Latest open access articles published in GeoStruct Innovations at https://www.acadlore.com/journals/GSI https://www.acadlore.com/journals/GSI Acadlore en Creative Commons Attribution(CC - BY) GSI support@acadlore.com https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2025_3_2/gsi030202 Marine concrete is subject to long-term degradation from coupled actions such as chloride ingress, wet-dry cycling, and salt spray. Traditional Portland cement concrete faces challenges including insufficient durability, high carbon emissions, and low utilization of solid wastes. This study develops marine concrete using an all-solid-waste binder system and systematically investigates its mechanical performance evolution under various combined environmental conditions. By employing the rapid chloride migration test, long-term immersion method, and apparent chloride concentration analysis, we elucidate the chloride corrosion resistance and chloride transport kinetics of the material. The results demonstrate that the developed concrete achieves 100% solid waste incorporation, with a compressive strength of 71.9 MPa, flexural strength of 7.1 MPa, chloride diffusion coefficient of 0.08 × 10$^{-12}$ m$^2$/s, and charge passed of 51 C. Under coupled conditions involving artificial seawater with wet-dry cycling, high-low temperature cycling, and carbonation cycling, the concrete exhibits satisfactory mechanical performance and chloride resistance that meets the requirements for marine engineering environments. These findings provide experimental evidence and theoretical support for large-scale application of all-solid-waste concrete in marine engineering, simultaneously addressing solid waste valorization, low-carbon construction materials, and long-term durability of marine structures. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Marine concrete is subject to long-term degradation from coupled actions such as chloride ingress, wet-dry cycling, and salt spray. Traditional Portland cement concrete faces challenges including insufficient durability, high carbon emissions, and low utilization of solid wastes. This study develops marine concrete using an all-solid-waste binder system and systematically investigates its mechanical performance evolution under various combined environmental conditions. By employing the rapid chloride migration test, long-term immersion method, and apparent chloride concentration analysis, we elucidate the chloride corrosion resistance and chloride transport kinetics of the material. The results demonstrate that the developed concrete achieves 100% solid waste incorporation, with a compressive strength of 71.9 MPa, flexural strength of 7.1 MPa, chloride diffusion coefficient of 0.08 × 10$^{-12}$ m$^2$/s, and charge passed of 51 C. Under coupled conditions involving artificial seawater with wet-dry cycling, high-low temperature cycling, and carbonation cycling, the concrete exhibits satisfactory mechanical performance and chloride resistance that meets the requirements for marine engineering environments. These findings provide experimental evidence and theoretical support for large-scale application of all-solid-waste concrete in marine engineering, simultaneously addressing solid waste valorization, low-carbon construction materials, and long-term durability of marine structures.</p> ]]> Study of the Strength and Chloride Corrosion Resistance of Solid Waste-Based Marine Concrete under Combined Conditions chao ren hui zhang yanhui xi lianyang sun zhuo song hongmin ma doi: 10.56578/gsi030202 GeoStruct Innovations 04-29-2025 GeoStruct Innovations 04-29-2025 2025 3 2 Article 65 10.56578/gsi030202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2025_3_2/gsi030202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2025_3_2/gsi030201 The environmental impacts of rock blasting at the Babawa main quarry site in Gezawa, Kano State, Nigeria, were systematically assessed. Electrical resistivity tomography, spontaneous potential, and induced polarization methods were employed using a Wenner array configuration with electrode spacings of 5 m and 10 m. Data processing and inversion were conducted using RES2DINV, while spatial visualization was performed with Surfer v12. Subsurface characterization revealed three layers: a highly weathered basement (comprising clay and gravel materials), a partially weathered and fractured basement, and a fresh granitic basement. Low resistivity values ranging from 16 $\Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}$ to 200 $\Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}$ were observed from near-surface depths to approximately 25 m, indicating zones of intense weathering. In contrast, resistivity values exceeding 1000 $\Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}$ were interpreted as relatively intact granitic formations minimally affected by blasting activities. In terms of chargeability responses, low values corresponded to weak, fractured zones and higher values indicated more competent lithologies. Zones of elevated spontaneous potential anomalies were associated with potential fluid migration pathways, while low spontaneous potential values corresponded to relatively intact and impermeable regions. A consistent spatial correlation among electrical resistivity tomography, induced polarization, and spontaneous potential datasets was identified, confirming the presence of fractured zones radiating outward from the quarry site. Although these fractures were not found to extend to significant depths, repeated blasting activities appear to have exacerbated pre-existing structural discontinuities. Such conditions may pose risks to nearby infrastructure and groundwater systems if left unmonitored. It is therefore recommended that continuous geophysical monitoring and stricter regulation of blasting operations be implemented to mitigate long-term environmental and geotechnical hazards. 04-29-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The environmental impacts of rock blasting at the Babawa main quarry site in Gezawa, Kano State, Nigeria, were systematically assessed. Electrical resistivity tomography, spontaneous potential, and induced polarization methods were employed using a Wenner array configuration with electrode spacings of 5 m and 10 m. Data processing and inversion were conducted using RES2DINV, while spatial visualization was performed with Surfer v12. Subsurface characterization revealed three layers: a highly weathered basement (comprising clay and gravel materials), a partially weathered and fractured basement, and a fresh granitic basement. Low resistivity values ranging from 16 $\Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}$ to 200 $\Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}$ were observed from near-surface depths to approximately 25 m, indicating zones of intense weathering. In contrast, resistivity values exceeding 1000 $\Omega \cdot \mathrm{m}$ were interpreted as relatively intact granitic formations minimally affected by blasting activities. In terms of chargeability responses, low values corresponded to weak, fractured zones and higher values indicated more competent lithologies. Zones of elevated spontaneous potential anomalies were associated with potential fluid migration pathways, while low spontaneous potential values corresponded to relatively intact and impermeable regions. A consistent spatial correlation among electrical resistivity tomography, induced polarization, and spontaneous potential datasets was identified, confirming the presence of fractured zones radiating outward from the quarry site. Although these fractures were not found to extend to significant depths, repeated blasting activities appear to have exacerbated pre-existing structural discontinuities. Such conditions may pose risks to nearby infrastructure and groundwater systems if left unmonitored. It is therefore recommended that continuous geophysical monitoring and stricter regulation of blasting operations be implemented to mitigate long-term environmental and geotechnical hazards.</p> ]]> Assessment of Environmental Impacts at the Babawa Quarry, Kano State, Nigeria, Using Integrated Geoelectrical Methods abubakar g. shuaibu abba y. usman mohammed saleh doi: 10.56578/gsi030201 GeoStruct Innovations 04-29-2025 GeoStruct Innovations 04-29-2025 2025 3 2 Article 52 10.56578/gsi030201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2025_3_2/gsi030201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2025_3_1/gsi030104 Underground roadway excavation fundamentally alters the in-situ stress state of surrounding rock, often leading to stress redistribution, deformation, and plastic failure, which can compromise stability if not properly supported. This paper systematically examines the impact of short anchor cable preload and length on the stress distribution, the deformation behaviour, and the plastic zone development of numerical simulations in FLAC3D. A surrounding rock was modelled with an elastic-plastic Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model, and a single-variable parametric approach was used to isolate preload (150–350 kN) and cable length (2900–3700 mm) effects. Findings suggest that augmenting preload causes a significant decrease in maximum tensile stress, displacement and plastic zone depth, and an increase in compressive stress; but improvements plateau beyond 250 kN. Correspondingly, longer cable length results in better confinement of the rocks and decreased deformation, optimal results were achieved at 3300 mm, after which the benefits are marginal. In the study, a preload of 250 kN with a cable length of 3300 mm is found as the optimal configuration to stabilise the surrounding rock and ensure both economical and construction efficiency. These results offer quantitative data on the prestressed anchor mechanisms, which can be used to give real-life information on the design of underground support. In the future, field validation and variable geology conditions should be incorporated into the work as a means of further streamlining the support optimisation. 03-25-2025 <![CDATA[ Underground roadway excavation fundamentally alters the in-situ stress state of surrounding rock, often leading to stress redistribution, deformation, and plastic failure, which can compromise stability if not properly supported. This paper systematically examines the impact of short anchor cable preload and length on the stress distribution, the deformation behaviour, and the plastic zone development of numerical simulations in FLAC3D. A surrounding rock was modelled with an elastic-plastic Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model, and a single-variable parametric approach was used to isolate preload (150–350 kN) and cable length (2900–3700 mm) effects. Findings suggest that augmenting preload causes a significant decrease in maximum tensile stress, displacement and plastic zone depth, and an increase in compressive stress; but improvements plateau beyond 250 kN. Correspondingly, longer cable length results in better confinement of the rocks and decreased deformation, optimal results were achieved at 3300 mm, after which the benefits are marginal. In the study, a preload of 250 kN with a cable length of 3300 mm is found as the optimal configuration to stabilise the surrounding rock and ensure both economical and construction efficiency. These results offer quantitative data on the prestressed anchor mechanisms, which can be used to give real-life information on the design of underground support. In the future, field validation and variable geology conditions should be incorporated into the work as a means of further streamlining the support optimisation. ]]> Numerical Investigation of Short Anchor Cable Preload and Length on Surrounding Rock Stress and Stability rejoice shumba rui wu bayoundoula jefferson doi: 10.56578/gsi030104 GeoStruct Innovations 03-25-2025 GeoStruct Innovations 03-25-2025 2025 3 1 Article 37 10.56578/gsi030104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2025_3_1/gsi030104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2025_3_1/gsi030103 Accurate long-term settlement monitoring of large storage tanks is frequently degraded by environmental disturbances, including temperature, gravity variations, pipeline pressure fluctuations, and sensor noise. To address these limitations, a multi-source error cooperative compensation framework based on a hydrostatic leveling system was developed. An Arrhenius-type temperature–density model was first established to enable real-time correction of the working fluid density, while a gravity correction model incorporating latitude and elevation was introduced using the WGS-84 reference system to compensate for spatial variations in gravitational acceleration. Then a differential relative-settlement algorithm was designed to eliminate pressure transmission errors along the connecting pipeline. Subsequently, the compensated settlement signals were fused using a Kalman filter, allowing random noise and abrupt outliers to be simultaneously attenuated. Using the proposed hybrid processing strategy, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the settlement time series was reduced by approximately 42% compared with conventional hydrostatic leveling approaches, while overall monitoring accuracy was improved by more than threefold. The results confirmed that the proposed fusion methodology can effectively isolate environmental interference and significantly improve the precision and stability of long-term settlement measurements. This study provides a reliable and high-quality data acquisition framework for the structural health monitoring and safe operation of large storage tanks, particularly under demanding field conditions requiring sustained, high-resolution deformation surveillance. 03-21-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Accurate long-term settlement monitoring of large storage tanks is frequently degraded by environmental disturbances, including temperature, gravity variations, pipeline pressure fluctuations, and sensor noise. To address these limitations, a multi-source error cooperative compensation framework based on a hydrostatic leveling system was developed. An Arrhenius-type temperature–density model was first established to enable real-time correction of the working fluid density, while a gravity correction model incorporating latitude and elevation was introduced using the WGS-84 reference system to compensate for spatial variations in gravitational acceleration. Then a differential relative-settlement algorithm was designed to eliminate pressure transmission errors along the connecting pipeline. Subsequently, the compensated settlement signals were fused using a Kalman filter, allowing random noise and abrupt outliers to be simultaneously attenuated. Using the proposed hybrid processing strategy, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the settlement time series was reduced by approximately 42% compared with conventional hydrostatic leveling approaches, while overall monitoring accuracy was improved by more than threefold. The results confirmed that the proposed fusion methodology can effectively isolate environmental interference and significantly improve the precision and stability of long-term settlement measurements. This study provides a reliable and high-quality data acquisition framework for the structural health monitoring and safe operation of large storage tanks, particularly under demanding field conditions requiring sustained, high-resolution deformation surveillance.</p> ]]> Settlement Monitoring of Large Storage Tanks Using a Hydrostatic Leveling System tingting wu qiang feng shaowei chen jian zhou zhitao liao yuelong yu haiyuan gao doi: 10.56578/gsi030103 GeoStruct Innovations 03-21-2025 GeoStruct Innovations 03-21-2025 2025 3 1 Article 29 10.56578/gsi030103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2025_3_1/gsi030103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2025_3_1/gsi030102 The degradation of mechanical performance in soils contaminated with crude oil has increasingly necessitated the development of effective stabilization strategies, particularly for supporting infrastructure constructed on compromised geomaterials. In this study, the influence of nano-silica on the shear strength parameters of crude oil–contaminated silty sand was systematically examined through monotonic triaxial testing. Silty sand specimens were prepared by incorporating 0%, 15%, 30%, and 40% silt into clean sand, after which each mixture was uniformly contaminated with crude oil at 8% of the dry soil weight. All contaminated specimens were stabilized using a 15% colloidal silica solution, applied at 15% of the dry soil mass, and subsequently cured for seven days to enable the formation of silica-based bonding networks within the soil matrix. The untreated oil-contaminated mixtures exhibited a marked reduction in shear strength with increasing silt content. In contrast, significant increases in shear strength were observed following stabilization with colloidal silica. The extent of improvement was found to depend strongly on the silt fraction. These findings provide new insight into nanoscale stabilization mechanisms in oil-contaminated geomaterials and highlight the potential of colloidal silica as a sustainable and effective agent for improving shear resistance in soils adversely affected by petroleum pollutants. 03-19-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>The degradation of mechanical performance in soils contaminated with crude oil has increasingly necessitated the development of effective stabilization strategies, particularly for supporting infrastructure constructed on compromised geomaterials. In this study, the influence of nano-silica on the shear strength parameters of crude oil–contaminated silty sand was systematically examined through monotonic triaxial testing. Silty sand specimens were prepared by incorporating 0%, 15%, 30%, and 40% silt into clean sand, after which each mixture was uniformly contaminated with crude oil at 8% of the dry soil weight. All contaminated specimens were stabilized using a 15% colloidal silica solution, applied at 15% of the dry soil mass, and subsequently cured for seven days to enable the formation of silica-based bonding networks within the soil matrix. The untreated oil-contaminated mixtures exhibited a marked reduction in shear strength with increasing silt content. In contrast, significant increases in shear strength were observed following stabilization with colloidal silica. The extent of improvement was found to depend strongly on the silt fraction. These findings provide new insight into nanoscale stabilization mechanisms in oil-contaminated geomaterials and highlight the potential of colloidal silica as a sustainable and effective agent for improving shear resistance in soils adversely affected by petroleum pollutants.</p> ]]> Influence of Nano-Silica Stabilization on the Shear Strength Behavior of Crude Oil–Contaminated Silty Sand seyed abolhasan naeini pegah shahabivand doi: 10.56578/gsi030102 GeoStruct Innovations 03-19-2025 GeoStruct Innovations 03-19-2025 2025 3 1 Article 13 10.56578/gsi030102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2025_3_1/gsi030102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2025_3_1/gsi030101 Rockburst monitoring data acquired during underground coal mining are characterized by strong noise, nonlinearity, and multiscale coupling, which severely limit the predictive performance of existing models. To address these challenges, an innovative deep learning model was proposed. First, a hybrid denoising strategy combining Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) and wavelet transform was applied to enhance the quality of microseismic data. Subsequently, a trend–residual decomposition module was constructed to decouple the complex microseismic data into a trend component, representing long-term stress accumulation, and a residual component, capturing short-term fracture-induced fluctuations. On this basis, an improved adaptive multiscale noise-resilient Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) unit was designed. A dynamic noise-control mechanism and a multiscale memory strategy were introduced to enable targeted feature extraction from the trend and residual branches, respectively. Furthermore, a multiscale interactive fusion (MSIF) module incorporating a channel attention mechanism was employed to dynamically integrate complementary information from both branches. The proposed framework was validated using field microseismic monitoring data from a northern coal mine. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed model consistently outperformed five benchmark models across multiple evaluation metrics, achieving a recall of 88.37% with a false alarm rate of only 3.88%. These results confirm the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach for rockburst microseismic time-series prediction under noisy and complex conditions. 03-09-2025 <![CDATA[ <p>Rockburst monitoring data acquired during underground coal mining are characterized by strong noise, nonlinearity, and multiscale coupling, which severely limit the predictive performance of existing models. To address these challenges, an innovative deep learning model was proposed. First, a hybrid denoising strategy combining Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) and wavelet transform was applied to enhance the quality of microseismic data. Subsequently, a trend–residual decomposition module was constructed to decouple the complex microseismic data into a trend component, representing long-term stress accumulation, and a residual component, capturing short-term fracture-induced fluctuations. On this basis, an improved adaptive multiscale noise-resilient Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) unit was designed. A dynamic noise-control mechanism and a multiscale memory strategy were introduced to enable targeted feature extraction from the trend and residual branches, respectively. Furthermore, a multiscale interactive fusion (MSIF) module incorporating a channel attention mechanism was employed to dynamically integrate complementary information from both branches. The proposed framework was validated using field microseismic monitoring data from a northern coal mine. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed model consistently outperformed five benchmark models across multiple evaluation metrics, achieving a recall of 88.37% with a false alarm rate of only 3.88%. These results confirm the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach for rockburst<span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-family: 汉仪中黑S"> </span>microseismic time-series prediction under noisy and complex conditions.</p> ]]> Microseismic Time-Series Prediction of Rockburst Events Based on an Adaptive Multiscale Noise-Resilient Mechanism qiyuan xia qiang wu baoquan zhang jun gu hai wu hailong gan chengjun xu doi: 10.56578/gsi030101 GeoStruct Innovations 03-09-2025 GeoStruct Innovations 03-09-2025 2025 3 1 Article 1 10.56578/gsi030101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2025_3_1/gsi030101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_4/gsi020405 This paper aimed to evaluate the suitability of lateritic borrow materials for applications in civil engineering, particularly road construction by conducting a geotechnical investigation and mapping of these materials along a 120-kilometer stretch of National Road No. 7 connecting Edéa and Kribi in Cameroon. The fieldwork in this study involved identification of 16 borrow sites and excavation of 64 test pits. Samples were subject to grain-size analysis, Atterberg limits, Modified Proctor compaction tests, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) testing. Results showed that the soils were predominantly granular, with fine contents ranging from 15% to 28%, liquid limits from 50% to 86.5%, and plasticity indices between 24% and 33.3%. Dry densities ranged from 1.931 to 2.22 g/cm$^3$, and the CBR values varied between 33% and 49.8%, hence satisfying the requirements for foundation layers under the Experimental Centre for Research and Studies in Construction and Public Works (CEBTP) (1984) specifications. Geographic information system (GIS) mapping and lithological grouping of the borrow sites highlighted spatial variations in geotechnical behavior so as to classify three main lithological categories. These findings highlighted the potential of local lateritic materials as reliable and cost-effective resources for sustainable infrastructure development in tropical regions. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>This paper aimed to evaluate the suitability of lateritic borrow materials for applications in civil engineering, particularly road construction by conducting a geotechnical investigation and mapping of these materials along a 120-kilometer stretch of National Road No. 7 connecting Edéa and Kribi in Cameroon. The fieldwork in this study involved identification of 16 borrow sites and excavation of 64 test pits. Samples were subject to grain-size analysis, Atterberg limits, Modified Proctor compaction tests, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) testing. Results showed that the soils were predominantly granular, with fine contents ranging from 15% to 28%, liquid limits from 50% to 86.5%, and plasticity indices between 24% and 33.3%. Dry densities ranged from 1.931 to 2.22 g/cm$^3$, and the CBR values varied between 33% and 49.8%, hence satisfying the requirements for foundation layers under the Experimental Centre for Research and Studies in Construction and Public Works (CEBTP) (1984) specifications. Geographic information system (GIS) mapping and lithological grouping of the borrow sites highlighted spatial variations in geotechnical behavior so as to classify three main lithological categories. These findings highlighted the potential of local lateritic materials as reliable and cost-effective resources for sustainable infrastructure development in tropical regions.</p> ]]> Geotechnical Assessment of Lateritic Borrow Materials for Road Construction along the Edéa–Kribi Corridor in Cameroon jean victor kenfack malick rosvelt demanou messe bertol victor flanclin nouwa ngouateu thiery blondel suffeu talla eric donald teikeu ngueveu doi: 10.56578/gsi020405 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2024 2024 2 4 Article 227 10.56578/gsi020405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_4/gsi020405 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_4/gsi020404 The surface hardness and estimated compressive strength of Lumle Rock (Pahara), situated in the Annapurna Rural Municipality of Kaski District, Nepal, were investigated using the Schmidt hammer (rebound hammer) test, a standardized non-destructive testing (NDT) method. This technique was employed to evaluate the geomechanical properties of the rock formation with specific attention to its potential for recreational rock climbing and site-specific geotechnical applications. Rebound values were collected in situ and statistically analyzed to determine characteristic strength at confidence intervals of 80%, 90%, and 95%, following the guidelines of IS 13311-Part 2. Critical factors influencing rebound measurements, including aggregate mineralogy, surface texture, moisture content, carbonation effects, and weathering conditions, were systematically considered and controlled where applicable. The results indicated that Lumle Rock (Pahara) exhibits sufficient surface hardness and mechanical integrity to support rock climbing activities. However, to ensure climber safety and to inform potential engineering uses, it is recommended that further subsurface investigations, including calibration, be conducted. The application of Schmidt Hammer testing in this context demonstrates the value of rapid, cost-effective assessment methods for evaluating the mechanical suitability of natural rock formations for recreational and civil engineering purposes. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The surface hardness and estimated compressive strength of Lumle Rock (Pahara), situated in the Annapurna Rural Municipality of Kaski District, Nepal, were investigated using the Schmidt hammer (rebound hammer) test, a standardized non-destructive testing (NDT) method. This technique was employed to evaluate the geomechanical properties of the rock formation with specific attention to its potential for recreational rock climbing and site-specific geotechnical applications. Rebound values were collected in situ and statistically analyzed to determine characteristic strength at confidence intervals of 80%, 90%, and 95%, following the guidelines of IS 13311-Part 2. Critical factors influencing rebound measurements, including aggregate mineralogy, surface texture, moisture content, carbonation effects, and weathering conditions, were systematically considered and controlled where applicable. The results indicated that Lumle Rock (Pahara) exhibits sufficient surface hardness and mechanical integrity to support rock climbing activities. However, to ensure climber safety and to inform potential engineering uses, it is recommended that further subsurface investigations, including calibration, be conducted. The application of Schmidt Hammer testing in this context demonstrates the value of rapid, cost-effective assessment methods for evaluating the mechanical suitability of natural rock formations for recreational and civil engineering purposes.</p> ]]> Geomechanical Evaluation of Lumle Rock (Pahara) Using Schmidt Hammer Rebound Testing for Assessing Rock Climbing Suitability sahanshil paudel pradip sigdel shubham pokherl sanjay paudel doi: 10.56578/gsi020404 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2024 2024 2 4 Article 219 10.56578/gsi020404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_4/gsi020404 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_4/gsi020403 Prestressed concrete continuous box girder bridges have been widely adopted in transportation engineering due to their superior crack resistance ($Kf\geq$ 1.15) and stiffness stability ($\eta \leq$ 0.85). To address the mechanical uncertainties introduced by non-orthogonal diaphragm arrangements, by taking a 3 × 35 m box girder bridge constructed using a staged simply-supported-to-continuous method as the object, detailed beam grillage models with both orthogonal and stepped diaphragms were developed using Midas Civil 2023. Four loading scenarios were defined based on the JTG 3362-2018 standard, and static load tests employing four tri-axle heavy trucks were conducted to validate the model reliability. A total of 36 strain gauges (sampling frequency: 10 Hz) and 12 laser deflectometers (accuracy: ±0.01 mm) were installed on the top and bottom slabs of the box girder, with loading efficiency controlled within 0.91–1.03. Comparative analyses of strain fields ($\varepsilon$), deflections ($\delta$), and shear lag effects were performed for both diaphragm configurations. The results demonstrated that, under maximum positive bending moment conditions, the longitudinal strain differential rate across the top slab for the stepped diaphragm configuration remained within 3.7%. The deviation in deflection at the support region under negative bending moments was $\Delta \delta$ = 1.2 mm, meeting the specified code limits (L/600 = 58.3 mm). The loading efficiency test (0.91–1.03) confirmed the equivalent load-bearing performance of the stepped diaphragm configuration, with the cracking safety factor ($Kf$ = 1.18-1.22) found to be consistent with that of the orthogonal diaphragm model. A diaphragm inclination–stiffness matching criterion was proposed in this study, offering a theoretical reference for the design of the girder bridges constructed using a staged simply-supported-to-continuous method. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Prestressed concrete continuous box girder bridges have been widely adopted in transportation engineering due to their superior crack resistance ($Kf\geq$ 1.15) and stiffness stability ($\eta \leq$ 0.85). To address the mechanical uncertainties introduced by non-orthogonal diaphragm arrangements, by taking a 3 × 35 m box girder bridge constructed using a staged simply-supported-to-continuous method as the object, detailed beam grillage models with both orthogonal and stepped diaphragms were developed using Midas Civil 2023. Four loading scenarios were defined based on the JTG 3362-2018 standard, and static load tests employing four tri-axle heavy trucks were conducted to validate the model reliability. A total of 36 strain gauges (sampling frequency: 10 Hz) and 12 laser deflectometers (accuracy: ±0.01 mm) were installed on the top and bottom slabs of the box girder, with loading efficiency controlled within 0.91–1.03. Comparative analyses of strain fields ($\varepsilon$), deflections ($\delta$), and shear lag effects were performed for both diaphragm configurations. The results demonstrated that, under maximum positive bending moment conditions, the longitudinal strain differential rate across the top slab for the stepped diaphragm configuration remained within 3.7%. The deviation in deflection at the support region under negative bending moments was $\Delta \delta$ = 1.2 mm, meeting the specified code limits (L/600 = 58.3 mm). The loading efficiency test (0.91–1.03) confirmed the equivalent load-bearing performance of the stepped diaphragm configuration, with the cracking safety factor ($Kf$ = 1.18-1.22) found to be consistent with that of the orthogonal diaphragm model. A diaphragm inclination–stiffness matching criterion was proposed in this study, offering a theoretical reference for the design of the girder bridges constructed using a staged simply-supported-to-continuous method.</p> ]]> Influence of Skewed Diaphragms on the Mechanical Behavior of Girder Bridges Constructed Using a Staged Simply-Supported-to-Continuous Method youguang li yifeng zheng wen qiu doi: 10.56578/gsi020403 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2024 2024 2 4 Article 211 10.56578/gsi020403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_4/gsi020403 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_4/gsi020402 Muck pile characteristics play a pivotal role in optimizing mining operations, particularly in understanding the post-blast behavior of throw, drop, and lateral spread, which directly impacts the selection and performance of loaders. The parameters of blast design are crucial in determining muck pile formation, influencing both loader efficiency and overall operational productivity. This study explores the effects of various blast design parameters on key muck pile attributes through a series of controlled blast experiments. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify the blast design factors most influential on muck pile characteristics, enabling the formulation of precise blast designs. The experiments were conducted across four phases at the OCI RGIII mines of Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL), using advanced blast planning software to ensure accurate parameter implementation based on PCA results. Muck pile characteristics were assessed with the assistance of sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) tools, providing valuable insights into blast optimization. The results revealed that blast designs incorporating a 1.35 spacing-to-burden (S/B) ratio, 0.9(B) stemming, 1-meter decking, and a V firing initiation pattern significantly enhanced muck pile performance. Specifically, these configurations reduced drop height by 3 meters, decreased throw distance by 5.9 meters, and increased lateral spread by 19.3 meters. These optimized muck pile attributes facilitated smoother loader operation, ultimately improving loading efficiency and the overall productivity of mining processes. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ Muck pile characteristics play a pivotal role in optimizing mining operations, particularly in understanding the post-blast behavior of throw, drop, and lateral spread, which directly impacts the selection and performance of loaders. The parameters of blast design are crucial in determining muck pile formation, influencing both loader efficiency and overall operational productivity. This study explores the effects of various blast design parameters on key muck pile attributes through a series of controlled blast experiments. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify the blast design factors most influential on muck pile characteristics, enabling the formulation of precise blast designs. The experiments were conducted across four phases at the OCI RGIII mines of Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL), using advanced blast planning software to ensure accurate parameter implementation based on PCA results. Muck pile characteristics were assessed with the assistance of sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) tools, providing valuable insights into blast optimization. The results revealed that blast designs incorporating a 1.35 spacing-to-burden (S/B) ratio, 0.9(B) stemming, 1-meter decking, and a V firing initiation pattern significantly enhanced muck pile performance. Specifically, these configurations reduced drop height by 3 meters, decreased throw distance by 5.9 meters, and increased lateral spread by 19.3 meters. These optimized muck pile attributes facilitated smoother loader operation, ultimately improving loading efficiency and the overall productivity of mining processes. ]]> Advanced Muck Pile Characterization for Optimized Blast Design and Excavator Loading Efficiency: A Synergistic Approach Using UAVs, PCA, and AI nidumukkala sri chandrahas yewuhalashet fissha nageswara rao cheepurupalli doi: 10.56578/gsi020402 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2024 2024 2 4 Article 190 10.56578/gsi020402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_4/gsi020402 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_4/gsi020401 This study investigates the application of the horizontal stratified mining method to the extraction of steeply inclined unstable coal seams at the Puxi Mine. The stress environment in the mining area, the relationship between the supports and surrounding rock, the control of the rock layers in the caving zone, and the mechanical analysis of the roof collapse following the extraction of the steeply inclined coal seam were examined. The stress conditions in the mining area under the horizontal stratified mining method were explored, and a numerical analysis model was established using FLAC3D software, based on the rock mechanics parameters of the Puxi Mine’s rock layers and strata. The results indicate that, in the stress environment of the horizontal stratified mining method, the mining area is subject to not only the self-weight stress from the surrounding strata, large horizontal ground stresses, and gas pressures, but also concentrated stresses in both the dip and strike directions. When using this mining method, the stability of the two sides of the tunnel is generally good due to the surrounding rock being of a relatively stable nature. However, the roof collapse in the upper layers during the extraction of the lower layers is one of the factors affecting the safety of the support structures in the lower layers, necessitating enhanced support management. Deformation is expected in the mining face of the lower layers during extraction, and measures must be taken to prevent any instances of roof spalling. Therefore, the horizontal stratified mining method is considered feasible for the extraction of steeply inclined unstable coal seams at the Puxi Mine. 12-30-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>This study investigates the application of the horizontal stratified mining method to the extraction of steeply inclined unstable coal seams at the Puxi Mine. The stress environment in the mining area, the relationship between the supports and surrounding rock, the control of the rock layers in the caving zone, and the mechanical analysis of the roof collapse following the extraction of the steeply inclined coal seam were examined. The stress conditions in the mining area under the horizontal stratified mining method were explored, and a numerical analysis model was established using FLAC3D software, based on the rock mechanics parameters of the Puxi Mine’s rock layers and strata. The results indicate that, in the stress environment of the horizontal stratified mining method, the mining area is subject to not only the self-weight stress from the surrounding strata, large horizontal ground stresses, and gas pressures, but also concentrated stresses in both the dip and strike directions. When using this mining method, the stability of the two sides of the tunnel is generally good due to the surrounding rock being of a relatively stable nature. However, the roof collapse in the upper layers during the extraction of the lower layers is one of the factors affecting the safety of the support structures in the lower layers, necessitating enhanced support management. Deformation is expected in the mining face of the lower layers during extraction, and measures must be taken to prevent any instances of roof spalling. Therefore, the horizontal stratified mining method is considered feasible for the extraction of steeply inclined unstable coal seams at the Puxi Mine.</p> ]]> Safe Mining Technology for Steeply Inclined Unstable Coal Seams sailei wei lei tan hai wu junming zhang doi: 10.56578/gsi020401 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2024 2024 2 4 Article 173 10.56578/gsi020401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_4/gsi020401 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_3/gsi020305 Earthquakes, characterized by unpredictable seismic events, release substantial lateral energy, which propagates through structures, often causing significant damage before the motion subsides. In the absence of specific seismic design guidelines in the British Standards (BS), the introduction of the Eurocode has provided a more comprehensive framework for seismic resistance. Although Sarawak, Malaysia, is situated in a low seismic hazard zone, the effects of seismic forces on structures that are not explicitly designed for seismic resistance remain poorly understood and under-researched. This study employs SAP2000 software to conduct nonlinear pushover analysis (POA) and nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA) on medium-rise reinforced concrete (RC) and steel frame buildings subjected to lateral forces and dynamic ground motions scaled to the local seismic intensity, in accordance with Eurocode 8 (EC 8). The seismic responses of different structural models, incorporating various bracing configurations, were compared to evaluate the relative performance of each system. The influence of material type and bracing configuration on structural behavior under seismic loading was examined. The results suggest that, among the configurations analyzed, the RC frame with central inverted V-bracing (Model 1) exhibits superior seismic performance in terms of lateral stiffness, displacement control, and energy dissipation, positioning it as the most optimal design solution for the study's conditions. This investigation highlights the critical role of structural design and bracing configuration in enhancing the seismic resilience of buildings, even in regions with relatively low seismic risk. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ Earthquakes, characterized by unpredictable seismic events, release substantial lateral energy, which propagates through structures, often causing significant damage before the motion subsides. In the absence of specific seismic design guidelines in the British Standards (BS), the introduction of the Eurocode has provided a more comprehensive framework for seismic resistance. Although Sarawak, Malaysia, is situated in a low seismic hazard zone, the effects of seismic forces on structures that are not explicitly designed for seismic resistance remain poorly understood and under-researched. This study employs SAP2000 software to conduct nonlinear pushover analysis (POA) and nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA) on medium-rise reinforced concrete (RC) and steel frame buildings subjected to lateral forces and dynamic ground motions scaled to the local seismic intensity, in accordance with Eurocode 8 (EC 8). The seismic responses of different structural models, incorporating various bracing configurations, were compared to evaluate the relative performance of each system. The influence of material type and bracing configuration on structural behavior under seismic loading was examined. The results suggest that, among the configurations analyzed, the RC frame with central inverted V-bracing (Model 1) exhibits superior seismic performance in terms of lateral stiffness, displacement control, and energy dissipation, positioning it as the most optimal design solution for the study's conditions. This investigation highlights the critical role of structural design and bracing configuration in enhancing the seismic resilience of buildings, even in regions with relatively low seismic risk. ]]> Seismic Performance Comparison of Reinforced Concrete and Steel Frames with Various Bracing Configurations vincent zeng teck lee azira taip doi: 10.56578/gsi020305 GeoStruct Innovations 09-29-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 09-29-2024 2024 2 3 Article 161 10.56578/gsi020305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_3/gsi020305 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_3/gsi020304 Corrosion-induced damage significantly impairs the seismic performance of steel frame columns, leading to an increased vulnerability during earthquake events. To address this issue, a restoring force model was developed to accurately describe the seismic behaviour of corroded steel columns. Low-cycle repeated loading tests were conducted on corroded steel frame columns to evaluate the effects of corrosion and earthquake-induced damage on their seismic performance. The results revealed distinct degradation patterns, which were systematically analyzed. A cyclic degradation index was proposed to quantify the impact of corrosion on critical parameters, including yield strength, hardening stiffness, unloading stiffness, and reloading stiffness. This index was incorporated into a damage model, which facilitated the formulation of a comprehensive restoring force model for corroded steel frame columns. The developed model was validated through case studies, demonstrating its effectiveness in predicting the seismic response of corroded columns. The findings underscore the importance of considering corrosion damage in the assessment and design of steel frame columns subjected to seismic loading, providing a more accurate and reliable approach for seismic performance evaluation. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ Corrosion-induced damage significantly impairs the seismic performance of steel frame columns, leading to an increased vulnerability during earthquake events. To address this issue, a restoring force model was developed to accurately describe the seismic behaviour of corroded steel columns. Low-cycle repeated loading tests were conducted on corroded steel frame columns to evaluate the effects of corrosion and earthquake-induced damage on their seismic performance. The results revealed distinct degradation patterns, which were systematically analyzed. A cyclic degradation index was proposed to quantify the impact of corrosion on critical parameters, including yield strength, hardening stiffness, unloading stiffness, and reloading stiffness. This index was incorporated into a damage model, which facilitated the formulation of a comprehensive restoring force model for corroded steel frame columns. The developed model was validated through case studies, demonstrating its effectiveness in predicting the seismic response of corroded columns. The findings underscore the importance of considering corrosion damage in the assessment and design of steel frame columns subjected to seismic loading, providing a more accurate and reliable approach for seismic performance evaluation. ]]> Restoring Force Model for Seismic Performance of Corroded Steel Frame Columns pengfei wang xiaofei wang wei chen jing shi doi: 10.56578/gsi020304 GeoStruct Innovations 09-29-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 09-29-2024 2024 2 3 Article 144 10.56578/gsi020304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_3/gsi020304 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_3/gsi020303 This study investigates the performance of star-shaped auxetic structures as protective materials in aluminum containers, designed to safeguard sensitive or hazardous materials during road transport. Finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to assess the impact resistance of the star-shaped auxetic structure under high-speed collisions, simulating potential events such as explosions or sudden impacts. The simulations were performed using Autodesk's event simulation algorithm. In the first analysis, the auxetic structure was subjected to loading conditions applied to the metallic casing, while in the second, the metallic casing was considered rigid, with the focus placed on the structural behavior of the auxetic material under extreme stress conditions. Both scenarios examined the response of the auxetic structure in the plastic deformation region. The results indicate that the maximum stress developed in both loading cases approached 80 MPa. Notably, in the second scenario involving the rigid casing, the maximum displacement of the auxetic structure increased threefold compared to the first study. Despite the extreme loading conditions, the auxetic structure maintained significant cohesion, ultimately failing in a controlled manner. The ability of the star-shaped auxetic structure to absorb substantial impact loads is attributed to the twisting deformation of the structure, which redirects the applied stress towards the center of the impact area. These findings highlight the potential of star-shaped auxetic materials in providing enhanced protection for sensitive materials during transport, demonstrating their ability to withstand severe dynamic loading and to effectively dissipate energy upon impact. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ This study investigates the performance of star-shaped auxetic structures as protective materials in aluminum containers, designed to safeguard sensitive or hazardous materials during road transport. Finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted to assess the impact resistance of the star-shaped auxetic structure under high-speed collisions, simulating potential events such as explosions or sudden impacts. The simulations were performed using Autodesk's event simulation algorithm. In the first analysis, the auxetic structure was subjected to loading conditions applied to the metallic casing, while in the second, the metallic casing was considered rigid, with the focus placed on the structural behavior of the auxetic material under extreme stress conditions. Both scenarios examined the response of the auxetic structure in the plastic deformation region. The results indicate that the maximum stress developed in both loading cases approached 80 MPa. Notably, in the second scenario involving the rigid casing, the maximum displacement of the auxetic structure increased threefold compared to the first study. Despite the extreme loading conditions, the auxetic structure maintained significant cohesion, ultimately failing in a controlled manner. The ability of the star-shaped auxetic structure to absorb substantial impact loads is attributed to the twisting deformation of the structure, which redirects the applied stress towards the center of the impact area. These findings highlight the potential of star-shaped auxetic materials in providing enhanced protection for sensitive materials during transport, demonstrating their ability to withstand severe dynamic loading and to effectively dissipate energy upon impact. ]]> Enhanced Protection: Exploring the Penetration Resistance of Star Shape Auxetic Material ioannis ntintakis georgios e. stavroulakis eirini stouraiti doi: 10.56578/gsi020303 GeoStruct Innovations 09-29-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 09-29-2024 2024 2 3 Article 135 10.56578/gsi020303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_3/gsi020303 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_3/gsi020302 The free vibration characteristics of functionally graded porous (FGP) beams were investigated through the application of hyperbolic shear deformation theory (HSDT). The material properties were described using a modified rule of mixtures, incorporating the porosity volume fraction to account for various porosity distribution types, enabling the continuous variation of properties across the beam thickness. The kinematic relations for FGP beams were formulated within the framework of HSDT, and the governing equations of motion were derived using Hamilton’s principle. Analytical solutions for free vibration under simply supported boundary conditions were obtained using Navier’s method. Validation was conducted through comparisons with existing data, demonstrating the accuracy and reliability of the proposed approach. The effects of porosity distribution patterns, power-law indices, span-to-depth ratios, and vibrational mode numbers on the natural frequency values of FGP beams were comprehensively examined. The findings provide critical insights into the influence of porosity and geometric parameters on the dynamic behavior of functionally graded (FG) beams, offering a robust theoretical foundation for their design and optimization in advanced engineering applications. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ The free vibration characteristics of functionally graded porous (FGP) beams were investigated through the application of hyperbolic shear deformation theory (HSDT). The material properties were described using a modified rule of mixtures, incorporating the porosity volume fraction to account for various porosity distribution types, enabling the continuous variation of properties across the beam thickness. The kinematic relations for FGP beams were formulated within the framework of HSDT, and the governing equations of motion were derived using Hamilton’s principle. Analytical solutions for free vibration under simply supported boundary conditions were obtained using Navier’s method. Validation was conducted through comparisons with existing data, demonstrating the accuracy and reliability of the proposed approach. The effects of porosity distribution patterns, power-law indices, span-to-depth ratios, and vibrational mode numbers on the natural frequency values of FGP beams were comprehensively examined. The findings provide critical insights into the influence of porosity and geometric parameters on the dynamic behavior of functionally graded (FG) beams, offering a robust theoretical foundation for their design and optimization in advanced engineering applications. ]]> Natural Frequency Analysis of Functionally Graded Porous Beams Using Hyperbolic Shear Deformation Theory burak i̇kinci lazreg hadji mehmet avcar doi: 10.56578/gsi020302 GeoStruct Innovations 09-29-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 09-29-2024 2024 2 3 Article 125 10.56578/gsi020302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_3/gsi020302 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_3/gsi020301 The stability of rock masses in large-scale hydropower projects and high-slope excavation engineering is significantly influenced by the unloading of confining pressure. This study investigates the triaxial creep behaviour of limestone under varying conditions of confining pressure unloading through systematic experimental research. Using a ZYSS2000C triaxial shear rheometer, limestone samples from the Qinling region were subjected to a series of triaxial creep tests with controlled unloading conditions. Experimental setups included varying single-step unloading magnitudes of confining pressure (2 MPa, 4 MPa, and 6 MPa) under constant axial stress. The results demonstrated that the magnitude of confining pressure unloading had a pronounced impact on creep behaviour. Larger unloading magnitudes led to shorter total creep durations and reduced cumulative deformation, highlighting the pivotal role of unloading intensity in governing creep characteristics. During the unloading creep process, the deviatoric stress of the rock decreased, and the deformation predominantly manifested as radial dilation. These findings provide new insights into the rock deformation mechanisms induced by confining pressure unloading and offer valuable theoretical and practical guidance for slope excavation and stability management. 09-29-2024 <![CDATA[ The stability of rock masses in large-scale hydropower projects and high-slope excavation engineering is significantly influenced by the unloading of confining pressure. This study investigates the triaxial creep behaviour of limestone under varying conditions of confining pressure unloading through systematic experimental research. Using a ZYSS2000C triaxial shear rheometer, limestone samples from the Qinling region were subjected to a series of triaxial creep tests with controlled unloading conditions. Experimental setups included varying single-step unloading magnitudes of confining pressure (2 MPa, 4 MPa, and 6 MPa) under constant axial stress. The results demonstrated that the magnitude of confining pressure unloading had a pronounced impact on creep behaviour. Larger unloading magnitudes led to shorter total creep durations and reduced cumulative deformation, highlighting the pivotal role of unloading intensity in governing creep characteristics. During the unloading creep process, the deviatoric stress of the rock decreased, and the deformation predominantly manifested as radial dilation. These findings provide new insights into the rock deformation mechanisms induced by confining pressure unloading and offer valuable theoretical and practical guidance for slope excavation and stability management. ]]> Triaxial Creep Behaviour of Limestone under Graded Confining Pressure Unloading boning zhang shiwei shen doi: 10.56578/gsi020301 GeoStruct Innovations 09-29-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 09-29-2024 2024 2 3 Article 117 10.56578/gsi020301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_3/gsi020301 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_2/gsi020205 Achieving efficient fragmentation and minimizing ground vibration in blasting operations necessitates a precise understanding of bench geology, structural dimensions, and the compressive strength of the rock. This study presents a novel blast design approach that integrates compressive strength-driven adjustments to decking lengths and firing patterns, aiming to balance effective fragmentation with safe peak particle velocity (PPV) levels. A series of 36 trial blasts was conducted to assess the impact of decking and firing configurations tailored to specific rock strengths, supported by advanced software simulations and field laboratory testing. Results indicated that a combination of 3.5 m decking length with a V-pattern firing arrangement yielded optimal outcomes for rocks exhibiting compressive strengths between 40 and 50 MPa. This configuration achieved a mean fragmentation size (MFS) of 0.21 m and a PPV of 1.11 mm/s, demonstrating its suitability for controlled and efficient blasting. The findings underscore the critical role of rock strength in guiding blast design and provide mining engineers with practical insights for improving blast efficiency and safety. This study contributes to the development of adaptable blasting models that account for geological variability, paving the way for more precise control over fragmentation and ground vibration in complex mining environments. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ Achieving efficient fragmentation and minimizing ground vibration in blasting operations necessitates a precise understanding of bench geology, structural dimensions, and the compressive strength of the rock. This study presents a novel blast design approach that integrates compressive strength-driven adjustments to decking lengths and firing patterns, aiming to balance effective fragmentation with safe peak particle velocity (PPV) levels. A series of 36 trial blasts was conducted to assess the impact of decking and firing configurations tailored to specific rock strengths, supported by advanced software simulations and field laboratory testing. Results indicated that a combination of 3.5 m decking length with a V-pattern firing arrangement yielded optimal outcomes for rocks exhibiting compressive strengths between 40 and 50 MPa. This configuration achieved a mean fragmentation size (MFS) of 0.21 m and a PPV of 1.11 mm/s, demonstrating its suitability for controlled and efficient blasting. The findings underscore the critical role of rock strength in guiding blast design and provide mining engineers with practical insights for improving blast efficiency and safety. This study contributes to the development of adaptable blasting models that account for geological variability, paving the way for more precise control over fragmentation and ground vibration in complex mining environments. ]]> Strength-Adaptive Blast Design for Optimized Rock Fragmentation and Controlled Ground Vibrations nidumukkala sri chandrahas yewuhalashet fissha nageswara rao cheepurupalli doi: 10.56578/gsi020205 GeoStruct Innovations 06-29-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 06-29-2024 2024 2 2 Article 102 10.56578/gsi020205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_2/gsi020205 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_2/gsi020204 The 6.0 moment magnitude scale (Mw) earthquake that struck Ranau, Sabah, on June 5, 2015, resulted in seismic intensities of VI to VII, significantly increasing the seismic vulnerability of buildings in the region. This study presents an analysis of the site-specific seismic ground response and liquefaction potential for the Ranau District, East Malaysia. Ground response spectra were generated for 15 borehole sites, applying a 5% damping factor at ground level using both global and local input ground motions. Seven global and five local seismic records were processed using a one-dimensional equivalent linear approach via DEEPSOIL software. The LiqIT software, based on the Boulanger and Idriss method, was employed for the liquefaction analysis. Ground amplification in Ranau was found to range between 1.281 and 5.132, with peak ground acceleration (PGA) reaching an average maximum of 0.314 g at the surface. Soil periods across the region varied from 0.05s to 1s, consistent with the specifications outlined in the Malaysian National Annex for Sabah (MS EN 1998-1:2015). The results confirmed that the Ranau District is not prone to liquefaction, offering valuable insights for the structural design of future constructions in the area. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>The 6.0 moment magnitude scale (Mw) earthquake that struck Ranau, Sabah, on June 5, 2015, resulted in seismic intensities of VI to VII, significantly increasing the seismic vulnerability of buildings in the region. This study presents an analysis of the site-specific seismic ground response and liquefaction potential for the Ranau District, East Malaysia. Ground response spectra were generated for 15 borehole sites, applying a 5% damping factor at ground level using both global and local input ground motions. Seven global and five local seismic records were processed using a one-dimensional equivalent linear approach via DEEPSOIL software. The LiqIT software, based on the Boulanger and Idriss method, was employed for the liquefaction analysis. Ground amplification in Ranau was found to range between 1.281 and 5.132, with peak ground acceleration (PGA) reaching an average maximum of 0.314 g at the surface. Soil periods across the region varied from 0.05s to 1s, consistent with the specifications outlined in the Malaysian National Annex for Sabah (MS EN 1998-1:2015). The results confirmed that the Ranau District is not prone to liquefaction, offering valuable insights for the structural design of future constructions in the area.</p> ]]> Site-Specific Seismic Ground Response and Liquefaction Potential Analysis of Ranau, Sabah fatin najiha kamarudin nurfarahin mohd idros doi: 10.56578/gsi020204 GeoStruct Innovations 06-29-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 06-29-2024 2024 2 2 Article 90 10.56578/gsi020204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_2/gsi020204 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_2/gsi020203 This study outlines the essential thermal and mechanical properties of wood, steel, and gypsum board, focusing on their application in timber-steel and timber-timber connections, as well as in protected and unprotected connections involving one or more materials. These materials are widely used in structural components, serving various functions, from load-bearing to protective roles. A comprehensive summary of these materials was provided, emphasising the critical importance of understanding their properties for use in numerical simulations and other analytical methods commonly employed in structural design research. The properties of these materials significantly influence the behaviour of connections under various conditions, particularly in fire scenarios or other high-temperature environments. As such, knowledge of these properties is crucial for ensuring the accuracy of design calculations and simulations. Furthermore, selecting appropriate material properties from verified standards and documents contributes to the reliability of numerical analyses. This study aims to consolidate and present these verified properties to facilitate their application in both experimental and computational studies of structural connections. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ This study outlines the essential thermal and mechanical properties of wood, steel, and gypsum board, focusing on their application in timber-steel and timber-timber connections, as well as in protected and unprotected connections involving one or more materials. These materials are widely used in structural components, serving various functions, from load-bearing to protective roles. A comprehensive summary of these materials was provided, emphasising the critical importance of understanding their properties for use in numerical simulations and other analytical methods commonly employed in structural design research. The properties of these materials significantly influence the behaviour of connections under various conditions, particularly in fire scenarios or other high-temperature environments. As such, knowledge of these properties is crucial for ensuring the accuracy of design calculations and simulations. Furthermore, selecting appropriate material properties from verified standards and documents contributes to the reliability of numerical analyses. This study aims to consolidate and present these verified properties to facilitate their application in both experimental and computational studies of structural connections. ]]> Brief Overview of the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Wood, Steel, and Gypsum Board for Structural Connections elza m. m. fonseca doi: 10.56578/gsi020203 GeoStruct Innovations 06-29-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 06-29-2024 2024 2 2 Article 77 10.56578/gsi020203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_2/gsi020203 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_2/gsi020202 This study employs a combination of geological investigation, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis to evaluate the applicability of the load-unload response ratio (LURR) theory in urban tunnels. The results indicate that using the sudden increase in the LURR at critical points or the equivalent plastic strain penetration between the tunnel and the ground surface as failure criteria for subway tunnels is feasible. Under critical instability loads, the equivalent plastic strain zones in the surrounding rock penetrate to the surface during the construction phase, leading to severe deformation of the tunnel chamber group and loss of load-bearing capacity in the surrounding rock. During the operation phase, the tunnel lining plays a primary load-bearing role. Under instability loads, a butterfly-shaped failure zone appears in the surrounding rock. These findings can be utilized for the quantitative evaluation of the overall safety margin of urban subway tunnels. 06-29-2024 <![CDATA[ This study employs a combination of geological investigation, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis to evaluate the applicability of the load-unload response ratio (LURR) theory in urban tunnels. The results indicate that using the sudden increase in the LURR at critical points or the equivalent plastic strain penetration between the tunnel and the ground surface as failure criteria for subway tunnels is feasible. Under critical instability loads, the equivalent plastic strain zones in the surrounding rock penetrate to the surface during the construction phase, leading to severe deformation of the tunnel chamber group and loss of load-bearing capacity in the surrounding rock. During the operation phase, the tunnel lining plays a primary load-bearing role. Under instability loads, a butterfly-shaped failure zone appears in the surrounding rock. These findings can be utilized for the quantitative evaluation of the overall safety margin of urban subway tunnels. ]]> Failure Criteria for Subway Tunnels Based on the Load-Unload Response Ratio Theorye yichao chen honglin cao changchao tian jianbin sun wenhua ji doi: 10.56578/gsi020202 GeoStruct Innovations 06-29-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 06-29-2024 2024 2 2 Article 68 10.56578/gsi020202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_2/gsi020202 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_2/gsi020201 Recent advancements have seen the integration of nanocomposites, composed of clay minerals and polymers, into cementitious materials to enhance their mechanical properties. This investigation focuses on the dynamics of clay-based cementitious nanofluids along a vertical plate, adopting a Jeffrey fluid model to encompass various phenomena. The effects of a first-order chemical reaction and heat generation/absorption are considered, alongside slip velocity and Newtonian heating conditions. The governing equations, represented as partially coupled partial differential equations, have been extended using a constant proportional Caputo (CPC) fractional derivative. Exact solutions were derived employing the Laplace transform technique. A detailed graphical analysis was conducted to elucidate the influence of pertinent flow parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. It was observed that the incorporation of clay nanoparticles results in a reduction of the fluid's heat transfer rate by 10.17%, and a decrease in the mass transfer rate by 1.31% at a nanoparticle volume fraction of 0.04. These findings underscore the nuanced role of nanoparticle concentration in modifying fluid dynamics under the studied conditions, providing a validated and precise understanding of nanofluid behavior in construction-related applications. This research not only supports the potential of nanotechnology in improving cementitious materials but also contributes to the broader field of fluid mechanics by integrating complex heating and slip conditions into the study of nanoparticle-enhanced fluids. 05-16-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Recent advancements have seen the integration of nanocomposites, composed of clay minerals and polymers, into cementitious materials to enhance their mechanical properties. This investigation focuses on the dynamics of clay-based cementitious nanofluids along a vertical plate, adopting a Jeffrey fluid model to encompass various phenomena. The effects of a first-order chemical reaction and heat generation/absorption are considered, alongside slip velocity and Newtonian heating conditions. The governing equations, represented as partially coupled partial differential equations, have been extended using a constant proportional Caputo (CPC) fractional derivative. Exact solutions were derived employing the Laplace transform technique. A detailed graphical analysis was conducted to elucidate the influence of pertinent flow parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. It was observed that the incorporation of clay nanoparticles results in a reduction of the fluid's heat transfer rate by 10.17%, and a decrease in the mass transfer rate by 1.31% at a nanoparticle volume fraction of 0.04. These findings underscore the nuanced role of nanoparticle concentration in modifying fluid dynamics under the studied conditions, providing a validated and precise understanding of nanofluid behavior in construction-related applications. This research not only supports the potential of nanotechnology in improving cementitious materials but also contributes to the broader field of fluid mechanics by integrating complex heating and slip conditions into the study of nanoparticle-enhanced fluids.</p> ]]> Analysis of Clay Based Cementitious Nanofluid Subjected to Newtonian Heating and Slippage Conditions with Constant Proportional Caputo Derivative saqib murtaza zubair ahmad doi: 10.56578/gsi020201 GeoStruct Innovations 05-16-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 05-16-2024 2024 2 2 Article 53 10.56578/gsi020201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_2/gsi020201 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_1/gsi020105 In this study, the FLAC3D finite difference numerical software was employed to simulate a geotechnical engineering project, establishing scenarios with concrete and steel pipe piles for support simulation. The analysis focused on the reinforcement effects provided by different types of piles on the geotechnical project. It was found that the reinforcement effects on the soil varied significantly between the pile types. Under the support condition of concrete piles, the maximum soil settlement observed was 4.12 mm, with a differential settlement of 3.19 mm. For steel pipe piles, the maximum soil settlement was reduced to 2.38 mm, with a differential settlement of 2.19 mm, indicating a superior support effect compared to that of concrete piles. Stress concentration phenomena were observed in the piles, becoming more pronounced when pile-soil friction was considered. The substitution of concrete piles with steel pipe piles led to an intensified stress concentration phenomenon in the soil surrounding the piles. The soil undergoing support from concrete piles exhibited the largest plastic deformation, whereas soil supported by steel pipe piles showed less plastic deformation. Consequently, it is concluded that steel pipe piles provide a superior support effect over concrete piles in terms of geotechnical engineering reinforcement. 04-09-2024 <![CDATA[ In this study, the FLAC3D finite difference numerical software was employed to simulate a geotechnical engineering project, establishing scenarios with concrete and steel pipe piles for support simulation. The analysis focused on the reinforcement effects provided by different types of piles on the geotechnical project. It was found that the reinforcement effects on the soil varied significantly between the pile types. Under the support condition of concrete piles, the maximum soil settlement observed was 4.12 mm, with a differential settlement of 3.19 mm. For steel pipe piles, the maximum soil settlement was reduced to 2.38 mm, with a differential settlement of 2.19 mm, indicating a superior support effect compared to that of concrete piles. Stress concentration phenomena were observed in the piles, becoming more pronounced when pile-soil friction was considered. The substitution of concrete piles with steel pipe piles led to an intensified stress concentration phenomenon in the soil surrounding the piles. The soil undergoing support from concrete piles exhibited the largest plastic deformation, whereas soil supported by steel pipe piles showed less plastic deformation. Consequently, it is concluded that steel pipe piles provide a superior support effect over concrete piles in terms of geotechnical engineering reinforcement. ]]> Simulation of Support Effects in Geotechnical Engineering: A Comparative Study of Concrete and Steel Pipe Piles under Pile-Soil Interaction chang tong doha mothefer al-saffar doi: 10.56578/gsi020105 GeoStruct Innovations 04-09-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 04-09-2024 2024 2 1 Article 42 10.56578/gsi020105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_1/gsi020105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_1/gsi020104 Seismic performance is a critical consideration in the design and assessment of reinforced concrete bridges. Ensuring the structural integrity and safety of bridges under seismic loadings is essential to protect public safety and maintain the longevity of these vital infrastructure components. The objective of this research study was to evaluate the seismic performance of a multi-span reinforced concrete bridge located in Pan Borneo Highway Sarawak. The non-linear static pushover analysis provided valuable insights into the bridge's load resistance. It determined that the bridge could withstand a base shear force of up to 30,130.899 kN before collapsing, indicating its high structural capacity. The capacity curve analysis further demonstrated the ability of bridge to endure spectral accelerations of up to 4.44 g (43.512 m/s$^2$), indicating its robustness against high-intensity ground motions. In addition, the non-linear static time history analysis considered three ground motions and their effects on the bridge's structural performance. The study highlighted the bridge's sensitivity to different external forces, with varying responses observed under different ground motions. Notably, the recorded joint acceleration and displacement values were found to be within acceptable limits, ensuring immediate occupancy and life safety for bridge users. The research study successfully evaluated the seismic performance of a reinforced concrete bridge in Pan Borneo Sarawak using non-linear time history and pushover analyses. The results demonstrated the bridge's satisfactory capacity to withstand seismic loadings. The utilization of CSIBridge software provided valuable insights into the bridge's structural integrity and behavior under seismic conditions. These findings contribute to the advancement of bridge engineering practices. 03-26-2024 <![CDATA[ Seismic performance is a critical consideration in the design and assessment of reinforced concrete bridges. Ensuring the structural integrity and safety of bridges under seismic loadings is essential to protect public safety and maintain the longevity of these vital infrastructure components. The objective of this research study was to evaluate the seismic performance of a multi-span reinforced concrete bridge located in Pan Borneo Highway Sarawak. The non-linear static pushover analysis provided valuable insights into the bridge's load resistance. It determined that the bridge could withstand a base shear force of up to 30,130.899 kN before collapsing, indicating its high structural capacity. The capacity curve analysis further demonstrated the ability of bridge to endure spectral accelerations of up to 4.44 g (43.512 m/s$^2$), indicating its robustness against high-intensity ground motions. In addition, the non-linear static time history analysis considered three ground motions and their effects on the bridge's structural performance. The study highlighted the bridge's sensitivity to different external forces, with varying responses observed under different ground motions. Notably, the recorded joint acceleration and displacement values were found to be within acceptable limits, ensuring immediate occupancy and life safety for bridge users. The research study successfully evaluated the seismic performance of a reinforced concrete bridge in Pan Borneo Sarawak using non-linear time history and pushover analyses. The results demonstrated the bridge's satisfactory capacity to withstand seismic loadings. The utilization of CSIBridge software provided valuable insights into the bridge's structural integrity and behavior under seismic conditions. These findings contribute to the advancement of bridge engineering practices. ]]> Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Bridge in Pan Borneo Highway Sarawak under the Influence of Seismic Loadings alexson ajah kanyan ling hou jiun doi: 10.56578/gsi020104 GeoStruct Innovations 03-26-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 03-26-2024 2024 2 1 Article 32 10.56578/gsi020104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_1/gsi020104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_1/gsi020103 Traditional analyses of tunnel reliability, which employ deformation values, such as surface settlement, crown settlement, and arch shoulder settlement, as instability indicators, fail to accurately depict the failure state of tunnel lining structures. In addressing tunnel instability induced by the failure of lining structures, the limit strain theory is introduced, designating shear strain penetration failure of the lining structure as the criterion for tunnel instability. A novel method for studying tunnel reliability, integrating neural network response surface methodology and Monte Carlo simulation, is proposed. The feasibility of the limit strain theory in reliability analysis is validated through the calculation of instability probabilities for specific tunnel projects, offering a fresh perspective on tunnel reliability assessment. Sensitivity analysis of rock mass parameters reveals that an increase in the variability of these parameters elevates the probability of tunnel instability and the shear strain value at the arch waists. Among these parameters, the variability of the modulus of elasticity (E) exerts the most significant impact on the probability of tunnel instability. 03-21-2024 <![CDATA[ Traditional analyses of tunnel reliability, which employ deformation values, such as surface settlement, crown settlement, and arch shoulder settlement, as instability indicators, fail to accurately depict the failure state of tunnel lining structures. In addressing tunnel instability induced by the failure of lining structures, the limit strain theory is introduced, designating shear strain penetration failure of the lining structure as the criterion for tunnel instability. A novel method for studying tunnel reliability, integrating neural network response surface methodology and Monte Carlo simulation, is proposed. The feasibility of the limit strain theory in reliability analysis is validated through the calculation of instability probabilities for specific tunnel projects, offering a fresh perspective on tunnel reliability assessment. Sensitivity analysis of rock mass parameters reveals that an increase in the variability of these parameters elevates the probability of tunnel instability and the shear strain value at the arch waists. Among these parameters, the variability of the modulus of elasticity (E) exerts the most significant impact on the probability of tunnel instability. ]]> Analysis of Tunnel Reliability Based on Limit Strain Theory dingkang fu liming zhang zaiquan wang liang li doi: 10.56578/gsi020103 GeoStruct Innovations 03-21-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 03-21-2024 2024 2 1 Article 21 10.56578/gsi020103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_1/gsi020103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_1/gsi020102 Glued laminated timber (glulam), a composite material fabricated by bonding multiple wood layers, is engineered to support specific loads, offering reduced product variability and diminished sensitivity to inherent wood characteristics, such as knots. This technology facilitates a wide array of architectural designs, rendering it a popular choice for load-bearing elements across diverse construction projects, including residential structures, storage facilities, and pedestrian overpasses. Over time, exposure to various environmental conditions leads to the degradation of these structural components, necessitating periodic reinforcement to maintain their strength properties. Recent advancements have seen the adoption of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) for the reinforcement of columns and beams, a departure from traditional strengthening methods. This study focuses on the connection of column-beam joints using an array of steel fasteners, subsequently reinforced with FRP. Rotational tests were conducted on these fabricated connections, followed by a comprehensive analysis using the finite element method (FEM). Results indicate that connections reinforced with FRP exhibit a significant enhancement in load-carrying capacity, energy dissipation, and stiffness compared to their unreinforced counterparts. Specifically, the load-carrying capacity showed an increase of 25-39%, energy dissipation capacity augmented by 64-69%, and stiffness values rose by 2-7%. These findings underscore the efficacy of FRP reinforcement in improving the structural integrity and performance of glulam column-beam connections, offering valuable insights for the design and renovation of wood-based construction elements. 02-25-2024 <![CDATA[ <p>Glued laminated timber (glulam), a composite material fabricated by bonding multiple wood layers, is engineered to support specific loads, offering reduced product variability and diminished sensitivity to inherent wood characteristics, such as knots. This technology facilitates a wide array of architectural designs, rendering it a popular choice for load-bearing elements across diverse construction projects, including residential structures, storage facilities, and pedestrian overpasses. Over time, exposure to various environmental conditions leads to the degradation of these structural components, necessitating periodic reinforcement to maintain their strength properties. Recent advancements have seen the adoption of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) for the reinforcement of columns and beams, a departure from traditional strengthening methods. This study focuses on the connection of column-beam joints using an array of steel fasteners, subsequently reinforced with FRP. Rotational tests were conducted on these fabricated connections, followed by a comprehensive analysis using the finite element method (FEM). Results indicate that connections reinforced with FRP exhibit a significant enhancement in load-carrying capacity, energy dissipation, and stiffness compared to their unreinforced counterparts. Specifically, the load-carrying capacity showed an increase of 25-39%, energy dissipation capacity augmented by 64-69%, and stiffness values rose by 2-7%. These findings underscore the efficacy of FRP reinforcement in improving the structural integrity and performance of glulam column-beam connections, offering valuable insights for the design and renovation of wood-based construction elements.</p> ]]> Enhancement of Mechanical Properties in FRP-Reinforced Glulam Column-Beam Connections: A FEM Approach yasemin şimşek türker şemsettin kilinçarslan mehmet avcar doi: 10.56578/gsi020102 GeoStruct Innovations 02-25-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 02-25-2024 2024 2 1 Article 10 10.56578/gsi020102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_1/gsi020102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_1/gsi020101 In rock masses, internal defects such as joints, faults, and fractures are pivotal in determining mechanical behavior and structural integrity. This investigation, employing the discrete element numerical simulation technology of GDEM, examines the mechanical attributes of single-fractured sandstone under standard triaxial compression. The study focuses on how fracture inclination angle and confining pressure affect crack propagation within the rock. It is observed that an increase in both fracture inclination angle and confining pressure correlates with a reduction in the tensile stress growth rate near the fracture, indicative of inhibited crack propagation. A notable transition in the failure mode of the sandstone samples is identified, shifting from tensile-shear to predominantly shear failure. This shift is more pronounced under varying confining pressures: Low confining pressure conditions show a prevalence of tensile-shear damage units in proximity to the fracture, while high confining pressure leads to a dominance of shear damage units. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of fracture mechanics in rock materials and have significant implications for geological and engineering applications where rock stability is critical. 01-11-2024 <![CDATA[ In rock masses, internal defects such as joints, faults, and fractures are pivotal in determining mechanical behavior and structural integrity. This investigation, employing the discrete element numerical simulation technology of GDEM, examines the mechanical attributes of single-fractured sandstone under standard triaxial compression. The study focuses on how fracture inclination angle and confining pressure affect crack propagation within the rock. It is observed that an increase in both fracture inclination angle and confining pressure correlates with a reduction in the tensile stress growth rate near the fracture, indicative of inhibited crack propagation. A notable transition in the failure mode of the sandstone samples is identified, shifting from tensile-shear to predominantly shear failure. This shift is more pronounced under varying confining pressures: Low confining pressure conditions show a prevalence of tensile-shear damage units in proximity to the fracture, while high confining pressure leads to a dominance of shear damage units. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of fracture mechanics in rock materials and have significant implications for geological and engineering applications where rock stability is critical. ]]> Mechanical Properties and Cracking Behavior in Single-Fractured Sandstone under Triaxial Compression lili wu liming zhang doi: 10.56578/gsi020101 GeoStruct Innovations 01-11-2024 GeoStruct Innovations 01-11-2024 2024 2 1 Article 1 10.56578/gsi020101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2024_2_1/gsi020101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2023_1_1/gsi010105 An innovative approach utilizing 3D laser scanning technology has been introduced in open-pit mining for capturing spatial data of blast piles. RANSAC for plane fitting and DBSCAN for clustering are applied to outline rock block contours accurately. Quick calculation of rock block volumes and maximum particle sizes is enabled through 3D convex hulls and Oriented Bounding Boxes (OBB). Delaunay triangulation of 3D point cloud data is used to create a detailed mesh model for precise volume estimation of blast piles. Indoor testing revealed relative errors of approximately 4.61% for block volumes and 4.75% for particle sizes, while field applications showed an average rock block identification accuracy of 80.4%, increasing with block size. Estimated versus actual blast pile volumes showed a relative error of 4.85%, with computational errors for the pile's height, forward throw distance, and lateral extent being 2.92%, 3.91%, and 4.29%, respectively. 12-30-2023 <![CDATA[ <p>An innovative approach utilizing 3D laser scanning technology has been introduced in open-pit mining for capturing spatial data of blast piles. RANSAC for plane fitting and DBSCAN for clustering are applied to outline rock block contours accurately. Quick calculation of rock block volumes and maximum particle sizes is enabled through 3D convex hulls and Oriented Bounding Boxes (OBB). Delaunay triangulation of 3D point cloud data is used to create a detailed mesh model for precise volume estimation of blast piles. Indoor testing revealed relative errors of approximately 4.61% for block volumes and 4.75% for particle sizes, while field applications showed an average rock block identification accuracy of 80.4%, increasing with block size. Estimated versus actual blast pile volumes showed a relative error of 4.85%, with computational errors for the pile's height, forward throw distance, and lateral extent being 2.92%, 3.91%, and 4.29%, respectively.</p> ]]> Advanced Analysis of Blast Pile Fragmentation in Open-Pit Mining Utilizing 3D Point Cloud Technology pingfeng li shoudong xie heping xia dakun wang zhenyang xu doi: 10.56578/gsi010105 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2023 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2023 2023 1 1 Article 53 10.56578/gsi010105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2023_1_1/gsi010105 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2023_1_1/gsi010104 Building upon the foundations of classical fractional derivatives, the general fractional derivative emerges as a significant advancement in the development of constitutive models, especially for materials with complex properties. This derivative distinguishes itself through a kernel function of variable form, enabling it to encapsulate diverse characteristics of the creep process more effectively than its classical counterpart. This study introduces a general-variable order fractional creep constitutive model, ingeniously linking the order of the fractional derivative to Talbot gradation, which describes the aggregate gradation of cemented backfill materials, alongside dosage and confining pressure parameters. The model's innovative design synergizes the kernel function's diversity from the general fractional derivative with the phase adaptability inherent in the variable-order derivative. This integration permits a comprehensive description of each stage of the creep curve for cementitious filling materials in varying compositions, leveraging the Gamma function's properties within the positive real number domain. The model's rationality and validity are substantiated through a comparative analysis between experimental creep curves and theoretical predictions, affirming its relevance and accuracy in practical applications. This approach represents a notable contribution to the understanding of cemented backfill materials' behavior, offering a robust tool for engineering analysis and design. 12-30-2023 <![CDATA[ Building upon the foundations of classical fractional derivatives, the general fractional derivative emerges as a significant advancement in the development of constitutive models, especially for materials with complex properties. This derivative distinguishes itself through a kernel function of variable form, enabling it to encapsulate diverse characteristics of the creep process more effectively than its classical counterpart. This study introduces a general-variable order fractional creep constitutive model, ingeniously linking the order of the fractional derivative to Talbot gradation, which describes the aggregate gradation of cemented backfill materials, alongside dosage and confining pressure parameters. The model's innovative design synergizes the kernel function's diversity from the general fractional derivative with the phase adaptability inherent in the variable-order derivative. This integration permits a comprehensive description of each stage of the creep curve for cementitious filling materials in varying compositions, leveraging the Gamma function's properties within the positive real number domain. The model's rationality and validity are substantiated through a comparative analysis between experimental creep curves and theoretical predictions, affirming its relevance and accuracy in practical applications. This approach represents a notable contribution to the understanding of cemented backfill materials' behavior, offering a robust tool for engineering analysis and design. ]]> General-Variable Order Fractional Creep Constitutive Model for Cemented Backfill Materials: Considerations of Particle Size, Dosage, and Confining Pressure jiangyu wu yiying feng yiming wang hongwen jing hai pu qian yin dan ma doi: 10.56578/gsi010104 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2023 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2023 2023 1 1 Article 43 10.56578/gsi010104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2023_1_1/gsi010104 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2023_1_1/gsi010103 This study examines innovative box-plate prefabricated steel structures, where stiffened steel plates serve as primary load-bearing walls and floors. In contrast to traditional stiffened steel plate walls, which typically exhibit significant hysteresis, pronounced out-of-plane deformation, and rapid stiffness degradation, these advanced systems demonstrate superior performance. A pivotal feature of these structures is the intensive use of welding to connect stiffened steel plates during assembly. This study introduces a novel composite stiffened steel plate wall, addressing concerns of traditional systems, and executes a comprehensive numerical simulation to assess the influence of welding on joint integrity and overall structural performance. It is observed that the height-to-thickness ratio of steel plate walls significantly influences load-bearing capacity, with a lower ratio yielding enhanced capacity. However, the stiffness ratio of ribs is found to have minimal impact. An increase in bolt quantity and density correlates with improved ultimate bearing capacity. Moreover, the adoption of staggered welding techniques bolsters shear strength, though the positioning of welds has negligible influence on this parameter. The number of welded joints moderately affects shear strength, while the size of staggered welding joints is identified as a crucial factor, with larger sizes leading to more pronounced reductions in shear strength. This study highlights the importance of construction details, particularly in welding practices, in the structural integrity and performance of box-plate prefabricated steel structures. The findings offer significant insights for optimizing design and construction methodologies to maximize the load-bearing capacities of these innovative systems. 12-30-2023 <![CDATA[ This study examines innovative box-plate prefabricated steel structures, where stiffened steel plates serve as primary load-bearing walls and floors. In contrast to traditional stiffened steel plate walls, which typically exhibit significant hysteresis, pronounced out-of-plane deformation, and rapid stiffness degradation, these advanced systems demonstrate superior performance. A pivotal feature of these structures is the intensive use of welding to connect stiffened steel plates during assembly. This study introduces a novel composite stiffened steel plate wall, addressing concerns of traditional systems, and executes a comprehensive numerical simulation to assess the influence of welding on joint integrity and overall structural performance. It is observed that the height-to-thickness ratio of steel plate walls significantly influences load-bearing capacity, with a lower ratio yielding enhanced capacity. However, the stiffness ratio of ribs is found to have minimal impact. An increase in bolt quantity and density correlates with improved ultimate bearing capacity. Moreover, the adoption of staggered welding techniques bolsters shear strength, though the positioning of welds has negligible influence on this parameter. The number of welded joints moderately affects shear strength, while the size of staggered welding joints is identified as a crucial factor, with larger sizes leading to more pronounced reductions in shear strength. This study highlights the importance of construction details, particularly in welding practices, in the structural integrity and performance of box-plate prefabricated steel structures. The findings offer significant insights for optimizing design and construction methodologies to maximize the load-bearing capacities of these innovative systems. ]]> Enhanced Load-Bearing Capacities in Box-Plate Steel Prefabricated Structures: Evaluating the Role of Composite Stiffened Plate Walls and Welding Techniques tao lan lili wu ruixiang gao doi: 10.56578/gsi010103 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2023 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2023 2023 1 1 Article 32 10.56578/gsi010103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2023_1_1/gsi010103 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2023_1_1/gsi010102 In the context of layered inclined surrounding rock in roadways, this study presents a comprehensive analysis focusing on the asymmetrical deformation characteristics inherent to such geological structures. The intersection of layered surrounding rock with roadways forms the basis for constructing a deformation partition model, encompassing distinct sub-regions around the roadway. This model facilitates a detailed mechanical analysis, wherein the stress exerted on rock formations within each sub-region is meticulously examined. Consequently, specific mechanical formulas correlating to the stress in different sub-regions are established. This approach yields insights into the failure modes of the layered surrounding rock across various sub-regions. Notably, the roadway's high side predominantly exhibits tensile failure, whereas the low side is characterized by shear failure. The application of the Goodman model enables a simulation of interlayer slip occurring between the surrounding rock of the roadway, distributed across different partitions. This study delineates the deformation of the layered inclined surrounding rock road-way as a process with pronounced temporal characteristics. The progression of deformation and failure in the surrounding rock typically initiates at the tangent point between the roadway roof and the rock layer, extending to the roadway floor, the high-top bottom angle, and subsequently the low-top bottom angle. This sequence culminates in the development toward the high-top shoulder angle. The research further establishes a direct correlation between the onset of asymmetrical deformation and the angle of shear stress on the roadway surface relative to the inclination of the rock formation; a smaller angle precipitates an earlier onset of this deformation. 12-30-2023 <![CDATA[ In the context of layered inclined surrounding rock in roadways, this study presents a comprehensive analysis focusing on the asymmetrical deformation characteristics inherent to such geological structures. The intersection of layered surrounding rock with roadways forms the basis for constructing a deformation partition model, encompassing distinct sub-regions around the roadway. This model facilitates a detailed mechanical analysis, wherein the stress exerted on rock formations within each sub-region is meticulously examined. Consequently, specific mechanical formulas correlating to the stress in different sub-regions are established. This approach yields insights into the failure modes of the layered surrounding rock across various sub-regions. Notably, the roadway's high side predominantly exhibits tensile failure, whereas the low side is characterized by shear failure. The application of the Goodman model enables a simulation of interlayer slip occurring between the surrounding rock of the roadway, distributed across different partitions. This study delineates the deformation of the layered inclined surrounding rock road-way as a process with pronounced temporal characteristics. The progression of deformation and failure in the surrounding rock typically initiates at the tangent point between the roadway roof and the rock layer, extending to the roadway floor, the high-top bottom angle, and subsequently the low-top bottom angle. This sequence culminates in the development toward the high-top shoulder angle. The research further establishes a direct correlation between the onset of asymmetrical deformation and the angle of shear stress on the roadway surface relative to the inclination of the rock formation; a smaller angle precipitates an earlier onset of this deformation. ]]> Asymmetrical Deformation Mechanisms in Layered Inclined Surrounding Rock of Roadways lei tan xuan zhan hu zhen jiaren chen hai wu doi: 10.56578/gsi010102 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2023 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2023 2023 1 1 Article 17 10.56578/gsi010102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2023_1_1/gsi010102 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2023_1_1/gsi010101 Tunnel linings, depending on their geographical locations, are exposed to various magnitudes of seismic loads. Ensuring that these linings resist seismic perturbations without exhibiting failures, such as crack initiation or propagation, is paramount. In the presented study, the structural stability of tunnel linings under pronounced seismic excitations was rigorously evaluated. Seismic excitations, in compliance with the IS 1893: 2002 code for both zone II and zone III conditions, were administered. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) modelling, static structural, and harmonic excitation analyses were meticulously conducted via the ANSYS finite element analysis (FEA) simulation package. From these comprehensive analyses, critical zones within the tunnel linings were identified under varying excitation frequencies. It was observed that, predominantly, these critical regions are situated at the corners of the tunnel linings, specifically in the bottom areas. Distinct maximum and minimum induced normal stresses within the tunnel structure were ascertained. Under a seismic excitation of .1g, a maximum reaction force of 1232.1 kN was derived. Conversely, for a seismic excitation of .16g, the reaction force peaked at a 1Hz frequency with a magnitude of 1971.3 kN. These findings furnish pivotal insights into the structural performance of tunnel linings when subjected to seismic disturbances, providing tunnel engineers and designers with invaluable knowledge to augment the resilience and safety of tunnel infrastructures. 12-30-2023 <![CDATA[ Tunnel linings, depending on their geographical locations, are exposed to various magnitudes of seismic loads. Ensuring that these linings resist seismic perturbations without exhibiting failures, such as crack initiation or propagation, is paramount. In the presented study, the structural stability of tunnel linings under pronounced seismic excitations was rigorously evaluated. Seismic excitations, in compliance with the IS 1893: 2002 code for both zone II and zone III conditions, were administered. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) modelling, static structural, and harmonic excitation analyses were meticulously conducted via the ANSYS finite element analysis (FEA) simulation package. From these comprehensive analyses, critical zones within the tunnel linings were identified under varying excitation frequencies. It was observed that, predominantly, these critical regions are situated at the corners of the tunnel linings, specifically in the bottom areas. Distinct maximum and minimum induced normal stresses within the tunnel structure were ascertained. Under a seismic excitation of .1g, a maximum reaction force of 1232.1 kN was derived. Conversely, for a seismic excitation of .16g, the reaction force peaked at a 1Hz frequency with a magnitude of 1971.3 kN. These findings furnish pivotal insights into the structural performance of tunnel linings when subjected to seismic disturbances, providing tunnel engineers and designers with invaluable knowledge to augment the resilience and safety of tunnel infrastructures. ]]> Harmonic Response Analysis of Seismic Excitations on Tunnel Linings pramod sinha masengo ilunga tshering tobgyel doi: 10.56578/gsi010101 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2023 GeoStruct Innovations 12-30-2023 2023 1 1 Article 1 10.56578/gsi010101 https://www.acadlore.com/article/GSI/2023_1_1/gsi010101