This research focused on reducing emissions from petrol engines to mitigate greenhouse gases. Experiments aimed to decrease pollutants from petrol engines and enhance efficiency at full load using hydrogen as a secondary fuel, injecting it for 2 milliseconds and 2.5 milliseconds. The study comprised two phases: one using petrol alone at all loads, and the other combining petrol with hydrogen injections at 216 gm/hour and 270 gm/hour. Performance, pollutants, brake, and mechanical efficiencies were compared between phases. Efficiency gradually improved with load for the 2ms injection. Efficiency improved in all timing cases with hydrogen compared to running on petrol alone. The highest efficiencies occurred with 2.5ms hydrogen injection, reducing pollutants at full load, making it the optimal interval. Injecting hydrogen in petrol engines improves efficiency by reducing emissions. Injecting hydrogen at 270 gm/hour at full load increased brake and indicated thermal efficiency by 9%, with no change in mechanical efficiency compared to pure petrol, which was slightly higher. Emissions of NO, CO₂, and HC were reduced by 16.5%, 15%, and 17.2% respectively. Oxygen percentage by volume increased by 10.43%, supporting complete combustion.

The efficiency of solar panels is highly affected by the ambient temperature, which limits electrical energy production. There are several cooling techniques to minimize the PV panels’ temperature. Using a Phase Change Material (PCM) is one of the critical techniques to choose. The desirable thermal, kinetic, and chemical properties of PCM are critical conditions for the steady-state thermal Latent Heat Storage Unit efficiency (LHSU). The Phase change material must be thermally stable and dependable. Due to the hot season temperatures in Jordan; RT35 has been chosen as a PCM. The poor thermal conductivity of this material is one of its drawbacks, thus, aluminum fins as a high conductivity material have been added to the proposed design in order to manage the temperature of the phase change material as a Thermal Conductivity Enhancer (TCE). This study intends to enhance the PV cells’ performance by proposing a new design of PV panels with RT35 and fins as a cooling technique. As a result, adding RT35 has a significant impact on reducing the PV panel’s temperature by 16℃, while adding the rectangular fins contributes to decreasing the temperature by another 2℃. Thus, adding RT35 in conjunction with fins will enhance the efficiency and the output power of the PV panel resulting in an 11% increase in electrical production. The results have been validated through ANSYS simulation as well as experimental work which shows a good correlation with the theoretical analysis.

Addressing the challenge of meeting power demand with high reliability at low cost in Renewable energy (RE) generation is vital issue. The Autonomous Hybrid Energy Storage System (AHESS) to cover electrical deficit in Zigen clinic in southern Libya is introduced. It designed to produce 4 kW. The system comprises of photovoltaic (PV), Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Flywheel Storage System (FESS) and Supercapacitance Storage System (SCSS). Six PV-BESS combinations, six criteria and three scenarios are studied. The research aim is to find the optimal PV-BESS combination based on low cost and high reliability. Multi-Criteria Decision Methods (MCDM) is implemented to select the optimal combination. The study utilizes Net Present Costs (NPC), Loss Power Supply Probability (LPSP), and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) to assess each criterion. Six combinations of AHESS are implemented in MATLAB. Three MCDM methods are used to determine the optimal sizing of PV-BESS. Simulation results show that 30 PV panels and BESS 60 Ah are the optimal choices based on these results NPC = 19801 \$/kWh, LPSP = 0.104 \$/kWh, and LCOE = 0.032 \$/kWh.

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The research and development of energy optimization methodologies in parallel pumping systems in recent years have aimed to impact operational costs, energy savings, and system reliability. Operational costs are correlated with the number of units operating simultaneously, considering power demand, operating point, and system reliability. Additionally, the optimization strategy must manage the operation of pumping units by regulating the output flow according to process dynamics and the energy tariff structure. In this document, an energy optimization model is presented for parallel pumping systems operating under variable demand conditions. The optimization problem is addressed through an iterative constraint-based analysis model, capable of predicting the number of units that should operate simultaneously and their corresponding speeds during future time intervals. The methodology suggests analyzing system operation indicators as inputs for the prediction model. The effectiveness of the methodological strategy for optimal dispatching of parallel pumping units is verified in a utility sector pumping system. The results obtained demonstrate savings between 20% and 25% in energy costs for system operation, which represents a contribution in the search for a significant use of energy and energy sustainability.

The enhancement of ionic conductivity and tensile strength in electrolyte membranes by nanoparticles is a key factor driving increased interest in their use. Increasing conductive and strong membranes has the same meaning for energy storage. Conductive solid electrolyte membranes are made by mixing Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), and Glycerol with the addition of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) paper. Paper NCC is made using the hydrolysis method. In this study, an increase in conductivity and tensile strength due to differences in NCC composition with variations of 0 g, 1 g, 3 g, and 5 g in the electrolyte membrane was observed. The test results show that the highest conductivity of 0.0512 S.cm^-1 was obtained from 3 g NCC according to the membrane test results. The addition of NCC weighing 5 g resulted in the highest tensile strength, namely 6.91 MPa. Furthermore, the addition of 5 g of NCC resulted in the largest energy production of 0.000188 W/cm². The inclusion of NCC in the PVA-KOH membrane was found to increase the tensile strength and ionic conductivity of the electrolyte membrane. The results show that the incorporation of NCC increases the conductivity and strength of the membrane, thereby showing its potential for use in the future development of aluminum air batteries.

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