Real-time traffic sign recognition (TSR) plays a crucial role in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and autonomous driving technologies. It enhances road safety, ensures efficient traffic rule enforcement, and supports the seamless operation of both autonomous and driver-assist systems. This paper proposes a hybrid TSR model that integrates mathematical morphology, edge detection, and fuzzy logic to accurately identify and classify traffic signs across diverse environmental conditions. The preprocessing stage applies contrast enhancement and Gaussian filtering to improve the visibility of key features. Next, shape- and color-based segmentation using mathematical morphology extracts regions of interest that are likely to contain traffic signs. These regions are then analyzed using a fuzzy inference system (FIS) that evaluates features such as color intensity, geometric shape ratios, and edge sharpness. The fuzzy system handles the inherent ambiguity in visual patterns, enabling robust decision-making. The entire model is developed in MATLAB R2015a, ensuring both computational efficiency and real-time performance. The integration of classical mathematical techniques with fuzzy reasoning allows the system to maintain high accuracy and reliability across a wide variety of traffic scenes. The proposed approach demonstrates significant potential for practical deployment in ITS applications, including smart vehicles and automated road safety systems.

Groundwater quality monitoring and prediction for irrigation purposes is of utmost importance for water resources management. Data were collected for groundwater quality parameters from a number of wells in Anbar Governorate, western Iraq, to estimate and predict the groundwater quality index for irrigation purposes (IWQI) using three AI models: (ANN), (SVM), and (DL). The inputs represent ten water quality parameters, including: (EC), (TDS), (SAR), (K⁺), (Mg²⁺), (Ca²⁺), (Cl^-), (HCO₃^-), and (SO₄^2-). AI models were applied after dividing the data into 70% for training and 30% for testing. The performance of the models was evaluated by determining statistical indicators between the actual and expected values of IWQI. The correctness was demonstrated by the outcomes of AI models and their high performance in both the training and testing phases. In addition, the statistical indicators of the SVM model showed that it was the best model that gave appropriate performance with (R² = 0.99, RMSE = 31.8). We conclude that AI models can be relied upon for integrated and sustainable water management.

The utilization of household waste start with segregation that done by society. This article aims to explore the potential for waste that is sorted by the community, to observe how the community collects waste, and to investigate the circularity potential of household waste through recycling or reuse. The quantitative approach was used with the households in Jabodetabek (Jakarta-Bogor-Tangerang-Bekasi) area as respondents (200 households) were chosen purposively. Statistics descriptive analysis and multiple regression were employed to analyze the data. The results showed that the community had carried out waste segregation, and waste pick up on time. Otherwise, the proportion of the knowledge that garbage still has value and gives benefits is more than 50%, and the proportion that waste management activities, society participation, and society’s intention to join the waste management activities are still low. The regression model indicates that the variable Desire has a significant impact on Circular economic potential. Thus, this research showed the circular economy of the waste will improve the economic value from waste but it needs to have participation from society. The society segregates the waste but still hesitant to join the waste management activities and running the business in using the waste as a material.

Plastic waste is a serious environmental issue in Banten, a province in Indonesia. This province has a coastline of 499 kilometers, with many residents working as fishermen. Limited landfill capacity, demographic challenges, and a lack of knowledge in plastic waste management contribute to marine litter, leading to profound disease emergence. This research aims to analyze the Corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication strategy for tackling the plastic waste problem based on the circular economy principle employed by PT CAP. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, focusing on an in-depth single case study. This research uses interviews and documentation to collect the data. The findings indicate that PT CAP employs a stakeholder communication strategy with an interpersonal communication approach. These strategies have impacted stakeholders' trust, led to awareness about the importance of plastic waste management, and boosted engagement and participation. As a result, these strategies have developed effective plastic waste management, positively impacted the environment and marine life and improved the local economy and living health. These findings can serve as a guideline for other CSR programs, especially waste management issues. Additionally, researchers can develop different research methods for other types of waste, such as electronic and medical waste, to create a broader environmental impact.

This study aims to evaluate the health risks associated with exposure to nitrate and ammonia among communities living near the Tamangapa Final Disposal Site in Makassar City. The primary objective is to assess the health impacts of contaminated well water used as a drinking water source. The research method used a cross-sectional study with an environmental health risk analysis approach, involving measurements of nitrate and ammonia concentrations in well water and interviews with 76 respondents. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling, targeting residents near the TPA who rely on well water for daily needs. The results reveal that 27 out of 38 well water samples exceeded safe nitrate limits, while 20 samples exceeded safe ammonia limits. Target Hazard Quotient analysis indicates significant health risks, particularly among adults (THQ > 1). Long-term projections suggest escalating health risks. High exposure frequency exacerbates these health impacts. In conclusion, nitrate and ammonia exposure through well water poses serious health threats, especially to children and adults. Risk management strategies such as water quality monitoring, public education, and advanced water treatment technologies are urgently needed. The study underscores the importance of stricter waste management policies and interventions to safeguard community health near landfill sites.

This experimental study aimed to identify suitable plant species for wastewater treatment in a constructed wetland system. Cymbopogon flexuous (lemon grass) and Clitoria ternatea (Asian pigeon wings) were planted with both wastewater and fresh water over a 24-week period. Growth parameters were recorded at specified intervals. Lemon grass exhibited the greatest plant height, the highest number of new leaves, and the newest shuts, while Clitoria produced the highest number of pods. In terms of treatment efficiency, both species demonstrated significant pollutant removal, achieving reductions of 90% in BOD, 80% in COD, and 95%-90% in TDS. With the exception of BOD, which was not effectively treated by elephant grass and giant bluestem, all other effluent parameters complied with CPCB guidelines. To evaluate long-term performance, further research is recommended with a continuous wastewater feed and an extended duration.

Urbanization persistently propels the expansion of the global populace, thereby contributing to occurrences such as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, wherein metropolitan regions exhibit elevated temperatures compared to rural areas. This research examines land surface temperature (LST) in Padang City, West Sumatra, utilizing Landsat 8 satellite imagery from 2016 to 2024, with an emphasis on the interplay between LST, topographical features, land utilization, and their repercussions for thermal comfort within Padang City. The employment of linear regression analysis reveals that elevation, NDVI, and NDBI account for 66.63%, 45.64%, and 66.73% of the variation in LST, respectively. The forested highlands situated in the eastern region (elevation 1000-1400 meters, NDVI 0.4-0.6) exhibit low LST values (15-20℃, UTCI 9-26℃, indicative of a Neutral sensation), whereas the urban lowlands located in the western part (elevation 0-200 meters, characterized by high NDBI) demonstrate elevated LST levels (25-30℃), frequently leading to Slight heat stress to Strong heat stress (UTCI 26-38°C, ranging from slightly warm to Hot sensation). Temporal analyses of temperature indicate that maximum temperatures oscillated between 36.77℃ (January 2018) and 34.04℃ (May 2020), influenced by the dry season, urbanization, and social restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. To alleviate heat and enhance thermal comfort, it is advisable to expand green spaces in coastal lowlands, utilize high-albedo building materials, and preserve forested areas in the highlands.

Desalination can be implemented to ensure sufficient water supply for agricultural and economic sectors, as well as daily population demand. This detailed study explores various methods for handling brine discharge in Malaysia by analyzing environmental regulations and practices from other countries. A survey of 20 expert engineers from the Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE) and community leaders has been conducted in the study. Later, a Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) was used to evaluate the key parameters of temperature limit (P1), pH limit (P2), salinity impact zone (P3), and salinity limit (P4) from the output of the questionnaire. The assessment indicated that P1, P2, P3, and P4 obtained fuzzy scores of 0.770, 0.790, 0.792, and 0.803, respectively. Moreover, factors such as the construction of a desalination plant need to be included in the prescribed activities of Schedule 1 (S1) or Schedule 2 (S2) under the Guidelines of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which are also being evaluated. The regulations on brine waste disposal in the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (S3) must be imposed and considered to be embedded in this regulation. From the survey, it has been indicated that S1, S2, and S3 had fuzzy scores of 0.803, 0.743, and 0.725, respectively. The expert chose the approach with the highest fuzzy score as the most acceptable option. This comprehensive analysis provides insight knowledge for Malaysia to have clear understanding and later develop sustainable approach in managing brine waste from desalination process and updating the current environmental regulations.

This study describes the development of a fully automated microfluidic spectrophotometric system for detecting various pollutants, including nitrite, in the Shatt al-Arab River in the Basra governorate of southern Iraq. The proposed system offers a simple, effective, and efficient analytical approach characterized by high sample throughput, low reagent consumption, and minimal sample volume requirements. The custom-fabricated microfluidic chip has a total volume capacity of 25 μL and a length of 10cm. It consisted of three microchannels, two channels with individual volumes of 10 μL, and the third with a volume of 5μL. Three Arduino-controlled peristaltic pumps were employed, supported by in-house developed software to control the flow rates of both reagent introduction and sample loading. Data acquisition was performed by recording peak heights corresponding to sample concentrations using the Microsoft Excel 2016 program. Application of the system to real samples from the Shatt Al-Arab River revealed the nitrite concentration ranging from 0.006 to 0.06 μg mL-1. The method demonstrated a detection limit of 1×10(-4) μgmL-1 and exhibited excellent precision, with a relative standard deviation (RSD%) of 0.379% for ten replicate measurements at a concentration of 0.1 μg/mL. Linearity was established in the range of (0.01-0.1) μgmL-1, yielding a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9998 based on ten data points. Each analysis of a sample required only 50µl of reagents, resulting in a total reagent consumption of 30 mL for 600 analyses within an hour. Consequently, this system is eco-friendly due to its minimal waste levels.

The growth of café industry in Batu City is increasing every year due to the tourism sector and the migration of students. These factors have significantly changed landscape of green agricultural land into industrial or productive land in Batu City. Therefore, this research aimed to examine land use change due to the growth of the café industry in Batu City. A solution framework was also developed for local governments in regulating or managing land use change using qualitative and case research methods. Additionally, data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders. This research used Geographic Information System (GIS), the data processing software to visualize landscape of land use change. The results showed that there was an annual exponential variation in land use change. Theoretical and practical contributions added to the discourse on coffee shop growth by including the sustainability of green land. A stakeholder commitment was also required to maintain green land sustainability and policy on investment mechanisms.

The Tigris River, a crucial water source for Baghdad City, has faced increasing pollution due to industrialization, agricultural runoff, and population growth, necessitating regular water quality assessments. This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of the river in Baghdad’s Al-Zafraniya district to determine its suitability for drinking. Over six months, water samples were analyzed for key parameters (e.g., temperature, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, major ions, and nutrients) using standard methods. Results revealed seasonal variations, with higher dissolved constituents during dry periods and dilution effects during rains. While most parameters met permissible standards, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, and calcium hardness exceeded acceptable limits. Although no critical pollution was detected, anthropogenic factors (fertilizers, waste disposal) and natural processes (rainfall, erosion) likely influenced water quality. Continuous monitoring is essential to mitigate potential public health risks, particularly for communities directly dependent on river water.

This study evaluates the performance of a Constructed Wetland (CW) system designed for wastewater treatment in the Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority (YEIDA) area, a rapidly urbanizing industrial and residential hub in India's National Capital Region (NCR). Utilizing Phragmites and Typha as primary phytoremediation species, the system leveraged their biological uptake mechanisms and physical filtration capacity to achieve notable water quality improvements, including significant reductions in key parameters: TSS (98.78%), COD (93.33%), BOD₅ (97.83%), Ammonia-N (82.52%), Total Nitrogen (91.69%), Total Coliforms (98.64%), and turbidity (23.08%), while maintaining stable pH within acceptable reuse ranges. The treated water was reused for landscaping, irrigation, and industrial cooling, promoting resource recovery and sustainable water management. This research demonstrates the synergistic performance of Phragmites and Typha in a semi-arid Indian context—a novel contribution, as this combination has not been widely studied under such climatic conditions. The findings underscore CW systems as cost-effective, low-maintenance, and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional wastewater treatment, offering a replicable model for nature-based solutions in developing regions.

Ammonia contamination in aquatic environments has become a major ecological and health concern. This study investigates the use of industrial iron waste, a low-cost and readily available material, as an adsorbent for removing ammonia from polluted water. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of four key parameters: solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial ammonium concentration. Optimization was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in Design-Expert 7.1.6, and ANOVA confirmed that all variables significantly influenced adsorption efficiency. Surface characterization before and after activation revealed physicochemical enhancements. Adsorption equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir model showed a superior fit (R² = 0.97), indicating monolayer adsorption with a maximum capacity of 13.6 mg/g, while Freundlich results (R² = 0.94) also supported favorable multilayer adsorption. The study achieved high removal efficiencies of up to 94% under optimized conditions, underscoring the potential of industrial iron waste as an effective and sustainable adsorbent. Its low cost, ease of activation, and local abundance make it a promising candidate for scalable water treatment applications, particularly in resource-constrained areas.

This research addresses the urgent need to foster sustainable societies through education, as emphasized in global frameworks like the Sustainable Development Goals. Despite efforts to integrate environmental education into school curricula, empirical evidence on its effectiveness in shaping students' environmental literacy (EL) and action competence for sustainability (ACS) remains limited, particularly in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between EL and ACS among Muhammadiyah junior and senior high school students in Malang Raya, providing insights for educational policy and practice. Using a quantitative correlational design, the research involved 996 students [564 male, 432 female] from junior high (412 students) and senior high (584 students) levels. Data were collected through two validated instruments: Environmental Literacy Instrument based on Spirituality (ELIS) and Action Competence for Sustainability Instrument based on Spirituality (ACSIS). Both instruments utilized a 5-point Likert scale. The findings reveal a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between EL and ACS. The regression model explains more than half of the variation in ACS, establishing EL as a key predictor. These results highlight that enhancing environmental literacy among students can directly improve their behavior and actions toward sustainability, offering critical implications for environmental education initiatives.

This research explores the influence of internal and external stakeholders in the formation of the Environmental Management System (EMS) in the context of the Iraqi Higher Education Institutions (HEI) using the model of the University of Kufa. The study, which is based on a structured stakeholder analysis, acknowledges the importance of EMS in fostering sustainability across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Stakeholders were evaluated in terms of power, interest, and emotional or economic involvement and then grouped according to the level of their affective and cognitive involvement. The findings indicate that governing bodies and regulatory bodies have significant positive impacts, along with the active roles of institutions, operational contractors, and services; however, students play a rather passive or under-engaged role despite their major environmental impact. The results suggest the need to develop effective campaign strategies that encourage engagement among financial and emotional stakeholders. The research presents practical strategies to develop sustainability programs in universities, as it tackles systemic issues relating to resource constraints, poor knowledge, and fragmented policy within developing regions. The model suggests using a stakeholder approach as a guide for successfully creating and implementing Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) to make sure that local needs match national waste goals and international sustainability standards.

Escherichia coli is a common water contaminant of wastewater and a severe health risk to the environment and human beings. Hence, the idea of using bio-extracts of microgreen algae as a non-toxic and eco-friendly approach for wastewater treatment and its de-bacterial load was developed. E. coli was isolated from Rustumiyah wastewater treatment plant in Baghdad and cultured using the Prescott method. Chlorococcum humicola was isolated from a stream in the Jadriya area and cultured in Chu-13 medium under controlled laboratory conditions. The algae's bioactive compounds were extracted using chloroform, and various concentrations of the extract (0.07, 0.15, 0.31, 0.62, and 1.25 mg/L) were prepared. The concentrations were introduced into a bacterial culture and sterile wastewater and incubated for 72 hours. The numbers of bacterial cells were daily counted, and the growth rate, percentage removal (RA), and percentage mortality (MP) were calculated. The quality of water of the wastewater before and after treatment was also analyzed with standard parameters (pH, BOD, COD, nitrate, and phosphate). The results showed a significant decrease in the cell number of E. coli against increasing concentration and exposure duration of algal extract. For example, at concentration 1.25 mg/L, the cell number decreased to 49 CFU/ml at 24 hours of exposure, while in the control group, it was 480 CFU/ml. The maximum rate of bacterial removal was 89% at the highest concentration, and the rate of bacterial death percentage had an obvious rising trend with the increase of concentration and exposure time (up to 89% after 72 hours at 1.25 mg/L). In terms of water quality, it was found that there was a significant reduction in COD and BOD with the increasing concentrations of extracts, demonstrating the purification of water. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations also reduced, promoting the algae's ability to eliminate excessive nutrients. The current study demonstrates the high biological effectiveness of Chlorococcum humicola algae extract in inhibiting the growth of E. coli bacteria in wastewater, as well as in improving the chemical and physical water quality parameters. Algal extracts are proposed as green, non-toxic biological treatment agents in wastewater treatment systems, especially in developing countries that are suffering from water pollution and resource scarcity.

This study investigates the environmental attitudes and behaviors of airline passengers in relation to their willingness to pay for carbon credits, utilizing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on survey data collected from passengers of full-service airlines in Thailand. The methodology involved structured questionnaires assessing seven key dimensions: Environmental Knowledge, Environmental Concern, Connectedness to Nature, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavior Control, Attitude, and Willingness to pay for Carbon. The results reveal seven main factors influencing passenger behavior in the context of rising climate change concerns. Notably, higher environmental knowledge is associated with more informed decision-making regarding sustainable travel, while social influence and perceived behavioral control significantly increase the likelihood of participation in carbon offset programs. The findings underscore the importance of social dynamics and community involvement, particularly the role of emotional bonds to nature, in shaping pro-environmental behaviors. These insights suggest that airlines should leverage targeted environmental policies and marketing strategies such as educational campaigns and open access to carbon offset programs that directly address these factors. Such initiatives can enhance passenger engagement, boost support for environmental projects, and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the aviation sector. Moreover, the study finds that passengers are willing to pay approximately 170 THB per person for international flights, with 94.5% of travelers expressing a readiness to pay for environmental initiatives.

This research examines the effect of cement dust pollution on soil properties in Iraq's arid western region, particularly in the context of the area surrounding the Kubaisa Cement Plant. Spatial modeling methods were used by researchers to collect and analyze 32 soil samples at two different distances from the plant to assess chemical and physical changes to soil properties. Major findings showed higher concentrations of heavy metals like lead and lithium, higher alkalinity levels of soil, and higher particulate matter and CO₂ concentrations close to the source of the pollution. Even with present pollutants, ecological and environmental indices revealed low levels of contamination and ecological risk, on the whole. The findings indicate the continuing effects of industrial emissions on soil integrity and establish the necessity for focused measures to avert ecological and public health risks and help protect the environment.

The formation of leachate at landfill sites poses a major environmental risk, particularly through the pollution of surface and groundwater. This study examines the challenges of leachate management in the O.R. Tambo District Municipality (ORTDM), South Africa. It examines infrastructure deficiencies, operational constraints and the feasibility of sustainable financing mechanisms. A qualitative research approach was utilized, including interviews, field observations and a review of academic literature, dissertations and online resources. Triangulation methods were used to validate the data. The results show serious inadequacies in leachate management in all five local municipalities (King Sabata Dalindyebo, Nyandeni, Ngquza Hill, Mhlontlo and Port St John's). In three municipalities, open dumping is still widespread due to a lack of basic landfill elements such as designated waste cells, ground covers and drainage systems. Only the municipalities of King Sabata Dalindyebo and Mhlontlo have limited infrastructure for leachate collection. Budgetary constraints are the main obstacle to improving landfill management. The lack of key infrastructure exacerbates the risk of water pollution. Historical incidents of leachate contamination emphasise the need for proactive intervention. The study examines future changes in waste composition and the potential of public-private partnerships in addressing funding challenges. Urgent investment in waste management infrastructure, stronger policy enforcement and community engagement are essential to mitigate environmental risks and ensure sustainable landfill operations in ORTDM.

Glass waste poses significant environmental challenges, including soil and water contamination, particularly from leaching substances like lead. In Kazakhstan, glass waste recycling remains inefficient, with only 10-11% of total glass waste being processed. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impact of glass waste and explore its secondary use in producing silicate construction materials. The research employs waste life cycle analysis, environmental impact assessment, and experimental glass processing into construction components such as foam glass and concrete additives. Findings show that utilizing glass waste in construction materials can reduce CO₂ emissions by up to 30%, enhance the strength and durability of concrete, and substitute up to 30% of cement in mixes. Additionally, foam glass from crushed glass bottles exhibits excellent insulation and mechanical properties. The study concludes that the secondary use of glass waste in construction offers significant ecological and economic benefits. Implementing advanced recycling technologies and integrating these materials into Kazakhstan’s construction industry can mitigate environmental impacts and promote sustainability.