonomous system for rail maintenance planning and scheduling. The Unified Modelling Language (UML) has been utilized to visualize and validate the design of the prototype. A model for information exchange between prototype components and related maintenance planning systems is proposed in this article. Putting forward an architecture and set of usage mode scenarios for the proposed system, this article outlines and validates a viable platform for autonomous planning and scheduling in rail.</p> ]]> A Software Architecture for Autonomous Maintenance Scheduling: Scenarios for UK and European Rail chris turner prithyukshaa thoppur ravi ashutosh tiwari andrew starr kevin blacktop doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-371-381 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 371 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-371-381 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-371-381 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-359-370 In Japan, seating plans of reserved/non-reserved seats in intercity express trains do not necessarily correspond to passenger demands which may vary depending on many factors such as calendar days and operating sections. This mismatch possibly causes passengers’ inconvenience due to passenger congestions on board, and railway operators can lose revenue. Optimizing seating plans is expected to be an effective solution for these problems, where predicting both potential passenger demands and reflections to the potential demand caused by the passenger congestions is necessary. For establishing the prediction methods, we conducted some demand analyses and some questionnaire surveys. according to these results, we establish demand estimation models of reserved/non-reserved seats which can consider potential demands and behaviour changes if the passengers face congestion. We developed a prototype of seating plans optimization system applying these models, simulation of passengers’ behaviour and genetic algorithm. This paper describes these models, the optimization system and the result of applying this system to some existing intercity express trains as a case study. We got the optimized seating plan which is expected to improve both of the passengers’ convenience and the railway operators’ revenue. <![CDATA[ <p>In Japan, seating plans of reserved/non-reserved seats in intercity express trains do not necessarily correspond to passenger demands which may vary depending on many factors such as calendar days and operating sections. This mismatch possibly causes passengers’ inconvenience due to passenger congestions on board, and railway operators can lose revenue. Optimizing seating plans is expected to be an effective solution for these problems, where predicting both potential passenger demands and reflections to the potential demand caused by the passenger congestions is necessary. For establishing the prediction methods, we conducted some demand analyses and some questionnaire surveys. according to these results, we establish demand estimation models of reserved/non-reserved seats which can consider potential demands and behaviour changes if the passengers face congestion. We developed a prototype of seating plans optimization system applying these models, simulation of passengers’ behaviour and genetic algorithm. This paper describes these models, the optimization system and the result of applying this system to some existing intercity express trains as a case study. We got the optimized seating plan which is expected to improve both of the passengers’ convenience and the railway operators’ revenue.</p> ]]> Optimization System of Reserved/Non-Reserved Seating plans for Improving Convenience and Revenue of Intercity Express Trains s. nakagawa m. shibata n. fukasawa doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-359-370 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 359 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-359-370 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-359-370 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-348-358 The costly construction and operation of urban rail transit have become escalating problems for cities worldwide, especially in developing countries. Reliable measures of residential property appreciation for urban rail transit can provide suggestions for policy-making of value capture to fund transit improvements. Using GIS techniques and residential property price data, the relationships between accessibility improvement value and residential property appreciation are analysed in Shanghai. The impacts of urban rail transit on residential property values are classified into traffic effect and agglomeration effect, both of which are measured by the accessibility improvement model. The results indicate that the goodness-of-fit of the model is greater than 93%. Traffic benefit is greater than agglomeration benefit in the suburb, which is completely different in the city centre. furthermore, the residential property appreciation is about 5 times the accessibility improvement value per year. This study contributes to the evidence of capitalization impacts of public transit from a booming and transitional economy and provides suggestions for land use planning of areas surrounding stations. <![CDATA[ <p>The costly construction and operation of urban rail transit have become escalating problems for cities worldwide, especially in developing countries. Reliable measures of residential property appreciation for urban rail transit can provide suggestions for policy-making of value capture to fund transit improvements. Using GIS techniques and residential property price data, the relationships between accessibility improvement value and residential property appreciation are analysed in Shanghai. The impacts of urban rail transit on residential property values are classified into traffic effect and agglomeration effect, both of which are measured by the accessibility improvement model. The results indicate that the goodness-of-fit of the model is greater than 93%. Traffic benefit is greater than agglomeration benefit in the suburb, which is completely different in the city centre. furthermore, the residential property appreciation is about 5 times the accessibility improvement value per year. This study contributes to the evidence of capitalization impacts of public transit from a booming and transitional economy and provides suggestions for land use planning of areas surrounding stations.</p> ]]> Relationship Between Accessibility Improvement and Residential Property Appreciation: An Observation From Shanghai Metro q. wu x. ye doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-348-358 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 348 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-348-358 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-348-358 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-339-347 The choice of university studies is one of the main socio-economic categories that is affected by the quality of public transport services and in particular rail transport. This category is characterized to cover medium to long distances to reach, every day, the place of study. for this reason, among the urban sustainable policies, the mobility choices of the university students have long been analysed in literature. The aim of this paper was to estimate the effect of railway accessibility on the choice of university studies.The university of Naples federico II (Italy) is taken as the case study. In the spring of 2014, using the database obtained from the registry office of the university the following were investigated:– the origin of the daily trips (residential address);– the trip frequency and the departure/arriving time;– the modes or sequence of modes used;– the perceived public transport quality (e.g. travel time, comfort).To evaluate the catchment area of the university and for analysing what attributes influence the choice of university studies (in particular the ‘weight’ of a specific railway accessibility), a regression model was used. among the model attributes educational course variables, home–university distance and a constant-specific attribute were also considered.The result of the study shows the surprising role of railway accessibility in the choice of university studies; to travel from a station within 900 m from home is equivalent (in terms of perceived utility) to travel every day a distance greater than 28 km to reach the university. <![CDATA[ <p>The choice of university studies is one of the main socio-economic categories that is affected by the quality of public transport services and in particular rail transport. This category is characterized to cover medium to long distances to reach, every day, the place of study. for this reason, among the urban sustainable policies, the mobility choices of the university students have long been analysed in literature. The aim of this paper was to estimate the effect of railway accessibility on the choice of university studies.</p><p>The university of Naples federico II (Italy) is taken as the case study. In the spring of 2014, using the database obtained from the registry office of the university the following were investigated:</p><p>– the origin of the daily trips (residential address);</p><p>– the trip frequency and the departure/arriving time;</p><p>– the modes or sequence of modes used;</p><p>– the perceived public transport quality (e.g. travel time, comfort).</p><p>To evaluate the catchment area of the university and for analysing what attributes influence the choice of university studies (in particular the ‘weight’ of a specific railway accessibility), a regression model was used. among the model attributes educational course variables, home–university distance and a constant-specific attribute were also considered.</p><p>The result of the study shows the surprising role of railway accessibility in the choice of university studies; to travel from a station within 900 m from home is equivalent (in terms of perceived utility) to travel every day a distance greater than 28 km to reach the university.</p> ]]> The Effect of Railway Accessibility on the Choice of University Studies i. henke doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-339-347 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 339 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-339-347 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-339-347 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-329-338 Promoting rail systems can represent a useful policy for rebalancing modal choices and reducing private car use, especially in high-density contexts. Obviously, an increase in passenger numbers is only possible if generalized costs (i.e. a weighted sum of times and monetary costs) associated to public transport are abated. According to the recent literature and current professional practice, most strategies for achieving this objective are based only on infrastructural interventions which may be unfeasible or inadequate in densely populated contexts. Likewise, the adoption of policies based on replacing existing fleets or reducing fare levels entails increases in national or regional subsidies, which would be difficult to achieve in the current economic climate. Hence, our proposal is based on investigating effects on travel demand arising from the replacement or upgrading of existing signalling systems (both in terms of trackside and on-board equipment). Indeed, the recent European Union policy to create a single transnational interoperable rail network imposes the development of innovative signalling systems. In this context, since cost–benefit analysis has to be implemented to verify the economic and environmental feasibility of the proposed intervention strategy, an appropriate method should be developed to estimate passenger flows according to future configurations. In this article, we propose a method to determine travel demand in current and future contexts by appropriately processing data from Italy’s national census on mobility, population growth forecasts and turnstile counts. The proposed approach is applied to the regional Naples–Sorrento rail line serving the metropolitan area of Naples in southern Italy in order to show its feasibility. <![CDATA[ <p>Promoting rail systems can represent a useful policy for rebalancing modal choices and reducing private car use, especially in high-density contexts. Obviously, an increase in passenger numbers is only possible if generalized costs (i.e. a weighted sum of times and monetary costs) associated to public transport are abated. According to the recent literature and current professional practice, most strategies for achieving this objective are based only on infrastructural interventions which may be unfeasible or inadequate in densely populated contexts. Likewise, the adoption of policies based on replacing existing fleets or reducing fare levels entails increases in national or regional subsidies, which would be difficult to achieve in the current economic climate. Hence, our proposal is based on investigating effects on travel demand arising from the replacement or upgrading of existing signalling systems (both in terms of trackside and on-board equipment). Indeed, the recent European Union policy to create a single transnational interoperable rail network imposes the development of innovative signalling systems. In this context, since cost–benefit analysis has to be implemented to verify the economic and environmental feasibility of the proposed intervention strategy, an appropriate method should be developed to estimate passenger flows according to future configurations. In this article, we propose a method to determine travel demand in current and future contexts by appropriately processing data from Italy’s national census on mobility, population growth forecasts and turnstile counts. The proposed approach is applied to the regional Naples–Sorrento rail line serving the metropolitan area of Naples in southern Italy in order to show its feasibility.</p> ]]> A Long-Term Analysis of Passenger Flows on a Regional Rail Line c. caropreso c. di salvo m. botte l. d’acierto doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-329-338 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 329 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-329-338 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-329-338 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-318-328 Over the last twenty years, the railways in Britain have seen rapid growth, with patronage doubling and the level of train service increasing by 50%. However, these successes have also led to challenges. In particular real unit costs are estimated to have increased by 50%, with particularly marked increases in infrastructure renewal and enhancement costs. Against this background, the University of Southampton have been leading the Track 21 and Track to the Future projects, funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. These projects are assessing how to make ballasted track systems more durable given higher traffic levels and how to reduce the costs of maintenance and renewal. Track 21 considered a number of engineering interventions of which this paper focusses on one, under sleeper pads (USPs). The cost implications of this intervention are assessed for the South West Main Line using an industry-specific model, VTISM (vehicle track interaction strategic model), adapted in two ways. First, the results of laboratory experiments from specialist test rigs are incorporated into the model. Secondly, the wider effects of increased reliability, improved ride quality and reduced vibration are also considered within a cost-benefit analysis framework. It is found that USPs can lead to substantial financial savings and, depending on assumptions concerning noise impacts, are likely to have substantial wider social benefits. <![CDATA[ <p>Over the last twenty years, the railways in Britain have seen rapid growth, with patronage doubling and the level of train service increasing by 50%. However, these successes have also led to challenges. In particular real unit costs are estimated to have increased by 50%, with particularly marked increases in infrastructure renewal and enhancement costs. Against this background, the University of Southampton have been leading the Track 21 and Track to the Future projects, funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. These projects are assessing how to make ballasted track systems more durable given higher traffic levels and how to reduce the costs of maintenance and renewal. Track 21 considered a number of engineering interventions of which this paper focusses on one, under sleeper pads (USPs). The cost implications of this intervention are assessed for the South West Main Line using an industry-specific model, VTISM (vehicle track interaction strategic model), adapted in two ways. First, the results of laboratory experiments from specialist test rigs are incorporated into the model. Secondly, the wider effects of increased reliability, improved ride quality and reduced vibration are also considered within a cost-benefit analysis framework. It is found that USPs can lead to substantial financial savings and, depending on assumptions concerning noise impacts, are likely to have substantial wider social benefits.</p> ]]> Reducing Maintenance Costs for Ballasted Track: Evidence From Britain alejandro ortega simon blainey john preston doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-318-328 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 318 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-318-328 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-318-328 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-307-317 The article explores the problem of train rescheduling based on the actual situation. The proposed stochastic model uses specific distributions of operating times which are dependent on the current traffic conditions. The arrival time distribution is considered as a result of adjusting the train trajectory by speed control. The results of modelled arrival distributions correspond well with the experimental data received at the russian railways. The proposed model is used for prevention of sequence-of-trains conflicts and violations of connections. The basis of deviation prediction is two-train model of mesa-level which uses actual features of scattering of the operation times both at sites and at stations. The article also proposed a new measure of arrival delay which considers the share of satisfied passengers. <![CDATA[ <p>The article explores the problem of train rescheduling based on the actual situation. The proposed stochastic model uses specific distributions of operating times which are dependent on the current traffic conditions. The arrival time distribution is considered as a result of adjusting the train trajectory by speed control. The results of modelled arrival distributions correspond well with the experimental data received at the russian railways. The proposed model is used for prevention of sequence-of-trains conflicts and violations of connections. The basis of deviation prediction is two-train model of mesa-level which uses actual features of scattering of the operation times both at sites and at stations. The article also proposed a new measure of arrival delay which considers the share of satisfied passengers.</p> ]]> Stochastic Model for the Real-Time Train Rescheduling b. davydov v. chebotarev k. kablukova doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-307-317 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 3 Article 307 10.2495/TDI-V1-N3-307-317 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_3/TDI-V1-N3-307-317 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-290-300 Monitoring railway-induced ground vibrations represents a fundamental step in assessing the environmental impact of train passage on buildings and surrounding receptors. For this purpose, accurate measurements of seismic waves are often required. Nevertheless, depending on soil structure, its characteristics or surface, the placement of transducer may affect the shape and phase of the seismic wave determining signal distortion and finally affecting the measurement itself. In particular, the most critical aspect of the sampling phase is represented by the coupling between the seismic transducer and the soil. Slipping or friction of the transducer may generate unacceptable results. For this purpose, different methods of coupling were tested in different conditions with regard to high speed train passages near a location in Rome. To start the test, some steel spikes of different shapes and lengths were tested in order to investigate their response to ground characteristics, surface and resonance frequency. The sampling campaign was carried out by fastening the transducers on the spikes fixed vertically in the soil at a certain distance from the railway track. Sampled data consisting of each passage in Peak Particle Velocity and acceleration were compared with those obtained by coupling transducers as defined in UNI 9916 norms. According to this norm, sensors are buried into the soil at a fixed depth depending on their dimensions. The final part of the sampling is aimed at comparing the sets of obtained values. This analysis is focused on the identification of those parameters to be taken into account in order to select the best coupling method for different conditions. <![CDATA[ <p>Monitoring railway-induced ground vibrations represents a fundamental step in assessing the environmental impact of train passage on buildings and surrounding receptors. For this purpose, accurate measurements of seismic waves are often required. Nevertheless, depending on soil structure, its characteristics or surface, the placement of transducer may affect the shape and phase of the seismic wave determining signal distortion and finally affecting the measurement itself. In particular, the most critical aspect of the sampling phase is represented by the coupling between the seismic transducer and the soil. Slipping or friction of the transducer may generate unacceptable results. For this purpose, different methods of coupling were tested in different conditions with regard to high speed train passages near a location in Rome. To start the test, some steel spikes of different shapes and lengths were tested in order to investigate their response to ground characteristics, surface and resonance frequency. The sampling campaign was carried out by fastening the transducers on the spikes fixed vertically in the soil at a certain distance from the railway track. Sampled data consisting of each passage in Peak Particle Velocity and acceleration were compared with those obtained by coupling transducers as defined in UNI 9916 norms. According to this norm, sensors are buried into the soil at a fixed depth depending on their dimensions. The final part of the sampling is aimed at comparing the sets of obtained values. This analysis is focused on the identification of those parameters to be taken into account in order to select the best coupling method for different conditions.</p> ]]> Analysis of Ground-Transducer Coupling in Monitoring Vibration from Railways: A Case Study g. alfaro degan g. coltrinari d. lippiello doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-290-300 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 2 Article 290 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-290-300 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-290-300 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-277-289 The National Land Transport Strategic Framework (NLTSF) (2006) in South Africa was reviewed in 2015 in order to address current transportation issues after 21 years in a democratic society. This process was preceded by the publication of the National Development Plan (NDP) (2012) setting new development focuses and more specifically related to development of transportation systems, infrastructure goals and objectives influencing the movement of people, goods and services. The NDP holds specific implications for the implementation of planning instruments such as the NLTSF, the National Transport Master Plan (NATMAP) and the recently published Integrated Urban Development Framework (IUDF) (2014). If the content of these documents is evaluated, it is clear that it mainly consists of development principles that are uncoordinated and disjointed in terms of transportation development. This holds implications for transportation planning and development in terms of system development, priorities and projects. It focuses spatially on what should be done nationally with restricted intelligence on where it should take place and how development priorities should be determined. Transportation plans and development without supporting decision-making systems remain the goals and objectives of this study. This article will assess the use and application of decision-making tools through transportation modelling methodologies and practices. It will include the design of a framework to address challenges related to transportation planning through modelling techniques. It will inform decision making in enhancing transportation system and infrastructure development and enable interface management between transportation instruments. <![CDATA[ <p>The National Land Transport Strategic Framework (NLTSF) (2006) in South Africa was reviewed in 2015 in order to address current transportation issues after 21 years in a democratic society. This process was preceded by the publication of the National Development Plan (NDP) (2012) setting new development focuses and more specifically related to development of transportation systems, infrastructure goals and objectives influencing the movement of people, goods and services. The NDP holds specific implications for the implementation of planning instruments such as the NLTSF, the National Transport Master Plan (NATMAP) and the recently published Integrated Urban Development Framework (IUDF) (2014). If the content of these documents is evaluated, it is clear that it mainly consists of development principles that are uncoordinated and disjointed in terms of transportation development. This holds implications for transportation planning and development in terms of system development, priorities and projects. It focuses spatially on what should be done nationally with restricted intelligence on where it should take place and how development priorities should be determined. Transportation plans and development without supporting decision-making systems remain the goals and objectives of this study. This article will assess the use and application of decision-making tools through transportation modelling methodologies and practices. It will include the design of a framework to address challenges related to transportation planning through modelling techniques. It will inform decision making in enhancing transportation system and infrastructure development and enable interface management between transportation instruments.</p> ]]> The National Land Transport Strategic Framework for South Africa (2015) and Related Transportation Instruments: The Application of Transportation Modelling for Improved Decision Making? ilse schoeman doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-277-289 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 2 Article 277 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-277-289 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-277-289 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-267-276 Recent handsets with touchscreens, as well as more advanced features including multimedia and mobile applications (apps), cause increased cognitive distraction and reduced situation awareness to a greater degree. Recently concerns have been raised about how texting, app use and listening to music affect pedestrian safety. The current research attempts to investigate the effects of phone use (talking, texting and listening to music) on the street-crossing behaviours of pedestrians. A controlled field study using video cameras was conducted. In the study, pedestrian crossing behaviours (e.g. crossing time, sudden stops, looking both ways before crossing, disobeying traffic signals) were recorded/observed. Pedestrians were classified into two groups: experimental group (talking, texting, listening to music) and control group (no phone use). Pedestrians’ inattentional blindness was also examined by evaluating whether they saw an unusual object (i.e. a clown) nearby. The personal attributes and handset characteristics (e.g. unlimited Internet access, screen size and smartphone) were used as independent variables. The results indicate that the proportions of unsafe crossing behaviours (e.g. sudden stops, disobeying traffic signals, not looking both ways before crossing) were higher among distracted individuals and more pronounced among those using instant-messaging apps. These instant-message app users were the least likely to see the clown, and music listeners were the least likely to hear the horn that the clown will be honking. Contributing factors to unsafe behaviours include being a student, having a phone screen of 5 inches or larger and having unlimited third-generation Internet access. <![CDATA[ <p>Recent handsets with touchscreens, as well as more advanced features including multimedia and mobile applications (apps), cause increased cognitive distraction and reduced situation awareness to a greater degree. Recently concerns have been raised about how texting, app use and listening to music affect pedestrian safety. The current research attempts to investigate the effects of phone use (talking, texting and listening to music) on the street-crossing behaviours of pedestrians. A controlled field study using video cameras was conducted. In the study, pedestrian crossing behaviours (e.g. crossing time, sudden stops, looking both ways before crossing, disobeying traffic signals) were recorded/observed. Pedestrians were classified into two groups: experimental group (talking, texting, listening to music) and control group (no phone use). Pedestrians’ inattentional blindness was also examined by evaluating whether they saw an unusual object (i.e. a clown) nearby. The personal attributes and handset characteristics (e.g. unlimited Internet access, screen size and smartphone) were used as independent variables. The results indicate that the proportions of unsafe crossing behaviours (e.g. sudden stops, disobeying traffic signals, not looking both ways before crossing) were higher among distracted individuals and more pronounced among those using instant-messaging apps. These instant-message app users were the least likely to see the clown, and music listeners were the least likely to hear the horn that the clown will be honking. Contributing factors to unsafe behaviours include being a student, having a phone screen of 5 inches or larger and having unlimited third-generation Internet access.</p> ]]> Texting and Walking: A Controlled Field Study of Crossing Behaviours and Inattentional Blindness in Taiwan c. w. pai doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-267-276 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 2 Article 267 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-267-276 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-267-276 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-256-266 Crash records for a sample of signalized intersections have been analysed to assess the effect of surface treatment. Analysis of crash data (all types and severity levels) for 3–5 years before and after resurfacing year showed a reduction in rate. Effectiveness of treatment in achieving statistically significant reduction in crashes was confirmed by Empirical Bayes (EB) approach. Overall trends of crash frequency before and after treatment against surface condition in terms of roughness, rut depth and skid resistance were also investigated. The results showed that the trend of crash rate correlates positively with roughness and negatively with skid resistance and rut depth. This trend was true for both before and after crash data. Time of day and moisture condition of the surface proved to strongly influence crash frequency with wet surface during night-time being associated with lower frequency than dry surface at daytime. <![CDATA[ <p>Crash records for a sample of signalized intersections have been analysed to assess the effect of surface treatment. Analysis of crash data (all types and severity levels) for 3–5 years before and after resurfacing year showed a reduction in rate. Effectiveness of treatment in achieving statistically significant reduction in crashes was confirmed by Empirical Bayes (EB) approach. Overall trends of crash frequency before and after treatment against surface condition in terms of roughness, rut depth and skid resistance were also investigated. The results showed that the trend of crash rate correlates positively with roughness and negatively with skid resistance and rut depth. This trend was true for both before and after crash data. Time of day and moisture condition of the surface proved to strongly influence crash frequency with wet surface during night-time being associated with lower frequency than dry surface at daytime.</p> ]]> An Assessment of Safety at Signalized Intersections Post Resurfacing n. hussein r. hassan swinburne doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-256-266 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 2 Article 256 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-256-266 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-256-266 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-245-255 Public bike systems have grown in popularity and are expanding rapidly across cities worldwide. Such systems provide access to pickup and drop-off public bikes at numerous bike stations for free or for an affordable fee and aim at increasing bike use and extending the accessibility of traditional public transport systems. A variety of studies have examined the characteristics of bike-sharing systems, mostly in American and European cities and with a focus on user demographics. The objective of this study is to investigate the general characteristics of system usage, in terms of system efficiency, trip characteristics and bike activity patterns, for Zhongshan’s public bike system during a five-month period. The findingsshow that the system is not very efficient based on usage metrics which are low compared to successful systems in other countries. Demand is relatively high in city centre zones due to high population and activity density. However, there is no clear direction of inbound or outbound trips in rush hours. This may be attributed not only to mixed land use patterns throughout the city, but also to the fact that most trips are local trips over short distance. This could indicate that public bike trips are mainly substitute for walking trips rather than for car or PT trips. On the outskirts, demand and system efficiency are low, indicating that location allocation of stations needs adjustment. In the conclusions, we discuss how these findings can be used for improving the system. <![CDATA[ <p>Public bike systems have grown in popularity and are expanding rapidly across cities worldwide. Such systems provide access to pickup and drop-off public bikes at numerous bike stations for free or for an affordable fee and aim at increasing bike use and extending the accessibility of traditional public transport systems. A variety of studies have examined the characteristics of bike-sharing systems, mostly in American and European cities and with a focus on user demographics. The objective of this study is to investigate the general characteristics of system usage, in terms of system efficiency, trip characteristics and bike activity patterns, for Zhongshan’s public bike system during a five-month period. The findings</p><p>show that the system is not very efficient based on usage metrics which are low compared to successful systems in other countries. Demand is relatively high in city centre zones due to high population and activity density. However, there is no clear direction of inbound or outbound trips in rush hours. This may be attributed not only to mixed land use patterns throughout the city, but also to the fact that most trips are local trips over short distance. This could indicate that public bike trips are mainly substitute for walking trips rather than for car or PT trips. On the outskirts, demand and system efficiency are low, indicating that location allocation of stations needs adjustment. In the conclusions, we discuss how these findings can be used for improving the system.</p> ]]> The Characteristics of Bike-Sharing Usage: Case Study in Zhongshan, China y. zhang t. thomas m.j.g. brussel m.f.a.m. van maarseveen doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-245-255 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 2 Article 245 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-245-255 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-245-255 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-235-244 The users of powered two-wheeler (PTW) are facing everywhere in the world a road risk significantly higher than car users, especially in towns. This is particularly the case in France, where the risk of death per kilometre travelled for two-wheeler rider is over 20 times that of motorists. This risk is linked to the intrinsic vulnerability of these road users due to a lack of protection by a coachwork, but it also highlights some accidents configurations that deserve to be analysed in depth to understand their mechanisms and factors, and to set countermeasures. The present paper is based on the results of a previous comparative analysis of accidents involving PTWs occurred in urban and extra-urban areas, to understand in more detail the specific problems generated by urban traffic situations. It aims to deepen the question of the interactions that take place between the driving failures of the protagonists (notably PTW riders and car drivers) involved in urban accidents. 565 accident cases of this type are examined in more detail. The study of these accidents shows a strong interaction between the anticipation failure by the rider and a perception failure by the car driver. The process of this interaction consists in the car drivers being surprised by the presence and/or an unexpected behaviour of the PTW driver; and in return the manoeuvre undertaken by the car driver misleads the expectations of the PTW driver who was sure to have been seen. Solutions to this critical malfunction scenario are thought to be found in training and communication of different road user, and in an urban road network that offers greater visibility and predictability of behaviour. <![CDATA[ <p>The users of powered two-wheeler (PTW) are facing everywhere in the world a road risk significantly higher than car users, especially in towns. This is particularly the case in France, where the risk of death per kilometre travelled for two-wheeler rider is over 20 times that of motorists. This risk is linked to the intrinsic vulnerability of these road users due to a lack of protection by a coachwork, but it also highlights some accidents configurations that deserve to be analysed in depth to understand their mechanisms and factors, and to set countermeasures. The present paper is based on the results of a previous comparative analysis of accidents involving PTWs occurred in urban and extra-urban areas, to understand in more detail the specific problems generated by urban traffic situations. It aims to deepen the question of the interactions that take place between the driving failures of the protagonists (notably PTW riders and car drivers) involved in urban accidents. 565 accident cases of this type are examined in more detail. The study of these accidents shows a strong interaction between the anticipation failure by the rider and a perception failure by the car driver. The process of this interaction consists in the car drivers being surprised by the presence and/or an unexpected behaviour of the PTW driver; and in return the manoeuvre undertaken by the car driver misleads the expectations of the PTW driver who was sure to have been seen. Solutions to this critical malfunction scenario are thought to be found in training and communication of different road user, and in an urban road network that offers greater visibility and predictability of behaviour.</p> ]]> Failures of Interaction Between Powered Two-Wheeler Riders and Car Drivers in Urban Accidents p. van elslande j.-y. fournier doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-235-244 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2017 1 2 Article 235 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-235-244 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-235-244 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-225-234 Cheap, fast, comfortable and environmental-friendly – people travelling inter- or multimodal can utilize the advantages of different transport modes by selecting or combining those which best meet their specific requirements in terms of trip purposes or travel patterns. However, there are barriers to inter- or multimodal travel behaviour. Mobility cards such as the WienMobil card might be the solution to break some of them. They enable to use several mobility services and modes of transport. The WienMobil card was introduced in spring 2015 and combines an annual PT ticket and access to both – a bike- and carsharing scheme. Additionally cardholders can use it to pay for taxi rides as well as get discounts for certain services like using the airport express train, for charging electric vehicles and for using urban car park facilities. The impacts of the WienMobil card are currently analysed in the project Guide2Wear using a pre-post-control-group approach. It includes a Web survey and two GPS-tracking periods, each covering an entire week. This article describes the first users of the WienMobil card, the so-called lead users with regard to socio-demographics, their mobility behaviour as well as their mobility-related expectations and requirements. The control group consists of annual PT ticket owners. The lead users are younger, more often male and have an above-average education level. Their mobility behaviour can be marked as more multimodal already before they used the WienMobil card. However, differences are even more pronounced in terms of perceived and real mobility behaviour. Considering attitudes towards public transport, there are no clear group differences. 01-30-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>Cheap, fast, comfortable and environmental-friendly – people travelling inter- or multimodal can utilize the advantages of different transport modes by selecting or combining those which best meet their specific requirements in terms of trip purposes or travel patterns. However, there are barriers to inter- or multimodal travel behaviour. Mobility cards such as the WienMobil card might be the solution to break some of them. They enable to use several mobility services and modes of transport. The WienMobil card was introduced in spring 2015 and combines an annual PT ticket and access to both – a bike- and carsharing scheme. Additionally cardholders can use it to pay for taxi rides as well as get discounts for certain services like using the airport express train, for charging electric vehicles and for using urban car park facilities. The impacts of the WienMobil card are currently analysed in the project Guide2Wear using a pre-post-control-group approach. It includes a Web survey and two GPS-tracking periods, each covering an entire week. This article describes the first users of the WienMobil card, the so-called lead users with regard to socio-demographics, their mobility behaviour as well as their mobility-related expectations and requirements. The control group consists of annual PT ticket owners. The lead users are younger, more often male and have an above-average education level. Their mobility behaviour can be marked as more multimodal already before they used the WienMobil card. However, differences are even more pronounced in terms of perceived and real mobility behaviour. Considering attitudes towards public transport, there are no clear group differences.</p> ]]> Who Uses a Mobility Card? A Case Study on the WienMobil Card c. link a. heinemann r. gerike h. jonuschat m. maryschka doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-225-234 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 2017 1 2 Article 225 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-225-234 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-225-234 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-212-224 The growth in container volumes over the last decades means an increase in container handling at terminals around the world. Notwithstanding the economic benefits, container handling causes additional pressure on the surrounding infrastructure and the environment. This is happening precisely at a time when environmental issues, in particular CO2 emissions, are the main concern of the energy and climate change debate. Although not specialized in the field of energy consumption, many policymakers and managers need to make decisions about reducing CO2 emission. This paper provides a six-step approach to make energy consumption (and hence CO2 emissions) easily transparent. The approach is illustrated using the energy consumption of yard lighting. It can be concluded that our first attempt to understand the energy consumption of yard lightning gives promising results that can contribute to an improved benchmark for the CEN EN 16258 standard. 01-30-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>The growth in container volumes over the last decades means an increase in container handling at terminals around the world. Notwithstanding the economic benefits, container handling causes additional pressure on the surrounding infrastructure and the environment. This is happening precisely at a time when environmental issues, in particular CO2 emissions, are the main concern of the energy and climate change debate. Although not specialized in the field of energy consumption, many policymakers and managers need to make decisions about reducing CO2 emission. This paper provides a six-step approach to make energy consumption (and hence CO2 emissions) easily transparent. The approach is illustrated using the energy consumption of yard lighting. It can be concluded that our first attempt to understand the energy consumption of yard lightning gives promising results that can contribute to an improved benchmark for the CEN EN 16258 standard.</p> ]]> Towards a Method for Benchmarking Energy Consumption at Terminals: In Search of Performance Improvement in Yard Lighting j.h.r. van duin h. geerlings j. froese r.r. negenborn doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-212-224 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 2017 1 2 Article 212 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-212-224 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-212-224 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-203-211 Real-world testing of a set of modern vehicles show that most petrols meet their Euro standards fornitrous oxides (NOx), while most diesel vehicles exceed them. However, that some diesel vehicles met their Euro standards implies exceedances are not peculiar to the fuel. Likewise, the compliance of the tested petrol vehicles with the standard does not mean all petrol vehicles do. Engine maps were synthesized which reproduced trip level emissions to within 10% of that gathered under real-world driving conditions. Average velocity alone, such as what is used in COPERT, is a poor predictor of emissions. Stepwise linear models showed NOx emissions could be predicted accurately by incorporating other metrics, such as maximum deceleration and the variance of velocity over the driving cycle. The models were validated on three driving cycles where all vehicles met their Euro standards, save Euro 6 diesel vehicles on the US highway cycle. COPERT overestimated NOx from all vehicles. More work is required to combine driving cycle metrics with vehicle characteristics, such as mass and peak engine torque, to identify the conditions under which vehicles exceed their Euro limits. 01-30-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>Real-world testing of a set of modern vehicles show that most petrols meet their Euro standards fornitrous oxides (NOx), while most diesel vehicles exceed them. However, that some diesel vehicles met their Euro standards implies exceedances are not peculiar to the fuel. Likewise, the compliance of the tested petrol vehicles with the standard does not mean all petrol vehicles do. Engine maps were synthesized which reproduced trip level emissions to within 10% of that gathered under real-world driving conditions. Average velocity alone, such as what is used in COPERT, is a poor predictor of emissions. Stepwise linear models showed NOx emissions could be predicted accurately by incorporating other metrics, such as maximum deceleration and the variance of velocity over the driving cycle. The models were validated on three driving cycles where all vehicles met their Euro standards, save Euro 6 diesel vehicles on the US highway cycle. COPERT overestimated NOx from all vehicles. More work is required to combine driving cycle metrics with vehicle characteristics, such as mass and peak engine torque, to identify the conditions under which vehicles exceed their Euro limits.</p> ]]> Real-World Environmental Impacts from Modern Passenger Vehicles Operating in Urban Settings j.d.k. bishop n. molden a.m. boies doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-203-211 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 2017 1 2 Article 203 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-203-211 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-203-211 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-194-202 In the literature by spatial accessibility it is meant a measure of spatial equity represented by the ease of travelling from an origin to a destination with a given transport mode. Recent investments in highspeed rail (HSR) systems have brought an increase in accessibility as well as equity issues, which will be discussed in this contribution.Indeed equity impacts, due to the extension of the HSR network in Italy, are here evaluated through the results of a joint revealed preference/stated preference (RP/SP) survey. In the first part of the questionnaire submitted to Italian travellers, i.e. the RP exercise, socio-economic data about the users together with information concerning their trip have been collected. In the second part of the questionnaire, the SP exercise has been employed. Specifically, nine hypothetical scenarios have been submitted to respondents with the objective of understanding what was the transport mode chosen, within a given context, and to see whether HSR was the preferred alternative (or it was an element of spatial exclusion).The main policy implications of this study are that investors in HS should take into account not only the economic benefits brought by them, but also the spatial imbalance brought by these systems. 01-30-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>In the literature by spatial accessibility it is meant a measure of spatial equity represented by the ease of travelling from an origin to a destination with a given transport mode. Recent investments in highspeed rail (HSR) systems have brought an increase in accessibility as well as equity issues, which will be discussed in this contribution.</p><p>Indeed equity impacts, due to the extension of the HSR network in Italy, are here evaluated through the results of a joint revealed preference/stated preference (RP/SP) survey. In the first part of the questionnaire submitted to Italian travellers, i.e. the RP exercise, socio-economic data about the users together with information concerning their trip have been collected. In the second part of the questionnaire, the SP exercise has been employed. Specifically, nine hypothetical scenarios have been submitted to respondents with the objective of understanding what was the transport mode chosen, within a given context, and to see whether HSR was the preferred alternative (or it was an element of spatial exclusion).</p><p>The main policy implications of this study are that investors in HS should take into account not only the economic benefits brought by them, but also the spatial imbalance brought by these systems.</p> ]]> Spatial Equity and High-Speed Rail Systems l. biggiero f. pagliara a. patrone f. peruggini doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-194-202 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 2017 1 2 Article 194 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-194-202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-194-202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-182-193 The debate for the need to align spatial planning, transportation planning and environmental management strategically, functionally and operationally in support of modelling is ongoing internationally since the early 2000s. This incorporates the articulation of the planning instruments used by professionals within these functional fields and the way in which it is coordinated and aligned.With the approval of the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (SPLUMA) (Act 16 of 2013) and the SPLUMA Regulations (23 March 2015) in South Africa, the statutory planning legislation framework applicable during the previous political dispensation was reformed and democratized.In this article the alignment between policy and legislative frameworks, guidelines and processes to support planning and development in spatial systems will be discussed. The approach presented in this article will serve as a guide in planning within developing countries. 01-30-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>The debate for the need to align spatial planning, transportation planning and environmental management strategically, functionally and operationally in support of modelling is ongoing internationally since the early 2000s. This incorporates the articulation of the planning instruments used by professionals within these functional fields and the way in which it is coordinated and aligned.</p><p>With the approval of the Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (SPLUMA) (Act 16 of 2013) and the SPLUMA Regulations (23 March 2015) in South Africa, the statutory planning legislation framework applicable during the previous political dispensation was reformed and democratized.</p><p>In this article the alignment between policy and legislative frameworks, guidelines and processes to support planning and development in spatial systems will be discussed. The approach presented in this article will serve as a guide in planning within developing countries.</p> ]]> Spatial Planning, Transportation Planning and Environmental Management Policy Informing Strategic Planning in Support of Modelling as Integrative Instrument in Developing Countries carel b schoeman doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-182-193 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 2017 1 2 Article 182 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-182-193 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-182-193 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-171-181 Dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) is a commonly used approach for the process of assigning traffic from origin–destination (OD) pairs to actual roadway paths. The amount of computational effort required by the typical DTA application is approximately proportional to the square of the number of OD pairs, so for large networks the level of effort is very large. however, many network questions only involve changing one or a small number of links and therefore do not involve a very large fraction of the whole network. The concept of using a subnetwork to replace a regional network has been often used as a solution to this problem. however, how to define the size of the subnetwork, how large subnetwork is appropriate and how to build a subnetwork have been the questions. This study reviewed the researches which focused on the above questions. Then, based on the literature review, we developed a programme that can automatically build an optimal size of the subnetwork with acceptable error in Visual Interactive System for Transportation algorithms (VISTA), a mesoscopic DTA simulator. This automatic programme makes the process of examining the subnetwork size easy and is expected to have important implications for future research on DTA. 01-30-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>Dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) is a commonly used approach for the process of assigning traffic from origin–destination (OD) pairs to actual roadway paths. The amount of computational effort required by the typical DTA application is approximately proportional to the square of the number of OD pairs, so for large networks the level of effort is very large. however, many network questions only involve changing one or a small number of links and therefore do not involve a very large fraction of the whole network. The concept of using a subnetwork to replace a regional network has been often used as a solution to this problem. however, how to define the size of the subnetwork, how large subnetwork is appropriate and how to build a subnetwork have been the questions. This study reviewed the researches which focused on the above questions. Then, based on the literature review, we developed a programme that can automatically build an optimal size of the subnetwork with acceptable error in Visual Interactive System for Transportation algorithms (VISTA), a mesoscopic DTA simulator. This automatic programme makes the process of examining the subnetwork size easy and is expected to have important implications for future research on DTA.</p> ]]> Automatic Extraction of a Subnetwork for Dynamic Traffic Assignment a. chen r. machemehl doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-171-181 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 2017 1 2 Article 171 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-171-181 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-171-181 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-159-170 The potential of reducing greenhouse gases in transport sector attracted different groups to promote electric vehicles (EVs) as a component of sustainable mobility development. However, studies assert that the usage of EV is currently limited mainly to short-distance trips and the users are only those who have the opportunity of charging their car privately at home or workplaces. This research highlights the lack of public charging stations and tries to develop a demand-oriented location model for finding the optimal location of fast charging stations(FCSs) from a user’s point of view. In urban areas the users can make use of activity time of their daily routine activities such as supermarket shopping for charging the battery of their EVs. Therefore, the proposed location model focuses on the interaction between people’s travel behaviour and urban infrastructure. First, the potential of a facility for installation of FCS is determined by means of its different attributes such as number of attracted motorized individual trips, opening hours and parking lot availability, activity time of users in different facilities in relation to the charging time and synergy effect of closely allied facilities. In thesecond step, the study area is zoned and the calculated potential for facilities is transferred to the relevant zones, considering users’ maximum detour acceptance, catchment area of facilities as well as spatial impact of existing charging stations. The input data, which rely mainly on open source and publically accessible data, are analysed and depicted as different georeferenced layers in the geographical information system (ArcGIS Software). The proposed location model aims to cover the growing demand for public FCS of current EV users as well as one step forward to increase the acceptance of electro mobility among potential users. 01-30-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>The potential of reducing greenhouse gases in transport sector attracted different groups to promote electric vehicles (EVs) as a component of sustainable mobility development. However, studies assert that the usage of EV is currently limited mainly to short-distance trips and the users are only those who have the opportunity of charging their car privately at home or workplaces. This research highlights the lack of public charging stations and tries to develop a demand-oriented location model for finding the optimal location of fast charging stations</p><p>(FCSs) from a user’s point of view. In urban areas the users can make use of activity time of their daily routine activities such as supermarket shopping for charging the battery of their EVs. Therefore, the proposed location model focuses on the interaction between people’s travel behaviour and urban infrastructure. First, the potential of a facility for installation of FCS is determined by means of its different attributes such as number of attracted motorized individual trips, opening hours and parking lot availability, activity time of users in different facilities in relation to the charging time and synergy effect of closely allied facilities. In the</p><p>second step, the study area is zoned and the calculated potential for facilities is transferred to the relevant zones, considering users’ maximum detour acceptance, catchment area of facilities as well as spatial impact of existing charging stations. The input data, which rely mainly on open source and publically accessible data, are analysed and depicted as different georeferenced layers in the geographical information system (ArcGIS Software). The proposed location model aims to cover the growing demand for public FCS of current EV users as well as one step forward to increase the acceptance of electro mobility among potential users.</p> ]]> Developing a Location Model for Fast Charging Infrastructure in Urban Areas a. shirmohammadli d. vallée doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-159-170 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 2017 1 2 Article 159 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-159-170 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-159-170 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-148-158 Humanitarian logistics are recognized as significant issues of natural disaster operations and management. This study considers the vital item distribution network models to relieve the large number of surviving victims under their uncertainty by the reason that the post-disaster undergoes fluctuation of demand and imprecise prediction. The purpose of this study is to handle this demand uncertainty with the facility location model and to compare their sensitivity with the deterministic model. The expected results are to explore the location of facilities and optimize transportation link flows in order to minimize total delivery cost, which includes travel, facility and transhipment costs. We propose three distinct network models based on their hierarchy structures and truck sizes to determine the most efficient model with high robustness for both deterministic demand and uncertainty demand. We determine a single hierarchy and double hierarchies of the facility sites; each hierarchy is then distributed by the distinct truck sizes. The two hierarchies with the large truck’s delivery offered preferable objectives; they are robust when demand becomes uncertain or unknown. We solve the problem by the ellipsoidal uncertainty set, which is a novel approach that has never been fully applied so far to solve the facility location. We also estimate the fundamental resource requirements, including the number of trucks and total working time of drivers. Therefore, this study can help the decision maker to plan for post-disaster distribution network and their systems when demand uncertainty occurs. 01-30-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>Humanitarian logistics are recognized as significant issues of natural disaster operations and management. This study considers the vital item distribution network models to relieve the large number of surviving victims under their uncertainty by the reason that the post-disaster undergoes fluctuation of demand and imprecise prediction. The purpose of this study is to handle this demand uncertainty with the facility location model and to compare their sensitivity with the deterministic model. The expected results are to explore the location of facilities and optimize transportation link flows in order to minimize total delivery cost, which includes travel, facility and transhipment costs. We propose three distinct network models based on their hierarchy structures and truck sizes to determine the most efficient model with high robustness for both deterministic demand and uncertainty demand. We determine a single hierarchy and double hierarchies of the facility sites; each hierarchy is then distributed by the distinct truck sizes. The two hierarchies with the large truck’s delivery offered preferable objectives; they are robust when demand becomes uncertain or unknown. We solve the problem by the ellipsoidal uncertainty set, which is a novel approach that has never been fully applied so far to solve the facility location. We also estimate the fundamental resource requirements, including the number of trucks and total working time of drivers. Therefore, this study can help the decision maker to plan for post-disaster distribution network and their systems when demand uncertainty occurs.</p> ]]> Robust Optimization of Facility Location Models and Fundamental Resource Estimations under Demand Uncertainty: A Case Study of Relief Distribution r. kasemsri k. sano h. nishiuchi a. jayasinghe doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-148-158 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 2017 1 2 Article 148 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-148-158 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-148-158 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-137-147 Private transport is associated with conventional cars. Cars pollute, run empty during peak hours, stay idle 95% of the time and are privately owned. Fifteen years from now, the first driverless cars will start hitting the road in large numbers. By then most cars will be electric. If the service-oriented business model takes on momentum, a fleet of unmanned taxis will compete directly with buses and light trains. At that point in time, differences between public and private transport will only be semantic. After all, metro, buses and cars will all be unmanned, electric and managed by a fleet operator. As a consequence, city developers will have problems, justifying subsidies to bus and light vehicle operations. Without these subsidies, buses and light trains will have problems, competing with car transport. Unmanned taxis will cut journey cost by around 60% to 80%. New taxi apps allowing for car sharing will slash cost even further, making unmanned taxi fares unbeatable. Furthermore, driverless taxis will provide better services, picking up and dropping off passengers where they want to rather than stopping at each station. So if unmanned taxis are cheaper and provide better service, what selling arguments are left for buses and light metros? Transport capacity? Not really! In fact, a fleet of unmanned taxis using platooning technology (cars following each other at one-metre distance) and car sharing apps would achieve around 15.000 PPHPD per lane, more than a bus and equal to light train operations. 01-30-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>Private transport is associated with conventional cars. Cars pollute, run empty during peak hours, stay idle 95% of the time and are privately owned. Fifteen years from now, the first driverless cars will start hitting the road in large numbers. By then most cars will be electric. If the service-oriented business model takes on momentum, a fleet of unmanned taxis will compete directly with buses and light trains. At that point in time, differences between public and private transport will only be semantic. After all, metro, buses and cars will all be unmanned, electric and managed by a fleet operator. As a consequence, city developers will have problems, justifying subsidies to bus and light vehicle operations. Without these subsidies, buses and light trains will have problems, competing with car transport. Unmanned taxis will cut journey cost by around 60% to 80%. New taxi apps allowing for car sharing will slash cost even further, making unmanned taxi fares unbeatable. Furthermore, driverless taxis will provide better services, picking up and dropping off passengers where they want to rather than stopping at each station. So if unmanned taxis are cheaper and provide better service, what selling arguments are left for buses and light metros? Transport capacity? Not really! In fact, a fleet of unmanned taxis using platooning technology (cars following each other at one-metre distance) and car sharing apps would achieve around 15.000 PPHPD per lane, more than a bus and equal to light train operations.</p> ]]> Will Electric Driverless Cars Kill Bus and Light Train Operations? serge van themsche doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-137-147 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 2017 1 2 Article 137 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-137-147 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-137-147 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-129-136 The growing global flow of goods, the increasing problem of traffic congestion and the inefficiencies associated with distribution and logistics or the discerning consumers’ high standards for products and delivery services lead to new logistical requirements, for which the model of the ‘Physical Internet’ has emerged as a probable solution. Physical Internet is a novel concept that transforms how physical objects are designed, manufactured and distributed aiming for a radical sustainability improvement. The implementation of the Physical Internet leads to the need to rethink some basic concepts of logistics such as the shift from private supply networks to open supply networks. Therefore, increased collaboration and coordination is necessary. In order to make a productive contribution to the first steps towards the Physical Internet in Austria, this article focuses on the need for horizontal collaborations, which are required to realize the Physical Internet. Moreover, the study explores the views, experiences, beliefs and motivations of transport service providers in Austria in the context of horizontal collaborations and the Physical Internet. A literature research was carried out in a first step. Afterwards interviews with forwarding agencies and logistics service providers were conducted. Findings highlight that barriers such as the fear of antitrust fines or the high administrative input have to be removed to enable close vertical and horizontal collaboration among different logistics companies in Europe, as the vision of the Physical Internet is encouraging a smooth transition from independent supply chains to open global supply networks. The implementation of a Physical Internet in its full expression could probably take decades, but individual elements of it, such as horizontal and vertical cooperation, are a first step towards this vision. Important components of the implementation process are awareness raising and information sharing. 01-30-2017 <![CDATA[ <p>The growing global flow of goods, the increasing problem of traffic congestion and the inefficiencies associated with distribution and logistics or the discerning consumers’ high standards for products and delivery services lead to new logistical requirements, for which the model of the ‘Physical Internet’ has emerged as a probable solution. Physical Internet is a novel concept that transforms how physical objects are designed, manufactured and distributed aiming for a radical sustainability improvement. The implementation of the Physical Internet leads to the need to rethink some basic concepts of logistics such as the shift from private supply networks to open supply networks. Therefore, increased collaboration and coordination is necessary. In order to make a productive contribution to the first steps towards the Physical Internet in Austria, this article focuses on the need for horizontal collaborations, which are required to realize the Physical Internet. Moreover, the study explores the views, experiences, beliefs and motivations of transport service providers in Austria in the context of horizontal collaborations and the Physical Internet. A literature research was carried out in a first step. Afterwards interviews with forwarding agencies and logistics service providers were conducted. Findings highlight that barriers such as the fear of antitrust fines or the high administrative input have to be removed to enable close vertical and horizontal collaboration among different logistics companies in Europe, as the vision of the Physical Internet is encouraging a smooth transition from independent supply chains to open global supply networks. The implementation of a Physical Internet in its full expression could probably take decades, but individual elements of it, such as horizontal and vertical cooperation, are a first step towards this vision. Important components of the implementation process are awareness raising and information sharing.</p> ]]> From Horizontal Collaboration to the Physical Internet—A Case Study from Austria l. simmer s. pfoser m. grabner o. schauer l.m. putz doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-129-136 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 01-30-2017 2017 1 2 Article 129 10.2495/TDI-V1-N2-129-136 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2017_1_2/TDI-V1-N2-129-136 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-92-102 The main objective of this article is to illustrate the importance that Transmilenio and cycling have had on the inhabitants living in the periphery of bogota and Soacha, based on surveys conducted among residents. Even though there is no legally confirmed metropolitan area between bogotá and Soacha, there does exist a real conurbation, which has led to a relationship of economic dependence between the conurbated municipality of Soacha and the main city of bogotá, and one aspect of this is daily mobility. The question is then, has bogotá’s bus rapid Transport – Transmilenio – been an integrating agent and has it improved access to and from this megaproject of ciudad Verde? 05-24-2016 <![CDATA[ <p>The main objective of this article is to illustrate the importance that Transmilenio and cycling have had on the inhabitants living in the periphery of bogota and Soacha, based on surveys conducted among residents. Even though there is no legally confirmed metropolitan area between bogotá and Soacha, there does exist a real conurbation, which has led to a relationship of economic dependence between the conurbated municipality of Soacha and the main city of bogotá, and one aspect of this is daily mobility. The question is then, has bogotá’s bus rapid Transport – Transmilenio – been an integrating agent and has it improved access to and from this megaproject of ciudad Verde?</p> ]]> The Bicycle as a Real Feeder to the Transmilenio System in Bogota and Soacha c. moreno c. miralles-guasch doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-92-102 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 2016 1 1 Article 92 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-92-102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-92-102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-84-91 Since the positive effects of active travelling modes are widely proven, the need for propagating them is evident to counteract serious health and environmental problems. The modal share of bicycles can be stimulated by providing sufficient bike sharing systems that allow better access to this active travelling mode. Taking the decision how to introduce bike sharing is in most cases very time consuming and requires a lot of know-how. The austrian project PlanBiSS is dedicated to the development of methods and strategies which enable an anticipatory planning of such a bike sharing scheme. For this purpose, potential users’ requirements regarding input data, output data and setting options have to be determined in a first step in order to obtain knowledge about their expectations towards a bike sharing planning system. We conducted 16 interviews with international and national bike sharing experts as well as planning experts. On the whole, the results represent a basis to develop a planning system that meets the customers’ expectations and needs and that facilitates the dissemination of bike sharing systems. 05-24-2016 <![CDATA[ <p>Since the positive effects of active travelling modes are widely proven, the need for propagating them is evident to counteract serious health and environmental problems. The modal share of bicycles can be stimulated by providing sufficient bike sharing systems that allow better access to this active travelling mode. Taking the decision how to introduce bike sharing is in most cases very time consuming and requires a lot of know-how. The austrian project <em>PlanBiSS</em> is dedicated to the development of methods and strategies which enable an anticipatory planning of such a bike sharing scheme. For this purpose, potential users’ requirements regarding input data, output data and setting options have to be determined in a first step in order to obtain knowledge about their expectations towards a bike sharing planning system. We conducted 16 interviews with international and national bike sharing experts as well as planning experts. On the whole, the results represent a basis to develop a planning system that meets the customers’ expectations and needs and that facilitates the dissemination of bike sharing systems.</p> ]]> Specification of Input, Output and Setting Options for a Bike Sharing Planning System s. pfoser m. pajones doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-84-91 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 2016 1 1 Article 84 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-84-91 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-84-91 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-74-83 Recent research has demonstrated considerable potential for artificial soils to be designed for carbon capture. The incorporation of quarry fines enables the accumulation of atmospheric CO2 in newly formed carbonate minerals. However, the rate and trajectory of carbon accumulation has been little studied. The relative contribution of biotic (e.g. vegetation, micro-organisms) and abiotic (water, light, temperature) factors to the carbonation process is also unknown. This article presents a sustainability framework which aims to determine the multi-functionality of soils to which fines have been added not only in their role as carbon sinks but also in their role of providing additional opportunities for improvement to ecosystem services. Such frameworks are required specifically where land designed for CO2 capture must also provide other ecosystem services, such as flood mitigation and biodiversity conservation. land within linear transport infrastructure provides a case study, focusing on 238,000 ha of vegetated land associated with roadside verges in the UK. Hypothetically this area could remove 2.5 t CO2 per year from the atmosphere, equivalent to 1% 2011 total UK emissions or 2% of current transport emissions and saving an equivalent of £1.1 billion in non-traded mitigation values. roadside verges should be designed to minimize flooding onto the highway and perform other important functions such as removal of dust and suspended solids from surface waters. Vegetation on 30,000 ha of railway land also provides opportunities for carbon sequestration, but management of this vegetation is subject to similar constraints to protect the rail tracks from debris extending from autumn leaves to fallen trees. 05-24-2016 <![CDATA[ <p>Recent research has demonstrated considerable potential for artificial soils to be designed for carbon capture. The incorporation of quarry fines enables the accumulation of atmospheric CO₂ in newly formed carbonate minerals. However, the rate and trajectory of carbon accumulation has been little studied. The relative contribution of biotic (e.g. vegetation, micro-organisms) and abiotic (water, light, temperature) factors to the carbonation process is also unknown. This article presents a sustainability framework which aims to determine the multi-functionality of soils to which fines have been added not only in their role as carbon sinks but also in their role of providing additional opportunities for improvement to ecosystem services. Such frameworks are required specifically where land designed for CO₂ capture must also provide other ecosystem services, such as flood mitigation and biodiversity conservation. land within linear transport infrastructure provides a case study, focusing on 238,000 ha of vegetated land associated with roadside verges in the UK. Hypothetically this area could remove 2.5 t CO₂ per year from the atmosphere, equivalent to 1% 2011 total UK emissions or 2% of current transport emissions and saving an equivalent of £1.1 billion in non-traded mitigation values. roadside verges should be designed to minimize flooding onto the highway and perform other important functions such as removal of dust and suspended solids from surface waters. Vegetation on 30,000 ha of railway land also provides opportunities for carbon sequestration, but management of this vegetation is subject to similar constraints to protect the rail tracks from debris extending from autumn leaves to fallen trees.</p> ]]> A Sustainability Framework for Engineering Carbon Capture Soil in Transport Infrastructure b.w. kolosz m.a. goddard m.e. jorat j. aumonier s.p. sohi d.a.c. manning doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-74-83 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 2016 1 1 Article 74 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-74-83 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-74-83 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-63-73 In high-density contexts, such as urban or metropolitan areas, decision makers and mobility managers have to adopt suitable strategies to reduce the use of private cars and promote public transport. Indeed, such strategies may help abate the negative impacts of transportation systems (congestion, air and noise pollution, etc.). However, appropriate measures are only effective if based on the provision of high-quality public transport services. Such aims can be achieved by organizing public transport within an integrated framework where rail/metro services are the high-performing mobility backbone and bus services have a feeder function, increasing the geographical coverage of rail services. However, since a faulty train cannot be easily removed or overtaken, a rail/metro system is highly vulnerable to system breakdowns which could entail significant reductions in system quality. Suitable intervention strategies therefore have to be developed to manage rail system emergencies. The aim of this article is to provide a method to determine optimal intervention strategies in the case of a metro system failure. Since in real contexts an exhaustive approach has to be excluded due to the huge number of alternative solutions to be evaluated, it is necessary to adopt or develop appropriate algorithms to obtain sub-optimal solutions within suitable computational times. Hence a Neighbourhood Search Algorithm to identify the optimal solution is applied and tested in the case of a real metro line in order to show the feasibility of our proposal. 05-24-2016 <![CDATA[ <p>In high-density contexts, such as urban or metropolitan areas, decision makers and mobility managers have to adopt suitable strategies to reduce the use of private cars and promote public transport. Indeed, such strategies may help abate the negative impacts of transportation systems (congestion, air and noise pollution, etc.). However, appropriate measures are only effective if based on the provision of high-quality public transport services. Such aims can be achieved by organizing public transport within an integrated framework where rail/metro services are the high-performing mobility backbone and bus services have a feeder function, increasing the geographical coverage of rail services. However, since a faulty train cannot be easily removed or overtaken, a rail/metro system is highly vulnerable to system breakdowns which could entail significant reductions in system quality. Suitable intervention strategies therefore have to be developed to manage rail system emergencies. The aim of this article is to provide a method to determine optimal intervention strategies in the case of a metro system failure. Since in real contexts an exhaustive approach has to be excluded due to the huge number of alternative solutions to be evaluated, it is necessary to adopt or develop appropriate algorithms to obtain sub-optimal solutions within suitable computational times. Hence a <em>Neighbourhood Search Algorithm</em> to identify the optimal solution is applied and tested in the case of a real metro line in order to show the feasibility of our proposal.</p> ]]> A Neighbourhood Search Algorithm for Determining Optimal Intervention Strategies in the Case of Metro System Failures m. botte c. di salvo a. placido b. montella l. d'acierno doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-63-73 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 2016 1 1 Article 63 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-63-73 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-63-73 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-54-62 According to the United Nations, in 2014, 54% of the world’s population was living in cities, and it is estimated to be 66% by 2050. The pressure of urbanization on the urban environment cannot be ignored. Istanbul is one of the most important and biggest cities in the world. It is the biggest city in Turkey in terms of both economy and population. A total of 15 million people are living in Istanbul, that is, 18% of the total population of Turkey, which creates high-mobility needs. Istanbul has marine, rail and road transportation. In 2005, to improve road transportation, the city officials decided to implement bus rapid Transit (brT) system on one of the city’s most important corridors. In 2007, the system started operation with 18.2 km route length. The aim was to reduce both heavy traffic and negative environmental impacts of road transportation on the corridor. at present, the system carries more than 800,000 passengers/day with 52 km route length. brT system in Istanbul is a shining star in the world of brT because of its high passenger numbers and high commercial speed. This article aims to discuss the positive impacts of brT system on Istanbul’s environment in terms of vehicles eliminated from the general traffic and reduced amount of cO due to brT. As brT provides rapid transit possibilities, private vehicle users shifted to the new system. 05-24-2016 <![CDATA[ <p>According to the United Nations, in 2014, 54% of the world’s population was living in cities, and it is estimated to be 66% by 2050. The pressure of urbanization on the urban environment cannot be ignored. Istanbul is one of the most important and biggest cities in the world. It is the biggest city in Turkey in terms of both economy and population. A total of 15 million people are living in Istanbul, that is, 18% of the total population of Turkey, which creates high-mobility needs. Istanbul has marine, rail and road transportation. In 2005, to improve road transportation, the city officials decided to implement bus rapid Transit (brT) system on one of the city’s most important corridors. In 2007, the system started operation with 18.2 km route length. The aim was to reduce both heavy traffic and negative environmental impacts of road transportation on the corridor. at present, the system carries more than 800,000 passengers/day with 52 km route length. brT system in Istanbul is a shining star in the world of brT because of its high passenger numbers and high commercial speed. This article aims to discuss the positive impacts of brT system on Istanbul’s environment in terms of vehicles eliminated from the general traffic and reduced amount of cO due to brT. As brT provides rapid transit possibilities, private vehicle users shifted to the new system.</p> ]]> Bus Rapid Transit: An Environmental Friendly Transport Solution for Istanbul elif can cengiz doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-54-62 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 2016 1 1 Article 54 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-54-62 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-54-62 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-43-53 This article examines a specific aspect of e-payment: e-ticketing in public transport. The reference area is the campus of the aristotle University of Thessaloniki, which is the largest university in greece with more than 73,000 students. The target group was the students of the university campus. The methodology used included a stated preference survey which took place in may 2015. During the survey 300 questionnaires were collected and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. In addition, a binary logistics model was developed, analysing the intention of the students to use the e-ticketing system, which is under examination for the city of Thessaloniki. From the analysis, it was found that more than 86.7% of the students would be willing to use e-ticketing in public transport. They consider time saving as the most important reason for someone to use e-ticketing. An interesting finding is that 64.2% of the students would like to use their smart cards or cell phones not just for e-ticketing but also for other applications. The binary logistics model has pointed out that age, gender, car availability and familiarity with e-booking are statistically important factors for the students’ intention to use the e-ticketing system. 05-24-2016 <![CDATA[ <p>This article examines a specific aspect of e-payment: e-ticketing in public transport. The reference area is the campus of the aristotle University of Thessaloniki, which is the largest university in greece with more than 73,000 students. The target group was the students of the university campus. The methodology used included a stated preference survey which took place in may 2015. During the survey 300 questionnaires were collected and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. In addition, a binary logistics model was developed, analysing the intention of the students to use the e-ticketing system, which is under examination for the city of Thessaloniki. From the analysis, it was found that more than 86.7% of the students would be willing to use e-ticketing in public transport. They consider time saving as the most important reason for someone to use e-ticketing. An interesting finding is that 64.2% of the students would like to use their smart cards or cell phones not just for e-ticketing but also for other applications. The binary logistics model has pointed out that age, gender, car availability and familiarity with e-booking are statistically important factors for the students’ intention to use the e-ticketing system.</p> ]]> Investigation of the Use of E-Ticketing in Public Transport by the Students of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece s. basbas m.o. skandami g. mintsis c. taxiltaris i. politis doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-43-53 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 2016 1 1 Article 43 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-43-53 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-43-53 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-28-42 Integration of procedures is an important aspect of the air transport system, which focuses mainly on interoperability, safety and security. While both transport analysts and air operators have studied the integration aspects concerning these main items, less attention has been devoted to some other integration features that could reduce airport environmental impacts. In this article, the integration between handling vehicles and aircraft during taxi-out procedures has been analysed by referring to the proto-typal, semi-robotic vehicle called Taxibot. Aircraft emissions due to taxiing have been modelled for before and after scenarios, this latter referring to the use of the Taxibot. A simulation of the benefits – both environmental and monetary effects – obtained by using the Taxibot system has been made on a medium-size airport in Northern Italy. 05-24-2016 <![CDATA[ <p>Integration of procedures is an important aspect of the air transport system, which focuses mainly on interoperability, safety and security. While both transport analysts and air operators have studied the integration aspects concerning these main items, less attention has been devoted to some other integration features that could reduce airport environmental impacts. In this article, the integration between handling vehicles and aircraft during taxi-out procedures has been analysed by referring to the proto-typal, semi-robotic vehicle called Taxibot. Aircraft emissions due to taxiing have been modelled for before and after scenarios, this latter referring to the use of the Taxibot. A simulation of the benefits – both environmental and monetary effects – obtained by using the Taxibot system has been made on a medium-size airport in Northern Italy.</p> ]]> Integration Between Aircraft and Handling Vehicles During Taxiing Procedures to Improve Airport Sustainability maria nadia postorino luca mantecchini ettore gualandi doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-28-42 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 2016 1 1 Article 28 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-28-42 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-28-42 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-16-27 Local authorities in european cities are seeking new approaches to develop strategies that help stimulate a shift towards cleaner and more sustainable transport modes. Sustainable Urban mobility Plans (SUmPs) are instruments that contribute towards achieving climate and energy targets set by euro- pean Union (eU) leaders and promoted through the european commission (ec) in relevant documents such as the Transport White Paper and action Plan on Urban mobility. a well-prepared SUmP will help to provide high-quality and sustainable mobility and transport to, through and within urban areas. SUmPs foster a balanced development of all transport modes, while encouraging a shift towards more sustainable modes and usage. The plans present both long-term strategies for the future development of transport and mobility infrastructure and services in urban areas as well as short-term plans for implementation of these strategies: timing, allocation of resources and responsibilities and identifying the required finances. They include integrated sets of technical, infrastructure, policy-based and soft measures. Different approaches to sustainable urban mobility planning exist throughout europe. While some countries, such as France and the UK, may be considered forerunners (with plans produced under a different name and slightly different methodology), SUmPs are a new planning tool in other parts of the eU, especially within the new member states. This article presents the way in which the SUmP concept was introduced and accepted in Slovakia. 05-24-2016 <![CDATA[ <p>Local authorities in european cities are seeking new approaches to develop strategies that help stimulate a shift towards cleaner and more sustainable transport modes. Sustainable Urban mobility Plans (SUmPs) are instruments that contribute towards achieving climate and energy targets set by euro- pean Union (eU) leaders and promoted through the european commission (ec) in relevant documents such as the Transport White Paper and action Plan on Urban mobility. a well-prepared SUmP will help to provide high-quality and sustainable mobility and transport to, through and within urban areas. SUmPs foster a balanced development of all transport modes, while encouraging a shift towards more sustainable modes and usage. The plans present both long-term strategies for the future development of transport and mobility infrastructure and services in urban areas as well as short-term plans for implementation of these strategies: timing, allocation of resources and responsibilities and identifying the required finances. They include integrated sets of technical, infrastructure, policy-based and soft measures. Different approaches to sustainable urban mobility planning exist throughout europe. While some countries, such as France and the UK, may be considered forerunners (with plans produced under a different name and slightly different methodology), SUmPs are a new planning tool in other parts of the eU, especially within the new member states. This article presents the way in which the SUmP concept was introduced and accepted in Slovakia.</p> ]]> Development Status of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans in European Union New Member States dana sitányiová sona masarovicová doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-16-27 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 2016 1 1 Article 16 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-16-27 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-16-27 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-1-15 The debate of transportation and urban form integration has been reported on by several authors since the early 1960s. However, in 2015, the challenges were much more dynamic, diverse and complex. From research undertaken it is evident that the approach to integration is determined by the disciplinary focus of the researcher and/or practitioner and the research methodology used and is closely related to the conditions (case study research) prevailing within a specific spatial system (countries).This article is an endeavour to assess and evaluate different integration approaches and outcomes de duced from existing research and case studies by critically evaluating its point of departure, approaches and practices applied in various spatial systems (international perspectives) and more specifically by the disciplines involved in this discourse. It includes the theoretical founding and related empirical research considerations where this phenomenon is an important focus in transportation planning and spatial integration in promoting and attaining sustainable development and urban resilience.The process is, however, dependent on the relationship between the principles underpinning this research theme. There is a co-dependence between transportation and urban form. This co-dependency is, however, being complicated by decision making and the environmental reality that needs to be factored into this reality.The outcome of the article will focus on isolating international guiding principles from an integration perspective in promoting sustainable development and resilience in spatial systems. It will include strategic directions and decision-making processes inclusive of environmental considerations, optimizing urban form and land-use planning (patterns), related impacts, accessibility, modal integration, transportation network development and energy and pollution influences, effects and implications. The need for trans-disciplinary practices and application of strategic approaches in integrating planning, development and operational-level interfaces within urban spatial systems will be demonstrated.The use and application of modelling and simulation techniques are becoming more important as an instrument to guide and measure the attainment of higher levels of integration and sustainability. Transportation and spatial development integration paradigms are dependent on the application of technology that is measureable for all spatial development scenarios in terms of effects, progress, implications and pre-conditions to enhance integration. 05-24-2016 <![CDATA[ <p>The debate of transportation and urban form integration has been reported on by several authors since the early 1960s. However, in 2015, the challenges were much more dynamic, diverse and complex. From research undertaken it is evident that the approach to integration is determined by the disciplinary focus of the researcher and/or practitioner and the research methodology used and is closely related to the conditions (case study research) prevailing within a specific spatial system (countries).</p><p style="text-align: justify">This article is an endeavour to assess and evaluate different integration approaches and outcomes de duced from existing research and case studies by critically evaluating its point of departure, approaches and practices applied in various spatial systems (international perspectives) and more specifically by the disciplines involved in this discourse. It includes the theoretical founding and related empirical research considerations where this phenomenon is an important focus in transportation planning and spatial integration in promoting and attaining sustainable development and urban resilience.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The process is, however, dependent on the relationship between the principles underpinning this research theme. There is a co-dependence between transportation and urban form. This co-dependency is, however, being complicated by decision making and the environmental reality that needs to be factored into this reality.</p><p style="text-align: justify">The outcome of the article will focus on isolating international guiding principles from an integration perspective in promoting sustainable development and resilience in spatial systems. It will include strategic directions and decision-making processes inclusive of environmental considerations, optimizing urban form and land-use planning (patterns), related impacts, accessibility, modal integration, transportation network development and energy and pollution influences, effects and implications. The need for trans-disciplinary practices and application of strategic approaches in integrating planning, development and operational-level interfaces within urban spatial systems will be demonstrated.</p><p>The use and application of modelling and simulation techniques are becoming more important as an instrument to guide and measure the attainment of higher levels of integration and sustainability. Transportation and spatial development integration paradigms are dependent on the application of technology that is measureable for all spatial development scenarios in terms of effects, progress, implications and pre-conditions to enhance integration.</p> ]]> International Perspectives on Transportation and Urban Form Integration c. b. schoeman doi: 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-1-15 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 05-24-2016 2016 1 1 Article 1 10.2495/TDI-V1-N1-1-15 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2016_1_1/TDI-V1-N1-1-15 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/EI-V6-N3-253-270 The paper describes the external structural factors required for the development of a port towards third generation. Following the UNCTAD definition, a port qualifies as third generation if the activities performed on the premises increase the added value of freight in transit. The analyzed factors concern infrastructures and services, either material or immaterial, which contribute to the increase of freight value, in the process of interaction with the port surrounding area. The problem studied is that of a container port which, from a simple transit node, aims to become a third-generation port. The problem has been studied in the literature for what concerns the activities within the port. The paper considers the interactions activated with the external areas, both in terms of integration with urban areas, and their sustainable development, and in terms of relationships with research centers to improve the processes of transformation of goods in transit. The Italian port of Gioia Tauro is presented as case study in the final part. The external interactions connected to urban development, and the external interactions connected with university research near the port, are examined. <![CDATA[ <p>The paper describes the external structural factors required for the development of a port towards third generation. Following the UNCTAD definition, a port qualifies as third generation if the activities performed on the premises increase the added value of freight in transit. The analyzed factors concern infrastructures and services, either material or immaterial, which contribute to the increase of freight value, in the process of interaction with the port surrounding area. The problem studied is that of a container port which, from a simple transit node, aims to become a third-generation port. The problem has been studied in the literature for what concerns the activities within the port. The paper considers the interactions activated with the external areas, both in terms of integration with urban areas, and their sustainable development, and in terms of relationships with research centers to improve the processes of transformation of goods in transit. The Italian port of Gioia Tauro is presented as case study in the final part. The external interactions connected to urban development, and the external interactions connected with university research near the port, are examined.</p> ]]> External Interactions for a Third Generation Port: From Urban Sustainable Planning to Research Developments francesco russo corrado rindone paola panuccio doi: 10.2495/EI-V6-N3-253-270 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2022 6 3 Article 253 10.2495/EI-V6-N3-253-270 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2022_6_3/EI-V6-N3-253-270 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2//TDI-V5-N2-175-189 Accessibility to public transportation system is a major concern in the cities of South Africa. The existing public transportation route network system offers poor accessibility from the residential areas to the public bus transportation nodes (bus stops/ranks) and vice versa in the cities of South Africa. Therefore, using the existing public bus transportation system in Durban, the objective of the study was to make a public transportation route network analysis to examine the accessibility of different areas in terms of walking distance and time to the public bus transportation network. A remote sensing-premised geographic information system method was used for the study. Findings suggested that different areas of the city are located at a distance between 0.5 km (0.31 mi) and 15 km (9.32 mi) from the public transport route networks. The inner-city areas including the central business districts that are located between 0.5 (0.31 mi) and 1.0 km (0.62 mi) are relatively more accessible in which people take a little above 8 minutes to a little above 16 minutes to reach a public transportation node. However, the areas located at a distance more than 15 km (9.32 mi) are highly inaccessible, and it takes more than 4 hours of walking to reach a node (bus stops). The study evidenced the current accessibility challenges in the public transport system in Durban, and the findings could assist in upgrading or re-configuring the route network system to make it more accessible. <![CDATA[ <p><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Lato, Helvetica Neue, Arial, sans-serif">Accessibility to public transportation system is a major concern in the cities of South Africa. The existing public transportation route network system offers poor accessibility from the residential areas to the public bus transportation nodes (bus stops/ranks) and vice versa in the cities of South Africa. Therefore, using the existing public bus transportation system in Durban, the objective of the study was to make a public transportation route network analysis to examine the accessibility of different areas in terms of walking distance and time to the public bus transportation network. A remote sensing-premised geographic information system method was used for the study. Findings suggested that different areas of the city are located at a distance between 0.5 km (0.31 mi) and 15 km (9.32 mi) from the public transport route networks. The inner-city areas including the central business districts that are located between 0.5 (0.31 mi) and 1.0 km (0.62 mi) are relatively more accessible in which people take a little above 8 minutes to a little above 16 minutes to reach a public transportation node. However, the areas located at a distance more than 15 km (9.32 mi) are highly inaccessible, and it takes more than 4 hours of walking to reach a node (bus stops). The study evidenced the current accessibility challenges in the public transport system in Durban, and the findings could assist in upgrading or re-configuring the route network system to make it more accessible.</span></p> ]]> Assessment of Accessibility of Public Bus Transportation in Durban by Gis-Based Network Analysis okezie ifeanyi washington das dillip kumar akombelwa mulemwa doi: 10.2495//TDI-V5-N2-175-189 International Journal of Transport Development and Integration International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 2021 5 2 Article 175 10.2495//TDI-V5-N2-175-189 https://www.acadlore.com/article/IJTDI/2021_5_2//TDI-V5-N2-175-189